Tiểu luận môn Phân Tích Diễn Ngôn The Old Man and the Sea

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH - ASSIGNMENT ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Hanoi, 2021 HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH - Hà Nội, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENT I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….3 II PROVE THE TEXT IS WRITTEN LANGUAGE…………………………… III GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES…………………9 3.1 Grammatical Cohesive Devices……………………………………………….9 3.2 Lexical Cohesive Devices……………………………………………………13 IV TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE……………………………………… 14 V REFERENCES……………………………………………………………… 24 I INTRODUCTION The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cayo Blanco (Cuba) and published in 1952 It was the last major work of fiction written by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba The central character is an old Cuban fisherman named Santiago, who has not caught a fish for 84 days The family of his apprentice, Manolin, has forced the boy to leave the old fisherman, though Manolin continues to support him with food and bait Santiago is a mentor to the boy, who cherishes the old man and the life lessons he imparts Convinced that his luck must change, Santiago takes his skiff far out into the deep waters of the Gulf Stream, where he soon hooks a giant marlin With all his great experience and strength, he struggles with the fish for three days, admiring its strength, dignity, and faithfulness to its identity; its destiny is as true as Santiago’s as a fisherman He finally reels the marlin in and lashes it to his boat However, Santiago’s exhausting effort goes for naught Sharks are drawn to the tethered marlin, and, although Santiago manages to kill a few, the sharks eat the fish, leaving behind only its skeleton The following passage in this assignment is at the beginning of the novel when Santiago says goodbye to Manolin and decided to start fishing alone in the Gulf Stream THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA (Ernest Hemingway) The boy was back now with the sardines and the two baits wrapped in a newspaper and they went down the trail to the skiff, feeling the pebbled sand under their feet, and lifted the skiff and slid her into the water “Good luck old man.” (5) “Good luck,” the old man said He fitted the rope lashings of the onto the thole pins and, leaning forward against the thrust of the blades in the water, he began to row out of the harbour in the dark There were other boats from the other beaches going out to sea and the old man heard the dip and push of their oars even though he could not see them now the moon was below the hills (10) Sometimes someone would speak in a boat But most of the boats were silent except for the dip of the oars They spread apart after they were out of the mouth of the harbour and each one headed for the part of the ocean where he hoped to find fish The old man knew he was going far out and he left the smell of the land behind and rowed out (15) into the clean early morning smell of the ocean He saw the phosphorescence of the Gulf weed in the water as he rowed over the part of the ocean that the fishermen called the great well because there was a sudden deep of seven hundred fathoms where all sorts of fish congregated because of the swirl the current made against the steep walls of the floor the ocean Here there were concentrations (20) of shrimp and bait fish and sometimes schools of squid in the deepest holes and these rose close to the surface at night where all the wandering fish fed on them In the dark the old man could feel the morning coming and as he rowed he heard the trembling sound as flying fish left the water and the hissing that their stiff set wings made as they soared away in the darkness He was very fond of flying (25) fish as they were his principal friends on the ocean He was sorry for the birds, especially the small delicate dark terns that were always flying and looking and almost never finding, and he thought, the birds have a harder life than we except for the robber birds and the heavy strong ones Why did they make birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel? She (30) is kind and very beautiful But she can be so cruel and it comes so suddenly and such birds