... Temporal profile of replication of human chromosomes.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6419–6424Jiang W, Wells NJ, Hunter T (1999) Multistep regulationof DNA replication by Cdk phos-phorylation of HsCdc6. ... ini-tiation (Fig. 1). The chromatin loading of MCM2-7 depends on the loading of Cdt1 and Cdc6, which in turn depend on the loading of ORC. This step-Fig. 1 Regulationof the pre-RC. The pre-RC functions ... residual Cdt1,further preventing pre-RC activity in S-phase. The loss of the pre-RC does not Regulation of S Phase 43wise assembly of factors is regulated at each stage, mostly through changesin...
... and Art. 11 of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR,1 June 1990, ‘On Measures of Securing the Implementation of the Edict of the Presidium of theUSSR Supreme Soviet of 26 November ... accompaniment of the CCGS John A.Navigation and pollution in the Northern Sea Route 22940See Arts. 6 and 10 of the NSR Regulations; Arts. 14 and 15 of the Economic Zone Edict; Arts. 3 and15 of the ... (Article 7); control of navigation (Article 8); tempo-rary suspension of navigation in particular areas of the NSR (Article 9); removal of vessels off the NSR (Article 10); limitation of liability for...
... of their target genes.Indeed, several examples of feedback regulation thatinvolve miRNAs have been reported. Below, we attemptto summarize our recent understanding of feedback regulation of ... expression of estrogen receptor-a(ERa) is autoregulated by miR-18a, -19b and -20b,which in turn are upregulated by the activation of ERa. This mechanism ofregulation provides a widerange of coordinated ... that TPA-induced upregulation of miR-34a depends on the acti-vation of the ERK signal cascade and that miR-34adownregulates MEK1, which is one of the main regu-lators of ERK signaling, indicates...
... directdephosphorylation of Ser112 and negative regulation of the ERK pathway via p38 MAPK, both of whichlead to impaired phosphorylation of Ser112 [70]. Afterdephosphorylation of Ser112, Ser136 becomes suscepti-ble ... theinduction of DNA fragmentation, which is one of themost typical characteristics of apoptosis.Regulators of DNA fragmentationOne of the terminal processes of apoptosis is DNAdegradation. During ... translocation of Bax and Bad to mitochon-dria independently of caspase activation [77,87].Phosphorylation of caspasesPhosphorylation of caspases switches the cellular apop-totic signal on and off....
... translation of the PKM1 isoform, whereas inclusion of exon 10 produces PKM2 (REF. 71). MYC upregulates the expression of heteroge-neous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) that bind to exon 9 of the ... gen-eration of energy in the form of ATP through aerobic glycolysis is required for unrestricted cancer cell pro-liferation7. However, studies of the M2 isoform of PK (PKM2) have shown that ... samples of various cancer types, leading to the proposal that PKM2 might be a use-ful biomarker for the early detection of tumours65,72–74. However, further study of the prevalence of PKM2...
... Moreover, orientation of the CDE ⁄ CHR inthe general context of a promoter appears to be rele-vant because inversion of the site in the humanCdc25C promoter resulted in a deregulation of cellcycle-dependent ... investigatingdownregulation of the cyclin B2 promoter is that afterdeletion or mutation of constitutively activating sites,such as the destruction of CCAAT-boxes, small levels of reporter activity ... regulator of CDE ⁄ CHR cell cycle genes,to which promoter sites does it bind during any par-ticular phase of the cell cycle? What is the exactmechanism of p53-dependent downregulation of CDE...
... treatment of the chick face with RA, and this is accompanied byan increase in apoptosis [73]. The authors of this studyascribe the regulationof outgrowth of limb buds andpatterning of the digits ... ARTICLERoles of AP-2 transcription factors in the regulation of cartilage and skeletal developmentAnn-Kathrin Wenke and Anja K. BosserhoffInstitute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, ... various epithelia of the developing embryo,KeywordsAP-2; cartilage; chondrogenesis; limb;transcriptional regulation CorrespondenceA K. Bosserhoff, Institute of Pathology,University of Regensburg,Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee...
... strict regulation becomes necessary for the correct expression of HSF2target genes. Indeed, when miR18-mediated regulation of HSF2 was disrupted in male germ cells in vivo,expression of HSF2 ... modifications of HSFs in different tissues andorgans during development of an organism or differen-tiation of certain cell types. This lack of knowledgeseverely hampers the understanding of the physiologi-cal ... shockresponse are connected to progressive loss of SIRT1expression and activity [79]. These results raise ques-tions about the impact of SIRT1-mediated regulation of HSF1 activity on various age-dependent...
