recent advances in dynamic lightpath restoration in wdm mesh networks

... Chapter 15 Distributed lightpath control for wavelength-routed WDM networks Jun Zheng and Hussein T Mouftah Chapter 16 Recent advances in dynamic lightpath restoration in WDM mesh networks Chava Vijaya ... communication networks 11 Figure 1.8 Lightpath connections in a WDM mesh network (Solid circles mark the end points of a lightpath. ) setting up lightpaths by routing and assigning a wavelength ... from interconnected-rings topology to mesh topology, traffic grooming in WDM mesh networks has become a very important problem for both industry and academe.41,42 In order to support traffic grooming,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 17:52

... application software mainly finishes sending disposing and controlling information; The FPGA software is principal part of the system software, and responsible for finishing the realization of ... module Testing required in understanding the operation of the networking process 1.4 Thesis outline The thesis is organized into six chapters, namely introduction, FPGA and HDL chip design, principles ... network interface controller in the FPGA is to meet the performance objective for each interface in the FPGA There are multiple fast clock domains in the FPGA for this design, including PowerPC...

Ngày tải lên: 22/11/2015, 23:35

... and WDM transmission is widely used in networks Optical networks are capable of providing more functions than just point-to-point transmission Major advantages are to be gained by incorporating ... Protection in SONET/SDH 9.2.1 Point-to-Point Links 9.2.2 Self-Healing Rings 9.2.3 Unidirectional Path-Switched Rings 9.2.4 Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings ... among carriers intensifies The bandwidth delivered per connection is increasing, and it is becoming common to lease lines ranging in 1.2 Services, Circuit Switching, and Packet Switching capacity...

