Thực hiện công bằng giữa các thành phần kinh tế ở việt nam hiện nay TT TIENG ANH

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HO TRAN HUNG THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EQUITY AMONG ECONOMIC SECTORS IN VIETNAM Major: CNDVBC&DVLS Major code: 9.22.90.02 SUMMARY OF PHILOSOPHICAL DOCTORAL THESIS HA NOI - 2021 The work was completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Scientific instructors: Assoc Prof., Dr Nguyen Thi Lan Huong Assoc Prof., Dr Vu Van Gau Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof., Dr Nguyen Viet Thong Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof., Dr Le Thanh Thap Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof., Dr Dang Huu Toan The thesis will be defended before the Academy-level Dissertation Committee, meeting at …………………………………………… at … h …, … /… / 2021 Available in : - National Library of Vietnam - Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION The urgency of the subject Equity among economic sectors is essentially the harmonization of interests between economic sectors in general and economic actors in particular on the fundamental aspect of accessing opportunities and resources for development develop and enjoy the results fairly and reasonably through a system of policies, mechanisms, and legal instruments An exemplary implementation of equity among economic sectors is a vital driving force for economic development; more importantly, it is also a core condition for realizing social equity and social progress; and the basis for socio-political stability and the development of the country After 35 years of national renovation, the Vietnamese economy has achieved remarkable development and significant achievements The consistent policy of the Party and State is to not discriminate among economic sectors and create an equal, open and stable legal environment for economic actors to cooperate and compete freely to maximize the efficiency of all economic sectors in a unified national economy However, besides these significant achievements, our country's economy is also revealing many urgent problems that need to be recognized and resolved soon, such as the unreasonable growth model; institutions, mechanisms outdated, and with many inadequacies; low labor productivity, less dynamic economy, lack of development motivation; embezzlement, widespread corruption, public debt, bad debt at a deep level; etc These limitations make the economy potentially unstable and lead to many complicated political and social consequences That consequence is due to many reasons, but one of the crucial reasons is the issue of equity in general and equity among all economic sectors in particular been focused on, but not implemented well, has not been substantive and still remains unsustainable encountered many difficulties All economic sectors have not really been treated fairly, especially in access to opportunities, development resources, and in distribution Despite its limited productivity and efficiency, the public economic sector is receiving too many incentives in terms of both mechanisms, policies, opportunities, and resources, etc., compared to the private sector That fact is tying and restraining the dynamic vitality of the economy, eroding the motivation of economic actors, damaging the goals of economic development and political and social stability That reality is posing a challenge, as well as the need to assess the current status of the problem soon fully, thereby having solutions to promote equity among economic sectors more substantively and effectively aimed at unlocking the motivation and creativity of all economic actors for the common goal, soon leading the country to develop and prosper Stemming from the above urgency, the author chooses the issue “The implementation of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam” as the research topic of the thesis Research goal and tasks * Goal: The thesis aims to clarify the primary contents in the theory and practice of implementing equity among economic sectors in Vietnam today, thereby proposing some solutions to promote implementation equity among economic sectors in Vietnam * Tasks: First, an overview of the research works related to the thesis topic Second, systematize and analyze several theoretical issues on equity among economic sectors in Vietnam Third, research, analyze and evaluate the achievements and limitations and causes of limitations of the implementation of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam today Fourth, propose some solutions to promote equity among economic sectors in Vietnam Object and scope of the study * The object of the study: equity among economic sectors in Vietnam * The scope of the study: The thesis mainly studies the implementation of equity between the state economic sector and the non-state economic sector, which state enterprises and private enterprises represent in terms of equity in opportunity, equity in policies and laws, access to resources; distributive In terms of period, the thesis studies the issue of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam from the time the country entered the renovational period until now, primarily focusing on the past ten years (2010 - 2020) Theoretical basis and research method of the thesis * Theoretical basis: - The theoretical basis of the thesis is dialectical materialism and historical materialism - The thesis is done based on theoretical and methodological instructions on equity from the point of view of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought, and the opinion of equity among economic sectors of the Communist Party of Vietnam - The thesis also uses documents and reports of relevant ministries and branches and research works of domestic and foreign scientists related to the topic * Research method of the thesis: The