the complexity of phrase alignment problems
Báo cáo khoa học: "The Complexity of Phrase Alignment Problems" doc
Ngày tải lên :
23/03/2014, 17:20
... however, the space of align-
ments has to be pruned severely using word align-
ments to control the running time of EM.
Notably, neither of these inference approaches of-
fers any test to know if the ... aligning
phrases under a standard phrase translation model.
2 Phrase Alignment Problems
Rather than focus on a particular model, we describe
four problems that arise in training phrase alignment
models.
2.1 ... φ), let the score
of an alignment be the product of its link scores:
φ(a) =
(e
ij
,f
kl
)∈a
φ(e
ij
, f
kl
).
Four related problems involving scored alignments
arise when training phrase alignment...
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Tài liệu Đề tài " On the complexity of algebraic numbers I. Expansions in integer bases " ppt
Ngày tải lên :
16/02/2014, 06:20
... established (in the sense that one bounds explicitly the number
of exceptional subspaces).
We now turn to the proof of Theorem 5. Keep the notation and the
assumptions of this theorem. Assume that the parameter ... Theorem 5.
Proof of Theorem 4. Let a be a sequence generated by a recurrent mor-
phism φ defined on an alphabet A. As we have already noticed in the beginning
of the proof of Theorem 3, there exist ... at least two oc-
currences of the letter a. We then apply the same trick as in the proof of
Theorem 3, and we again conclude by applying Theorem 5.
6. Transcendence of p-adic numbers
Let p be...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Empirical Lower Bounds on the Complexity of Translational Equivalence ∗" pdf
Ngày tải lên :
17/03/2014, 04:20
... the complexity of
an alignment. For example, if we added the links
(cela, NULL) and (NULL, that) to the alignment
in Figure 1, the hierarchical alignment algorithm
could use them instead of the ... every word on the other side),
then we added links from each of these words to
NULL. Second, if n words on one side of the bi-
text aligned to m words on the other side with
m > n then we added ... applied to the other
sentence as shown in Figure 2b, then the word
alignment and tree constraint conflict. The projec-
tion of the VP is discontinuous in the top sentence,
so the links that it...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "The Complexity of Recognition of Linguistically Adequate Dependency Grammars" potx
Ngày tải lên :
24/03/2014, 03:21
... 4 The complexity of DG Recognition
Lombardo & Lesmo (1996, p.728) convey their hope that
increasing the flexibility of their conception of DG will
" imply the restructuring of some ... with the governing word corresponding to
the node included in the vertex cover. The subordinated
word is assigned the class R, while the governing word
is assigned the subclass of O denoting the ... that a word of category X governs words
of category Y1, , Yn which occur in the given order.
The head (the word of category X) must occur between
the i-th and the (i + 1)-th modifier. The rule...
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Emergent Complexity, Teleology, and the Arrow of Time
Ngày tải lên :
01/11/2013, 07:20
... March 10, 2004 1:21
Emergent Complexity, Teleology, and the Arrow of Time
199
The many-universes theory neatly solves the problem of the origin of
the arrow of time. The wave function as a whole ... Christian, in the following terms:
1
All the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday bright-
ness of human genius are destined to extinction in the vast death of the ... chance
lies at the basis of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, just as it lies at
the basis of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Since chance – or contingency, as
philosophers call it – is the opposite of law...
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Tài liệu A REVIEW OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH PROBLEMS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE: FOCUSING ON THE STUDIES OF INDOOR AIR ENVIRONMENT IN JAPAN COMPARED TO THOSE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES pptx
Ngày tải lên :
17/02/2014, 22:20
... areas complained of
narrowness of their houses in the 1960 s. At the
time, airtight houses started to be built in urban area,
and air pollution due to a lack of fresh air because
of the low ventilation ... reviewed according to the history of sick buildings. Next, the factors concerning
indoor air quality are indicated, and then measures to combat these problems are considered to improve the indoor
environment. ... led to the
rapid urbanization. Housing such as these back-to-
backs and courtyards in Li verpool w ere typical in
1830 s. One third of the population in Liv erpool
lived in the cellars of these...
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- 1
PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING THE BURDEN OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN INDIA: A REVIEW pot
Ngày tải lên :
06/03/2014, 04:20
...
of the findings of its own studies in respect of
additional yield of 37% of the culture positive cases
by multiple sputum examination, and the likely fact
of a confirmation of only 22% of ... as possible, in the Indian
context. Under the auspices of the WHO,
Chakraborty re-estimated the burden of disease in
The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis
ESTIMATING THE BURDEN OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS ...
elicitation' as the initial screening tool, instead of X-
rays
12
. In more recent times, Chakraborty et al found
that the estimates of prevalence of disease made by
the use of either of the screening...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "On the Computational Complexity of Dominance Links in Grammatical Formalisms" doc
Ngày tải lên :
16/03/2014, 23:20
... the control word
p
1
p
2
· · · p
p
is a permutation of a member of W
∗
and the dominance relations of W hold in the as-
sociated derivation tree. The language L(G) of
an UVG-dl G is the set of ... UVG-dls.