that fly, dipping and hunting, with their small sad voices are made too delicately for the sea He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her Sometimes those who love her say bad things of her but they are always said as though she were a woman Some of the younger fishermen, (36) those who used buoys as floats for their lines and had motorboats, bought when the shark livers had brought much money, spoke of her as el mar which is masculine They spoke of her as a contestant or a place or even an enemy But the old man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave or (40) withheld great favours, and if she did wild or wicked things it was because she could not help them The moon affects her as it does a woman, he thought He was rowing steadily and it was no effort for him since he kept well within his speed and the surface of the ocean was flat except for the occasional swirls of the current He was letting (45) the current a third of the work and as it started to be light he saw he was already further out than he had hoped to be at this hour I worked the deep wells for a week and did nothing, he thought Today I’ll work out where the schools of bonito and albacore are and maybe there will be a big one with them Before it was really light he had his baits out and was drifting with (50) the current One bait was down forty fathoms The second was at seventy-five and the third and fourth were down in the blue water at one hundred and one hundred and twenty-five fathoms Each bait head down with the shank of the hook inside the bait fish, tied and sewed solid and all the projecting part of the hook, the curve and the point, (55) was covered with fresh sardines Each sardine was hooked through both eyes so that they made a half-garland on the projecting steel There was no part of the hook that a great fish could feel which was not sweet smelling and good tasting The boy had given him two fresh small tunas, or albacores, which on (60) the two deepest lines like plummets and, on the others, he had a big blue runner and a yellow jack that had been used before; but they were in good condition still and had the excellent sardines to give them scent and attractiveness Each line, as thick around as a big pencil, was looped onto a green-sapped stick so that any pull or touch on the bait would make the stick dip and each line had two (65) forty-fathom coils which could be made fast to the other spare coils so that, if it were necessary, a fish could take out over three hundred fathoms of line Now the man watched the dip of the three sticks over the side of the skiff and rowed gently to keep the lines straight up and down and at their proper depths It was quite light and any moment now the sun would rise (70) The sun rose thinly from the sea and the old man could see the other boats, low on the water and well in toward the shore, spread out across the current Then the sun was brighter and the glare came on the water and then, as it rose clear, the flat sea sent it back at his eyes so that it hurt sharply and he rowed without looking into it He looked down into the water and watched the lines that went straight(75) down into the dark of the water He kept them straighter than anyone did, so that at each level in the darkness of the stream there would be a bait waiting exactly where he wished it to be for any fish that swam there Others let them drift with the current and sometimes they were at sixty fathoms when the fishermen thought they were at a hundred (80) But, he thought, I keep them with precision Only I have no luck any more But who knows? Maybe today Every day is a new day It is better to be lucky But I would rather be exact Then when luck comes you are ready The sun was two hours higher now and it did not hurt his eyes so much to look into the east There were only three boats in sight now and they showed very (85) low and far inshore All my life the early sun has hurt my eyes, he thought Yet they are still good In the evening I can look straight into it without getting the blackness It has more force in the evening too But in the morning it is painful Just then he saw a man-of-war bird with his long black wings circling in (90) the sky ahead of him He made a quick drop, slanting down on his back-swept wings, and then circled again “He’s got something,” the old man said aloud “He’s not just looking.” He rowed slowly and steadily toward where the bird was circling He did not hurry and he kept his lines straight up and down But he crowded the current (95) a little so that he was still fishing correctly though faster than he would have fished if he was not trying to use the bird The bird went higher in the air and circled again, his wings motionless Then he dove suddenly and the old man saw flying fish spurt out of the water and sail desperately over the surface (100) “Dolphin,” the old man said aloud “Big dolphin.” He shipped his oars and brought a small line from under the bow It had a wire leader and a medium-sized hook and he baited it with one of the sardines He let it go over the side and then made it fast to a ring bolt in the stern Then he baited another line and left it coiled in the shade of the bow.He went back to rowing(105) and to watching the long-winged black bird who was working, now, low over the water II PROVE THE TEXT IS WRITEN LANGUAGE - Grammar:  Sentences in the above passage have more information packed into it  There are many complex sentences in the passage  The syntax of this text is much more structured than that of normal spoken language For example: “ The boy was back now with the sardines and the two baits wrapped in a newspaper and they went down the trail to the skiff, feeling the pebbled sand under their feet, and lifted the skiff and slid her into the water…” “ The boy had given him two fresh small tunas, or albacores, which on the two deepest lines like plummets and, on the others, he had a big blue runner and a yellow jack that had been used before; but they were in good condition still and had the excellent sardines to give them scent and attractiveness…” - Lexical density: There are many lexical words and function words in the text For example: “…Then the sun was brighter and the glare came on the water and then, as it rose clear, the flat sea sent it back at his eyes so that it hurt sharply and he rowed without looking into it…” In that sentence, the content/lexical words are sun, glare, water, it, flat sea, eyes, ; the function words are then, was, and, as, so,… - Situation:  No common situation Inferred from the text  Words carry all shades of meaning  Making assumptions about the reader’s state of knowledge III GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES 3.1 GRAMMATICAL COHESION: 3.1.1 Reference 3.1.1.1 Exophoric reference: "the moon" (line 10); "the ocean" (line 20, 30); "the morning" (line 23); "the sea" (line 34); "the sun" (line70, 71, 72); 3.1.1.2 Endophoric reference:  Personal Reference: "her" (line 4): refers to “skiff” (line 3); Anaphoric; "their" (line 9); "them" (line 10): refers to “other boats” (line 8); Anaphoric; "they" (line 13); refers to members on the boats; Anaphoric; "each one" (line 13): refers to each member on the boats; Anaphoric; "he" (line 14): refers to member on the boats; Anaphoric; "he" (line 6, 7, 34, 16, 25, 26, 28, 43, 44, 45, 50, 61, 76, 74, 90, 94, 104); “He” (line 75, 76, 102, 105); "him" (line 44, 60); "his" (line 50, 74, 84, 95, 102); "He" (line 102, 105): refers to “the old man” (title); Anaphoric; "them" (line 22): refers to "shrimp and bait fish and schools of squid" (line 21); Anaphoric "she" (line 30, 31): refers to “the ocean” (line 30); Anaphoric; "their" (line 32): refers to "the birds" (line 28); Anaphoric; "her" (line 34, 35, 38, 39, 40); "she" (line 36, 41): refers to "the sea" (line30); Anaphoric; "they" (line 35): refers to "people love the ocean" (line 35); Anaphoric; "their"(line 37); "they" (line 39): refers to "some of the younger fishermen" (line 36); Anaphoric; "they" (line 62): refers to " big blue runner and a yellow jack" (line 61); Anaphoric; "it" (line 74): refers to "the glare" (line 73); Anaphoric; "them" (line 78, 76); "they" (line 79): refers to "the lines" (line 75); Anaphoric; "they" (line 87); "it" (line 89): refers to the old man's eyes; Anaphoric; "He" (line 91, 93); "his" (line 91, 98); “he” (line 98): refers to "a man-of-war bird" (line 90); Anaphoric; "It" (line 102, 103, 104, 105): refers to "a small line" (line 102); Anaphoric;  Demonstrative Reference: "Then" (line 83); Anaphoric; 10 "here" (line 20): refers to “the great well” (line 18); Anaphoric; "these" (line 22): refers to “shrimp and bait fish and schools of squid” (line 