restoration in optical wdm mesh networks

... routers), a point-to-point optical transport link is the basic building block of all type of optical networks. 11 Interconnections of several point-to-point optical links constitutes an optical network ... open WDM1 2 point-to-point optical links), are available in the literature For clarity, we illustrate the concept of “open WDM architecture” in the point-to-point optical transport link in Figure ... Routing and wavelength assignment in WDM networks Connection management in optical networks Survivability in optical networks Enabling technologies for optical networks © 2003 by CRC Press LLC...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 17:52

... application software mainly finishes sending disposing and controlling information; The FPGA software is principal part of the system software, and responsible for finishing the realization of ... module Testing required in understanding the operation of the networking process 1.4 Thesis outline The thesis is organized into six chapters, namely introduction, FPGA and HDL chip design, principles ... the performance of optical networks increases, optical network interface will have a significant impact on a system performance Interfaces are optimized for sending and receiving large packets...

Ngày tải lên: 22/11/2015, 23:35

... and WDM transmission is widely used in networks Optical networks are capable of providing more functions than just point-to-point transmission Major advantages are to be gained by incorporating ... metro networks OXCs are beginning to be deployed first in long-haul networks because of the higher capacities in those networks The Optical Layer Before delving into the details of the optical ... these first-generation networks in Chapter Second-generation optical networks have routing, switching, and intelligence in the optical layer Before we discuss this generation of networks, we will...

