... DataLinkLayer Protocols- The Frame
31
• Remember that although there are many different DataLinklayerprotocols that describe
Data Linklayer frames, each frame ... Explain the role of DataLinklayerprotocolsindata transmission.
• Describe how the DataLinklayer prepares data for transmission on
network media.
• Describe the different types of media access ... very simple.
• In point-to-point networks, if data can only flow in one direction at a time, it is
operating as a half-duplex link. If data can successfully flow across the link
from each node...
... extremely
large in the case of unconstrained channel access, resulting in a low inherent statistical
multiplexing gain. By combining CDMA with PRMA, it is possible to control the access
of users ... 46
2.6 Summary 48
3 MultipleAccessin Cellular Communication Systems 49
3.1 MultipleAccess and the OSI Layers 49
3.2 Basic MultipleAccess Schemes 53
3.3 Medium Access Control in 2G Cellular Systems ... Time-Division Duplexing 264
6.3.1 Approaches to Time-Division Duplexing 264
6.3.2 TDD with Alternating Uplink and Downlink Slots 266
6.3.3 MD FRMA for TDD with a Single Switching-Point per
Frame 266
6.4...
... signaling protocols perform plays a
critical role in designing, building, maintaining, and troubleshooting a Cisco VoIP implementation. Each proto-
col also plays a direct role in implementing ... Bachelors of Science in Mechanical Engineering and a Masters of Science in Mechanical
Engineering from Bradley University in P
eoria,
IL.
Chris can be reached at chrisolsen@earthlink.net.
Copyright ... in product
selection and integration. Specifically, Cisco has predominately implemented the following five different signal-
ing protocols amongst their rapidly expanding telephony product line:
•...
... Configurable Congestion Control in
Data Transport Services
Yunhong Gu and Robert L. Grossman
Laboratory for Advanced Computing
National Center for Data Mining
University of Illinois at Chicago
November ... Work
Keep improving
More built -in congestion control package
More configuration abilities (e.g., data
reliability and timeliness)
1 ::
23
udt.sourceforge.net
Supporting Configurable Congestion ... ::
23
udt.sourceforge.net
Similarity and Overhead
CTCP vs. Linux TCP
Aggregate throughput
Jain’s fairness index
Stability index (standard deviation)
Flow
#
Throughput Fairness Stability
TCP...
... Balanced (LAPB)
Part of X.25 (ITU-T)
Subset of HDLC - ABM
Point to point link between system and packet
switching network node
Link Access Procedure, D-Channel
ISDN (ITU-D)
ABM
Always ... extended to multiples of 7 bits
LSB of each octet indicates that it is the last octet (1)
or not (0)
All ones (11111111) is broadcast
Other DLC Protocols
(LAPB,LAPD)
Link Access Procedure, ...
i
Transmitter goes back to frame
i
and
retransmits
William Stallings
Data and Computer
Communications
Chapter 7
Data Link Control
Cyclic Redundancy Check
For a block of
k
bits transmitter...
... In multi-channel WLANs
the common hopping approach is used for example in
Channel-Hopping MultipleAccess (CHMA) which was
introduced in [11]. In addition, in the context of CRNs
at least SYN-MAC ... T.Lengthsof
these intervals are predetermined and fixed and hence,
the intervals determ ine the average access delay as well.
We set T
atim
=0.2·T
c
and T =0.8·T
c
since these
values were used in the initial ... probabilities are derived in
Appendix B. The amount of successful data negotiations
during an ATIM window is on average
E
[
packets
]
= P
s
g
a
T
atim
.
(18)
In the beginning of each ATIM window all the...
... carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation in the uplink of multiuser multiple-
input multiple- output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) systems. Conventional maximum likelihood ... algorithm increases only linearly
with the number of users. In this algorithm, the different CFOs from different
users destroy the orthogonality among training sequences and introduce
multiple access ... “Polarization Division MultipleAccess With Polarization
Modulation for LOS Wireless Communications” by Bin Cao, Qin-Yu Zhang,
and Lin Jin discusses a potential multipleaccess and modulation...
... considering
multipath fading. In the following sections, we extend the
analysis in [7–9] to derive the capacity of a UWB PPM and
PAM system over indoor fading channels for both single
and multiple ... than
one link is active in the multiple- access system, the optimal
PPM receiver has a complex structure that takes advantage
of all receiver knowledge regarding the characteristics of
the multiple- access ... PAM UWB Multiple Access
Communications over Indoor Fading Channels
Hao Zhang
1
and T. Aaron Gulliver
2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao...
... same data
access technologies as that of the nontransactional DAL. The following data
access technologies were covered in Module 8, “The Nontransactional Data
Access Layer :
!
Microsoft Data ... Purchasing
transactional DAL.
Module 9: The Transactional DataAccessLayer 3
The Business Problem
DAL
Connected Business
Logic Layer
Disconnected Business
Logic Layer
Facade Layer
Web ... define how CRM is used
in the physical design.
Lead -in
In this topic, you will learn
how and when to include
CRM in your physical
design.
28 Module 9: The Transactional DataAccess Layer...
... levels. It
is interesting to see that using more training symbols does not improve the performance of the MLE as
expected, because inserting training symbols will reduce the energy for the data symbols ... first inequality in (76) and t he second inequality in (77) are satisfied. From the condition
f(θ)(θ − Φ) < 0, it is not hard to find that the second inequality in (76) and the first inequality in ... Furthermore, since the estimation quality of the first stage is available, we use BLUE to obtain
ˆ
θ for exploiting the quality information instead of using the MLE in the M-step as in the standard...