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THELIGHTSINTHETUNNEL / 180 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon meltdown.Oncethecurrentglobalcrisiseases,wecanbe surethatgovernmentswillturntothetaskofattempting tocontainthisriskinthefuturebyimposingregulationon themarkets.However,theimpactofadvancingtechnolo- gy willnotbeconfinedto justthefinancialmarkets. We will ultimatelyhave to address the issue of systemic risk throughouttheentireworldeconomy,andthiswilleven- tuallyinvolvetransitioningtoamorerobustmodel. The Market Economyofthe Future The scheme that I have proposed above essentially in- volvesadoptingspecialtaxestorecapturetheincomefrom lost jobs and then having the government redirect that income according to individual incentives—without the requirement for traditional “work.” The conservative readerislikelytoviolentlyrecoilfromthisidea.Isthisnot theworstformofRobinHoodsocialism?AmInotpro- posingtostealfromthosewhohaveworkedhardtobuild abusinessandthensimplygivetheproceedstomassesof indolentpeopleinreturnfordoingnothing? IwillarguethatIamproposingnoneofthesethings. Putyourselfinthe placeof a smallbusiness owner. Re- memberthatwearestillthinkingintermsofourextreme future scenario with 75 percent unemployment. How wouldyourbusinesssurviveinsuchasituation? The special wage recapture taxes thatyou would be requiredtopayasabusinessownerwouldbeaninconve- nienceto you;youwould,ofcourse,preferthatyounot havetopaythem.(Thesamecouldbesaidofthewages youcurrentlypaytoyouremployees.)However,thewage Transition / 181 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon recapture taxes paid by every other business will collectively powertheconsumersthatdriveyoursales(exactlyasthe wagespaidbyotherbusinessesdotoday). Wemustfindawaytoredirectincometolargenum- bersofconsumers,ormarketdemandwillnotbesustain- able. It is not necessaryto require workforthatincome becauseinanautomatedeconomysuchworkwillnotbe required.Therecipientsofthisincomewillnotdo“noth- ing;”theywill,infact,bemotivatedtobehaveinwaysthat benefitusall.ThenewtaxesthatIproposearesimplya replacementforthewagesthatwouldhavebeenpaidina lessautomatedeconomy. Without government intervention of this type, free market forces, together with increasing automation, will driveoursocietytowardanunsustainableconcentrationof income.Imagineamodern,industrializedsocietyinwhich 95percentofthepopulationisimpoverishedandleadsa subsistence level existence with little or no discretionary income,whiletheremaining 5percent receivesnearlyall theincome.Insuchascenario,themajorityofindustries now in existence would collapse. The businesses from which most wealthy people derive their incomes would fail. Whilethisisobviouslyanextremeexample,thereality isthateconomicdeclinewouldoccurlongbeforesuchan extreme concentration of income was achieved, and that declinewould be accompaniedbythedeflationofnearly allasset values. Thewealthywill notbeableto maintain their high incomes by selling things exclusively to each THELIGHTSINTHETUNNEL / 182 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon other.Thedaysofthefeudaleconomyaregone.Wenow haveamassmarketeconomy. Aslongasanenormousmassmarketofviablecon- sumersispreserved,theprimaryincentivesthatdrivethe free market economy will remain intact. In the future, it willstillbepossibletobecomeextremelywealthybybuild- ing a new business or product. In fact, it may in some ways,beeasiertodosothantoday.Manybusinessstrateg- ists believe that future marketing will increasingly entail sellingcustomizedoruniqueproductstohugenumbersof small market niches. 52 Evolving online technologies will makeiteasiertoreachtheconsumersinthesetinyniches andofferthemhighlypersonalizedproductsandservices. This will likely create many opportunities for entrepre- neursandsmallbusinessestocreatenewproductsgeared towardspecific marketsegments.Itwill alsoenablelarge businessesandnewindustriestosellhugenumbersofdif- ferentproductsonahighlytargetedbasis. However,itshouldbeobviousthattheexistenceofa hugenumberofviablemarketnichesdependsonarobust and ever expanding universe of consumers. In order to provide future entrepreneurswith a richmarket for new ventures, we have to somehow ensure that the average consumers in our population have access to reliable in- comestreamsevenastraditionaljobsareincreasinglyau- tomatedaway. ConsiderthebusinessmodelofanInternetcompany likeGoogle.Googlereliesonrevenuefromonlineadver- tisementsthatarehighlytargeted.Theadvertiserswhouse Google’ssystemdosobecausetheyhaveconfidencethat Transition / 183 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon their adswill attractviableconsumerswithadequate dis- cretionaryincome.Intoday’seconomy,nearlyallofthose consumersrelyonjobs.Ifatsomepointinthefuture,it becameobviousthattheuniverseofviableconsumerswas substantiallydiminished,advertiserswould befarlessin- terested and Google’s business model would clearly be