... SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN DEVELOPMENT
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The data inthe text and graphs are from the publications ofthe Ministry of
Science, Research, and Technology, Of ce of Evaluation of Research ... the main, if not the sole, factors shaping
cultures. For instance, the Bedouin Arab andthe desert-dwelling Iranian ofthe
wind- and sand-stricken drylands have to protect themselves from the ... scorching
sun of their habitat by covering virtually all parts of their bodies. On the other
hand, the inhabitants ofthe wet tropics have to minimize their clothing to enhance
the ventilation of...
... o inthe future. Other
The research described in this report was prepared for the Office ofthe Secretary of Defense
(OSD). This research was conducted under the auspices ofthe Forces and ... Commands, the Department ofthe Navy, the Marine Corps,
the defense agencies, andthe defense Intelligence Community. Nelson Lim served as the prin-
cipal investigator. Comments are welcome and ... within, DoD’s top leadership is dependent upon the pipeline of junior
ocers. Looking at this pipeline, they found no prospect for an increase inthe representation
of minorities or women in the...
... disregard ofthe increased utility of precoordinated strings of
subject terms, and catalog browse displays of them
The problem with any discussion of such issues lies inthe complexity of their
interrelationships. ... larger intellectual framework for
the whole profession– the shape ofthe whole elephant,” of which cataloging and
classification are the legs andthe tusks.
I will present the outline first, then ... subject classes inthe book stacks will be
browsing in whole books on the topic of interest–not merely in snippets of text having the
right words inthe wrong contexts.
11
Cataloging and classification,...
... astounding conclusions. Inthe course of Parallel
Worlds, we review the history of cosmology, stressing the paradoxes
that have infested the field for centuries, culminating inthe theory
of in ation, ... dogma and superstition.
The first revolution in cosmology was ushered in by the intro-
duction ofthe telescope inthe 1600s. With the aid ofthe telescope,
Galileo Galilei, building on the work of ... 73 percent ofthe matter and energy
in the universe is accelerating the expansion ofthe universe, push-
ing the galaxies apart at ever increasing speeds. The universe is be-
having like a driver...
... principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the
National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public,
and the scientific and engineering communities. ... services of eminent members of appropriate professions inthe examination
of policy matters pertaining to the health ofthe public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National ... yield the cell
types ofthe tissue of origin. Sources of adult stem cells include bone
marrow, blood, the eye, brain, skeletal muscle, dental pulp, liver, skin,
the lining ofthe gastrointestinal...
... Ingredients: Toxins and Waste
In the central plains of China’s Henan Province, local residents
grew suspicious of trucks that routinely pulled in behind the play-
ground of their primary school and dumped ... skeptical minds.”—
David Owen, author of Green Metropolis
“Think the answer to global warming lies in solar panels, wind turbines,
and biofuels? Think again. . . . In this thought-provoking and deeply ... to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, is twenty-five thousand times more threaten-
ing.
31
The solar photovoltaic industry is one ofthe leading and
fastest growing emitters of these...
... system, in which
other adults and young inthe group assist with the feeding
of the breeding female andthe chicks. The nest is situated
in natural holes in logged or unlogged forest, and like other ... eliminates du-
plication of data and information, and
enhances effi ciency in terms of infor-
mation and data handling. Key aspects
of the approach include a coordination
mechanism between the ... in 2005 noted that the “degradation and loss of
wetlands (both inland and coastal) is continuing more rapidly
than for other ecosystems”. The problem continues since
economic development and...
... THEFUTUREOF AMERICA
Our vision for strengthening these institutions so that they may re-
main dynamic assets over the coming decades involves both increasing
their productivity and ensuring their ... Taiwan and South Korea, now China and
India—took the profits and reinvested them inthe innovation capacity—
including educational and research infrastructure—that will allow them
to advance further.
10
ã ... 33
many.
14
They include the assets outlined at the beginning of this chapter.
Models for understanding the role of scientific research and technological
innovation more specifically and indexes...
... that explains the evolution inthe value of life and its
relation with health spending. They calculate the marginal cost of saving a life at diÔerent ages
and over time inthe US, and nd that ... prevention of stroke
and the corresponding rates of utilization inthe US and Canada. They show that utilization
rates increased dramatically between 1989 and 1995 following the publication of two inuential
clinical ... varying the number of lags
included inthe ADF regression.
