(Luận văn thạc sĩ) assessment of farmers perspectives on organic tea cultivation at tan linh commune, dai tu district, thai nguyen province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY TRUONG BACH PHUONG NAM ASSESSMENT OF FARMERS' PERSPECTIVES ON ORGANIC TEA CULTIVATION AT TAN LINH COMMUNE, DAI TU DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science And Management Faculty: International Program Office Batch: 2016 - 2020 Thai Nguyen, 27/11/2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The graduate internship is very important for students, to improve their capacity and knowledge after studying at the school After months of practice and completion of the graduation thesis, although still facing many difficulties and many obstacles, with the support from family, teachers and friends helped me complete the thesis: During the graduation and completion of the topic, I have received a lot of help from my tutor and everyone in the organic team in Tan Linh commune, Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province I would like to thank the aunts in the working group who are always enthusiastic to help, instruct and create the opportunity for me to participate in the work to have all the facilities and information to complete the task well I sincerely thank teacher Dr Nguyen Huu Tho enthusiastically guides and helps me throughout the time I am working on the topic Thanks also to Teachers of Advanced Education Program who have devotedly taught me the knowledge and support me during the long learning Finally, I would like to wish you good health, happiness and success in your teaching path During the practice period, although I tried my best, I lacked enough knowledge and experience, so it was unavoidable I hope that the teachers and friends give additional comments to make my graduation thesis more complete Thank you sincerely Thai Nguyen, 30 June 2018 Student Truong Bach Phuong Nam iv PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Population pressure is increasing, the land fund for agricultural production has been continuously narrowed To meet the food and food demands of humans and livestock, the world has strongly developed new farming methods and modern technology in both livestock and farming, bringing productivity high, temporarily solve the food security problem However, the use of advanced and high-tech measures combined with the use of a large number of chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc for a long time has caused adverse effects ecosystem, which limits the functions of the environment, especially the soil and water environment (Lotter, Donald W., 2017) At present, many models of cultivation in the direction of highly intensive farming have been developed in deltas or areas where the land has good productivity and initial efficiency has brought about success However, the techniques of intensive farming, improper intercropping for a long time have gradually lost soil fertility, the nutrient content has been seriously reduced, trace elements are washed away or lost (Pretty, 2015) When used up, the buffering capacity of the soil environment is broken and changes in soil pH increase, causing the soil flora and soil microorganisms to be destroyed, developing insects, weeds and resistant bacteria pesticides; Erosion and leaching processes occurred strongly (Weibull, 2012) The current prevalence of highly intensive agriculture is an urgent issue and needs to be changed Due to the environmental consequences of unreasonable farming models in the past, along with the development of science and technology, people realize that a new direction, a new way to deal with is needed the urgent problem above (Altieri, 2004) A new farming model has been formed and applied directly, that is, organic agriculture Organic agricultural production is produced according to the principles specified in the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), to ensure the ecosystem of plants and animals creating quality products that are safe for users, economical, and maintain and improve soil fertility This is the method of growing vegetables, fruits not to use harmful chemicals in plant protection to control pests, diseases, weeds, as well as chemical fertilizers, the production focuses on balancing the ecosystem in nature According to IFOAM, the role of organic agriculture in farming, processing, distribution or consumption is aimed at maintaining the health of ecosystems and organisms including the smallest organisms living in the soil to humans (D.RigbyaD.Cáceresb, 2015) Organic farming will improve and maintain the natural landscape and agricultural ecosystem, avoid