21); Anaphoric; "then" (line 72); Anaphoric;; "that" (line 75): refers to "the lines" (line 75); Anaphoric;; "there" (line 77, 78); refers to “each level in the darkness of the stream” (line 77); Anaphoric;;  Comparative Reference: "such" (line 31); Anaphoric;; "as" (line 73); Anaphoric;;  The: "the ocean" (line 14, 16, 17, 26, 42); Anaphoric; "the sea" (title, 33); Anaphoric; "the moon" (line 43); Anaphoric; "the" (line 106); Anaphoric; "the birds" (line 28); Anaphoric; "the sun" (line 84); Anaphoric; "the" (line 6, 11, 12); Anaphoric; "the bird" (line 97, 98, 94): Anaphoric; 11 3.1.2 Substitution (Here I find words in a sentence that can be used interchangeably) "ones" (line 29): "birds"; Nominal Substitution "one" (line 49): refers to "bonito and albacore"; Nominal Substitution "do" (line 28): refers to "live"; Verbal Substitution "does"(line 43): refers to "affects"; Verbal Substitution "did" (line 76): refers to "kept"; Verbal Substitution 3.1.3 Ellipsis ( I found the words are omitted from sentence) that writer assumes are obvious from the context and therefore need not be raised "The second" (line 51): refers to the second bait; Nominal Ellipsis "the third and fourth" (line 52): refers to the third bait, the fourth bait ; Nominal Ellipsis; 3.1.4 Conjunction ( I found the words or relative words that have the function of linking sentences in that text)  Adversative: "Yet" (line 87); "but" (line 35, 62); "But" (line 82); Contrastive Relation "though" (line 96); "Only" (line 81); "But" (line 31, 11, 39, 81, 95); Adversative Relation 'Proper'; 12  Additive: "and" (line 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 13, 15, 21, 23, 28, 31, 41, 44, 49, 50, 51, 55, 61, 65, 68, 71, 85, 95, 102); Simple Additive Relations; Additive "and not" (line 84); Simple Additive Relations; Negative; "or" (line 39, 40, 41, 60, 64); Simple Additive Relations; Alternative  Temporal: "Just then" (line 90); Simple Temporal Relations; Simultaneous "Then" (line 72, 98, 104); "and then" (line73, 104); Simple Temporal Relations; Sequentials;  Causal: "so" (line 56, 64, 74, 76, 96), Causal Relations; "because" (line 18, 19, 41); Reversed Causal Relations; 3.2 LEXICAL COHESION 3.2.1 Repetition "the old man" (title; line 6, 9, 14, 23, 40, 71, 93, 99, 101); "the ocean" (line 14, 16, 20, 26, 17, 30, 44); "The boy" (line 2, 60); "the skiff" (line 3, 4, 68); "the sun" (line 70, 71 ,73, 84); "the sea" (line 33, 34, 71), "the dip" (line 9, 12, 68), 13 "boats" (line 8, 11, 71, 85); "the moon" (line 10, 43); "flying fish" (line 24,2 5) 3.2.2 Synonymy "the sea" (title, line 33, 34, 71) - "the ocean" (line 14, 16, 17, 20, 26, 30, 45); "the small delicate dark terns" (line 27) - "those sea swallows" (line 30); "a man-of-war bird" (line 90) - "the long-winged black bird" (line 106); 3.2.3 Superordinate "the boats" (line 11) - "someone" (line 11); "the birds" (line 28) - "the small delicate dark terns" (line 27); "birds" (line 29) - "sea swallows" (line 30); 3.2.4 Meronymy "boats" (line 8) - "oars" (line 9); 3.2.5 General word "people" (line 34); 3.2.6 Collocation birds – “flying” (line27); IV TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE English THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA “…” The boy was back now with the Vietnamese ÔNG GIÀ VÀ BIỂN CẢ “…” Lúc cậu nhóc quay lại sardines and the two baits wrapped in a cá mòi hai miếng mồi newspaper and they went down the câu bọc báo, họ men theo lối 14 trail to the skiff, feeling the pebbled mòn đến chỗ thuyền nhỏ, chân sand under their feet, and lifted the giẫm lên lớp cát pha sỏi, nâng skiff and slid her into the water thuyền đẩy xuống nước “Good luck old man.” “Chúc ông may mắn.” “Good luck,” the old man said He “Chúc cháu may mắn”, ông lão nói fitted the rope lashings of the onto the Lão buộc quai chèo vào cọc, nghiêng thole pins and, leaning forward against người khua mạnh mái chèo xuống mặt the thrust of the blades in the water, he nước, bắt đầu chèo thuyền khỏi bến began to row out of the harbour in the bóng đêm Có nhiều thuyền dark There were other boats from the từ bãi đậu khác khơi, lão other beaches going out to sea and the nghe tiếng mái chèo khua nước old man heard the dip and push of their lão khơng thể nhìn thấy họ oars even though he could not ánh trăng khuất sau đồi see them now the moon was below the Thỉnh thoảng có tiếng