thesis uses the research methods of dialectical materialism and historical materialism combined with the following methods: logic - history, analysis - synthesize, compare-contrast, and systematize in the spirit of combining theory and practice Contribution of the thesis - The thesis contributes to clarifying the basis, substance, and theoretical content of the implementation of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam - The thesis identifies the characteristics and points out the limitations in implementing equity among economic sectors in Vietnam today - The thesis proposes some solutions to promote the effective implementation of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis - The thesis contributes to perfecting the theoretical issues of equity among economic sectors in general and Vietnam in particular The thesis can be used as a reference for policy-making agencies, for students, trainees, and those interested in economic equity in general and equity among economic sectors in Vietnam in particular Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, and references, the thesis is structured with four chapters and 11 sections Chapter AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS TOPIC 1.1 Research works related to the thesis topic 1.1.1 Research works related to the theory of equity and fairness among economic sectors 1.1.1.1 Research works on equity, social equity Researches on equity and social equity have many authors with many important works, and the thesis focuses on overviewing the works of some typical domestic and foreign authors For foreign authors, studies on equity and social equity are often associated with considering equity from an economic perspective, typically some authors such as John Rawls, Iric Masion Young, etc In Vietnam, there are typical authors such as Le Huu Tang, Pham Xuan Nam, Nguyen Minh Hoan, Pham Van Duc, Nguyen Minh Hoan, Tran Van Doan, Pham Thi Ngoc Tram, Nguyen Dinh Tan, Tran Thao Nguyen, etc Regardless of opinion, there are differences, but in general, when referring to the content of the concept of equity or social equity, the authors all refer to the correspondence between dedication and enjoyment, between rights and obligations in each different area Many authors also point out that, in developing countries, the most important content of social equity is often mentioned as economic equity 1.1.1.3 Research works on the issue of equity among economic sectors From a theoretical perspective, especially from a philosophical approach, many authors have studied the issue of equity among economic sectors, typically: Nguyen Duy Quy, Nguyen Thi Lan Huong, Pham Thi Ngoc Tram, Nguyen Tai Dong, Luong Dinh Hai, Vu Van Vien, Nguyen Minh Hoan, Tran Van Phong, etc In their researches, many authors have the same opinion: The socialistoriented market economy in our country has the specific characteristic that the state economy plays a leading role, so it is necessary to realize and act on the same Unified action in the implementation of social equity for all economic sectors in particular and social development in general Several studies indicate the substance of the content, as well as the conditions for the realization of equity among economic sectors 1.1.2 Research works related to the reality of the equity implementation among economic sectors in Vietnam The reviewed studies have approached several theoretical and practical issues related to the status of equity implementation among economic sectors in Vietnam, thereby showing certain aspects in the accurate picture of the implementation of equity among economic sectors in the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam Typical authors include Le Huu Tang, Pham Xuan Nam, Luong Dinh Hai, Nguyen Thi Lan Huong, Nguyen Ngoc Ha, Hoang Duc Than – Dinh Quang Ty, Nguyen Minh Hoan, Do Huy, Le Huu Ai, Vo Thi Hoa, etc Assessing the current situation, many authors emphasized the Party and State's efforts to create a legal and favorable environment for all economic actors to have equal rights in various forms to access capital, inputs, and condition of production and business However, many studies also show that, in reality, there is still discrimination between business types and economic sectors; Incentives for the state economy have created certain advantages and advantages for state enterprises in competition, leading to unfairness between different types of enterprises and economic sectors 1.1.3 Research works related to solutions to promote equity among economic sectors in Vietnam Within this scope, some typical works of authors can be mentioned, such as Pham Xuan Nam, Nguyen Hung Cuong, Tran Thao Nguyen, Bui Dai Dung, Nguyen Thi Lan Huong, Mai Huu Thuc, Nguyen Dinh Tan, Vu Van Vien, Nguyen Ngoc Ha, Le Thi Chien, etc The reviewed works have proposed some essential solutions to help the private sector and the non-state sector in general better access business opportunities and development resources Some authors have proposed orientations and important solutions to realize social equity among economic sectors, such as the group of cognitive solutions, economic and science-technology solutions, and a group of solutions to perfect institutions to overcome and remove "bottlenecks" in economic development in general and implement social equity for all economic sectors in particular in our country today 1.2 The reference value of the works reviewed and the issues the thesis continues to research 1.2.1 The reference value of the works reviewed First, the works have focused on analyzing and comprehensively analyzing the content of social equity (partly the content of the concept of equity) from many different angles In general, when referring to the connotation of the concept of equity or social equity, the authors refer to the correspondence between dedication and