earth s vicinity changed recently

... the Solar System, Risto Pellinen discusses physical conditions on Mars The latest measurements conducted by Mars rovers show that there indeed is water ice on the surface of Mars Thus there has ... points, usually explosions, are at intervals of few tens of kilometers The largest distances between sources and receivers can be several hundreds of kilometers In this way it is possible to see ... however subtle) chance for development of Earth- like life forms also on Mars The article also highlights the difficulties associated with space research: successes and failures alternate in missions...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 10:20

... pyrolysates 18 Geochemistry – Earth' s System Processes Values of the most used sterane maturation parameters based on the ratios of C29 sterane isomers, C29αββ(R)/C29(αββ(R)+ααα(R)) and C29ααα (S) /C29ααα (S+ R) ... knowledge, as it is known that transition metal ions acting as 20 Geochemistry – Earth' s System Processes Lewis acids show an affinity for aromatic systems, and that they form stable complexes with ... 16 Geochemistry – Earth' s System Processes Sample S4 00 SPt400 SRu400 Sample S4 00 SPt400 SRu400 Yield of liquid pyrolysates** (ppm) 1700 2700 2700 po 4.5 4.5 4.3 Yields of hydrocarbons (HC)** (ppm)...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 03:20

... of Sciences Research Center of Ecological Safety Korpusnaya ul 18 197110 St Petersburg Russian Federation Dr Alexander V Vasilyev St Petersburg State University Institute of Physics Ulyanovskaya ... observed values The analysis of the database convinces us that solar radiation absorption in the dust and cloudy atmosphere is more significant than has been considered Many authors have classified ... terminology and the scattering cross-section is called “integral scattering cross-section” The sense of these names is evident from (1.12)–(1.15) 12 Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere The substitution...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... level are Alto-stratus (As), Alto-cumulus (Ac); the high stratiform clouds are Cirrus-stratus (Cs); and also the Frontal cloud systems are Ns-As, As-Cs, Ns-As-Cs (Feigelson 1981; Matveev et al ... classification of the stratiform clouds: the stratiform clouds of the lower level are Stratus (St), Stratus-cumulus (Sc), Nimbus stratus (Ns); the stratiform clouds of the medium level are Alto-stratus ... atmosphere Reference book Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian) 44 References Penner SS (1959) Quantitative molecular spectroscopy and gas emissivities AddisonWesley, Massachusetts Rothman LS,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... 2002, St Petersburg Chemistry Institute, St Petersburg University Press, St Petersburg Yanovitskij EG (1972) Spherical albedo of planet atmosphere Astronomical J 49:844–849 (in Russian) Yanovitskij ... Thickness The optical thickness of certain cloud layers is not sufficient in some cases for making use of the above-presented equations and their application leads to significant errors and it causes ... the standard calculations of the radiative characteristics of the atmosphere Besides, the Monte-Carlo method makes possible the simulation of the processes of the real radiation measurements,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... Thus, the new algorithm has been elaborated for processing the results of soundings accomplished in the years 1983–1985 It is also based on certain assumptions but not so severe as before Let us ... Characteristics of Ground Surface 111 evidently has a sense of the spectra density in this class Hence, the spectrum providing the maximal spectra density in the class has been chosen as starting ... classification has to be followed by a stage of hand analysis At this stage, the information concerning measuring factors is analyzed for every class Some classes are united after this analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... (in Russian) Sobolev VV (1972) The light scattering in the planet atmospheres Nauka Moscow (in Russian) STANDARDS 4401–81 Standard atmosphere USSR state standard (1981) Standard s Press, Moscow ... is registered, really it is representing as a finite array of the measured characteristics (see Sect 3.1) The opposite case is impossible because of digitations of the output signal Thus, it is ... properties of cloudiness and is not caused by the observational or processing uncertainties as some investigators have presented The relationship between the scattering and absorbing properties of stratus...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... methods of dynamic processes studying St Petersburg University Press, St Petersburg (in Russian) Rodgers CD (1976) Some theoretical aspects of remote sounding in the Earth s atmosphere J Quant Spectroscopy ... of Lidar sounding of aerosols Thesis on III Int Conf “Natural and anthropogenic aerosols”, 2001, St Petersburg Chemistry Institute, St Petersburg University Press, pp 57 (in Russian) Prasolov AV ... the cases of the water and sand surfaces, while the snow surface has been assumed as an orthotropic one (Sect 3.4) Note that these anisotropic models were constructed just for the surfaces above...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... experiments with the processed results is less than ten for every type of surface, it would not be enough for statistical analysis of the results and for presenting them as models Nevertheless, it is ... expressions of the radiative characteristics suggest an idea to convert these expressions and to obtain the inverse formulas for the retrieval of the desired parameters after substituting the measured ... could also serve to study the aerosol content and distribution While studying the scattered radiation field within clouds, it is necessary to distinguish two essentially different cases: (1) a single...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... optical parameters inside cloud layer In: Problems of Atmospheric Physics, St.Petersburg State University Press, St.Petersburg 6:261–272 (in Russian) Melnikova IN, Zshanabaeva SS (1996) Evaluation ... thickness The restriction on the true absorption arises due to expansions over the small parameter for the asymptotic constants The applicability region of the inverse expressions for values s and ... thickness τi 6.2 Some Possibilities of Estimating of Cloud Parameters 6.2.1 The Case of Conservative Scattering Sometimes there is no true absorption of solar radiation by clouds at separate...