... thatexpression of miR-27 resulted in blockade of expression of PPARc andC ⁄ EBPa, the two master regulators of adipogenesis. Importantly, expression of miR-27 was increased in fat tissue of obese ... biologicallyrelevant role of miR-27 in the regulationof adipose tis-sue functions in vivo, we examined the expression of miR-27 in the genetically obese ob ⁄ ob mice. Theexpression levels of both miR-27a ... in the regulationof miR-27 expression. Ourdata suggest that the miR-27 gene family is potentiallyan important class of negative regulators of adipogene-sis and may play a role in the regulation...
... weights of 161.8, 28.2 and 13.2 kDa, respectively.The formation of the cathepsin B ⁄ cystatin C complexwas seen as a shift of the elution peak of cathepsin B(Fig. 6A). The addition of 2A2 mAb ... Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia2 Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia3 Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, ... the conformational changes of the active site of cathepsin B, the results obtained in the present studyprovide a specific mechanism for the regulationof theactivity of cathepsin B, which can...
... level of MLL1 mRNA. Interestingly, upon downregulation of MLL1, E2-mediated upregulation of HOXC13 wasslightly decreased (Fig. 4A, lane 3). Similar resultswere observed for MLL2 and MLL4 downregulation(Fig. ... ERE2,ERE3 and ERE4 of the HOXC13 promoter. As seenin Fig. 5A, no significant binding of actin wasobserved in any of the EREs, irrespective of theabsence and presence of E2. Binding of ERa and ERbwas ... of binding of MLL1was observed in ERE3, no significant E2-dependentbinding of any of the MLLs was observed in ERE3and ERE4 (Fig. 5A, lanes 5–8). Significant amounts of constitutive binding of...
... methylation of dUMP, which isobtained via one of two parallel pathways. One path-way, considered to be a minor supplier of dTTP [1–3],involves the reduction of UDP (UTP) by the action of ribonucleotide ... the cooperativity of dCMP binding [5,29,30].The activity of dCTP deaminase depends on the con-centration of dCTP and is inhibited by dTTP. Ourresults suggest that regulationof dCTP deaminase ... mechanism of regulation that generates the apparently attractive feature of anincrease in both S0.5and the sigmoidity of the satura-tion curve for dCTP in response to the binding of dTTP to...
... swelling-induced inhibition of proteolysis inperfused rat liver. J Nutr 126, 395–402.8Ha¨ussinger D & Schliess F (1999) Osmotic induction of signaling cascades: role in regulationof cell function.Biochem ... trigger signals involved in the regulation of metabolism, gene expression and the susceptibilityto different kinds of stress [6]. For example, the inhibi-tion of autophagic proteolysis by insulin, ... execu-tion of the apoptotic program.Concluding remarksIt is well acknowledged that cell volume fluctuationsrelease signals of (patho)physiological relevance. Theunderstanding of how cell...
... theprimary absorptive site of folic acid, i.e. the smallintestine.Expression of the RFC protein in BBM of theintestineThe effect of chronic alcoholism on the level of expres-sion of the RFC protein ... malabsorption of folatewas observed over the entire course of ethanol treat-ment of 3 months.Determination of the kinetic constants of [3H]folic aciduptake in BBMVsThe effect of substrate ... intra-epithelial lymphocytes of the epithelial cells of thevillus lining. There was no evidence of any haemor-rhagic mucosal lesions in the intestines of ethanol-fedrats.Estimation of serum and red blood...
... dimeric forms of CD45 associated witha 30-kDa phosphorylated protein. J Biol Chem 267,16651–16659.15 Xu Z & Weiss A (2002) Negative regulationof CD45by differential homodimerization of the ... role of oxidation in dimerization of a panel of fourdifferent RPTPs.We compared four RPTPs from different subtypes,i.e. RPTPa, RPTPl, CD45 and LAR. We found thatthe cytoplasmic domains of these ... ectodomains of LAR and RPTPl maydrive homophilic interactions [35–38]. To remove con-tributions of the ectodomains to dimerization, we gen-erated chimeras consisting of the extracellular domainof...