overexploitation, pollute the environment in nature, and minimize the use of energy and non-renewable sources for production produce non-toxic food, of high quality, while ensuring, maintaining and increasing soil fertility in the long term, reinforcing biological cycles in the farm, especially the cycle Nutrition, plant protection is based on prevention instead of a cure, to diversify crops and animals to suit local conditions (John P Reganold, 2016) Thai Nguyen is a province in the Northeastern region, a major socioeconomic center of the Northeast region, and also in the Northern Midlands and Mountains with favorable natural conditions, the especially natural preferential course on climate and land Thai Nguyen has a wide range of possibilities for agroforestry, industry, tourism and other types of services The natural forest area of the province is 102,190 ha, plantation forest area is about 44,450 This is a great advantage for the development of raw material forests for processing artificial wood, processing for making paper materials The area of agricultural land in the whole province accounts for 23% of the natural area The annual crops are mainly tea trees (TNDT, 2015) Figure 1: The Map of Dai Tu district (Source: daitu.thainguyen.gov.vn) Dai Tu is a mountainous district located in the northwest of Thai Nguyen province According to statistics, by the end of 2015, Dai Tu's tea area being harvested is more than 7,000 hectares, accounting for 1/3 of the tea area of Thai Nguyen province, and is the second-largest tea area in comparison to other teagrowing districts in the country, only after Bao Loc district of Lam Dong province Besides, Dai Tu district has mechanisms, policies, and constructions to promote the development of agricultural production in the direction of specialized farming, the formation of concentrated agricultural production areas, and regulations on farm management especially about converting to high-quality farming In which, Tan Linh commune is the pioneer in applying the organic farming model to tea tree But the application of organic agricultural production models still faces many difficulties, such as product branding, lead time and productivity Along with that are the hot environmental issues here when applying the agricultural production model in Tan Linh commune, Dai Tu district So, I decided to proceed with the topic: Assessment of farmers' perspectives on organic tea cultivation at Tan Linh Commune, Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province 1.2 Research’s objectives To learn about organic agricultural production methods in the world and Vietnam and analyze the benefits of this form of production To Assess of awareness and preparation of knowledge of people in Tan Linh commune, Dai Tu district on the organic farming model for conversion to organic tea To identify the factors, affect to people perception in Tan Linh - Dai Tu Thai Nguyen commune through analyzing several social indicators To evaluate the environmental management and propose solutions to improve management capacity in two tea growing areas applying organic farming in Tan Linh-Dai Tu commune - Thai Nguyen 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses The research questions are arranged based on the background of the research rationale This study will address the following questions: 1.3.1 Research questions How people awareness about organic farming methods on tea trees in Tan Linh - Dai Tu commune? What knowledge have people prepared for the village to serve to convert farming from inorganic to organic? What conditions and factors affect people's perceptions decision on organic tea cultivation? What is status of tea cultivation and consumption in the study area What is the cost of organic tea farming? 1.3.2 Hypotheses - Null Hypothesis (Ho): The people have prepared their knowledge about organic tea cultivation methods to serve and improve production quality People receive and apply organic farming methods to tea plants Current status and factors influencing people's perception of organic tea production The effectiveness of the organic production application on tea plants has a good influence on the natural environment Ensuring quality and protecting the environment in the application of organic agriculture in tea production - Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The people have not prepared their knowledge about organic tea cultivation methods to serve and improve production quality People have not received enough and applied organic farming methods to tea plants Current status and factors affecting people's awareness of organic tea production are not good and