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THAI NGUYEN UINVERSITY THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NGUYEN XUAN QUANG A STUDY ON FACTORS AFFACTING COMPETITIVENESS OF THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE Major: Economic Management Code: 34 04 10 THE ABSTRACT OF DOCTORAL DISSERATION THAI NGUYEN- 2021 This dissertation is competed at: THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION – THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Academic Advisor: Assoc Prof Nguyen Dinh Tho Reviewer 1: ………………………………………………………… Reviewer 2: ………………………………………………………… Reviewer 3: ………………………………………………………… This dissertation is defended at Institutional Doctoral Academic Committee: THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION At dd/mm 2021 This dissertation can be found at: - LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER– THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY - LIBRARY OF THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION The Dissertation-Related Publication Nguyen Xuan Quang et al (2019), “ Solutions to improve provincial competitiveness in sustainable socio-economic development of Thai Nguyen province” Hanoi University of Science and Technology Publishing House Nguyen Xuan Quang (2020), “ The important contribution of foreign direct investment to the socio-economic development of Thai Nguyen province”, TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 225(7) 313-320, ISSN 1859-2171 Nguyen Xuan Quang, Nguyen Dinh Tho (2020), “ Monetary and fiscal policy to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic”, Banking Journal,7, ISSN 0666-7462 Nguyen Dinh Tho, Nguyen Xuan Quang (2020), “ Macro policy to deal with Covid-19”, Economy & Forecast Review, 10, 13-17, ISSN 0866-7120 Nguyen Xuan Quang, Nguyen Quan Hop (2021), “ Enhancing the competitiveness index of Thai Nguyen province”, Industry and Trade Magazine, 15, ISSN 0866-7756 Nguyen Xuan Quang (2021), “ Analysis of factors affecting the competitiveness improvement of Thai Nguyen province”, Economy & Forecast Review, 21, ISSN 0866-7120 Research motivation INTRODCUTION Global competition focuses on capability of sustainable development of a country, which goes beyind the concept of shortterm development The Resolution of XIII Communist Party Congress sets the goal aiming to 2025 that Vietnam would be a developing country with modernized industries and per capita income surpassing the low level Along with national competiviveness, enterprise competitiveness, and product competitiveness, provincial competitiveness contributes to imptoving capability of sustainable development in long-term of a country However, the economy is growing with high speed yet without sustainability, the sources of state budget is mainly from lad use tax; the internal force is limited; foreign-invesment related sector take an remarkable account Curently, industry sector is the main force for development of Thai Nguyen province, yet FDI sector accounts for 93% industrial values; technology level of the enterprises in Thai Nguyen is still limited, especially the private sector and collective economy sector; Thai Nguyen province still not effectively exploit the comparative advantages in terms of geographical location, natural resources, tourism resources Despite the comparatively high quality human resources and center location of northern mountainous areas, some PCI subindices are still limited, such as: Business support service, Policy bias, … which lead to that the the provincial competitiveness is still not proportional with its potential and advantages Up to now, there are many research about this issue However, each research has its own approach Trên sở hệ thống lý thuyết, kinh nghiệm thực tiễn, kiểm định thực tế, đề tài đề xuất quy trình nghiên cứu; khung phân tích; mơ hình giả thuyết nghiên cứu để nghiên cứu nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến lực cạnh tranh tỉnh Thái Nguyên On the basis of the review of literature, practical experience, and empirical tests, this research propose research process; analysis framework; research model and hypotheses to examine the factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province The dissertation “A study on factors affacting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province” identifies, analyzes, and quantifies the impacts of the factors, to recommend solutions for improving competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province, thus contributing academic and practical values Research objectives 2.1 General objective To study issues about factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province and recommend solutions for improving competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province 2.2 Specific objectives - To systemized and develop literature review for provincial competitiveness; withdraw some lesson learned for Thai Nguyen province from practice of improving provincial competitiveness of some locals - To evaluate current situation of competitiveness and factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province in the period of 2016-2020 - To test and estimate impacts of factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province - To recommend solutions for improving competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province in the period of 2021-2025, aiming to 2030 Research subjects and scopes 3.1 Research subjects The research sujects are factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province 3.2 Research scopes - Content scope: This dissertation only focuses on competitiveness at procince level, factors affecting provincial competitiveness and theoretical model about provincial competitiveness - Time scope: This research focuses on study of competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province in the period of 20162020; Data is mainly in the period of 2016-2020; Primary data was collected from survey conducted in 2020 - Geographical setting scope: This research focuses on geographical setting scope of Thai Nguyen province Contributions 4.1 Academic contributions - This dissertation systemized and developed literature review for factors affecting provincial competitiveness, which are important scientific evidence facilitating the author to answer and obtain the research objectives - This dissertation systemized and analyzed afftors affecting provincial competitiveness including: Business environment; Industry development; Business operation and strategy; Infrastructure of culture, education, healthcare, society; Infrastructure of technology (transportation, electricity, wartering, telecom); Fiscal policy; Location and resources advantage; Provincial volume - This dissertation recommend research model for factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province; EFA and multiple regression were applied to identify and estimate impacts of the influential factors - Based on the literature review and practice in Thai Nguyen province, this dissertation developed new scale items including: 4/4 scale items for Location and resources advantage; 4/4 scale items for Infrastructure of culture, education, healthcare, society; 6/6 scale items for Business environment; 1/4 scale items for Industry development; 5/5 scale items for Infrastructure of technology; 3/8 scale items for Fiscal policy; 4/4 scale items for provincial competitiveness 4.2 Practical contributions The dissertation evaluated the current situation of factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province via analyzing primary and secondary data - Research findings indicate that: (i) Business environment in Thai Nguyen province is still limited, survey results demonstrate “middle” level; (ii) Industry development is still limited, almost all the enterprises are of small and medium size, support system still does not cater for large scale enterprises and FDI enterprises; (iii) Location and resources advantage have not been effectively exploited for investment attraction; (iv) Provincial volume has not been well synchronized; labour are redundant but high quality labour are still lacking, market volme is improved yet limited; (v) Infrastructure of culture, education, healthcare, society have been improved and suitable for local requirement; (vi) Infrastructure of technology (transportation, electricity, wartering, telecom) has been initially improved, yet infrastructure for river and rail transports is under developed; (vii) Fiscal policy, investment, credit have been suppoted yet the formalities are still complicated, economic structure has been shifted for better suit with objective of the province; (viii) business operation and strategy are still limited, level of technology and labor are still limited, creating difficulties for enterprises The dissertation employed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province Multiple regression model was used to estimate the impact of each factors on the competitiveness Findings indicate that among factors have significant impacts on competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province, including: Business environment; Industry development; Infrastructure of culture, education, healthcare, society; Infrastructure of technology (transportation, electricity, wartering, telecom);; Location and resources advantage; Provincial volume; while there are factors which not have significant impacts, including Business operation and strategy; and Fiscal policy Based on the literature review and practice in Thai Nguyen province, the dissertation researches current situation of the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province in 2016-2020 period, identifies limitations and reasons for such limitations, and recommends several solutions for improving Thai Nguyen competitiveness in 2021-2030 period Dissertation structure Beside Introduction, Conclusions, References, and Appendix, this dissertation includes chapters Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW National competitiveness refers to capability of maintain a country’s long-term sustainable development Provincial competitiveness refers to capability of maintain a local’s long-term sustainable development for a community and enterprises in a certain area Under the impact of the pandemic and climate change, nations and local authorities have to face with improving competitiveness , enhancing labour productivity and human