nói chuyện hills Sometimes someone would speak thuyển Nhưng đa số in a boat But most of the boats were thuyền khơng có tiếng động ngoại silent except for the dip of the oars trừ tiếng mái chèo khua nước They spread apart after they were out Họ tỏa rộng sau khỏi cửa biển of the mouth of the harbour and each thuyền đến phần đại one headed for the part of the ocean dương nơi họ hy vọng tìm thấy cá where he hoped to find fish The old Ông lão biết lão xa, để lại man knew he was going far out and he mùi đất mẹ sau lưng để đến nơi có left the smell of the land behind and mùi hương tinh khơi lúc bình minh rowed out into the clean early morning đại dương smell of the ocean He saw the phosphorescence of the Lão nhìn thấy ánh lân quang đám Gulf weed in the water as he rowed rong vùng nhiệt lưu nước 15 over the part of the ocean that the chèo qua vùng biển ngư dân gọi fishermen called the great well because vùng Giếng lớn độ sâu tận bảy there was a sudden deep of seven trăm sải nước, đàn cá lớn cá bé hundred fathoms where all sorts of fish dồn lại xốy nước dội thằng vào congregated because of the swirl the bờ vách dốc đáy đại dương Nơi current made against the steep walls of tập trung loại tơm, cá mịi, the floor the ocean Here there were cịn có đàn cá mực concentrations of shrimp and bait fish sống hố sâu ngoi and sometimes schools of squid in the lên gần mặt nước vào đêm tối làm mồi deepest holes and these rose close to cho cá lang thang the surface at night where all the wandering fish fed on them In the dark the old man could feel the Trong đêm, ơng lão cảm morning coming and as he rowed he nhận ánh ban mai đến gần, heard the trembling sound as flying lúc khua mái chèo, lão nghe thấy fish left the water and the hissing that âm run rẩy đàn cá their stiff set wings made as they chuồn rời măt nước tiếng lao soared away in the darkness xao phát từ bọ cánh cứng He was very fond of flying fish as they Lão quý loài cá chuồn chúng were his principal friends on the ocean người bạn gần gũi lão He was sorry for the birds, especially đại dương xanh thẳm Lão thương lũ the small delicate dark terns that were chim, đặc biệt loài nhạn đen mỏng always flying and looking and almost manh nhỏ nhắn, bay tìm kiếm never finding, and he thought, the birds chẳng tìm thứ have a harder life than we except for gì, lão nghĩ lồi chim sống khổ the robber birds and the heavy strong nhiều ngoại trừ giống ones Why did they make birds so chim kẻ cướp loại to xác Vì 16 delicate and fine as those sea swallows tạo hóa lại sinh lồi chim tốt đẹp when the ocean can be so cruel? yếu ớt loại nhạn biển đại dương lại khắc nghiêt? She is kind and very beautiful But she Đại dương tử tế xinh đẹp Nhưng can be so cruel and it comes so nàng trở nên ác độc cách bất suddenly and such birds that fly, chợt, cịn lồi chim bay, nhào dipping and hunting, with their small xuống săn mồi, tiếng kêu thảng sad voices are made too delicately for nhỏ bé chúng lại yếu ớt the sea trùng khơi vô tận He always thought of the sea as la mar Lão nghĩ biển la mar, which is what people call her in cách người yêu biển gọi biển Spanish when they love her tiếng Tây Ban Nha Thỉnh thoảng Sometimes those who love her say bad họ buông lời xấu xa things of her but they are always said biển họ ln nói thể as though she were a woman Some of biển người phụ nữ Vài tên đánh the younger fishermen, those who used cá trẻ sử dụng phao ngựa làm phao câu buoys as floats for their lines and had thuyền máy, sắm gan cá motorboats, bought when the shark mập bán đươc giá cao, gọi biển el livers had brought much money, spoke mar, tức giống đực Chúng kể of her as el mar which is masculine biển đối thủ, địa điểm hay They spoke of her as a contestant or a chí kẻ thù Nhưng ông place or even an enemy But the old lão lại nghĩ biển người man always thought of her as feminine phụ nữ, ban phát hay chối and as something that gave or withheld giữ ơn huệ, biển có làm điều great favours, and if she did wild or độc áo hay tàn bạo lẽ lúc wicked things it was because she could nàng khơng thể kìm nén not help them Mặt trăng tỏa sáng mặt biển 17 The moon affects her as it does a soi sáng thể người phụ nữ, woman, he thought He was rowing lão nghĩ Lão buông chèo cách steadily and it was no effort for him nhịp nhàng, không nhiều sức since he kept well within his speed and lão làm chủ tốc độ the surface of the