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... clouds by absorption aerosol particles Beitr Phys Atmos 48:199–209 Ivlev LS, Andreev SD (1986) Optical properties of atmospheric aerosols St Petersburg University Press, St Petersburg (in Russian) ... Class 4.0 Class 5.0 Class 6.0 Class 7.0 Class 8.0 Class 9.0 Class 10.0 268 Appendix A: Tables of Radiative Characteristics and Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere Table A.4 (continued) Class ... (continued) Class 11.0 Class 12.0 Class 13.0 Class 14.0 Class 14.1 Class 14.2 Class 14.3 ∗ The Tsimlyansky reservoir (water has light green color) There is no data about C(cl) and C(ms) N = 6, H = (200/200/200),...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... Formulas Derivation Substitute to (B.5) the following expansions over powers of small parameter s for values: 3.6 m = 8s2 + s − 7.5g + + O (s4 ) , 1+g l = − 6q s + 18q s2 + O (s3 ) , (B.6) a∞ = − 4s ... coefficient 134 scattering angle 11 scattering azimuth 11 scattering cross-section 10 secondary processing 81, 94 semi-infinite atmosphere 58, 64 semiautomatic regime 89 semispherical flux semispherical ... natural surfaces 79 spectral resolution 199 spectral transformation of the albedo 100 spectral transparency 173 spectral values 205, 243 spectrometer 78 spectroscopic parameters 134 spectrum shape...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... as it absorbs some wavelengths of radiation and is transparent to others Objects that selectively absorb and emit radiation, such as gases in our atmosphere, are known as selective absorbers SELECTIVE ... rain and high surface winds are reaching peak gusts of 100 knots Smaller storms are seen as bright spots over the Gulf of Mexico These spots represent clusters of towering cumulus clouds that have ... and gusty winds as the front passes All of this, however, should give way to clearing skies and surface winds from the west or northwest after the front has moved on by Observing storm systems,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... crosses the equator moving southward In the middle latitudes, summer is defined as the warmest season and winter the coldest season If the year is divided into four seasons with each season consisting ... slopes than on the warmer south slopes For this reason, ski runs are built facing north wherever possible Also, homes and cabins June sun LOCAL SEASONAL VARIATIONS Figure 2.22 shows how the sun s ... classification sysTABLE 4.3 TABLE 4.2 93 The Four Major Cloud Groups and Their Types High clouds Low clouds Cirrus (Ci) Stratus (St) Cirrostratus (Cs) Stratocumulus (Sc) Cirrocumulus (Cc) Nimbostratus...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... upslope fog evaporation (mixing) fog cirrus clouds cirrocumulus clouds cirrostratus clouds altocumulus clouds altostratus clouds nimbostratus clouds stratocumulus clouds stratus clouds cumulus ... Pressure and Winds Contents Atmospheric Pressure Measuring Air Pressure Focus on a Special Topic: The Atmosphere Obeys the Gas Law Barometers Pressure Readings Surface and Upper-Air Charts Focus ... clouds— uch as cirrostratus, altostratus, nimbostratus, or stratus—forming in stable air The atmosphere is stable when the environmental lapse rate is small; that is, when there is a relatively small...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... This relationship tells us that when surface high pressure is more dense the pressure of a gas is held constant, than air above a region of surface the gas becomes less dense as the low pressure ... because it is constructed to show height variations along a constant pressure (isobaric) surface, which is why these maps are also known as isobaric maps This particular isobaric map shows height ... trades thousands of kilometers across the Atlantic, where they settle upon the Amazon basin Some scientists suggest that this is one of the major sources of soil nutrients for the poor soil of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... radar system (the WSR-88D) and the new Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) that are operational at selected airports and other sites throughout the United States The ASOS system is designed ... today is known as AWIPS (Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System) The AWIPS system is shown in Fig 9.2 The AWIPS system has new data communications, storage, processing, and display capabilities ... eastern shores of the Great Lakes brace themselves for heavy snow showers Snowstorms that form on the downwind side of one of these lakes are known as lake-effect snows (Since the lakes are responsible...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... detection system called LLWSAS (for Low-Level Wind Shear Alert System) has been installed at several airports The system utilizes surface wind speed and direction sensors to measure the presence ... Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Contents What Are Thunderstorms? Ordinary (Air-Mass) Thunderstorms Severe Thunderstorms The Gust Front and Microburst Supercell and Squall-Line Thunderstorms Severe ... movement of small-scale, short-lived weather systems, such as tornadoes and severe thunderstorms In fact, 3-day forecasts of the development and movement of a major low-pressure system show more skill...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... 29% Industrial processes 16% (b) Primary Sources Solid waste disposal 2% Miscellaneous 7% (a) Estimates of emissions of the primary air pollutants in the United States on a per weight basis; (b) ... air is rapidly rising As intense updrafts stretch the vortices vertically, they shrink horizontally, which induces them to spin faster (perhaps as fast as 70 knots), much like skaters spin faster ... Sources of Primary Air Pollutants Sources Pollutants Natural Volcanic eruptions Particles (dust, ash), gases (SO2, CO2) Forest fires Smoke, unburned hydrocarbons, CO2, nitrogen oxides, ash Dust...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... differences between cities and their surroundings can be important: albedo (reflectivity of the surface), surface roughness, emissions of heat, emissions of moisture, and emissions of particles that ... turn, causes serious deficiencies in certain elements necessary for the trees’ growth The trees are thus weakened and become susceptible to insects and drought The same type of processes may be ... light, skies are clear, the mixing layer is shallow, the atmosphere is stable, and a strong inversion exists These conditions usually prevail when a high-pressure area stalls over a region We observed...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20