official regulation of medicines

... Temporal profile of replication of human chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6419–6424 Jiang W, Wells NJ, Hunter T (1999) Multistep regulation of DNA replication by Cdk phos- phorylation of HsCdc6. ... ini- tiation (Fig. 1). The chromatin loading of MCM2-7 depends on the loading of Cdt1 and Cdc6, which in turn depend on the loading of ORC. This step- Fig. 1 Regulation of the pre-RC. The pre-RC functions ... residual Cdt1, further preventing pre-RC activity in S-phase. The loss of the pre-RC does not Regulation of S Phase 43 wise assembly of factors is regulated at each stage, mostly through changes in...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 21:20

... and Art. 11 of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1 June 1990, ‘On Measures of Securing the Implementation of the Edict of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet of 26 November ... accompaniment of the CCGS John A. Navigation and pollution in the Northern Sea Route 229 40 See Arts. 6 and 10 of the NSR Regulations; Arts. 14 and 15 of the Economic Zone Edict; Arts. 3 and 15 of the ... (Article 7); control of navigation (Article 8); tempo- rary suspension of navigation in particular areas of the NSR (Article 9); removal of vessels off the NSR (Article 10); limitation of liability for...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 09:20

... of their target genes. Indeed, several examples of feedback regulation that involve miRNAs have been reported. Below, we attempt to summarize our recent understanding of feedback regulation of ... expression of estrogen receptor-a (ERa) is autoregulated by miR-18a, -19b and -20b, which in turn are upregulated by the activation of ERa. This mechanism of regulation provides a wide range of coordinated ... that TPA- induced upregulation of miR-34a depends on the acti- vation of the ERK signal cascade and that miR-34a downregulates MEK1, which is one of the main regu- lators of ERK signaling, indicates...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 19:20

... direct dephosphorylation of Ser112 and negative regulation of the ERK pathway via p38 MAPK, both of which lead to impaired phosphorylation of Ser112 [70]. After dephosphorylation of Ser112, Ser136 becomes suscepti- ble ... the induction of DNA fragmentation, which is one of the most typical characteristics of apoptosis. Regulators of DNA fragmentation One of the terminal processes of apoptosis is DNA degradation. During ... translocation of Bax and Bad to mitochon- dria independently of caspase activation [77,87]. Phosphorylation of caspases Phosphorylation of caspases switches the cellular apop- totic signal on and off....

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 22:20

... translation of the PKM1 isoform, whereas inclusion of exon 10 produces PKM2 (REF. 71). MYC upregulates the expression of heteroge- neous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) that bind to exon 9 of the ... gen- eration of energy in the form of ATP through aerobic glycolysis is required for unrestricted cancer cell pro- liferation 7 . However, studies of the M2 isoform of PK (PKM2) have shown that ... samples of various cancer types, leading to the proposal that PKM2 might be a use- ful biomarker for the early detection of tumours 65,72–74 . However, further study of the prevalence of PKM2...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 04:20

... Moreover, orientation of the CDE ⁄ CHR in the general context of a promoter appears to be rele- vant because inversion of the site in the human Cdc25C promoter resulted in a deregulation of cell cycle-dependent ... investigating downregulation of the cyclin B2 promoter is that after deletion or mutation of constitutively activating sites, such as the destruction of CCAAT-boxes, small levels of reporter activity ... regulator of CDE ⁄ CHR cell cycle genes, to which promoter sites does it bind during any par- ticular phase of the cell cycle? What is the exact mechanism of p53-dependent downregulation of CDE...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... treatment of the chick face with RA, and this is accompanied by an increase in apoptosis [73]. The authors of this study ascribe the regulation of outgrowth of limb buds and patterning of the digits ... ARTICLE Roles of AP-2 transcription factors in the regulation of cartilage and skeletal development Ann-Kathrin Wenke and Anja K. Bosserhoff Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, ... various epithelia of the developing embryo, Keywords AP-2; cartilage; chondrogenesis; limb; transcriptional regulation Correspondence A K. Bosserhoff, Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... strict regulation becomes necessary for the correct expression of HSF2 target genes. Indeed, when miR18-mediated regulation of HSF2 was disrupted in male germ cells in vivo, expression of HSF2 ... modifications of HSFs in different tissues and organs during development of an organism or differen- tiation of certain cell types. This lack of knowledge severely hampers the understanding of the physiologi- cal ... shock response are connected to progressive loss of SIRT1 expression and activity [79]. These results raise ques- tions about the impact of SIRT1-mediated regulation of HSF1 activity on various age-dependent...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 04:20