ocean was flat except đại dương bình lặng trừ for the occasional swirls of the current đơi chỗ có dịng xoáy Lão để He was letting the current a third of dòng chảy đỡ phần ba công việc the work and as it started to be light he trời hửng sáng lão nhận saw he was already further out than he xa quãng đường lão nghĩ had hoped to be at this hour Mình đã câu vùng Giếng lớn suốt I worked the deep wells for a week and tuần mà chẳng câu did nothing, he thought Today I’ll cá nào, lão ngẫm Hơm work out where the schools of bonito tận nơi đàn cá bonito albacore and albacore are and maybe there will thường kiếm ăn, có cá be a big one with them lớn quanh quẩn Trước trời sáng hẳn, lão buông mồi Before it was really light he had his thả thuyền trơi theo dịng chảy Một baits out and was drifting with the mồi độ sâu bốn mươi sải Một mồi current One bait was down forty bảy mươi lăm sải mồi thứ ba, thứ tư fathoms The second was at seventy- chìm sâu hút nước xanh five and the third and fourth were thẳm độ sâu trăm trăm down in the blue water at one hundred hai mươi lăm sải and one hundred and twenty-five Mỗi mồi móc ngược đầu fathoms xuống, lưỡi câu giấu thân cá, Each bait head down with the buộc thật chặt, khâu lại kỹ shank of the hook inside the bait fish, phần lộ lưỡi câu, đoạn cong tied and sewed solid and all the mũi nhọn che 18 projecting part of the hook, the curve cá mịi tươi rói and the point, was covered with fresh Chúng bị móc xuyên qua hai mắt tạo sardines thành nửa vòng hoa cuống thép Each sardine was hooked through both Khơng cịn phần lưỡi câu để eyes so that they made a half-garland cá nhận ngoại trừ on the projecting steel There was no hương vị ngào thơm lừng quyến part of the hook that a great fish could rũ feel which was not sweet smelling and Cậu bé cho ông lão hai cá thu nhỏ good tasting tươi, hay gọi albacores, chúng bị The boy had given him two fresh small móc vào hai lưỡi câu sâu nhất, nặng tunas, or albacores, which on thể hịn chì, cịn hai lưỡi the two deepest lines like plummets kia, lão móc cá lớn màu xanh and, on the others, he had a big blue ngừ bạc sử dụng runner and a yellow jack that had been hơm trước; chúng cịn sử used before; but they were in good dụng có xâu cá mòi thơm phức condition still and had the excellent giúp chúng tỏa hương vị hấp dẫn sardines to give them scent and Mỗi dây câu to bút chì cỡ lớn attractiveness buộc vào phao que Each line, as thick around as a big màu xanh để cú kéo pencil, was looped onto a green-sapped hay đớp vào miếng mồi khiến stick so that any pull or touch on the phao gỗ chìm xuống; dây câu bait would make the stick dip and each có hai cuộn dây dài bốn mươi sải dự line had two forty-fathom coils which phòng sẵn sàng nối với cuộn khác could be made fast to the other spare cần thiết có cá ba coils so that, if it were necessary, a fish trăm sải dây could take out over three hundred Giờ lão quan sát mũi ba phao fathoms of line gỗ bên mạn thuyền, khua mái chèo nhẹ 19 Now the man watched the dip of the nhàng để giữ cho sợi dây thẳng three sticks over the side of the skiff đứng đến độ sâu cần thiết chúng and rowed gently to keep the lines Trời qua hừng đông chẳng bao straight up and down and at their lâu mặt trời mọc proper depths It was quite light and Mặt trời nhô lên khỏi mặt biển, ông lão any moment now the sun would rise nhìn thấy thuyền The sun rose thinly from the sea and khác chìm thấp nước, hướng vào the old man could see the other boats, bờ trải dài mặt biển low on the water and well in toward the Sau đó, mặt trời rực rỡ hơn, ánh nắng shore, spread out across the current chiếu xuống mắt nước lát sau, lúc Then the sun was brighter and the glare mặt trời lên cao hẳn, mặt biển phẳng came on the water and then, as it rose lặng phản chiếu tia nắng vào làm mắt clear, the flat sea sent it back at his lão đau nhức, lão chèo mà không eyes so that it hurt sharply and he nhìn rowed without looking into it Lão nhìn xuống nước, để ý sợi dây thả thẳng đứng xuống tận chỗ He looked down into the water and vùng đen đại dương Lão giữ watched the lines that went straight chúng thẳng khác, down into the dark of the water He độ sâu vùng nước đen kept them straighter than anyone did, có mồi đợi so that at each level in the darkness of đấy, nơi lão muốn dành cho the stream there would be a bait cá bơi qua waiting exactly where he wished it to Các ngư dân