... Populations
262
6.4 Matrix Models 273
Problems 276
7. Dynamic Biogeochemical Models 277
7. 1 Introduction 277
7. 2 Application of Dynamic Models 278
7. 3 Eutrophication Models I: Overview ... 1) ( 978 ) 75 (18400, fax: ( 978 ) 75 0 474 4, and in the UK
through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1P 0LP, UK; phone: (+44) 2 07 631 ...
management and technology.
State of the Art in the Application of Models
17
Table 1.2. Biogeochemical models of ecosystems
iii
Ecosystem Modelling effort
(on a scale of 0 to 5)*
Rivers 5
Lakes,...
...
Summary of forms of other
.
.
186
Vlll
CONTENTS
Chapter
7
MODAL AUXILIARIES
7- 1
The form of modal auxiliaries
190
7- 2
Expressing ability:
can
and
could
191
7- 3
Expressing ...
0-13-0494 47- X
(with
Answer Key)
Printed
in
the United States of America
5 678 91O-CRK-060504
FUNDAMENTALSOF
NGL
GRAMMAR
Third
Edition
with
Answer
Key
Betty
Schrampfer
Azar
FUNDAMENTALS ... like. alike
271
Chapter
10
THE
PASSIVE
.
.
.
,
.
!
!I
I
-
.
.
,
.
.
10-1
Active sentences and passive sentences
276
10-2
Form of the passive
277
10-3
Transitive...
...
The new editions of the texts in the Azar Grammar Series include these changes:
The communicative aspects are more fully developed and explicit in the third
editions. This editionof
Fundamentals ... clauses
359
Chapter
13
Chapter
14
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
13-1
Verb
+
gerund
368
13-2
Go+-ing
372
13-3
Verb+infinitive
373
13-4
Verb
+
gerund or infinitive
374
13-5 ...
CONTENTS
Preface to the
Third Edition
Fundamentals of English Grammar
is a developmental skills text for lower-intermediate
and intermediate students of English as a second or foreign...
...
I am standing in front of an unpainted wall. I'm opening a can of paint. Now
'
I,
I'm picking up
a
paintbrush. I'm dipping the brush in the can of paint. I'm
lifting ... cup of tealcoffee
petting a dog
dialing a telephone
climbing a tree
playing the piano
diving into a pool and swimming
driving a car
watching a tennis match
pitching a baseball
8
CHAPTER ...
Take notes during the interview.
PARTK
Write the names of your classmates on a sheet of paper as they are introduced in
class.
17
EXERCISE
2.
Introducing yourself in writing.
Direcrions:...
... front page of a newspaper contain the most important news of the day.
14. Water freeze at 3 2OF (OãC) and boil at 212ãF (lOOãC).
15.
Mrs.
Taylor never cross the street in the middle of a block. ... meaning
of
frequency adverbs. (Chart
1-3)
Directions: Answer the questions. Discuss the meaning of
the
frequency adverbs.
What
is
something
that.
. .
1.
you
seldom
do?
2.
you often ... elephant
13. a hurricane
14. produce one-fourth of the world's
coffee
15. oceans
16. use in long trunk like a hand to pick
things up
17. Brazil
18. supply its guests with clean towels...
...
(be)
aggressive and
(love)
excitement.
B: Oh? That
(sound)
like a bunch of nonsense to me.
18
CHAPTER
1
16
CHAPTER
I
5.
A:
Knock, knock! Anybody home? Hey, Bill! Hi! It's me. ... tan.
:/
i
:
":
ney
to music on a radio. They also
(hear)
the sound of seagulls and the sound of the waves.
6.
A:
What
(you, think)
about right now?
B:
I
(think)
about ...
.
At least,
I
(think, not/
so.
3.
A:
(your
ftimds,
write)
a lot of e-mails?
B: Yes,
.
I
(get/
lots of e-mails all the time.
4.
A:
(the students, take)
a test in class right...
... yesterday.
5.
This book has a green cover.
6.
Shakespeare wrote novels.
7.
A
river flows bm the bottom of a valley to the top of a mountain.
8.
We cook food in a reffigerator.
(Switch
mks ifworking ... today.
4.
You're sitting on a soft, comfortable sofa.
5.
Our
teacher wrote
Romeo
and
Juliet.
6.
Our
teacher's name
is
William Shakespeare.
7.
You were on a cruise ship inthe ...
I
to a small town north of the city to visit his aunt. He love to listen to music, so the
CD
7.
;
Zx:
+
,
,-,
,
.
k'6.
j'
player is play one of his favorite CDs-loudly....
... reference List of
irregular verbs that follows in Chart 2 -7.
The past participle also ends in
-ed
for regular verbs. Some verbs are
irregular. It is used
in
perfect tenses (see Chapter 4) ... glasses of water.
6.
Karen had to choose between a blue raincoat and a
tan
one. She finally
the blue one.
7.
My husband gave me a painting for my biiday. I it on a wall
(>din my office. ...
',
.,.
EXERCISE
7.
-ING
and -ED forms. (Chart 2-5)
Diremom:
Write the
-ing
and
-ed
forms of the following verbs. (The simple past/past
participle of irregular verbs is given...
... did you see him?
A:
On the sidewalk near the corner of5th and Pine. He was walking to work.
EXERCISE
19.
Present and past verbs. (Chapters
1
and
2)
DirectMns:
Complete the sentences ... Toshi
(want)
5
to
know
what Oscar
(look)
at.
6
7
TOSHI:
Oscar, what
(YOU,
look)
at?
8
I
42
CHAPTER
2
EXERCISE
17.
Using the past progresslve. (Charts 2-8 and 2-9)
Directions: ...
pairs of sentences. Discuss their use. What
are
the similarities between the two tenses?
1. A: Where are
Ann
and Rob?
I
haven't seen them for a couple of weeks.
B: They're out of...
...
(weave)
in and out of the heavy tratFc. To Oscar,
35
the bicyclist
(seem)
fearless.
36
Oscar
([earn, never)
how to ride a bike when he
(be)
37
a child, so Toshi
(offer)
to teach him. ... OR . .
.
when
.
.
7.
At the same time:
I was lying in bed with the flu.
My friends were
swimmiig
at the beach.
-r
While
. .
OR
. . .
while
. .
(7)
Eventually, Tina
Gave) ... wealthy husband
(make)
fun
of his wife and
(giwe)
her orders all the time. But Tina and her
Frog Prince
(live)
happily ever after.
EXERCISE
21.
Past time. (Chapter
2)
Directions:
Write...