enjoyment, between rights and obligations in different fields Some studies show that the essence of social equity for all economic sectors is to harmonize benefits between economic sectors in general and economic actors in particular through a system of policies and mechanisms, with the main contents of which are to ensure equality in access to resources, equality in the right to participate in economic activities, and the right to distribute the fruits of development among economic sectors Second, studies have shown a multi-colored picture of the reality of equity implementation in Vietnam's economic development over the past 35 years of renovating; there were achievements associated with drastic changes in the Party's awareness and views and the State's efforts to implement social equity for all economic sectors In addition, many studies also point out limitations, especially issues related to affirming the role and position of the private economy or the "mainstream" role of the private economy and other factors Inequity between types of enterprises and economic sectors still exists in developing the socialist-oriented market economy in our country Third, initial studies have outlined some basic orientations and solutions to promote the implementation of social equity in economic development in general, particularly in the relationship between economic sectors in Vietnam Some authors propose essential solutions such as cognitive solutions, economic and scientific-technological solutions, or institutional solutions However, most solutions are still at the level of basic generalizations 1.2.2 The thesis issues continue to research First, the thesis focuses on researching theoretical issues on the implementation of equity among economic sectors: clarifying basic concepts such as equity, equity among economic sectors; systematizing the views of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought and the Communist Party of Vietnam, thereby giving the author's view on equity among economic sectors, pointing out the primary contents of implementation of equity among economic sectors as well as factors affecting the process of equity implementation among economic sectors Second, the thesis focuses on analyzing and evaluating the actual situation of equity implementation among economic sectors in Vietnam over the past 35 years of renovation, thereby seeing the fundamental achievements, limitations, and causes of limitations of implementing equity among economic sectors in Vietnam today Third, the thesis proposes some essential solutions to promote further equity among economic sectors in Vietnam in the coming period Chapter SOME GENERAL THEORETICAL ISSUES ON IMPLEMENTATION OF EQUITY AMONG ECONOMIC SECTORS IN VIETNAM 2.1 Equity, economic sectors, and equity among economic sectors 2.1.1 Equity In terms of equity, people mean justifiable equality in a specific field or scope Equity requires the appropriateness and proportionality between the roles and social status of different individuals or social groups in social life, between rights and obligations, between contributions and enjoyment, between labor between action and compensation, between crime and punishment, between merit and social recognition Equity is a value that reflects the development level of the community and society in all aspects of life, in which economic equity is the core and most basic Economic equity is seen as the appropriateness between labor and contributions of economic actors (individuals, social groups) to production and business with the enjoyment of the results and results of that production and business process 2.1.2 Economic sectors and equity among economic sectors 2.1.2.1 Economic sectors An economic sector is an economic form formed based on different ownership relations of the means of production Each economic sector is based on a specific characteristic ownership relationship In other words, each economic sector is always a dialectical unity between a type of ownership relationship with a particular productive force 2.1.2.2 Equity among economic sectors Equity among economic sectors is the equality between economic sectors in terms of benefit distribution (material and spiritual) according to the principle of concordance and proportionality between dedication and enjoyment, between services and benefits, between the socio-economic efficiency brought by that economic sector and the enjoyment of results and results commensurate with that contribution 2.2 The theoretical basis of the implementation of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam 2.2.1 Economic sectors in Vietnam and the perspective of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the implementation of equity among economic sectors 2.2.1.1 Economic sectors in Vietnam In the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam today, based on three ownership regimes (public, collective, and private), many forms of ownership and many economic sectors are formed, such as state economy, collaborative economy, private economy, state capitalist economy, foreign-invested 11 Equity among economic sectors is a vital driving force behind economic development because it is a factor that has a direct and substantial impact on the interests of active actors Therefore, it has a stimulating effect on economic development, the dynamism, and creativity of all economic actors, promoting all economic sectors to mobilize to the maximum of all resources for economic development For example, (i) Equity among economic sectors contribute to the formation of a fair and healthy competitive environment; (ii) Equity among economic sectors, creating conditions for economic sectors to constantly create, innovate and develop; (iii) Equity among economic sectors is a condition and force for boosting labor productivity and create more added values for the