meet the standards The effectiveness of the application of organic production to tea plants that affect the natural environment is not high Quality and environmental protection are not ensured in the application of organic agriculture in tea production 1.4 Limitations The scope of this study focuses on the perceptions of local people in Tan Linh Commune However, there are some limitations as some people may not be surveyed and some people know or they have no knowledge of organic tea cultivation This may also lead to incorrect investigation results Furthermore, research is limited in scope and depth of analysis due to time and resource constraints No attempt was made to ask respondents what their definition of organic farming was and what their identities like the good effects of organic farming are 1.4.1 Environmental awareness Propaganda, advocacy for environmental protection in general and the management, training, and fostering knowledge for people are still difficult Communication is mainly through word of mouth or loudspeaker On the other hand, some households or individuals still have not strictly complied with established standards and requirements, typically applying traditional methods to eradicate Effects on the environment and the viability of tea plants 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.5.1 Students: Research results can be used for secondary data for research and students' level of understanding 1.5.2 Local people: Research results can be used as information to encourage people to naturally change their behavior by applying the organic method in tea productivity 10 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General Concept of Organic Agriculture In the process of developing organic agricultural production, many international organizations at different stages have come up with different concepts of organic agriculture According to IFOAM, 2002: “Organic agriculture is a synchronous system towards implementing processes with results that ensure sustainable ecosystems, safe food, good nutrition, humanitarianism and fairness society, without the use of synthetic agrochemicals and non-organic growth agents, facilitates closed metabolism in the farming system, using only available resources on the farm and investment according to the standards of the production process” (IFOAM Organic International, 2002) As defined by the United Nations: “Organic agriculture is a natural farming and husbandry system that does not use chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides, helps to reduce pollution and ensure human health and pets” 2.2 The role of organic agriculture in the environment 2.2.1 For the environment - Organic agriculture cultivation will improve and maintain the natural landscape and agricultural ecosystem, avoid overexploitation and contaminate natural resources, and minimize the use of energy and impossible resources to regenerate, produce enough nutritious, non-toxic and high-quality food - Cultivation organic agriculture also contributes to the response to climate change - Organic agriculture positively affects the soil environment such as increasing soil fertility, adding and increasing the content of organic matter, humus to the soil; increased water retention 11 has a selling price The market is higher than traditional tea production (accounting for 20%), households believe that organic tea production brings long-term economic value (40%) and the rest households (accounting for 10 %) said that organic tea production protects the environment All households agreeing to participate in the conversion are aware of the importance and longterm economic effects that organic tea production brings Table 11: The reason for not participating in the conversion to organic tea production of the research households Household The The number of percentage STT households not respectively participate Reasons (%) Do not care 16 Poor economic efficiency 16 Many pests and diseases 16 There is no market 0 Lack of labor 0 Don't know the care technique 52 (Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020) The production households did not agree to join the conversion because They did not pay attention to the organic tea production model, still stick to the traditional production method; Poor economic efficiency due to organic tea production requiring high care techniques, strict production process, if not following the right techniques, pests and diseases will lead to low productivity, 46 low economic efficiency In the survey results, we have: household who does not care about organic tea production model accounts for 16%, household thinks that organic tea production