khác để chúng trơi be for any fish that swam there theo dịng chảy chúng Others let them drift with the current độ sâu sáu mươi sải thay trăm and sometimes they were at sixty sải họ nghĩ fathoms when the fishermen thought Nhưng, lão nghĩ, giữ chúng 20 they were at a hundred xác Thứ thiếu But, he thought, I keep them with may mắn Nhưng mà biết precision Only I have no luck any được? Có thể hơm đến more But who knows? Maybe today Mỗi Sẽ tốt Every day is a new day It is better to đẹp gặp may mắn Nhưng ưa be lucky But I would rather be exact xác Để đến lúc vận may đến Then when luck comes you are ready sẵn sàng Hiện mặt trời mọc cao hai tiếng đồng hồ khơng làm mắt lão The sun was two hours higher now and đau nhức nhìn hướng đơng it did not hurt his eyes so much to look Lúc này, có ba thuyền into the east There were only three tầm mắt, mạn lún sâu xuống boats in sight now and they showed nước tít phía bờ very low and far inshore Suốt đời tia nắng lúc bình minh làm buốt mắt mình, lão nghĩ Nhưng chúng All my life the early sun has hurt my tinh anh Vào lúc chiều eyes, he thought Yet they are still tối, nhìn thẳng vào mà good In the evening I can look straight không bị đốm đen mắt into it without getting the blackness It Trong bóng đêm, mắt has more force in the evening too But nhìn rõ Nhưng buổi sáng in the morning it is painful làm lão nhức nhối Ngay sau lão thấy hải sải đôi cánh đen dài chao lượn Just then he saw a man-of-war bird bầu trời phía đầu lão Nó sà xuống with his long black wings circling in cách nhanh chóng, nghiêng cánh the sky ahead of him He made a quick chao người bay vòng trở lại drop, slanting down on his back-swept “Nó tóm rồi,” lão nói lớn 21 wings, and then circled again “Nó khơng nhìn thơi đâu.” “He’s got something,” the old man said Lão chèo chậm rãi vững vàng tiến aloud “He’s not just looking.” phía chim lượn vịng Lão He rowed slowly and steadily toward không vội, lão phải giữ sợi dây where the bird was circling He did not thẳng đứng xuống Nhưng lão hurry and he kept his lines straight up nhanh dòng nước chút and down But he crowded the current chừng mực lão câu đúng, lão a little so that he was still fishing không cố bám theo chim lão correctly though faster than he would khơng chèo nhanh bình thường have fished if he was not trying to use Con chim bay cao hơn, lại lượn vịng, the bird đơi cánh bất động Rồi bất thình The bird went higher in the air and lình lao xuống, lão thấy đàn cá circled again, his wings motionless chuồn nhảy lao lên khỏi mặt nước, Then he dove suddenly and the old tuyệt vọng bay mặt biển man saw flying fish spurt out of the water and sail desperately over the “Dorado,” Ông lão nói to surface “Là cá Dorado lớn.” “Dolphin,” the old man said aloud Lão dừng chèo, lôi sợi dây câu nhỏ “Big dolphin.” mũi thuyền Dây câu có đáy thép He shipped his oars and brought a lưỡi câu cỡ trung bình, lão móc mồi small line from under the bow It had a mịi Lão bng câu qua wire leader and a medium-sized hook mạn thuyền buộc vào khoen and he baited it with one of the đằng sau lái Lão tiếp tục móc mồi lưỡi sardines He let it go over the side and câu khác để cuộn then made it fast to a ring bolt in the bóng mát mũi thuyền Lão quay stern Then he baited another line and lại chèo trơng chừng chim có left it coiled in the shade of the bow sải cánh đen rộng sà thấp 22 He went back to rowing and to xuống kiếm mồi mặt nước watching the long-winged black bird who was working, now, low over the water V REFERENCES 5.1 Printed References Lectures on Discourse Analysis (2013), Ho Ngoc Trung The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Ernest Hemingway 23 5.2 Online References https://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/oldmansea.pdf 24 ... the Gulf Stream THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA (Ernest Hemingway) The boy was back now with the sardines and the two baits wrapped in a newspaper and they went down the trail to the skiff, feeling the. .. against the thrust of the blades in the water, he began to row out of the harbour in the dark There were other boats from the other beaches going out to sea and the old man heard the dip and push... pebbled sand under their feet, and lifted the skiff and slid her into the water “Good luck old man. ” (5) “Good luck,” the old man said He fitted the rope lashings of the onto the thole pins and,