shortterm memory and focusing

... sentence are kept in short-term memory and accessed first. All the entities that are further back are more likely to be in long-term memory (and not in shor~-term memory) and accessed second. Subjects ... operating, and a long-term memory. Short-term memory can only contain a small number of meaning units and its retrieval time is fast. Short-term memory is divided into a cache and a buffer. ... similar to the memory of most mini and main frame computers. It consists of a small, very fast memory called short-term memory (STM); a relatively larger main or operating memory (OM): and a vast...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 20:20

... uniform memory access multiprocessors (UMAs) with fully shared memory and nearly uniform memory access times for all data; 2. non-uniform memory access multiprocessors (NUMAs) with shared memory ... Resident Memory Structures 12 5.4. Page Replacement Queues 12 5.5. Fault Handling 12 6. The Problems of External Memory Management 13 6.1. Types of Memory Failures 13 6.2. Handling Memory Failures ... storage management and page replacement. This paper explores the goals, design and implementation of Mach and its external memory management facility. The relationship between memory and communication...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2012, 15:05

... required for expanding the memory, how they change at reading/writing and how to calculate if the CPU and memory speed match. This chapter also helps you understand memory signals and timings. ... Expanding Memory and I/O Since the H8/3048 has a 128kbyte internal ROM and an 8kbyte internal RAM, it can accommodate a relatively large program without externally expanding the memory. ... internal ROM and RAM, external memory expansion may be required due to insufficient capacity. The following describes how to connect the memory and CPU and match their speeds using EPROM and SRAM...

Ngày tải lên: 29/09/2013, 11:20

... Games: Memory and Deduction 146 4 Brain Games: Memory and Deduction ■ Arrays and Data Objects ■ Memory Game ■ Deduction Game Arrays are a common and indispensable data structure used in games. ... lightColors.gotoAndStop with the frame number. We’ll name the movie MemoryGame.fla and the ActionScript file MemoryGame.as. So, that means the Document Class needs to be set to MemoryGame in the ... use a horizontal and vertical offset for all the rows, and the row spacing and peg spacing. This makes it easy to adjust the location of the pegs depending on the size of the pegs and the surrounding...

Ngày tải lên: 29/09/2013, 19:20

... automatic memory management in the .NET Framework. Lead-in Manual memory management requires that you manage the allocation and deallocation of blocks of memory. Module 9: Memory and Resource ... Module 9: Memory and Resource Management 5 Manual vs. Automatic Memory Management ! Manual Memory Management # Programmer manages memory ! Common Problems # Failure to release memory # Invalid ... time-consuming and difficult task. Manual Memory Management The following table provides examples of manual memory management in different programming languages, C and C++, and in COM. Language...

Ngày tải lên: 17/01/2014, 08:20

... reserved. Sharing Memory | 353 value, and so does the memory page it resides on, because the memory is shared in memory- page units. Sometimes you have variables that use a lot of memory, and you consider ... your swap memory was used by the server as well as the real memory. Therefore, to get the verification right you should use a tool that reports real memory usage, cached memory, and swap memory. ... memory report for the total memory usage. We then stop Apache and look at the total mem- ory usage for a second time. We check that the system memory usage report indi- cates that the total memory...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2012, 15:05

... command in the background: $ sleep 500 & Memory Physical Memory (RAM) and Swap Space All computers have central memory, or system memory, which has a sequence of instructions (a program) and ... to the program. This memory is controlled directly by the processor in conjunction with the Memory Management Unit (MMU) and is called physical memory, or random access memory (RAM). Many processes ... command. 3. From the current window, kill the cat command using the cat command’s process ID. 4. From the current window, determine the PID of the window in which the cat command was running and...

Ngày tải lên: 02/10/2013, 09:20

... age differences in memory. In: Klix F and Hagendorf H, Eds. Human memory and cognitive capabilities. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 409-422 (1986). [76] Light LL. Memory and aging: four hypotheses ... resources and visuospatial memory, then, could help to identify the cognitive origin and the neurofunctional bases of the deficits shown by MCI and AD patients, and this is necessary to understand ... short-term memory (VSTM), and visuospatial short term memory (VSSTM) tasks VSTM and VSSTM deficits in MCI and AD patients, VSSTM deficits were more severe in AD [114] 2007 13 mild AD, 21 MCI and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 07:20