4 Computational Complexity
We study in this section the complexity of sev-
eral decision problems on MLIGs, prominently
of emptiness and membership problems, in the
general (Section 4.2), ... in-
vestigating the complexity of decisions problems
for MLIGs (Demri et al., 2009; Lazi
´
c, 2010). We
survey the current state of affairs, with a particular
emphasis on two points:
1. the applicability of...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "THE COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF AVOIDING CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES" pdf
Ngày tải lên :
17/03/2014, 20:20
... inform the
hearer of the relevant properties of the shirt, assum-
ing the hearer has some domain knowledge about T-
shirts. However, if the hearer has this domain
knowledge, the use of utterance ... the
number of members of
Target-Components
that rule
out at least one member of
Excluded. The
straight-
forward full-brevity algorithm will then need to
examine the following number of ...
If the attribute values and classifications used
in the description are members of a taxonomy, then
they can be realized at different levels of specificity.
For example, the object in the...
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Báo cáo " Teaching efl writing in Vietnam: Problems and solutions - a discussion from the outlook of applied linguistics " doc
Ngày tải lên :
22/03/2014, 10:20
... particular. They will come
to know that their Vietnamese English is one
variation of the English language, and that
Vietnamese English belongs to them as they are
the owners of English in the Expanding ... sharing the correction workload
with them. For example, the teacher can let
students do the peer correction, which sensitizes
students to the problems in their own paper, and
gives them the sense ... and there
should be a grading schema for the teacher to
do the final evaluation. The teacher will make
the checklists understandable to students by
training students to use them. All of these...
- 6
- 704
- 1
Báo cáo khoa học: "The impact of interpretation problems on tutorial dialogue" doc
Ngày tải lên :
23/03/2014, 16:20
... limiting the range of pos-
sible input limits the contentful talk that the stu-
dents are expected to produce, and therefore may
limit the overall effectiveness of the system.
Most of the existing ... our
system, all of the error types negatively correlated
with learning gain stem from the same underlying
problem: the use of incorrect or vague terminol-
ogy by the student. With the exception of the ir-
relevant ... a gap in the circuit”. Thus, the stu-
dents are never given any indication of whether
they have been understood or not.
The full policy acts differently depending on the
analysis of the student...
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- 0
THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY potx
Ngày tải lên :
23/03/2014, 19:20
... Smith the idea that the division of labor
is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter-
pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows
us to access a quantity of knowledge ... a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari-
ance that the equation explains as a whole.
The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the
growth ...
Since we only have data for the GCI rankings, and not the
underlying value of the index, we do the analysis using the
rankings of the Economic Complexity Index instead of its
value. This allows...
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- 0
THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY doc
Ngày tải lên :
23/03/2014, 20:20
... Smith the idea that the division of labor
is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter-
pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows
us to access a quantity of knowledge ... a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari-
ance that the equation explains as a whole.
The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the
growth ... equations where
the dependent variable is the level of income per capita
and the independent variables are the years of schooling of
the labor force, the Hanushek and Woessmann measure of
cognitive...
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- 0
Báo cáo khoa học: "Smart Paradigms and the Predictability and Complexity of Inflectional Morphology" docx
Ngày tải lên :
24/03/2014, 03:20
... learn the repetitive details of a finite
automaton.
We define the code complexity as the size of
the abstract syntax tree of the source code. This
size is given as the number of nodes in the syntax
tree; ... http://www.eecs.
qmul.ac.uk/
˜
mpurver/software.html
one third of the nouns of the lexicon were not in-
cluded in the experiment because one of the form
was missing. The vast majority of the remaining
15,000 nouns are very ... 3343 6885
ers.
Following the definitions of Section 3, we have
counted the the complexity of the smart paradigm
definitions for nouns and verbs in the different
languages in the GF Resource Grammar...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Conundrums in Noun Phrase Coreference Resolution: Making Sense of the State-of-the-Art" docx
Ngày tải lên :
30/03/2014, 23:20
... weighted sum of the observed scores for each
resolution class (i.e. the mean for the class mea-
sured on the other five data sets) weighted by the
proportion of CEs that belong to the class. The
predicted ... slightly from Ta-
ble 3 because this part of the work did not use the OPTIONAL
field of the key, employed by the of cial MUC scorer.
5 Related Work
The bulk of the relevant related work is described
in ... outline the differences between the
MUC and ACE coreference resolution tasks, and
define terminology for the rest of the paper.
Noun phrase coreference resolution is the pro-
cess of determining whether...
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