... that expression of miR-27 resulted in blockade of expression of PPARc and C ⁄ EBPa, the two master regulators of adipogenesis. Importantly, expression of miR-27 was increased in fat tissue of obese ... biologically relevant role of miR-27 in the regulation of adipose tis- sue functions in vivo, we examined the expression of miR-27 in the genetically obese ob ⁄ ob mice. The expression levels of both miR-27a ... in the regulation of miR-27 expression. Our data suggest that the miR-27 gene family is potentially an important class of negative regulators of adipogene- sis and may play a role in the regulation...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 08:20

... weights of 161.8, 28.2 and 13.2 kDa, respectively. The formation of the cathepsin B ⁄ cystatin C complex was seen as a shift of the elution peak of cathepsin B (Fig. 6A). The addition of 2A2 mAb ... Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, ... the conformational changes of the active site of cathepsin B, the results obtained in the present study provide a specific mechanism for the regulation of the activity of cathepsin B, which can...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 11:20

... level of MLL1 mRNA. Interestingly, upon downregulation of MLL1, E2-mediated upregulation of HOXC13 was slightly decreased (Fig. 4A, lane 3). Similar results were observed for MLL2 and MLL4 downregulation (Fig. ... ERE2, ERE3 and ERE4 of the HOXC13 promoter. As seen in Fig. 5A, no significant binding of actin was observed in any of the EREs, irrespective of the absence and presence of E2. Binding of ERa and ERb was ... of binding of MLL1 was observed in ERE3, no significant E2-dependent binding of any of the MLLs was observed in ERE3 and ERE4 (Fig. 5A, lanes 5–8). Significant amounts of constitutive binding of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 14:20

... methylation of dUMP, which is obtained via one of two parallel pathways. One path- way, considered to be a minor supplier of dTTP [1–3], involves the reduction of UDP (UTP) by the action of ribonucleotide ... the cooperativity of dCMP binding [5,29,30]. The activity of dCTP deaminase depends on the con- centration of dCTP and is inhibited by dTTP. Our results suggest that regulation of dCTP deaminase ... mechanism of regulation that generates the apparently attractive feature of an increase in both S 0.5 and the sigmoidity of the satura- tion curve for dCTP in response to the binding of dTTP to...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... swelling-induced inhibition of proteolysis in perfused rat liver. J Nutr 126, 395–402. 8Ha ¨ ussinger D & Schliess F (1999) Osmotic induction of signaling cascades: role in regulation of cell function. Biochem ... trigger signals involved in the regulation of metabolism, gene expression and the susceptibility to different kinds of stress [6]. For example, the inhibi- tion of autophagic proteolysis by insulin, ... execu- tion of the apoptotic program. Concluding remarks It is well acknowledged that cell volume fluctuations release signals of (patho)physiological relevance. The understanding of how cell...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... the primary absorptive site of folic acid, i.e. the small intestine. Expression of the RFC protein in BBM of the intestine The effect of chronic alcoholism on the level of expres- sion of the RFC protein ... malabsorption of folate was observed over the entire course of ethanol treat- ment of 3 months. Determination of the kinetic constants of [ 3 H]folic acid uptake in BBMVs The effect of substrate ... intra- epithelial lymphocytes of the epithelial cells of the villus lining. There was no evidence of any haemor- rhagic mucosal lesions in the intestines of ethanol-fed rats. Estimation of serum and red blood...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... dimeric forms of CD45 associated with a 30-kDa phosphorylated protein. J Biol Chem 267, 16651–16659. 15 Xu Z & Weiss A (2002) Negative regulation of CD45 by differential homodimerization of the ... role of oxidation in dimerization of a panel of four different RPTPs. We compared four RPTPs from different subtypes, i.e. RPTPa, RPTPl, CD45 and LAR. We found that the cytoplasmic domains of these ... ectodomains of LAR and RPTPl may drive homophilic interactions [35–38]. To remove con- tributions of the ectodomains to dimerization, we gen- erated chimeras consisting of the extracellular domain of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 17:20

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 04:20

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Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 16:20

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 16:20