is prone to many pests and diseases because it is difficult to control 16%, household gives that organic tea production brings low economic efficiency, and the remaining households think that they still not know about the techniques of organic tea cultivation and care, so they are not specialized at 52% 4.9 Advantages, disadvantages and some solutions to develop organic tea in the research area 4.9.1 Advantages and disadvantages STRENGTH WEAKNESS - Favored by nature - People have - Lack of young and healthy labor long experience, force industriousness, hard work and love of - Organic tea should require strict care the job - The market is not stable - People are properly aware of why - Weak technology, lack of materials organic tea production is required - - The weather is getting more and - It is a production area with favorable more extreme in summer, the summer natural and climatic conditions to is hot and long, the winter is cold and develop organic tea production rain for a long time, reducing - Largest consumer market productivity - Convenient transportation - - Concerned by authorities 47 OPPORTUNITY CHALLENGE - Regularly having training classes - The fake labels and trademarks - Agricultural extension workers are - Support projects often pay little interested in, regularly visit tea and give attention to small-sized households the advice to create tea production - Fertilizers, fake pesticides models with high economic efficiency - As for traditional tea producers, when asked the question "why not produce organic tea?" The informants said that they are already familiar with their inherent production habits, so they are very afraid to change and especially they have a small, fragmented and unfocused area Their production capital is not large, but when joining the organic tea production model, each year they have to pay a fee for the certification maintenance which they consider inadequate Because they think that joining the organic tea production model, although the price is a bit higher, it is too complicated - For tea-producing households that agree to switch to organic tea production when asked the question "if in the process of producing tea following organic production models, what support should be provided?" then the informants indicated that they needed capital support, technical training in organic tea production, production tools and the market for the output of the product 48 PART V CONCLUSION The study on the characteristics of natural and socio-economic conditions of Tan Linh commune shows that the natural conditions of the commune are favourable for tea tree development Therefore, tea in recent years has been focused on investment and development by the people in the commune Also from the tea, life has been improved, contributing to the economic growth of the province in general and the districts, cities and towns in particular In general, over the past years, the tea industry of Tan Linh commune in general and the small-scale tea production and trading households of the commune, in particular, have achieved the following developments in both quantity and quality: - Realizing the economic value of the tea, households in tea-growing areas of the commune have continuously expanded their area and improved tea productivity and quality Also, from the tea tree, it has created jobs for unemployed workers in the commune as well as created seasonal jobs for workers in neighboring communes in Thai Nguyen province - Market and price: In recent years, the tea export market of Vietnam has been expanded; it has had a great impact on the tea consumption of the people in the commune Tea products made by people are sold favorably At the same time, prices are gradually stabilizing, contributing to increasing income and improving people's lives - However, in addition to the achievements, the tea industry of the commune in recent years has faced many limitations: the average tea yield of the whole commune is still low compared to the strengths and potentials of the 49 region, many tea fields have been degraded Create in time so the economic efficiency is not high - People abuse inorganic fertilizers and ineffective use of pesticides, affecting the environment and health At the same time, affecting the quality and longevity of the tea fields in the future; Most of the households lack capital for production, so the people are not interested in investing in intensive tea cultivation Therefore, the raw material of tea leaves put into processing is not qualified, leading to low-quality tea products Thus, to improve the production and consumption capacity of tea products towards sustainable development, in