13
resources and utilization, health spending and …nancing. Drawing from this data, we incorporate
in the regression a number of variables...
... transforms ofthe originals) to the im-
plant, which in turn feeds them into the nerve bundles running between
Warwick’s hand and brain.
The choice of nerve bundles inthe arm as interface point is ... badge, worn inside the
arm. My sense is that as the bioelectronic interface grows in complexity
and moves inward, deeper into the brain and farther from the periphery of
skin, bone, and sense organs, ... moreover, working and thinking on the crest of two major waves
of innovative research: work in computing and electronic data-processing,
3
and work on cybernetics
4
the science of control and communication...
... our
DNAmolecule and identifyingeachgenetookatremend-
ousamount of computationalresources, and gridcompu-
tingplayedasignificantrole in this.
The geneticinformationobtainedthrough the project
isstored in databases and canbeaccessedbyscientists and
researchersvia the Internet. The resultisafantasticsource
of knowledgethatcontinuestobeanalyzed and whichis
certain to result in innumerable future advances inthe
fields of genetics,bio-engineering and medicine.
An especially interestingdevelopment inthe field of
gridcomputingis the ideathatunusedpoweronvirtually
anycomputerconnectedto the Internetcanbeintegrated
intoavoluntarygrid and deployedtosolvebigproblems.
Mostcomputers,iflefton,donothingatallduringlarge
blocks of time,especiallyovernight. The ideatotiethese
computerstogetherbyhavingtheirownersdonateunused
computingpowerhassprungup in anumber of places.
Stanford ... ofthe tunnel walls are
growingdark.Nowweseethatmany ofthe verybrightest
lights inthe tunnelfinallyfeel the impact and alsobeginto
losetheirlight. The owners ofthe businesses inthe tunnel
areseeingmuch of theirwealthgraduallydrainaway.
The ... you took them toa card reader machine.
Youfed the stack of cardsinto the machine and yourpro-
gramwasenteredintoalongline of otherprogramswait-
ingfor the attention ofthe computer.
After...
... drink
coffeeatStarbucks. In terms of unitdemandformoderate-
lypricedpersonalproductslikecellphonesormp3play-
ers,acashiermaycountasmuchasacorporateCEO.
Many ofthe jobslisted inthe tablearealready inthe
process of being automated oroffshored.Otherswillbe
targeted inthe verynear future. Millions of otherworkers
in occupations that ... cash
drawer.
Ifyouwere in one ofthe lanesfurtherout,however,
thingswerefarmoreinteresting.Yousealedyourmoney,
paperwork,checkbook,etc.intoaplasticcylinder and then
dropped the cylinder into the providedopening. The cy-
linder then traveled through an underground tube—
propelled I think by some sort of ... voice-automation
technology. ”
19
Thisisone ofthe reasonsthatIdidnotincludeoff-
shoring in ourtunnelsimulation.Wecouldhavesimulated
anoffshoredjobasanaveragelightflickeringout in one
part ofthe tunnel and then...
... this
process is in collecting, copying, collating and faxing in-
formation. The intellectualportion ofthe job—eitherap-
provingordenying the loan—isprobablyalreadyessential-
lyhandledbyacomputer.Throughout the economy,there
*
Formoreonrobotics and itspotentialimpactonemployment and
on ... businesses
over the Internet.UsingXML, the computersatamanu-
facturingcompanycantalkdirectlyto the computersbe-
longingto the company’ssuppliers. The continuingdrive
towardpaperlessdocuments and seamlesscommunication
islikelytoeliminatemany of thesehumaninterfacejobs in
the comingyears.
The Next “Killer App”
Since the beginnings ofthe personal computer industry,
computerhardwaresaleshaveoftenbeendrivenbyapar-
ticularsoftwareapplicationsocompellingthatithasmoti-
vatedcustomerstopurchase the machinerequiredtorun
it.When the AppleIIwasintroduced in 1977,it ... 2003,
automationwascausingsignificantjobloss in Brazil,India
and China.
Wecannotsuccumbto the temptationtoassumethat
the risingmiddle classes in China and India aregoingto
solve the demandproblem....