... connections. The present study aimed to detect the expression of Cx40 and Cx43 in the artery at early stage of high fat diet induced atherosclerosis and to investigate the effects of AT1 antagonist ... reduced by treatment. RT-PCR and Western blot assay showed that the mRNA and protein expression of Cx40 and Cx43 were elevated in the neointimal area atthe early stage of atherosclerosis. The mRNA ... involved in the injury or dis-ease induced activation of vessel wall cells. It is indi-cated that the expression of Cx43 in the smooth mus-cle cells was markedly elevated atthe early stage of coronary...
... a single theme, crisply expressed in a sentence or two, and then tell the entire story of that theme: the history of salt; the fragility of democracy; the use and misuse of punctuation. This ... criminologists to real-estate agents—use their infor-mational advantage to serve their own agenda. However, they can be beat at their own game. And in the face ofthe Internet, their informa-tional ... mean that one causes the other. A correlation simply means that a relationship exists between two factors—let’s call them X and Y—but it tells you nothing about the direction of that relationship....
... Google’s method — and fortunate timing. The typical rev-enue path of online media companies is lined on one side with advertisingand on theotherside with special services. Consider Yahoo!. While ... controlled their costs and trackedtheir returns). In time, the advantages of eBay’s system got the attention of midsize brick-and-mortar stores, which now operate eBay outlets as an essen-tial part of ... Will this situation per-sist? Is marketing in Google a long-term strategy?14Part I: Meeting theOtherSideof Google Google’s business isn’t just advertisingIn the beginning of this chapter,...
... Application Contexts• Characterization Issue• Computation Issue• Duality• OrganizationCOMPUTATION PROBLEM• Iterative descent• Approximation• Role of convergence analysis• Role of rate of ... convergence of steep-est descentx0x1x2f(x) = c1f(x) = c3 < c2f(x) = c2 < c1...Quadratic Approximation of f at x0Quadratic Approximation of f at x1Fast convergence of New-ton’s ... xk, the method ob-tains xk+1as the minimum of a quadratic approxima-tion of f based on a sec-ond order Taylor expansionaround xk.CONVERGENCE RATE OF PURE FORM• Consider solution of nonlinear...
... affecting the ability of E1 to catalyse the reductive acetylation ofthe tethered lipoyldomain in the assembled PDH complex. It should be notedthat Tyr281 and Arg282 are located atthe mouth of the funnel-shaped ... site of E1, atthe bottom of which lies the ThDP cofactor some 20–25 A˚from the protein ÔsurfaceÕ[14]. Thus it may be that these mutations are affecting the efficacy ofthe recognition ofthe ... estimatedto have a dissociation constant in the millimolar range orhigher despite the fact that the Kmis c. 20 lM[37,38].Another difference in the assays is the concentration of the substrate,...
... we are able to acquaint the reader with the culture of mathematics: who mathematicians are, what they care about, andwhat they do. We also give indications of why mathematics is important, andwhy ... bullet-proof fashion that willstand the test of time. The second, and for the working mathematician the most important, aspect of proof is that the proof of a new theorem explainswhy the result ... convincing another mathe-matician that a given statement (the theorem) is true. Thus a proof can takemany different forms. The most traditional form of mathematical proof isthat it is a tightly...
... following the change in ellipticity at 222 nm at a constant heating rate of 40 °CÆh)1. The midpoint ofthe transition (Tm) was deter-mined from the first derivative ofthe smoothed denatur-ation ... Mg2+), sat-urating amounts of Glc were used. In the case of the severely inactivating mutation T228M [9,20], an ATP con-centration of 10 mm was used. For determination of Hillcoefficients of WT ... hyper-insulinism of infancy [6–11]. Some ofthe mutationsgreatly reduce the binding affinity of MgATP2)[11,12], which is compatible with a direct interaction of these residues with the nucleotide at the...
... are situated at similar distancesfrom the hydroxyl ofthe docked substrate, they couldcooperate in facilitating the hydride transfer from sub-strate to FAD. The decrease of activity ofthe AAOH502A ... modulating the catalyticrate ofthe enzyme. Finaly, L315 affects the enzyme kcat, although it is notlocated in the near vicinity ofthe cofactor. The present study provides the first evidence for the ... glycoprotein of 70 kDa with dissociableflavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as cofactor thatcatalyzes the oxidation of a variety of aromatic andaliphatic polyunsaturated alcohols to their corres-ponding...
... fromcells from the nondiabetic control subjects. Similarly, the maximal effects of insulin on the state of tyrosine-phosphorylation ofthe insulin receptor or of IRS1, or of phosphorylation of ERK1 ... incubation.When the insulin-responsiveness ofthe cells wasexamined at different concentrations of insulin, wefound that insulin enhanced the phosphorylation of PKB at lower concentrations ... been the subject of intensive research for many years. Yet, wedon’t know the details ofthe molecular dysregulationin the target cells ofthe hormone. Studies of cells frompatients with the...
... structure of TI for acetanilide, the two TSs of the nucleophilic attack oftheside chain of SerB1 and the collapse of TI were modeled. The stable structures and the TSs were fully optimized atthe ... conformation ofthe enzyme. Substrate bindingcauses considerable shortening ofthe hydrogen bonds of theside chain hydroxyl of SerB1 with the backboneamino group of GlnB23 and with theside ... the onebetween the carboxylate group ofthe Asp residue and the protonated imidazole ring ofthe His residue in the serine protease catalytic triad. In the second TS (TS2) of the expulsion of...
... is seen that onpreincubation with saturating concentrations (Fig. 3B) of the biopterin cofactors or dopamine the rate of phosphory-lation was decreased, and at 200 lM of the ligands the inhibition ... binding ofthe cofactor atthe active site results in the formation of stabilizing hydrogen bonds between the dihydroxypropyl side- chain and the carbonyl oxygen of Ser23 in the autoregulatory sequence. ... effects ofthe biopterin cofactor on the rate of phosphorylation of Ser16, the limited proteolysis by trypsinand the substrate induced conformational transition (hys-teresis) related to catalytic...