the coming years, Tan Linh commune needs to change tea variety structure, bringing new valuable and powerful tea varieties high productivity in production; renovating technology and processing equipment to create diversified quality products to meet market demand; building and improving the purchasing system, renewing the distribution system and diversifying modes of purchase and sale; building a good relationship between businesses and farmers producing raw materials; to build and develop brands of specialty tea regions to create a stable tea consumption market both at home and abroad Recommendation: - Investment policy on capital: applying preferential loans policy, diversifying loans for tea development (investing in new planting, technological innovation, trade promotion and brand development) Local books support money to grow tea with new varieties and destroy old or low-yielding tea areas for replacement, more support for families with small tea hills 50 - Build several closed tea farms from production, processing and consumption to apply agricultural and industrial promotion models (mechanical equipment in production) to form and develop tea brands and brands - The State needs to develop a set of standards on organic vegetables to facilitate the application of organic agricultural production models - Develop marketing plans through conferences, cultural exchanges, tours - Need the attention of state agencies, foreign organizations providing investment capital facilities, equipment - Training staff with experience in the trade 51 REFERENCES Ministry of Health 2008, Decision No 867/1998 / QD-BYT of the Ministry of Health Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 2013, Circular No 07/2013 / TTBNNPTNT Ministry of Health 2016, Circular No 50/2016 / TT-BYT of Ministry of Health Report on Thai Nguyen tea production and consumption by Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Committee in 2015 Vietnam Ecolink - Ecolink Company (2009), Organic standards of the World Organic Agriculture Association (IFOAM) Thai Nguyen Provincial Tea Development Project for the period 2017 - 2020 of the People's Committee of Thai Nguyen province in 2017 Do Ngoc Fund - Do Thi Ngoc Oanh, Tea growing and processing techniques with high yield - good quality, Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2008 Doan Hung Tien, Do Van Ngoc (1998), Collection of research works on tea (1988 1997), Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi Nguyen Huu Khai, Vietnam tea tree - capacity for export competition and development, Labor - Society Publishing House, Hanoi, 2005 10 BaoHan (2020, 08 08) Building safe tea production models Retrieved from Nhandan: https://nhandan.com.vn/tin-tuc-kinh-te/xay-dung-mo-hinh-san-xuat-che- an-toan-612010/ 11 Ta Thi Thanh Huyen, Production and consumption of tea products towards sustainable development in the province of Thai Nguyen, 2010 ministerial level thesis, University of Economics and Business Administration, Thai Nguyen 13 ADDA Viet Nam (2015) GIÁO TRÌNH ĐÀO TẠO VÀ NHỮNG ĐIỀU CẦN LƯU Ý TRONG HLND VỀ NÔNG NGHIÊP HỮU CƠ (OA-FFS) 52 14 2002) Retrieved from IFOAM ORGANIC INTERNATIONAL: https://www.ifoam.bio/why-organic/shaping-agriculture/four-principles-organic 15 AGROINFO (2005) Vietnamese tea: "Famous but a few pieces" 16 Altieri, M A (2004) linking ecologists and traditional farmers in the search for 35-42 17 D.RigbyaD.Cáceresb (2001) Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural systems 21-40 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(00)00060-3 18 Hang Thi Minh Bui, H T (2020) Factors influencing farmers’ decision to convert to organic tea cultivation in the mountainous areas of northern Vietnam 19 Hicks, Alastair (2001 ) Review of Global Tea Production and the Impact on Industry of the Asian Economic Situation 20 IFOAM, FiLB (2016) The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 21 John P Reganold, R I (1990) Sustainable Agriculture 112-121 22 Leu, Andre (2017) Development of Organic Agriculture, suggestions to the Government of Vietnam 23 Lotter, Donald W (2001) Organic Agriculture 59-128 24 Ma.F.Sarte, E B (2008) monitoring sustainable agriculture in Southeast Asia International Journal of sustainable development 95-102 25 Phuong, H N (2013) EFFECTIVENESS OF HOUSEHOLD’S TEA PRODUCTION IN THAI NGUYEN 26 Pretty, J (2008) “Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence” 447 – 465 27 Saigenji, Yoshiko; Zeller, Manfred (2009) Effect of contract farming on productivity and income of smallholders: The case of tea production in northwestern Vietnam 28 TNDT (2009, May ) dialitinhthainguyen Retrieved from Bao Dien Tu Thai Nguyen 53 29 Tuan, M Ha (2014) Establishing a Transformative Learning Framework for Promoting Organic Farming in Northern Vietnam: a case study on Organic Tea 30 WEIBULL, J B.