resources quality for green resilience and sustainable development in a long run World Economic Forum evaluate competitiveness based on resilience capabilities and green transformation, human capital improvement, maintaining of suppy chain, ecosystem recovery, innovation and level of readiness to change growth model, trade facilitation and investment to address market disruption The core of maintaining competitiveness is that nations, locals, and economic organizations have capabilities to exploit their comparative advantages for maintaining sustainable development for human and the earth in a long run Chapter THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK ABOUT FACTORS AFFECTING PROVINCIAL COMPETITIVENESS 2.1 Provincial Competitiveness 2.1.1 Concept of Provincial Competitiveness Michael Porter (2016) defines competitiveness based on productivity and focuses on the microeconomic foundations of competitive advantage that underpin productivity in nations, regions and clusters Classic theories about competitiveness emphasize competitiveness is the foundation of labor division and specification, which are core for the existing and developing of industries, nations and enterprises Within the framework of this dissertation, the framework for procincial competitiveness analysis is determined by factors including: Location and resources advantage, Infrastructure of technology, Infrastructure of culture-education-healthcare-society, Provincial volume, Business environment, Industry development, Entry costs, Access to land, Transparency, Time costs, Informal charges, Policy bias, Proactivity 2.1.2 Theories about Competitiveness 2.1.3 Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2.1.4 Cơ sở lý luận mơ hình lý thuyết đo lường nhân tố tác động đến lực cạnh tranh Theories about Measuring Factors Affecting Competitiveness 2.1.3.1 Michael Porter Diamond Model Source: Michael Porter (2008) Figure 2.1: Michael Porter Diamond Model 2.1.3.2 Triangle Model of Competitiveness Figure 2.2: Triangle Model of Competitiveness 2.1.3.3 Vu Thanh Tu Anh Framework of Local Competitiveness Figure 2.3: Vu Thanh Tu Anh Framework of Local Competitiveness 2.1.5 Factors Affacting Provincial Competitiveness Based on previous study, the researcher synthesized factors affecting provincial competitiveness, including: Business environment; Industry development; Business operation and strategy; Infrastructure of culture, education, healthcare, society; Infrastructure of technology (transportation, electricity, wartering, telecom); Fiscal policy; Location and resources advantage; Provincial volume 2.2 Practical Experience of Improving Provincial Competitiveness Chapter RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Reseach questions This dissertation focuses on answering the below research questions: What are the current situations of Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness in 2016-2020 period? What are the factors affecting Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness? What are the impacts of each factor? What are the necessary solutions to improve Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness in 2021-2025, aiming to 2030? 3.2 Research Approach, Process and Analysis Framework 3.2.1 Research approach 3.2.1.1 Participatory approach 3.2.1.2 Systematic approach 3.2.1.3 Economic-Social-Environmental approach 3.2.2 Research process and analysis framework * Research process Figure 3.1: Research Process *Analysis framework Figure 3.2: Theoretical Analysis Framework 3.3 Research Model and Hypotheses 3.3.1 Proposed Research Model Mơ hình nghiên cứu đề xuất nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến lực cạnh tranh tỉnh Thái Nguyên Source: Proposed by this disseration Figure 3.3: Research Model 3.3.2 Research Hypotheses - H1: Location and resources advantage positively impact on Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness - H2: Infrastructure of technology positively impacts on Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness - H3: Infrastructure of culture-education-healthcare-society positively impacts on Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness - H4: Provincial volume positively impacts on Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness - H5: Business environment positively impacts on Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness - H6: Industry development positively impacts on Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness - H7: Fiscal policy, credit, investment, and strucuture positively impact on Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness - H8: Business operation and strategy positively impact on Thai Nguyen provincial competitiveness 3.4 Quantitative research 3.4.1 Expert method 3.4.2 Scale evaluation 3.5 Data Collection, Data Processing, and Data Analysis 3.5.1 Data Collection resources This is a favorable condition to attract domestic and foreign investors to the province 4.3.2 Current situation of technical infrastructure factors Figure 4.2 Infrastructure of technology Source: From own survey The results of a survey of managers on technical infrastructure factors affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province show that the following