... rela- tionship between moisture and temperature on skin and upper airway sym ptoms was investigated and showed that skin dryness and rashes, pharyngeal dryness, and nasal dryness and congestion are al- leviated ... Kai,N.,Otani,S.,Umeki,K.,Ishii, H. and Kadota, J. (2008) Familial summer-type hypersen- sitivity pneumonitis in a husband and his wife. Are- rugi, 57, 1182–1187 (in Japanese). 54) Kawakami, Y. and Takahashi, Y. ... D. and Takigawa, T. (2006) Relationship between indoor air pollutants and living environment and subjective symptoms. Indoor Environ., 9, 25–36 (in Japanese). 62) Hardin, B. D., Kelman, B. J. and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 22:20

... presence of the mutation and showed that no other changes were present. Expression and purification of bsSHMT and E53QbsSHMT The expression and purification of the wild-type (bsSHMT) and the mutant enzymes ... l-allo-Thr and Gly and FTHF were crystallized using the same condition with 10 mm of the specified ligand. These procedures were identical to those used for the crystallization of bsSHMT and its ... Both bsSHMT and E53QbsSHMT ter- nary complexes were dialyzed against buffer (50 mm potassium phosphate pH 7.4 containing 1 mm EDTA and 1 mm 2-mercaptoethanol) devoid of Gly and FTHF and spectra...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... 2008;2(1):42-45 Memory loss is one of the most common complaints  arising in consultations with elderly people, being reported  by 25% to 50% of these individuals. 1  However, whether  these subjective memory complaints (SMC) are related to  objective memory deficits or to subsequent development  of dementia, remains a matter of debate. A recent review found that SMCs are not consistently  associated with current cognitive impairment, but rather  are associated with a greater risk of future cognitive de- cline. 2  Indeed, the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment  (MCI), which entails an increased likelihood of conversion  to dementia, demands the existence of SMCs, preferably  confirmed by an informant. 3 High age, female gender and low educational level are  generally associated with a higher prevalence of memory complaints. 1  In an autopsy study, SMCs were found to be  related to the presence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathol- ogy in elderly with and without dementia, suggesting that  memory complaints in older persons may be a sign of self  awareness of a degenerative process. 4 However, SMCs might also be related to depression and some personality traits, such as neuroticism. 2  It is also pos- sible that these complaints vary according to the culture of  the people studied. In a recent Brazilian study, Minett et  al. found that subjects with and without SMCs performed  similarly in a series of cognitive tests, although the former  had higher scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale. 5 The present study aimed to further investigate this topic  in a group of cognitively healthy Brazilian elderly subjects  which were divided into two subgroups according to the  presence of SMCs and submitted to brief cognitive tests. Methods Sixty cognitively intact elderly individuals (39 females  and 21 males), aged 69.9±6.3 years (ranging from 60 to 91  years), and with mean educational level of 8.5±5.5 years  (ranging from 1 to 20 years), were included in the study.  These individuals were family caregivers of demented pa- tients followed at the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology  Unit of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University  of Minas Gerais, in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, and also  volunteers recruited from the community. Inclusion criteria were absence of neurological or psy- chiatric diseases according to a clinical interview, absence  of depression (see below), and no use of benzodiazepines,  antidepressants or neuroleptics.  All participants were submitted to the Mini-Mental  State-Examination (MMSE) 6,7 and to the Cornell scale of  depression. 8,9  Performance on the MMSE was adjusted for  educational level and had to be greater than or equal to 21  for 1-3 years of schooling, greater than or equal to 24 for  4-7 years and greater than or equal to 26 for individuals  with 8 or more years of schooling. 10  Scores on the Cornell  scale of depression had to be less than or equal to 7 points  in order to rule out depression. 8 Cognitive evaluation was carried out with the follow- ing tests: the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) 11,12 ,  digit span forward and backward and the Frontal Assess- ment Battery (FAB). 13,14  The BCSB includes a memory test  of 10 simple figures and yields different scores, namely:  incidental and immediate memory,  learning, delayed recall  and recognition. 15,16  The battery also includes a category  fluency test (animals per minute) and clock drawing and has proven very sensitive in the diagnosis of mild AD. 12  The  FAB is a brief diagnostic instrument for the assessment of  executive functions in patients with suspected frontal lobe  syndrome. 13 All individuals were given a structured self-report  memory questionnaire, the MAC-Q. 17  This questionnaire  was devised to assess age-related memory decline. It is  composed by six questions related to memory function- ing in everyday situations (e.g., to remember a telephone  number that he/she uses at least once a week) in which  the subject is asked to compare and rate his/her current  ability to when he/she was 40 years’ old. The total score on  the MAC-Q ranges from 7 to 35, where greater scores in- dicate subjective memory loss. Scores greater than or equal  to 25 have been found to be suggestive of age-associated  memory impairment. Accordingly, in the present study,  the individuals were divided into two groups: absence of  SMCs (MAC-Q scores <25) and presence of SMCs (MAC- Q scores ≥25). The performance of the two groups on the  different cognitive tests was compared. One of the authors administered the MMSE, the Cor- nell scale and the MAC-Q. Subsequently, the other inves- tigator, blinded to the subjects’ results for these three mea- sures, administered the cognitive evaluation. Descriptive analysis of the data and statistical compari- sons between the performances of the two groups on the  different cognitive tests were carried out with MedCalc  software. Student’s t-test was used for comparison of age,  educational level and MMSE scores, as well as for the results  of the other cognitive tests (digit span, BCSB and FAB).  Chi-square was employed for comparing gender distribu- tion of the two groups. Level of significance was set at 0.05.  The study was approved by the Research Ethics ... & Neuropsychologia 2008;2(1):42-45 42 Memory complaints and cognitive performance of healthy elderly Caramelli P, Beato RG Subjective memory complaints and cognitive performance in a sample ... To compare the cognitive  performance of two groups of healthy elderly, one group with and the other without, subjective memory com- plaints (SMC). Methods: Sixty cognitively intact elderly individuals (39 females and 21 males), aged 69.9±6.3 years  and with educational level of 8.5±5.5 years, were included in the study. Participants were submitted to the Mini- Mental State Examination and to the Cornell depression scale in order to rule out global cognitive impairment  and depression, respectively. Moreover, they answered the MAC-Q, a questionnaire devised to evaluate subjective  impression of memory function. Subsequently, they were submitted to the digit span forward and backward,  the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery, and to the Frontal Assessment Battery....