economy 2.2.3.2 Equity among economic sectors is a condition for socio-political stability Economic equity is a force for economic development and a prerequisite and condition for the democratization of politics and other fields of social life A political system that exists and develops based on fair values and democracy is implemented and consolidated is undoubtedly a stable politics Similarly, economic equity will also determine social policy in general and social progress because it contributes to creating consensus and harmony for all members, creating a premise and motivation for society to develop and stabilize determined On the contrary, failure to perform well social policy in general and equity among economic cities, in particular, will trigger conflicts, social instability, rich-poor divide, corruption, and hostile group interests, leading to dangerous political instability 2.2.4 Factors affecting the implementation of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam 2.2.4.1 Impact of institution The realization of equity among economic sectors depends on political institutions, economic institutions, social institutions, and even cultural institutions, but the focus and decision especially the economic system Economic institutions play a crucial role in realizing equity among economic 12 sectors because it determines the principle of division of fundamental rights and obligations, the method of distribution, especially economic benefits 2.2.4.2 The influence of the State The State in particular and the political system, in general, are important factors, having a decisive impact on the realization of equity among economic sectors In the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam, the State has a unique position because it directly assumes the macroeconomic management of the economy The role of the State in realizing equity among economic sectors is reflected in the following essential points: The State is the subject of creating an equal environment among all economic sectors; The State plays a vital role in allocating development resources to economic actors and economic sectors through a system of legal tools, policies, and mechanisms The State, with its system of special tools such as laws, mechanisms, policies, etc., creates an appropriate framework for economic actors to operate and operate according to the laws of the market Chapter THE SITUATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF EQUITY BETWEEN ECONOMIC SECTORS IN VIETNAM 3.1 Achievements in implementing equity among economic sectors in Vietnam 3.1.1 Equity of development opportunities First of all, the achievements in realizing equality of development opportunities among economic sectors are reflected in the change in awareness of the Party and State towards economic sectors "non-state", especially the private sector Entering the Renovation period, before the objective requirements of the country's development practice, the "non-state" economy in general and the private economy, in particular, began to be viewed more objectively and somewhat in terms of both its position and position, role; rights and obligations in socio-economic life Through each period associated with the practical 13 requirements of economic development, the private economy has gradually been recognized, valued, and encouraged to develop without limitation in terms of location and scale in industries that are not regulated by law prohibited Our Party has affirmed and emphasized that the private economy is an "important force" for economic development at recent congresses From the change in the Party's perception of the role of the private economic sector, the State has taken essential steps in creating a more equal and fairer competitive environment, thereby increasingly creating fairness for individuals, businesses, economic entities of all economic sectors Both public and private businesses have opportunities and conditions to survive, develop and contribute to the development of the economy The results of the PCI survey over the past 15 years (2005 - 2019) show signs of improvement in the business environment of private enterprises in Vietnam, which is reflected in the assessment results of the business community These results prove that Vietnam's business environment has been increasingly improved to create fairer opportunities for businesses of all economic sectors 3.1.2 Equity in laws and policies Through 35 years of Renovation, our country's legal system has achieved significant achievements in creating an equal legal space for the activities of economic actors in the socialist-oriented market economy The fundamental achievements in terms of the law are reflected in the following primary contents: First, the law has stipulated the basic principles of equal rights among all types of enterprises of all economic sectors; Second, the law stipulates the essential contents of equal rights among enterprises and economic sectors; Third, the current law, although stipulating the forms of priority and exemption, is not contrary to the principle of fairness and equality among all types of enterprises 3.1.3 Equity in access to resources In order to realize equity among economic sectors in accessing resources, the construction, completion, liberalization, and synchronization of all types of markets is a decisive requirement At the XIII Congress (2021), our Party 14 emphasized: Fully and synchronously develop the market of production factors, fully ensure freedom and safety in production and business; mobilize, allocate and effectively use resources according to market principles Implementing the policy of the Party and State, our State has been creating all favorable conditions so that all economic actors in the market economy have equal rights in accessing the means of production and other things conditions of