indicators are: "The province has a convenient transportation system"; “Logistics system and wharf in the developed area”; "Developed telecommunications service information system"; “Electricity and water systems to meet the needs of daily life and production” are all at “Excellent” These are factors that help attract investors and create favorable conditions for production and business activities of enterprises The indicator "Infrastructure development policy is synchronized and transparent" is rated at "Average" This shows that the policies related to the minimum rental area and the fee schedules related to the rental of business premises should be considered 4.3.3 Current Situation of Cultural, Educational, Healthcare and Social Infrastructure Factors - Cultural infrastructure: The cultural infrastructure of Thai Nguyen province is relatively developed - Network of educational and training institutions: Table 4.5 Number of higher education institutions and science and technology institutions Number of Universities (institutions) Number of lecturers (lecturers) Number of lecturers with higher university degrees Total number of university students Number of science and technology organizations Spending on scientific research and technology development (Million VND) 2016 2.588 2019 2.342 2020 2.272 2.139 2.244 2.390 2.244 55.941 42.877 44.138 31.495 2.199 35.205 26 2017 2.556 14 2018 2.512 41 38 40 205.306 154.611 110.000 120.474 460.399 Source: Thai Nguyen Statistical Yearbook, 2021 However, the number of educational institutions mainly develops in terms of quantity, the quality of university and college training is limited The annual technical training is not enough to supply the area and surrounding provinces and regions For preschools, and high schools, there is an unequal distribution of administrative hierarchies in the province The network of preschool and general education institutions in the province is stable (Appendix Table 1.1 Number of preschool and general education institutions in the province to 31/12/2020) - Network of medical, health care and social security works: Thai Nguyen also has the University of Medicine and Pharmacy (Thai Nguyen University) which is one of the leading medical schools in the Northern region Thus, it can be seen that the quality of medical examination and treatment in Thai Nguyen is guaranteed, or at least meets the requirements by the variety of types of hospitals: from Central Hospital, Military Hospital, Hospital from universities to private hospitals Figure 4.3 Assessment of healthcare, education, and cultural infrastructure factors Source: From own survey The survey results showed that the managers assessed the criteria "Health is the strength of Thai Nguyen province" and the indicator "The province is a major educational center of the country, contributing to the development of Thai Nguyen province" socioeconomic" at "good", in the range of 4.26-4.3 This reflects the true reality of the local strength as the cultural and educational center of the region The indicator "Culture - society of Thai Nguyen is intertwined by both the culture of the Northern Delta and the Northern mountainous region, affecting agricultural production" at the "average" level This shows that cultural and social factors have little influence on attracting investment of enterprises and improving the province's competitiveness 4.3.4 Current situation of the province's scale factor Thai Nguyen province has many advantages in terms of geographical location, population size advantage, market advantage, etc In which, the population size of Thai Nguyen has a huge advantage The average population of Thai Nguyen province in 2020 is 1,307.8 thousand people, the male population is 638.9 thousand people (accounting for 48.9%); female population is 668.9 thousand people, accounting for 51.1% The population mainly lives in the city, Pho Yen town, Phu Binh district - the center of the province and where there are many industrial parks in the area The survey results showed that the managers assessed the criteria "The size of the population of the province to meet the labor use needs of businesses and investors" and the indicator "The size of the GRDP of the province province increased over the years” at “Good”, in the range of 3.43-3.96 This reflects the current situation of the locality The indicator "The province has an area to meet the requirements of expanding production and business for businesses and investors" and the target "The market size of the province is increasingly expanding" is at "average" " This shows that the province's clean land fund helps investors to expand production and business in general, investors in the province in particular are currently facing many difficulties, the market in the province has not yet met the requirements of development enterprise development Therefore, the provincial government needs to develop long-term strategic goals for attracting potential investors with clean land funds and creating an open business environment to create the best conditions to support business development 4.3.5 Current status of business environment factors The survey results show that, all managers rated the indicators of the province's