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:20

... only in memory but also in Table 3 Relationship of Time of Follow-up and APOE-␧4 to Memory, Visuospatial and Language Performance in Healthy Elderly Over 7 years* Variable Estimated ␤ Standard error Robust ... genotypes and cognitive functions in healthy elderly persons. Acta Neurol Scand 100(1):53–60. [57] Stern Y, Albert S, Tang MX, Tsai WY. 1999. Rate of memory decline in AD is related to education and ... Marder K, Bell K, Gurland B, Lantigua R, Andrews H, Feng L, Tycko B, Mayeux R. 1998. The APOE-epsilon4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer disease among African Americans, whites, and Hispanics [see...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:20

... sensory processing, abstract reasoning, and storing and retrieving memories Hippocampus critical in forming and retrieving memory and in creating mental maps Cerebellum handles physical coordination Corpus ... closely, pick it up, and run her fingers around it, shake it, listen to whether it makes a sound, and then most likely stick it in her mouth to taste and feel it with her tongue and lips. The child's ... abilities of memory, language, and abstract thought. The hippocampus coordinates incoming sensory in- formation from the cortex and organizes it into memories. The wiring of the cortex and hippocampus...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:20

... between violence and post-violence, and to recognize and retrieve our own “traumas” of memory and self-serving dramaturgies of truth claiming, and their long occlusion of history and personhood. NOTES AUTHOR’S ... ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain’t I a woman? I could work as much, and eat as much as a man—when I could get it and bear the lash as well! And ain’t ... took the stand demanding to know the circum- stances of death and disappearance of relations and comrades, because among the Xhosa and Zulu, locating the remains of a deceased kin, and knowing the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... and thematic or content categories (see, for example, Fukui and Speas (1986) and Abney (1987) and the ref- erences cited in each). Thematic categories include nouns, verbs, adjectives and ... 4.1 for a brief comparison between the model proposed here and serial models such as those proposed by Frazier and Fodor (1978) and Pritchett (1988). 7Note that specifiers do not always receive ... of the verbput or as a modifier of the NP the candy: (20) a. I [vv Iv, Iv put ] Lvv the candy ] [ee on ] ]] b. I [vv Iv, Iv put ] Lvv the candy [ep on ] ] ]] At this point the argument attachment...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 18:24

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 13:20