production and business in various forms, suitable to the development capacity of each economic entity Some important rights can be mentioned: the right to borrow capital, transfer, mortgage property, the right to use land, the right to protect production, etc The State has built and implemented the policy of developing and step-by-step synchronization of market types to achieve that goal The State also pays attention to the mutual relationship of different types of markets, especially markets that supply production inputs for the economy, such as labor market, capital market, science market and technology, information, real estate market, etc 3.1.4 Equity in distribution Unlike before innovation, we only pay attention to the fair distribution of production results; from the innovation until now, our Party has emphasized even the fair distribution of inputs, i.e., means of production The basis for the distribution of means of production to ensure fairness is also re-perceived by our Party, based not only on the economic efficiency measure but also on the social efficiency measure The distribution process must ensure compliance with the laws of the market mechanism, namely the law of supply and demand, with a focus on the market In fact, in the development of the socialist-oriented market economy in our country, the means of production have been distributed more and more rationally and reasonably, critical resources such as capital resources, land resources, or labor resources The rationality and fairness are reflected in the fact that the distribution of means of production is increasingly reducing on average, leveling and has taken the economic efficiency of the use of production and business resources as the basis for distribution 15 3.2 Limitations in the implementation of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam 3.2.1 Limited implementation of equity in development opportunities Objectively, the private sector has not been created a level playing field with the state economy Even in the perception of a part of party members and cadres, there are still disagreements about the private economy, even many doubts about the development of this economic sector Not only problems in theoretical perception, but the practical development of economic sectors in recent years also shows inadequacies and limitations The results of VCCI's PCI research over the years show that the top difficult criterion that private enterprises reflect is "the inequity in the business environment in Vietnam today" Although the right to freedom of business of entrepreneurs and enterprises and the equality between state-owned enterprises, FDI enterprises, and private enterprises have been stipulated in the Constitution and the law, according to the community's reflection, in fact, the discrimination is still relatively large A large part of private enterprises is small and mediumsized enterprises that have not been treated equally with state-owned enterprises and FDI enterprises In other words, enterprises in the non-state sector are deprived of many business opportunities by favored state enterprises 3.2.2 Limitations on laws and policies to ensure fairness among economic sectors Firstly, the current law does not fully reflect the content of equal rights among economic sectors Second, the law lacks consistency in regulations on equal rights among enterprises Third, the law has not yet covered the requirements of the actual and anticipated movements of the market Fourth, laws and policies related to tax still have many shortcomings; there are cumbersome regulations and procedures in organizing operations, tax management, causing troubles and wasting time and expenses on enterprise fees Fifth, regulations related to investment registration procedures, investment verification, business conditions, etc., are still duplicated, troublesome for investors, not transparent about goals, unclear about value juridical Sixth, the actual effectiveness and efficiency of the laws related to fairness and equality in enterprises have not been guaranteed 3.2.3 Limited implementation of equitable access to resources 16 The state management of synchronous development of markets and support for market institutions is still confused and limited, especially in providing information, consulting, training human resources, guaranteeing credit application, and technical support for small and medium enterprises Some essential markets such as capital, labor, and real estate have not operated effectively The legal framework for forming the labor market is still incomplete, and the balance of interests between employees and employers has not been created The results of PCI research over the past years have shown that the right to access The resources and business opportunities of private enterprises are more or less limited, even deprived by state-owned enterprises and social enterprises, which are unfairly and unfairly favored 3.2.4 Limitations in the implementation of distributive equity Currently, state-owned enterprises contribute nearly 40% to GDP, private enterprises and FDI enterprises contribute the remaining 60% of GDP, each side nearly 30% However, about 60% of resources are focused on state-owned enterprises in terms of effective use of social resources That is, out of 100 VND of credit, state enterprises borrow 60 VND but only make 40% of GDP; the rest borrow 40 VND, making 60% of GDP This figure shows that the stateowned enterprise sector has not used capital efficiently Evaluation on all three criteria, including GDP participation, the efficiency of capital use, social resources, and contribution to the state budget, all show that the efficiency of state-owned enterprises is lower than other types of enterprises Of course, when considering the efficiency and contribution of enterprises or economic sectors, we