the complexity of phrase alignment problems

... however, the space of align- ments has to be pruned severely using word align- ments to control the running time of EM. Notably, neither of these inference approaches of- fers any test to know if the ... aligning phrases under a standard phrase translation model. 2 Phrase Alignment Problems Rather than focus on a particular model, we describe four problems that arise in training phrase alignment models. 2.1 ... φ), let the score of an alignment be the product of its link scores: φ(a) =  (e ij ,f kl )∈a φ(e ij , f kl ). Four related problems involving scored alignments arise when training phrase alignment...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... established (in the sense that one bounds explicitly the number of exceptional subspaces). We now turn to the proof of Theorem 5. Keep the notation and the assumptions of this theorem. Assume that the parameter ... Theorem 5. Proof of Theorem 4. Let a be a sequence generated by a recurrent mor- phism φ defined on an alphabet A. As we have already noticed in the beginning of the proof of Theorem 3, there exist ... at least two oc- currences of the letter a. We then apply the same trick as in the proof of Theorem 3, and we again conclude by applying Theorem 5. 6. Transcendence of p-adic numbers Let p be...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 06:20

... the complexity of an alignment. For example, if we added the links (cela, NULL) and (NULL, that) to the alignment in Figure 1, the hierarchical alignment algorithm could use them instead of the ... every word on the other side), then we added links from each of these words to NULL. Second, if n words on one side of the bi- text aligned to m words on the other side with m > n then we added ... applied to the other sentence as shown in Figure 2b, then the word alignment and tree constraint conflict. The projec- tion of the VP is discontinuous in the top sentence, so the links that it...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

... 4 The complexity of DG Recognition Lombardo & Lesmo (1996, p.728) convey their hope that increasing the flexibility of their conception of DG will " imply the restructuring of some ... with the governing word corresponding to the node included in the vertex cover. The subordinated word is assigned the class R, while the governing word is assigned the subclass of O denoting the ... that a word of category X governs words of category Y1, , Yn which occur in the given order. The head (the word of category X) must occur between the i-th and the (i + 1)-th modifier. The rule...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:21

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Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

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Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 00:20

... March 10, 2004 1:21 Emergent Complexity, Teleology, and the Arrow of Time 199 The many-universes theory neatly solves the problem of the origin of the arrow of time. The wave function as a whole ... Christian, in the following terms: 1 All the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday bright- ness of human genius are destined to extinction in the vast death of the ... chance lies at the basis of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, just as it lies at the basis of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Since chance – or contingency, as philosophers call it – is the opposite of law...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 07:20

... areas complained of narrowness of their houses in the 1960 s. At the time, airtight houses started to be built in urban area, and air pollution due to a lack of fresh air because of the low ventilation ... reviewed according to the history of sick buildings. Next, the factors concerning indoor air quality are indicated, and then measures to combat these problems are considered to improve the indoor environment. ... led to the rapid urbanization. Housing such as these back-to- backs and courtyards in Li verpool w ere typical in 1830 s. One third of the population in Liv erpool lived in the cellars of these...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 22:20

... of the findings of its own studies in respect of additional yield of 37% of the culture positive cases by multiple sputum examination, and the likely fact of a confirmation of only 22% of ... as possible, in the Indian context. Under the auspices of the WHO, Chakraborty re-estimated the burden of disease in The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis ESTIMATING THE BURDEN OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS ... elicitation' as the initial screening tool, instead of X- rays 12 . In more recent times, Chakraborty et al found that the estimates of prevalence of disease made by the use of either of the screening...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 04:20

... the control word p 1 p 2 · · · p p is a permutation of a member of W ∗ and the dominance relations of W hold in the as- sociated derivation tree. The language L(G) of an UVG-dl G is the set of ... UVG-dls. 4 Computational Complexity We study in this section the complexity of sev- eral decision problems on MLIGs, prominently of emptiness and membership problems, in the general (Section 4.2), ... in- vestigating the complexity of decisions problems for MLIGs (Demri et al., 2009; Lazi ´ c, 2010). We survey the current state of affairs, with a particular emphasis on two points: 1. the applicability of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 23:20

... inform the hearer of the relevant properties of the shirt, assum- ing the hearer has some domain knowledge about T- shirts. However, if the hearer has this domain knowledge, the use of utterance ... the number of members of Target-Components that rule out at least one member of Excluded. The straight- forward full-brevity algorithm will then need to examine the following number of ... If the attribute values and classifications used in the description are members of a taxonomy, then they can be realized at different levels of specificity. For example, the object in the...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 20:20

... particular. They will come to know that their Vietnamese English is one variation of the English language, and that Vietnamese English belongs to them as they are the owners of English in the Expanding ... sharing the correction workload with them. For example, the teacher can let students do the peer correction, which sensitizes students to the problems in their own paper, and gives them the sense ... and there should be a grading schema for the teacher to do the final evaluation. The teacher will make the checklists understandable to students by training students to use them. All of these...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 10:20

... limiting the range of pos- sible input limits the contentful talk that the stu- dents are expected to produce, and therefore may limit the overall effectiveness of the system. Most of the existing ... our system, all of the error types negatively correlated with learning gain stem from the same underlying problem: the use of incorrect or vague terminol- ogy by the student. With the exception of the ir- relevant ... a gap in the circuit”. Thus, the stu- dents are never given any indication of whether they have been understood or not. The full policy acts differently depending on the analysis of the student...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... Smith the idea that the division of labor is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter- pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows us to access a quantity of knowledge ... a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari- ance that the equation explains as a whole. The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the growth ... Since we only have data for the GCI rankings, and not the underlying value of the index, we do the analysis using the rankings of the Economic Complexity Index instead of its value. This allows...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 19:20

... Smith the idea that the division of labor is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter- pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows us to access a quantity of knowledge ... a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari- ance that the equation explains as a whole. The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the growth ... equations where the dependent variable is the level of income per capita and the independent variables are the years of schooling of the labor force, the Hanushek and Woessmann measure of cognitive...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... learn the repetitive details of a finite automaton. We define the code complexity as the size of the abstract syntax tree of the source code. This size is given as the number of nodes in the syntax tree; ... http://www.eecs. qmul.ac.uk/ ˜ mpurver/software.html one third of the nouns of the lexicon were not in- cluded in the experiment because one of the form was missing. The vast majority of the remaining 15,000 nouns are very ... 3343 6885 ers. Following the definitions of Section 3, we have counted the the complexity of the smart paradigm definitions for nouns and verbs in the different languages in the GF Resource Grammar...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:20

... weighted sum of the observed scores for each resolution class (i.e. the mean for the class mea- sured on the other five data sets) weighted by the proportion of CEs that belong to the class. The predicted ... slightly from Ta- ble 3 because this part of the work did not use the OPTIONAL field of the key, employed by the of cial MUC scorer. 5 Related Work The bulk of the relevant related work is described in ... outline the differences between the MUC and ACE coreference resolution tasks, and define terminology for the rest of the paper. Noun phrase coreference resolution is the pro- cess of determining whether...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 23:20

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:20