‐C (2005) The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta‐analysis 31 Willer, H and Kilcher L (2016) The world of organic agriculture: Statistics & Emerging Trends, FIBL; IFOAM- Organics International III Web Materials 32 http://iasvn.org/homepage/Bao-cao-nganh-hang-che-thang-52016-8414.html 33 http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC 34 http://www.vietrade.gov.vn/che/6019-san-luong-va-xuat-khau-che-the- gioiqua- nhung-con-so-phan-1.html 35 https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t 36 https://voer.edu.vn/m/khai-niem-tieu-thu-san-pham/a2aaa837 37 http://yno.com.vn/tin-tuc/news/2-nguon-goc-cay-tra.html 38 www.vietrade.gov.vn: 39 www.dienbien.gov.vn/ 54 APPENDIX SOME PICTURES OF ORGANIC CULTIVATIONS MODELS, ACTIVITIES IN THE INTERNSHIP PROCESS AT TAN LINH COMMUNE, DAI TU DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE Figures 1: Organic tea development process evaluation 55 Figures 2: Organic tea planing and reseach areas Figures 3: Tan Linh organic tea hill 56 APENDIX PHIẾU THU THẬP THÔNG TIN VỀ TÌNH HÌNH SẢN XUẤT CHÈ HỮU CƠ PHIẾU PHỎNG VẤN THÔN Ngày… /……./20…… Phiếu số: I- THÔNG TIN CƠ BẢN VỀ HỘ GIA ĐÌNH Họ Tên chủ hộ:…………………………… …Dân tộc:………………… Hộ có người? người II- THƠNG TIN VỀ TÌNH HÌNH KINH TẾ CỦA HỘ GIA ĐÌNH Năm 2019 Gia đình quyền địa phương xếp vào loại hộ gì? Giàu  Khá  Trung bình  Nghèo Các nguồn thu nhập hộ gia đình: Ngành nghề sản xuất Sản lượng Thành tiền Ghi Nông nghiệp Lúa + hoa màu Chăn nuôi Chè Lâm nghiệp (trồng rừng) Khác III- THÔNG TIN VỀ TÌNH HÌNH SẢN XUẤT CHÈ HỮU CƠ Gia đình có sản xuất chè hữu khơng? Có  Khơng  Nếu có: a) Đồi chè gia đình năm? b) Sản xuất chè an toàn từ năm nào? c) Tổng diện tích chè nhiêu? Trong diện tích trồng chè an tồn bao nhiêu? d) Trồng giống chè nào? e) Có trồng xen với khơng? Trồng xen nào? Mục đích để làm gì? 57 f) Sản lượng bao nhiêu/tháng? Sản lượng Tên loại chè sản xuất được/tháng Giá bán 1kg Sản xuất chủ yếu vào thời gian năm? g) So với trước đây, sản lượng chè loại nhiều hay hơn? Ít  Nhiều  Tại lại có biến động vậy? Quy trình sản xuất chè hữu nào? (cắt tỉa chè nào, thu hoạch?) …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Gia đình có sử dụng thuốc BVTV khơng? Có  Khơng  Nếu có, a) BVTV loại ? b) Liều lượng bao nhiêu? ……………………………………………………… c) Phun trước hái ngày? ……………………………… Gia đình có sử dụng phân bón khơng? Có  Khơng  Nếu có a) Phân bón gì? b) Liều lương bao nhiêu? c) Bón vào lúc nào? Tại gia đình lại sản xuất chè an tồn? 58 10 Gia đình sử dụng phương pháp để chè (dùng điện hay chất đốt)? Nếu dùng chất đốt thì: a) Chất đốt gì? b) Dùng hết cho mẻ (một mẻ = ? kg) 11 Gia đình có tham gia lớp tập huấn kỹ thuật trồng chè hữu khơng? Có  Khơng  Nếu có, đơn vị tổ chức:………… Ai tập huấn? ……………………… 12 Gia đình có hướng dẫn cán khuyến nơng khơng? Có  Khơng  - Nếu không, theo kinh nghiệm đâu? - Gia đình có thường xun trao đổi kinh nghiệm với gia đình khác khơng? 13 Gia đình có hỗ trợ q trình sản xuất chè hữu khơng? Có  Khơng  Nếu có: Hỗ trợ nào? (Giống, kinh phí): 14 Lao động sản xuất chè? a) Gia đình có người tham gia vào trình sản xuất chè (Nam/nữ)? b) Có phân chia lao động rõ ràng? Có  Khơng  c) Lao động làm th cho gia đình chủ yếu người đâu? 15 Gia đình có ký hợp đồng với bên mua chè hữu khơng? Có  Khơng  Nếu có: Ký với đơn vị nào? Thời gia ký hợp đồng bao lâu? Nếu không: Sản phẩn bán cho ai? Phương thức bán hàng nào? ……………………………………………………………………………… 16 Cơ quan chứng nhận sản phẩm chè hữu gia đình? a) Gia đình phải đáp ứng yêu cầu để chứng nhận? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… b) Chứng nhận có giá trị thời gian bao lâu? 59 17 Gia đình có gặp khó khăn trồng chè hữu khơng? Có  Khơng  Nếu có, khó khăn ?…………………………………………… 18 Theo bác/anh/chị, mơ hình sản xuất chè hữu có phù hợp khơng? Có  Khơng  Tại sao? 19 Theo bác/anh/chị, có khó khăn sản xuất chè hữu khu vực? XIN CHÂN THÀNH CẢM ƠN BÁC/ANH/CHỊ! 60 ... from inorganic to organic? What conditions and factors affect people's perceptions decision on organic tea cultivation? What is status of tea cultivation and consumption in the study area What is... Assessment of farmers' perspectives on organic tea cultivation at Tan Linh Commune, Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province 1.2 Research’s objectives To learn about organic agricultural production methods... benefits of this form of production To Assess of awareness and preparation of knowledge of people in Tan Linh commune, Dai Tu district on the organic farming model for conversion to organic tea To