should not only rely on economic efficiency but must also pay attention to social efficiency, especially with the role of enterprises and the specific "mission" of the state economic sector in the socialist-oriented market economy 3.3 Leading causes of limitations in the implementation of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam 3.3.1 Objective reasons First, due to the transition from a planned economy with centralized management, bureaucracy, and subsidies, to a market economy, an economic model that is entirely new to Vietnam It is not easy for the business community and employees to immediately adapt to the harsh demands and requirements of 17 the market economy Second, it is difficult when Vietnam joins the world economy with increasing internationalization, with different rules of the game and countries at different economic levels, while the domestic economy is at a low starting point, limited openness, lack of experience, etc., leading to confusion in defining and promulgating policies to implement equity among economic sectors Third, today's socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam is composed of two components: the market economy and the socialist orientation These two components have a dialectical relationship, both agreeing and contradicting each other, but in reality, the relationship between the popularity of the market economy and the specificity of the socialist orientation is not always resolved good decision Fourth, it is due to limitations and inadequacies in economic structure and unreasonable growth model 3.3.2 Subjective causes First, the system of policies to implement equity among economic sectors is not consistent, synchronous, and timely Second, the state apparatus organization is still cumbersome, multi-layered, and multi-leveled The effective administrative reform and judicial reform are still modest Thirdly, the management and administration of the State have improved a lot, but it is still uneven at all levels, still heavily administrative and cumbersome Fourth, the problem of corruption and its accompanying consequences has negatively impacted the economy, greatly hindering the implementation of equity among economic sectors Fifth are the causes of group interests, especially antagonistic ones, which manipulate, manipulate, and distort the market and legal relations Chapter SOME SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EQUITY AMONG ECONOMIC SECTORS IN VIETNAM 4.1 Solutions for cognition 4.1.1 More clearly define economic sectors During the transition to socialism in our country today, our Party has affirmed: Consistently implementing the policy of developing a multi-sector 18 economy Economic sectors operating under the law are essential components of the socialist-oriented market economy Although it is determined that in the economic structure of many sectors in our country, there is a state capitalist economy, in fact, over the years, this economic component has hardly been mentioned officially in documents, documents of the Party and State and also rarely appear in official statistics on economic sectors in Vietnam From that fact, plus the state capitalist economy, which exists based on mixed ownership, in our opinion, the transitional economy in our country at present should only be divided into four components: economy, including State economy, private economy, mixed economy, and foreign-invested economy All economic sectors are organic constituents of the national economy, equal to each other and equal before the law There is dialectical, reciprocal, cooperative, and equal competition among economic sectors 4.1.2 Correct perception of the content, role, and scope of the state economy In our opinion, the connotation of the concept of the state economic component should only include state-owned enterprises, while all national assets belong to the entire people, then the people delegate and authorize the State to be the representative the owner, the State manages and effectively uses those resources in order to create material-technical conditions and a common socio-economic environment for all economic sectors to develop and compete equally The primary role of the state economy focuses mainly on two contents: firstly, the state economy is a tool for the State to regulate and develop the economy, and at the same time to support and promote all sectors of the other economies to develop together; Second, the state economy with its available material foundation creates an important material premise for socialist orientation in socio-economic development, aiming to build socialism in the future successfully Regarding the scope of operation, the state economy only needs to maintain and develop where necessary, focusing mainly on spearhead, key and essential fields, important areas such as national defense and security, areas where enterprises of other economic sectors are not allowed, are not capable, or not want to invest 19 4.1.3 Aware of the role of the private economy First, economic development from the people is an indispensable and objective requirement, both urgent and long-term, in the process of developing a socialist-oriented market economy in our country; is an essential means of mobilizing and using resources effectively, freeing up social production power for economic development in the transitional period when the productive forces are still at a low level, the nature of the distribution is very low scattered, lack of synchronization Second, the private sector is "an important driver" for the country's economic development Along with the state economy and the collaborative economy, the private economy is the key to developing an independent, selfreliant, and Vietnamese solid economy It is time for a new "revolution" not only in thinking but importantly in the actions of the political system and