threatened. Historyhasshownthatonlyaselectminorityofthe populationhasthecombinationofskill,entrepreneurship, accesstocapital,andluckthatisrequiredtostartandrun a successful business. This reality will not change: most people aredestined to bebuyers rather thansellers.The individualswho do succeed inbuilding businesses inthe future will likely find that wages paid to employees ac- countforafarsmallerfractionoftheirexpenses.Howev- er, they will have to pay higher taxes to compensate for this;otherwise,theywillnotenjoyvibrantmarketdemand fortheproductsandservicestheycreate. An International View Manypeoplemightobjecttotheideaspresentedhereon the grounds that if acountry, such asthe United States, weretoraisebusinesstaxessubstantiallyitwouldbecome less competitive relative to other countries and would thereforeattract less investment. Ifyou look backat the table on page 165, which showed how a wage recapture taxmightaffecttheunitcostofahypotheticalproductor service,theunitcostisclearlyhigheraftertaxestorecap- turelostwagesareimplemented.Forproductsorservices thatfaceinternationalcompetition,thiswouldconstitutea THELIGHTSINTHETUNNEL / 184 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon problem.One solution might be to relymore on acon- sumptiontaxratherthatadirectbusinesstax.Incountries such as the United States, of course, the manufacturing sector has already largelymigrated overseas and employ- ment has become increasingly service oriented. In the U.S.,thegreatestdangerisgoingoccurwhenthe service sectorautomates,anddirectforeigncompetitionislessof anissueinthatarena. In the long run, job automation will clearly be a worldwide phenomenon. No country will escape its im- pact,andthisincludesdevelopingnationswithlowwages. AsIpointedoutinthepreviouschapter,wearelikelyto seeashiftintheincentivesthatdrivebusinessestochoose wheretheyinvest.Politicalstability,minimizedtransporta- tion and energy costs, and proximity to sustained con- sumptionmarketswillbeprimaryissuesinthefuture. Inthebroader sense,wecanspeculate thatanauto- matedeconomywould,inmanyways,redefinethenature ofglobaltrade.Sometradebetweencountriesoccursbe- causeoftheavailabilityofnaturaloragriculturalresources (oilorFrenchwine,forexample),butmuchtradeoccurs becauseoflabordynamics.Ifaparticularcountryhaslow wagesand/oraparticularlyskilledworkforce,itcurrently enjoys an advantage that will lead to trade. In an auto- matedeconomy,whereworkersplayafarlesssignificant role,thistradedynamicwouldobviouslybelessimportant. There are really only two primary reasons that the government ofa country would want to attract factories andbusinessinvestment:jobsandtaxation.Asautomation reducesthenumberofjobs,taxationwillbecomeincrea- Transition / 185 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon singly important. It seems likely that once this issue be- comesapparent,somedegreeofcooperationbetweenna- tions will develop. Perhaps international entities such as the World Trade Organization will address this issue by settingstandardsfortaxation.Wecannotexpectthatthe transitiontoanewmodelwouldbeentirelysmooth,and perhapsinsomecases,protectionistmeasureswillbene- cessary.Whilefreetrademaybedesirable,itshouldclearly bealowerprioritythanthepreservationofourentireeco- nomicmodel. Transitioning to the New Model Now that we have seen how the government might be abletosupporttheconsumersofthefuturebyredirecting incentive-based income streams captured through taxa- tion, we can begin to thinkabout howto transition into thisnewmodel.Theprimaryproblemwefaceisthatthe currenteconomyisstillhighlyreliantonhumanlabor.We needtodevelopasystemthatavoidscreatingadisincen- tivetoperformnecessarywork.Inotherwords,wedon’t wanttocreateinequitiesbyrequiringsomepeopletowork andnotothers,andwedon’twanta“moralhazard”that pushes people to avoid work and seek government sup- portinstead. The answer must be sometype ofjob sharing solu- tion.Theexactmechanicsofthissolutionwouldneedto vary depending of the nature of the job. For many job types,itmightbepossibleto simplymovetowardapart time work schedule so that more people are employed doingthesameamountofwork.Forjobsthatdonotlend THELIGHTSINTHETUNNEL / 186 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon themselvestoparttimework,arotationschemecouldbe used. A worker might rotateinto a job on a monthly or evenayearlybasis.Jobscouldbesharedbygivingworkers asabbaticalatdifferenttimesoftheyear. Ineachcase,workerswouldbesupportedbysupple- mentary incentive-based income streams from the gov- ernment. As automation progresses and more jobs are eliminated,thissupplementaryincomestreamwillbecome anincreasinglyimportantcomponentoftotal income. In largecorporationsandorganizations,itmightbepossible tohandlejobrotationsinternally.Insmallerbusinesses,it would probably be necessary to set up external mechan- ismssothatworkerscouldrotatebetweenemployers.Ob- viously, regulationsand/or incentives * wouldberequired toimplementthesejobsharingschemes. Needless tosay, the businesscommunityis likelyto initially opposethis idea and dismiss it as expensive and unworkable.AsI’vepointedouthowever,businesseswill ultimatelyhave to choose betweengovernment interven- tion and taxation and the existence of a robust market. Oncethistradeoffbecomesclear,oppositionwillbeless vigorous.Weseeasimilarphenomenoninthehealthcare arena, where many industries that opposed efforts at reform in the 1990s nowat least recognize the problem andhavelinedupbehindthegeneralconceptofreform— althoughnoconsensushasyetbeenreachedonasolution. * Thetaxcodecouldbeusedtoprovideanincentiveforparticipation inajobsharingscheme.InthepreviouschapterIsuggestedtheidea of“progressive”deductionsforwagespaid.Inasimilarfashion,high- erdeductionscouldbeprovidedtobusinessesthatagreedtoincorpo- ratejobsharingintotheirbusinessmodels. Transition / 187 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon Onethingthatisabundantlyclearisthat,inaworld where traditional jobs are disappearing, access to health careinsurancecannotbecoupledtoemployment.Oneof theprimaryneartermgoalsfortheUnitedStatesshould be to establish auniversal healthcare system thatisnot tied to jobs. Additionally, as I pointed out in Chapter 3, payrolltaxes will become increasinglyunsustainable. The firststepsintransitioningtoanewmodelwillhavetobe toshifttheburdenformaintainingsocialprogramsaway fromtaxesonindividualjobsandtowardabroader,more sustainablemodelwhichfallsmorefairlyoncapitalinten- siveindustriesthatemployrelativelyfewpeople.Thebur- den that falls on a business should depend not on how many workers it employs, but on how successful that businessisatderivingwealthfromthemarket. Onceasystemisputinplacethatallowsworktobe shared on an equitable basis, it should be possible to achieve a relatively smooth transition into an automated economy.Overtime,theincentive-basedincomestreams provided by the government would increase, and the amountoftraditionalworkperformedwoulddecrease.As jobautomationincreasesandthewagespaidbybusinesses fall, the special taxes that have been put in place would needtobegraduallyincreasedtorecapturetheincome. Inadditiontotheprimaryeconomicobjectiveofsus- taining consumer demand, this would of course, have manypositiveimpactsonsociety.Individualswouldhave moretime forfamily,leisure,personalhealth andeduca- tion. Better educated consumers with more leisure time andmoreconfidenceintheirfutureincomeswouldresult THELIGHTSINTHETUNNEL / 188 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon insustainedconsumerspending,vibrantdemandfornew products and services, and long-term economic growth. As incentive-based income became more important rela- tivetotraditionalwages,individualswouldseeincreasingly potent incentives to act in environmentally conscious ways,andthatwouldpotentiallyhaveasignificant,favora- ble impact on climate change and other environmental challengesinthecomingdecades. Transitional Economy Average Income Time Machines Becoming Autonomous Consumers and Workers Decoupled Machines Getting Better Value Transition / 189 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon Keynesian Grandchildren While few contemporary economists seem particularly concernedabouttheseeminglyinevitabletransitiontoan automated economy, one legendary economist did have remarkableinsight into the future.In1930, as the world plungedintotheGreatDepression,JohnMaynardKeynes wrote an essay entitled “Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren.” 53 In his essay, Keynes coined the term “technologicalunemployment,”writing: Wearebeinginflictedwith anewdiseaseofwhichsome readersmanynotyethaveheard thename,butofwhich theywillhearagreatdealintheyearstocome—namely, technologicalunemployment.Thismeansunemploymentdueto ourdiscoveryofmeansofeconomisingtheuseoflabour outrunningthepaceatwhichwecanfindnewusesforla- bour. * Keynesrecognizedthat,in1930,technologicalunem- ploymentwouldbeatemporaryphenomenonandthatthe economywouldeventuallyabsorbtheexcessworkers.The mainthrustofhisessaywastoattempttolookmuchfur- * Today,wheneconomistsdiscussthecausesoftheGreatDepression, they tend tofocusalmostexclusively on themonetary policyofthe FederalReserve.Whilethereislittledoublethattheoverlyrestrictive policies of the Fed prolonged the Depression and perhaps turned a runofthemillrecessionintoadisaster,itshouldnotbeforgottenthat therewasawidespreadbeliefatthetimethatthetechnologicalunem- ployment(andtheresultingplungeinconsumerdemand)thatKeynes spoke of played an important role. Even Albert Einstein expressed thisopinionwhenaskedforhistakeonthecausesoftheDepression duringavisittotheUnitedStatesin1933. [...]