business environment factors at an average level, with the average value, approximately good, in the range of 3.08-3 ,34 This proves that although Thai Nguyen province's business environment has improved a lot, it still needs to be improved in the coming time In which, the view of the managers that "The human resource market in the province is always rich" is the best with the average value of 3.34; the opinion about "enterprises easily access to convenient production and business premises" is the lowest, showing that the work of clearing the site and creating a clean land fund for investment enterprises is still limited Enterprises are not really satisfied with all land rental procedures and land rental fees in the locality 4.3.6 Current situation factor of the development level of the cluster industry The results of the survey of managers on the factor of cluster development level show that managers not appreciate the indicators of the cluster factor of Thai Nguyen province In which, the targets "Supporting enterprises in the area ensure the supply of accessories for businesses" and "Cooperation between the system of local technology research and deployment agencies and enterprises ” was rated as poor with mean values of 2.55 and 2.49 The other two targets "The system of universities, colleges, intermediate schools, vocational training schools well support businesses and investors" and "Mechanism to promote the enhancement of the role of associations, local business associations” was rated at average level with the average value reaching 3.27 and 3.22 Thus, it can be seen that the level of cluster development of Thai Nguyen province is not high, because the supporting industry is underdeveloped, and the production technology of supporting enterprises has not met the requirements of manufacturers The link and cooperation between universities, research institutes and businesses is still limited The orientation and support for the development of satellite enterprises in the province is not high… 4.3.7 Current situation of factors of fiscal policy, investment, credit, structure In terms of fiscal, investment, credit, and structural policy factors, local policies in supporting businesses to access credit are evaluated quite well, but enterprises' access to these sources of capital is quite good relatively difficult Therefore, the province needs to take a more drastic action in supporting businesses to access credit sources, especially preferential credit to help businesses develop 4.3.8 Current situation of operational factors and strategies of enterprises There are many factors affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province: factors of location and resource advantages; Infrastructure; the level of development of clusters; health, education and cultural infrastructure; business operations and strategy; business environment; fiscal, investment and credit policies; local scale However, to evaluate the impact of each factor on the competitiveness of the province, it is necessary to analyze it through exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression equations From there, there are solutions to overcome limitations and improve the province's farming capacity in the coming time 4.4 Analysis of factors affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province 4.4.1 Testing the reliability of the scale used in analyzing the factors affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province To test the reliability of the scale, we will consider Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, which is used to test the reliability of the variables If Cronbach's Alpha coefficient is in the range of 0.6 ≤ α < 0.8, it is acceptable, from 0.8 ≤ α < 0.9 is good and α ≥ 0.9 is perfect The results of Cronbach's Alpha analysis with the results in Table 4.14 of the observed variables: Policy on fiscal, investment and credit; Location and resource advantages; Activities and strategies of enterprises; Infrastructure for health, education and culture; The development level of the industry cluster; Business environment; Infrastructure; The scale of the locality and the competitiveness of the province both have Cronbach's Alpha values ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 Except for two variables: Operation and strategy of enterprises and policies on finance, investment and credit all have Cronbach's Alpha below 0.6 Therefore, these two variables are excluded In addition, the local scale variable (QM) has observation, QM4 and Technical infrastructure (KT) has observation that KT5 has a low total variable correlation coefficient (less than 0.4) So these observations are excluded Continue running Cronbach's Alpha for the second time The final results show that all observed variables meet the requirements of Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient: in which, the lowest is 0.779 (Technical Infrastructure Variable - KT) and the highest is 0.953 (Economic Environment Variables - MT) Thus, the scale of factors affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province with 39 observed variables, after testing the reliability of Cronbach's Alpha, factors have been removed: DN, DT (including 12 observations) and 02 