the whole society in terms of perfecting mechanisms, policies, and laws to create favorable conditions for private economic development 4.2 Solutions for institution Within the objective of realizing equity among economic sectors, institutional reform aims to achieve the following objectives: Ensuring property freedom and business freedom of individuals, enterprises, and business organizations economy to the extent permitted by law; market reforms to ensure openness and transparency, especially the freedom to compete equally before the law among economic sectors in the market economy Institutional reform, first of all, needs to build and perfect the legal system and strengthen compliance with the law Second, it is necessary to strengthen the effectiveness of the Government and promote administrative reform to create favorable conditions for businesses and people Third, it is necessary to promote effective anti-corruption, build institutions towards the goal of "three nos" for cadres and civil servants: Cannot be corrupt, not dare to be corrupt, not need to be corrupt Fourth, it is necessary to pay attention to the content of the regime for cadres and civil servants performing official duties Fifth, it is 20 necessary to strengthen inspection and supervision, enhancing the supervisory role of the National Assembly, especially on the activities of the Government 4.3 Solutions to increase the efficiency of the State's economic management and administration 4.3.1 Solutions for the State's macroeconomic management function First, the State needs to perform well its function of leading and orienting the development of all economic sectors by planning strategies, plans, and economic policies Second, the State needs to improve the favorable macroeconomic environment for production and business activities of all economic sectors Third, the State needs to continue maintaining a stable sociopolitical environment for all economic sectors to develop Fourth, the State must handle the relationship between the market and the plan sufficiently to harmoniously deal with the relationship between the State, the market, and society Fifth, the State must develop and implement an equitable and reasonable distribution policy for all economic sectors, creating conditions for all economic sectors to have development opportunities and commensurate benefits with the obligation to contribute Sixth, the State must strengthen inspection and supervision of activities in the economy to ensure economical and efficient use of natural resources, national assets, environmental protection, order, and discipline 4.3.2 Completing the system of macro-management tools of the State - Legal tools: as soon as possible, improve the legal system related to the entire process of investment, production, business, and circulation and distribution of products of all types of enterprises in the direction of being both tight and moderate airy, both comprehensive and specific, detailed; must be consistent with the characteristics of Vietnam, and at the same time must be compatible with the rules of the market economy and international practices, following the constraints of international institutions to which Vietnam has committed in the integration process - Policy tools: The State needs to create a good policy environment so that the private economy is more and more equal with non-state economic sectors in 21 terms of conditions for accessing and using inputs and outputs of the enterprises in the healthy competition according to the law and market principles Develop and implement effective management and support tools for the private sector, gradually shifting from the purpose of "management" to "creating" and "supporting" businesses Management needs to improve: Financial - monetary policy tools; Price policy tools; Tax tools 4.3.3 Effective implementation of economic restructuring The most critical economic solution today is to restructure the economy, first of all, to restructure state-owned enterprises, focusing on equitizing stateowned enterprises to minimize state business activities while avoiding unfair and unfair competition between the State and the private sector Therefore, it is necessary to gradually transfer the areas of production and business that the private sector can and well through the arrangement, dissolution, sale, or equitization of state-owned enterprises Enterprises with 100% state capital or controlling shares are only maintained in key and essential fields; important areas and national defense and security cannot invest in enterprises of other economic sectors The State needs to separate production and business tasks from political tasks and public benefits; separate the task of State management from representing the State owner 4.4 Solutions to improve the legal groundwork for fair performance among all economic sectors First, the law must create a favorable legal corridor for economic entities' production and business activities and ensure equality of development opportunities among entities of all economic sectors Second, the law must regulate market relations and improve the effectiveness of the State in the management and administration of the economy Third, the law must reflect the nature and content of equal rights among economic sectors Fourth, it is necessary to improve the legal provisions on state-owned enterprises to ensure equal rights among enterprises Fifth, it is necessary to thoroughly eliminate discriminatory legal provisions to ensure fair implementation among economic sectors in terms of opportunities and access to development resources 22 CONCLUSION With a low starting point from a backward agricultural country, it went through two wars with heavy losses, but under the innovative leadership of the Communist Party, with its independent spirit and free will As a nation, Vietnam has