Ngày tải lên: 25/04/2014, 12:45

... online, 462-463,475,481-482 on rings with no conversion, 476-477 solution, 462 solving, 442, 448 routing protocols, 390 interdomain routing protocol, 392 intradomain routing protocol, 391 Rowland circle, ... broadening, 86 induced chirp, 84, 86, 333 824 INDEX self-phase modulation (SPM) (continued) induced chirp for Gaussian pulses, 87-89 induced phase change, 88 penalty, 334, 355 positive chirping ... question, 682 using, 683-684 WDM combination, 14 timing jitter, 337 timing recovery, 251,265-266 block diagram, 266 clock extraction step, 265 timing signal, 266 TM modes, 64, 144 effective indices,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... being introduced, and point-point links are now being organized by their owners into rings and other real network structures, using new optical switching and routing technologies Thus, it is a ... developments in optical networking in this second edition Optical networking is a rapidly changing technology that can support the enormous Internet traffic growth demands required by bandwidth intensive ... (retired) Tellabs, Inc If anyone needed evidence of the rapid pace of innovation in WDM optical telecommunications, a year-by-year perusal of the innovations reported in the journals and in the activities...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... miles of fiber being installed per day, just in the United States alone Fiber has been displacing wire in many applications, and gradually it is emerging as one of the two dominant Cinderella transmission ... networking systems are being sold annually, major new businesses have been created that produce nothing but optical networks, and bandwidth bottlenecks are being relieved and proliferating protocol ... never panned out in the real world My book (Fiber Optic Networks, Prentice Hall) spent most of its pages talking about technology building blocks and lamenting their limitations since there was...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... Optical networking used to be confined to a fairly small community of researchers and engineers but is now of great interest to a broad audience including students; engineers in optical component, ... transmission in an electrical engineering department might instead focus on Chapters 2-5 and omit the remaining chapters Each chapter is accompanied by a number of problems, and instructors may obtain ... obtain a copy of these chapters on the Internet at www.mkp.com/opticalnet2 Teaching and Learning from This Book This book can be used as a textbook for graduate courses in electrical engineering...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... suitable for operation over point-to-point links include the point-to-point protocol (PPP) and the high-level data link control (HDLC) protocol Included in the data link layer is the 1.4 The Optical ... over a wavelength on each intermediate link At intermediate nodes in the network, the lightpaths are routed and switched from one link to another link In some cases, lightpaths may be converted ... first-generation networks in Chapter Today we are seeing the deployment of second-generation optical networks, where some of the routing, switching, and intelligence is moving into the optical...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... than in the electronic domain This form of optical time domain multiplexing (OTDM) may 1.6 Optical Packet Switching 27 Figure 1.12 An optical network consisting of all-optical subnetworks interconnected ... Another parameter of interest is the channel spacing, which is the spacing between two wavelengths or frequencies in a WDM system Again the channel spacing can be measured in units of wavelengths ... frequency spacing of 100 GHz, a typical spacing in WDM systems Digital information signals in the time domain can be viewed as a periodic sequence of pulses, which are on or off, depending on whether...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... has an inner core and an outer cladding, with the core having a slightly higher refractive index than the cladding (b) Longitudinal view Light rays within the core hitting the core-cladding boundary ... of the operating wavelength 36 INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL NETWORKS range of the light signal This forces all the energy in a light signal to travel in the form of a single mode Using single-mode fiber ... a single-longitudinal mode (SLM) laser An SLM laser emits a narrow single-wavelength signal in a single spectral line, in contrast to MLM lasers whose spectrum consists of many spectral lines...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... working on optical networking include the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF), Internet Engineering ... OTDM /WDM transmission using a single supercontinuum WDM source In 0FC'96 Technical Digest, 1996 Postdeadline paper PD21 [MT83] A Moncalvo and E Tosco European field trials and early applications in ... OPTICAL NETWORKS TO [Yan96] Y Yano et al 2.6 Tb/s WDM transmission experiment using optical duobinary coding In Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication, 1996 Postdeadline paper...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... However, individually, the core and cladding regions in a step-index fiber are homogeneous The core of a graded-index fiber is inhomogeneous A discussion of the propagation of light in graded-index ... assuming we are coupling from air, so that no = 1, we obtain 0~nax ~ 12~ Owing to the different lengths of the paths taken by different guided rays, the energy in a narrow (in time) pulse at the input ... graded-index fibers, and the refractive index decreases gradually, or continuously, from its maximum value at the center of the core to the value in the cladding at the core-cladding interface...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... guiding process is due to total internal reflection; light that is launched into the waveguide at one end is confined to the guiding region When we use the wave theory approach, we again find ... constructing the waveguide using a birefringent material, such as lithium niobate For such a material, the refractive indices along different axes are quite different, resulting in the effective indices ... within the low-loss region around 1.55 #m in silica fiber (After [Kan99].) As we saw earlier in this section, the dominant loss mechanism in optical fiber is Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh scattering...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... nonlinearities 2.4.2 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering In the case of SBS, the phonons involved in the scattering interaction are acoustic phonons, and the interaction occurs over a very narrow line ... long links where L >> 1/a, we have L e ~ 20 km In addition to the link length, the effect of a nonlinearity also grows with the intensity in the fiber For a given power, the intensity is inversely ... refractive index in the fiber core and cladding A typical refractive index profile of a dispersion-shifted fiber is shown in Figure 2.13(b) Comparing this with the refractive index profile of a step-index...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... of P to emphasize the linearity assumption used in obtaining this relation, and used x(1)0 instead of X for convenience in what follows In discussing the effect of nonlinearities, we will assume ... change increases as the propagation distance z increases Since the relation between/3 and the refractive index n in the linear regime is/3 = con~c, we can also interpret (2.22) as specifying an intensity-dependent ... electric field, respectively Since we are considering nonlinearities in this section, it is no longer as convenient to work in the Fourier transform domain By taking inverse Fourier transforms,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... and - ps/nm-km, in the 1.55 #m wavelength window This reduces the penalties due to nonlinearities while retaining most of the advantages of DSE This fiber is being used on many recently constructed ... Pk are the input powers at o)i, O)j, and O)k Note that the refractive index n is replaced by the effective index neff of the fundamental mode In terms of the nonlinear refractive index h, this ... the phase-matching condition for the remaining terms, which are all of the form coi + coj - wg, i, j :/: k (coi, coj not necessarily distinct) For example, if the wavelengths in the WDM system are...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... Kaminow [MK88] and Lin [Lin89] We recommend the book by Ramo, Whinnery, and van Duzer [RWv93] for an in- depth study of electromagnetic theory leading up to the description of light propagation in ... also be fabricated using waveguides in integrated optics A x coupler, shown in Figure 3.1, takes a fraction o~ of the power from input and places it on output and the remaining fraction - ot on ... transmission in a 25-channel WDM system at a bit rate of 40 Gb/s per channel, over a distance of 1500 kin, has been demonstrated in the laboratory [SKN01] Summary The understanding of light propagation in...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... of gratings are shown in Figure 3.9(a) and (b) Gratings have been widely used for centuries in optics to separate light into its constituent wavelengths In WDM communication systems, gratings are ... wavelength and either blocks the remaining wavelengths or makes them available on a third port (b) A multiplexer, which combines multiple wavelengths into a single fiber In the reverse direction, the ... signal incident wavelength Table 3.1 compares the performance of different filtering technologies 3.3.1 Gratings The term grating is used to describe almost any device whose operation involves interference...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... reflection grating with blaze angle ~ In such a grating, the reflecting slits are inclined at an angle ~ to the grating plane This has the effect of maximizing the light energy in the interference ... of the grating The grating effects the separation of the individual wavelengths in a WDM signal since the grating equation is satisfied at different points in the imaging plane for different ... different principles than Bragg gratings In fiber Bragg gratings, energy from the forward propagating mode in the fiber core at the right wavelength is coupled into a backward propagating mode In long-period...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... waveguide grating (AWG) described in the next section Since understanding the MZI is essential to understanding the AWG, we will now describe the principle of operation of MZIs Principle of Operation ... Mach-Zehnder interferometers are typically constructed in integrated optics and consist of two dB directional couplers interconnected through two paths of differing lengths, as shown in Figure 3.21(a) ... phase lag of f l A L introduced in the signal in the lower arm In the second directional coupler, the signal from the lower arm undergoes another phase delay of re~2 in going to the first output...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21