observations, the remaining 25 observed variables were included in exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (excluding dependent variable items) 4.4.2 Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province The results of the analysis of exploratory factors affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province are shown in tables 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19 Independent conceptual scale (Geographical location and resource advantages; Health, educational, cultural infrastructure; Technical infrastructure; Business environment; Size of the locality; Development level of clusters and provincial competitiveness) after testing Cronbach's Alpha, the satisfactory variables will be continued to be included in Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) The purpose of EFA is to explore the structure of the scales in the research model.Trong phân tích này, phương pháp trích nhân tố Principal Components với phép quay Varimax sử dụng với điểm dừng trích nhân tố có Eigenvalue ≥ thang đo chấp nhận tổng phương sai trích ≥ 50% As a result, the factors included in the analysis all had factor loading > 0.5 Thus, conducting factor analysis to explore the factors affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province is satisfactory and statistically significant The analysis results show that the resulting KMO value is 0.790 (between 0.5 and 1) and sig = 0.000, which is a sufficient condition to conclude that factor analysis is appropriate with the survey data At the same time, the stopping point at Eigenvalues = 2,068 and cumulative variance = 74,277 (total explained variation) indicates that the items in this scale can explain 74.277% of the variation of the data Thus, through preliminary assessment by the second Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the scales of the research concepts are satisfactory The factors continue to be included in testing the research hypothesis by the regression model 4.4.3 Analysis of multiple regression model on factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province To perform multivariable regression analysis to identify factors affecting the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province, including variables such as: Advantage in geographical location and resources; Infrastructure for health, education and culture; Infrastructure; Business environment; The size of the locality; The development level of the cluster and the provincial competitiveness by running the model and performing the test, the results are as follows: Table 4.21 Regression analysis on factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province R2 standardized R2 0,789a 0,647 0,631 Predictors: (Constant), MT, HT, DT, TN, DN, DL Dependent Variable: CT Model a b R Standard Deviation 0,90625 DurbinWatson 1,631 Source: From own survey This result has an R2 (corrected R) value of 0.631 The value of R2 indicates that the independent variables in the model can explain 63.1% of the change in the dependent variable, that is, 63.1% of the variables in the model affect the competitiveness of the company Thai Nguyen province left 36.9% due to other factors not included in the model The Durbin - Watson statistical quantity (d) of the regression function has a value of 1.631 < 3, showing: there is no first order series autocorrelation, or in other words: the estimated residuals of the independent model established, there is no linear relationship with each other Table 4.22 Regression analysis on factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province a b Model Sum of squares df Mean squared Regression 108,263 18,044 Residuals 203,678 323 0,821 Total 311,941 329 Dependent variable: CT Independent variables: (Constant), MT, HT, DT, QM, DN, DL F 21,970 Sig 0,000b Source: From own survey Looking at the above results table, we see that the coefficients F = 21,970 and Sig = 0.000, that is, the regression model is significant and the regression results can be used Table 4.23 Regression analysis on factors affecting competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province Model Non-standardized coefficients (Constant) Development level of the cluster industry Technology infrastructure Location andresource advantages Provincial scale Infrastructure for healthcare , education, culture Business environment B -0,816 Standard Error 0,625 0,191 0,066 0,179 0,126 0,127 0,064 0,053 0,062 0,228 0,107 0,378 Standardized coefficients Beta t Sig -1,306 0,193 0,154 2,883 0,145 0,131 0,107 2,804 2,383 2,043 0,111 0,050 0,422 a Dependent Variable: CT multicollinearity Acceptability VIF 0,004 0,923 1,084 0,005 0,018 0,042 0,989 0,866 0,960 1,011 1,155 1,042 2,139 0,033 0,982 1,018 7,562 0,000 0,844 1,185 Source: From own survey When considering the variance exaggeration factor (VIF) of each factor with a value from 1.011 to 1.185 less than 10, it proves that the regression model does not have multicollinearity, the independent variables are closely correlated According to the table of multiple regression results, we can see that out of the factors considered, all factors have a linear relationship with the competitiveness of Thai Nguyen province with the sig significance level