Ngày tải lên: 25/04/2014, 12:45

... online, 462-463,475,481-482 on rings with no conversion, 476-477 solution, 462 solving, 442, 448 routing protocols, 390 interdomain routing protocol, 392 intradomain routing protocol, 391 Rowland circle, ... broadening, 86 induced chirp, 84, 86, 333 824 INDEX self-phase modulation (SPM) (continued) induced chirp for Gaussian pulses, 87-89 induced phase change, 88 penalty, 334, 355 positive chirping ... question, 682 using, 683-684 WDM combination, 14 timing jitter, 337 timing recovery, 251,265-266 block diagram, 266 clock extraction step, 265 timing signal, 266 TM modes, 64, 144 effective indices,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... of fiber are being introduced, and point-point links are now being organized by their owners into rings and other real network structures, using new optical switching and routing technologies ... developments in optical networking in this second edition Optical networking is a rapidly changing technology that can support the enormous Internet traffic growth demands required by bandwidth intensive ... ties the optical hardware functionality into the overall networking picture Everybody who wants to be a player in the optical networking space should have this book within easy reach Martin Zirngibl,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... miles of fiber being installed per day, just in the United States alone Fiber has been displacing wire in many applications, and gradually it is emerging as one of the two dominant Cinderella transmission ... networking systems are being sold annually, major new businesses have been created that produce nothing but optical networks, and bandwidth bottlenecks are being relieved and proliferating protocol ... toy shop to play in The whole optical networking idea is endlessly fascinating in itself based on a medium with thousands of gigabits of capacity yet so small as to be almost invisible, transmitters...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... Optical networking used to be confined to a fairly small community of researchers and engineers but is now of great interest to a broad audience including students; engineers in optical component, ... understanding of optical networks, and we've added a section called "Transmission Basics" to introduce several terms commonly used in optical networking and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) ... Bibliography Index 797 763 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Preface Since the first edition of this book appeared in February 1998, we have witnessed a dramatic explosion in optical networking Optical...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... being deployed OLTs have been widely deployed for point-to-point applications OADMs 16 INTRODUCTION OPTICAL NETWORKS TO Figure 1.5 A WDM wavelength-routing network, showing optical line terminals ... first-generation networks in Chapter Today we are seeing the deployment of second-generation optical networks, where some of the routing, switching, and intelligence is moving into the optical layer ... metro networks OXCs are beginning to be deployed first in long-haul networks because of the higher capacities in those networks 1.4 The Optical Layer Before delving into the details of the optical...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... than in the electronic domain This form of optical time domain multiplexing (OTDM) may 1.6 Optical Packet Switching 27 Figure 1.12 An optical network consisting of all -optical subnetworks interconnected ... optical domain One important factor is the lack of optical random access 28 INTRODUCTION OPTICAL NETWORKS TO Figure 1.13 An optical packet-switching node The node buffers the incoming packets, ... all -optical network In an all -optical network, data is carried from its source to its destination in optical form, without undergoing any optical- to-electrical conversions along the way In an ideal world,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... has an inner core and an outer cladding, with the core having a slightly higher refractive index than the cladding (b) Longitudinal view Light rays within the core hitting the core-cladding boundary ... of the operating wavelength 36 INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL NETWORKS range of the light signal This forces all the energy in a light signal to travel in the form of a single mode Using single-mode fiber ... a single-longitudinal mode (SLM) laser An SLM laser emits a narrow single-wavelength signal in a single spectral line, in contrast to MLM lasers whose spectrum consists of many spectral lines...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... working on optical networking include the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF), Internet Engineering ... INTRODUCTION OPTICAL NETWORKS TO [Yan96] Y Yano et al 2.6 Tb/s WDM transmission experiment using optical duobinary coding In Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication, 1996 Postdeadline ... and R J Lin, editors IEEE Communications Magazine: Optical Networks Come of Age, volume 38, Feb 2000 [DYJ00] S.S Dixit and A Yla-Jaaski, editors IEEE Communications Magazine: WDM Optical Networks: ...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... However, individually, the core and cladding regions in a step-index fiber are homogeneous The core of a graded-index fiber is inhomogeneous A discussion of the propagation of light in graded-index ... equals sin -1 n2/nl Simply stated, from the geometrical optics viewpoint, light propagates in optical fiber due to a series of total internal reflections that occur at the core-cladding interface ... depicted in Figure 2.3 In this figure, the coupling of light from the medium outside (taken to be air with refractive index no) into the fiber is also shown 52 PROPAGATION SIGNALS IN OPTICAL...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... within the low-loss region around 1.55 #m in silica fiber (After [Kan99].) As we saw earlier in this section, the dominant loss mechanism in optical fiber is Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh scattering ... guiding process is due to total internal reflection; light that is launched into the waveguide at one end is confined to the guiding region When we use the wave theory approach, we again find ... constructing the waveguide using a birefringent material, such as lithium niobate For such a material, the refractive indices along different axes are quite different, resulting in the effective indices...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... nonlinearities 2.4.2 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering In the case of SBS, the phonons involved in the scattering interaction are acoustic phonons, and the interaction occurs over a very narrow line ... long links where L >> 1/a, we have L e ~ 20 km In addition to the link length, the effect of a nonlinearity also grows with the intensity in the fiber For a given power, the intensity is inversely ... refractive index in the fiber core and cladding A typical refractive index profile of a dispersion-shifted fiber is shown in Figure 2.13(b) Comparing this with the refractive index profile of a step-index...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... of P to emphasize the linearity assumption used in obtaining this relation, and used x(1)0 instead of X for convenience in what follows In discussing the effect of nonlinearities, we will assume ... change increases as the propagation distance z increases Since the relation between/3 and the refractive index n in the linear regime is/3 = con~c, we can also interpret (2.22) as specifying an intensity-dependent ... by carrying out the remaining discussion using complex variables for the following fields and susceptibilities, as is done, for example, in [Agr95] However, 82 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... these pulses is shown in Figure 2.25 As we have seen in Section 2.3, most pulses undergo broadening (spreading in time) due to group velocity dispersion when propagating through optical fiber However, ... between - and - ps/nm-km, in the 1.55 #m wavelength window This reduces the penalties due to nonlinearities while retaining most of the advantages of DSE This fiber is being used on many recently ... typical refractive index profile of LEAF is shown in Figure 2.21 The core region consists of three parts In the innermost part, the refractive index has a triangular variation In the annular (middle)...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... transmission 102 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER Further Reading The propagation of light in optical fiber is treated in several books at varying levels of detail One of the earliest ... Kaminow [MK88] and Lin [Lin89] We recommend the book by Ramo, Whinnery, and van Duzer [RWv93] for an in- depth study of electromagnetic theory leading up to the description of light propagation in ... components used in modern optical networks include couplers, lasers, photodetectors, optical amplifiers, optical switches, and filters and multiplexers Couplers are simple components used to combine or...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... wavelengths in a WDM system~these devices are called multiplexers/ demultiplexers~and to provide equalization of the gain and filtering of noise in optical amplifiers Further, understanding optical ... of gratings are shown in Figure 3.9(a) and (b) Gratings have been widely used for centuries in optics to separate light into its constituent wavelengths In WDM communication systems, gratings are ... filtering technologies 3.3.1 Gratings The term grating is used to describe almost any device whose operation involves interference among multiple optical signals originating from the same source but...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... reflection grating with blaze angle ~ In such a grating, the reflecting slits are inclined at an angle ~ to the grating plane This has the effect of maximizing the light energy in the interference ... of the grating The grating effects the separation of the individual wavelengths in a WDM signal since the grating equation is satisfied at different points in the imaging plane for different ... different principles than Bragg gratings In fiber Bragg gratings, energy from the forward propagating mode in the fiber core at the right wavelength is coupled into a backward propagating mode In long-period...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... waveguide grating (AWG) described in the next section Since understanding the MZI is essential to understanding the AWG, we will now describe the principle of operation of MZIs Principle of Operation ... Mach-Zehnder interferometers are typically constructed in integrated optics and consist of two dB directional couplers interconnected through two paths of differing lengths, as shown in Figure 3.21(a) ... phase lag of f l A L introduced in the signal in the lower arm In the second directional coupler, the signal from the lower arm undergoes another phase delay of re~2 in going to the first output...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21