... and green, the green light gradually comes to predominate While the color rotation among thelights captures our interest for a time, the most striking realization is that nothing else has changed inthetunnel As we watch, we see that thelights continue to softly impact the panels on the walls ofthetunnel as consumers purchase products and services The businesses inthetunnel make no distinctions... the color ofthelights Over time, the process of creative destruction continues just as it always has Inefficient businesses fail and newones rise up to take their place Among the multitude of lights inthe tunnel, we can see that there are still a significant minority which shine with intense white light The wealthiest people inthetunnel may be subject to somewhat higher tax rates, but the businesses... demand inthe economic sense, which means desire for a product or service combined with the ability and willingness to pay for it No business will invest in production unless there is either existing market demand or the reasonable expectation of such demand inthe foreseeable future The idea that production responds to demand is one ofthe defining characteristics of capitalism Removing the Constraints... benefit of their country as a whole Inthe final analysis, it comes down to individual incentives People are primarily motivated to do things that they are paid to do Making an arms length investment in a country and somehow insuring that that investment creates appropriate and sustainable incentives throughout theeconomy is an extraordinary challenge.54 A second issue we face in confronting poverty is the. .. Partly, the reason is that figuring out how to invest in a developing country in such a way as to ensure that the investment results in sustained growth is extraordinarily difficult A common problem is, of course, corruption among officials inthe country These people very often act primarily for their own benefit and, in particular, in ways that preserve their positions and power—rather than for the benefit... inthe major industrialized and emerging economies Things have progressed to the point where the majority of people in the developed world no longer work full time Most consumers now receive a substantial portion of their income from incentive-based income streams Based on their particular interests and abilities, people pursue higher education, work inthe community and make choices that benefit the. .. we begin to automate the jobs held by many ofthe average lights As this happens, the impacted lights grow dimmer andin many cases disappear completely Now, however, we notice something new inthetunnel A green light has appeared As we watch closely, we see that many more lights gradually begin to shift in hue The intensity of the lights remains unchanged, but the color rotates between white and green... simply soar toward infinity? Obviously, there are things that limit production Let’s make a list ofthe most basic factors that act to constrain economic activity: 1 Labor In today’s economy, human labor is required to some degree inthe production of nearly everything The availability of workers, the cost of employing them andthe specific skills that they possess is an important constraint on economic... by the harmful effects it perpetrates on the envi- Copyrighted Material – Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon THE LIGHTSINTHE TUNNEL / 202 ronment: including toxic pollution, over use of public resources, and, of course, the climate change effects associated with the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses 3 Technology Production is also limited by the sophistication ofthe machines,... consumer demand, but also drive people to act in ways that benefit us all and provide each person with the possibility of advancement and a higher income inthe future This hope for the future the idea that by striving to complete goals one can attain a better standard of living— is critical to both individual and collective stability It offers a way to avoid the enormous problem of an ever increasing, impoverished, . maintain their high incomes by selling things exclusively to each THE LIGHTS IN THE TUNNEL / 182 CopyrightedMaterial–Paperback/Kindle available @ Amazon other. The days of the feudal economy aregone.Wenow haveamassmarket economy. Aslongasanenormousmassmarket of viablecon- sumersispreserved, the primaryincentivesthatdrive the free. conservative readerislikelytoviolentlyrecoilfromthisidea.Isthisnot the worstform of RobinHoodsocialism?AmInotpro- posingtostealfromthosewhohaveworkedhardtobuild abusiness and thensimplygive the proceedstomasses of indolentpeople in returnfordoingnothing? IwillarguethatIamproposingnone of thesethings. Putyourself in the place of . captures ourinterestforatime, the moststrikingrealizationisthat nothingelsehaschanged in the tunnel. Aswewatch,we seethat the lights continuetosoftlyimpact the panelson the walls of the tunnel as consumers purchase products and services. The businesses in the tunnel make no dis- tinctionsbasedon the color of the lights. Overtime, the process of creativedestructioncontinuesjustasit