chosen to move towards socialism as the country's development goal In order to achieve that goal, there is no economical way other than to implement a shortened development path through the development of a modern and progressive market economy oriented towards socialist goals After more than 45 years of reunification and 35 years of renovation, experiencing many difficulties, but the results achieved today have proved that the choice is correct Those achievements are the result of constantly researching, researching, and even experimenting with reforms in nation-building, first of all in the economic field Recognizing the Communist Party of Vietnam on economic issues has taken a big step, showing dynamism, sensitivity, and carefulness, and science in every step The most critical and core thing, in our opinion, is the fact that our Party has consistently recognized and strived to achieve fairness for economic actors in the best way The implementation of equity among economic sectors as different representative groups in society has been recognized and evaluated by our Party and State beyond mere economic goals to reach other socio-political goals With all such perceptions, the Ph.D student conducts his thesis and draws the following conclusions about equity among economic sectors in Vietnam in the current period: Firstly, from a theoretical perspective, it can be affirmed that equity among economic sectors is an integral part of the equity in general and is closely related to social equity Therefore, understanding the nature, content, and importance of equity among economic sectors must be firmly based on the views of Marxism-Leninism as an advanced scientific theory given considering the economic and social development of a given society The Marxist-Leninist 23 classics' views on equity in terms of opportunistic and distributive approaches are at the core of the problem In the case of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh's position on this issue was essentially unanimous and effectively realized in light of the historical context of Vietnam The Communist Party of Vietnam, as the leading and ruling Party, has flexibly applied these ideas at each stage of the country's development Secondly, both the theory and practice of Vietnam's 35 years of innovation show that achieving equity among economic sectors cannot be mere theory or mechanically applied, hardening of specific theories, but it must be experienced through practical action; here is the process of economic innovation with concrete steps and decisions in each field: from institutions and laws to policies and practice effectively implement those policies The principles of equity must be grasped when considering development opportunities, access to resources, and the sphere of distribution of conditions and fruits of material production Thirdly, the perception of equity among economic sectors in Vietnam has undergone a critical stage: a clearer and correct awareness of the inevitability of economic sectors The role of economic sectors shows that it is necessary to have new perspectives in which all actors of the economy are valued, and the synergy of economic sectors can be promoted However, those cognitive changes need to be realized even more strongly in action The world economy is changing very quickly, with many new economic activities never seen in history In addition, there is close interdependence between economic actors, both nationally and globally In that context, if we still act slowly, we will fall behind and become the object of economic exploitation by other countries More seriously, it can lead to political dependence and social instability Fourthly, from the specific analysis of the current status of equity implementation among economic sectors in Vietnam, it can be seen that the current urgent issue is how to implement equity among economic sectors effectively through management decisions and tools Many researchers still 24 agree that the institution is still the biggest bottleneck of the economy; it is still a significant obstacle to realizing equity among economic sectors in practice However, to solve this bottleneck, it is not only a matter of institutional reform, but also needs other support solutions such as solutions to change thinking and awareness, solutions to improve the legal system, and improve the quality of capacity and efficiency of economic management of the State, most importantly, the political determination of the whole system The thesis also perceives and proposes solutions in such a spirit LIST OF DISCLOSED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS [1] Ho Tran Hung 2021 “Equity of opportunity for development and resource access amongst economic sectors in the Renovation period of vietnam”, Journal of Social Sciences Ho Chi Minh city, No (270), p 13 - 25 [2] Ho Tran Hung 2021 “Ensuring equity between economic sectors in Vietnam”, Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences, No (94), pp 56 - 64 [3] Ho Tran Hung, Le Hoang Anh, Mai Binh Duong 2021 “The impact of foreign direct investment, public institution on economic growth in Asean+3 countries”, Scientific Journal of Van Lang University, No 29, pp 73 -79 ... in Vietnam 2.2.1 Economic sectors in Vietnam and the perspective of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the implementation of equity among economic sectors 2.2.1.1 Economic sectors in Vietnam In... case of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh's position on this issue was essentially unanimous and effectively realized in light of the historical context of Vietnam The Communist Party of Vietnam, as the leading... the biggest bottleneck of the economy; it is still a significant obstacle to realizing equity among economic sectors in practice However, to solve this bottleneck, it is not only a matter of institutional