... language learners during the languagelearning process, educators and
researchers can gain insights into the metacognitive, cognitive, social, and affective
processes involved inlanguage learning. ... speaking, several studies in the field have agreed on the powerful impact
of learning strategies on the learningand teaching of foreign andsecond language.
Good choice and use of learning ... collection and analysis. Chapter three is
devoted to analyzing and discussing the data collected. Finally, in the last chapter-
26
In reviewing current issues and research inlanguage learning...
... contributing factor insecondlanguage (L2) acquisition. Motivation is defined as the
learner's orientation with regard to the goal of learning a second language. Motivation is
divided into ... Teachers
In order to make the languagelearning process a more motivating experience instructors
need to put a great deal of thought into developing programs which maintain student
interest and ... types: integrative and instrumental. Integrative motivation is
characterised by the learner's positive attitudes towards the target language group and the
desire to integrate into the target language...
... perceptual training of
sounds such as /r/ and /l/, especially in the more phonologically
challenging areas based on their L1: /r/ and /l/ in final position
for Korean participants andin initial position ... receive comprehensible input and feedback (e.g., Gass,
1997; Long, 1996; Pica, 1994) and to make modifications in their
output (Swain, 1995). Introducing gestures inlanguage learning
also improves ... pottery and involved description and gesture use.
Materials recording and editing. Two video-recording ses-
sions using the same lecture outline were scheduled, each last-
ing approximately 20 min....
... reading and memorizing, describ ing and classifying, and representing and visua-
lizing. In data management, I organized files and units of verbal reports manually,
using index cards including ... journal. Journal of Reading Education 36(1):
27–34.
Koda, K. 2007. Reading andlanguage learning: Crosslinguistic constraints on secondlanguage reading development.
Language Learning 57: 1–44.
Krauss, ... thinking, and so forth. This networking is crucial for
schooling andlanguage learning. Practicing these domains using think-aloud teaching
protoc ols (Weaver 2002) must be embedded in daily teaching,...
... reading and memorizing, describ ing and classifying, and representing and visua-
lizing. In data management, I organized files and units of verbal reports manually,
using index cards including ... such
as cultural domain, critical thinking, and so forth. This networking is crucial for
schooling andlanguage learning. Practicing these domains using think-aloud teaching
protoc ols (Weaver ... journal. Journal of Reading Education 36(1):
27–34.
Koda, K. 2007. Reading andlanguage learning: Crosslinguistic constraints on secondlanguage reading development.
Language Learning 57: 1–44.
Krauss,...
... successful insecondlanguage learning.
The importance of motivationinsecondlanguage learning
Languagelearning is remarkably different from other kinds of learning because of its
social nature. Learning ... organized into six parts : (1) Definition of motivation, (2) The importance of
motivation insecondlanguage learning, (3) Types of motivationinsecondlanguage
learning, (4) Literature inlanguage ... confident in their use of secondlanguage
and their ability of discussing, debating, suggesting interpretation, offering opinions,
agreeing and disagreeing also become more naturally. In addition,...
... social informa-
tion sources during word learning.
1 Introduction
From learning sounds to learning the meanings of
words, social interactions are extremely important
for children’s early language ... the
determination of reference in cross-situational word
learning. Language, Learning, and Development.
Eric A. Hardisty, Jordan Boyd-Graber, and Philip Resnik.
2010. Modeling perspective using adaptor ... Computational Linguistics.
Patricia K. Kuhl, Feng-Ming Tsao, and Huei-Mei Liu.
2003. Foreign -language experience in infancy: Effects
of short-term exposure and social interaction on pho-
netic learning. ...
... Theory”. In his theory, he
mentioned that rst language literacy andlearning can be a benet to L2
acquisition. Language devices and concepts learned in a rst language
make learning the secondlanguage ... re-learn, in the new language, what they already know in their native
language. Understanding a concept in the rst language requires only a
re-labelling of terms in the secondlanguageand not ...
language learning, Pergamon Retrieved September 20, 2007 from
http://www.sdkrashen.com/SL_Acquisition _and_ Learning/ index.
html
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practice inSecondLanguage
Learning...
... and Semantic Pro-
cessing in Parsing and
Generation
In parsing and generation, case and seman-
tic processing occurs by unification without
any procedural programming.
The initial tree structure ... of the link
word be the first argument and retain-
ing the second argument, generate2 is
called.
In the following, searching of the au-
tonomous word and handing their 2 nodes off
to generate2 are ... stack have been examined,
the SATs recorded in the temporary stack are
returned into the main stack. And then the
SAT constructed as explained in the above is
pushed into the main stack. If, later...
... automatic
spoken language understanding in such a theory.
Most obviously, where in the past parsing and phono-
logical processing have tended to deliver conflicting
structural analyses, and have had ... Dependency and Co-
ordination in the Grammar of Dutch and En-
glish, Language 61.523-568.
[16] Steedman, Mark: 1987. Combinatory grammars
and parasitic gaps. Natural Language & Lin-
guistic ... 153-198.
[5] Grosz, Barbara, Aravind Joshi, and Scott We-
instein: 1983, 'Providing a Unified Account of
Definite Noun Phrases in Discourse, Proceed-
ings of the 21st Annual Conference...
... the Text
Encoding Initiative (TEI).
1 Introduction
Learner corpora have been playing an increasingly
important role in both SecondLanguage Acquisition
and Foreign Language Teaching research (Granger,
2004; ... revision process by language learners.
2.1 Feedback inLanguage Learning
Receiving feedback is a crucial element in language
learning. While most agree that both the form and
content of feedback ... Technol-
ogy.
Cerstin Mahlow and Michael Piotrowski. 2008. Linguis-
tic Support for Revising and Editing. Proc. Interna-
tional Conference on Computational Linguistics and
Intelligent Text Processing.
Tomoya...
... Engineering and Electrical Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195, USA
{karim@cs,bilmes@ee}.washington.edu
Abstract
Sitting at the intersection between statis-
tics and machine learning, ... for the automatic learning of
edit costs, such as in (Ristad and Yianilos, 1998) in
the case of string edit distance andin (Neuhaus and
Bunke, 2004) for graph edit distance.
In this paper we ... of its frame index. We are investigating
generic ways of exploiting this constraint.
In practice, however, state space pruning can sig-
nificantly reduce the running time of DBN infer-
ence. Ukkonen...
... Descriptions, and Individuals
in Natural Language Understanding
Ronald
J. Brachman
Bolt Beralmek and Newman Inc.
KLONE is a general-purpose language for representing
conceptual information. ... needs
in understanding and complying vith them. Thus, it is
Finally, not only are parse structures and semantic
interpretations represented in KLONE, but the data base
the ATN being discussed ... guide parsing by ruling out
semantically meaningless paths, (2) it provides a
general way of organizing and invoking semantic
interpretation rules,
and
(3) it allows algorithmic
determination...
... Reliability
Writing
sample
Signifi-
cance
L1 L2 Level Intrarater Interrater
Results and Discussion
Holistic Scale
An initial scoring of all 38 essays resulted in the intra -and
interrater reliabilities in ... Language Writ-
ing, Language Learning, Modern Language Journal, Studies in Second
Language Acquisition, Language Testing, and TESOL Quarterly. I included
Kroll’s (1990) study in the list as well. Database ... learn-
ing, but also, they help us devise methods of eliciting language for
research. Similarly, those involved inlanguage testing must elicit
samples of language for evaluation. Do certain tests...