practical electronics for inventors third edition pdf

www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Practical Electronics for Inventors Third Edition www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com ABOUT THE AUTHORS Paul Scherz is a physicist/mechanical engineer who received his BS in Physics from the University of Wisconsin His area of interest in physics focuses on elementary particle interactions Paul is an inventor/hobbyist in electronics, an area he grew to appreciate through his experience at the University’s Department of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics and the Department of Plasma Physics Dr Simon Monk has a bachelor’s degree in Cybernetics and Computer Science and a PhD in Software Engineering Simon spent several years as an academic before he returned to industry, cofounding the mobile software company Momote Ltd Simon is now a full-time author and has published a number of books in the McGraw-Hill Evil Genius series, as well as books on programming the Arduino and Raspberry Pi He has also published books on IOIO and NET Gadgeteer ABOUT THE TECHNICAL EDITORS Michael Margolis has more than 40 years of experience developing and delivering hardware and software solutions He has worked at senior levels with Sony, Lucent/Bell Labs, and a number of start-up companies Michael is the author of two books, Arduino Cookbook and Make an ArduinoControlled Robot: Autonomous and Remote-Controlled Bots on Wheels Chris Fitzer is a solutions architect and technical manager, who received his PhD in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) in 2003 and a first class honors degree (BSc) in 1999 Chris currently leads a global team, developing and deploying Smart Grid technologies around the world Previous positions have seen him drive the European interests of the ZigBee Smart Energy (ZSE) profile and lead the development of the world’s first certified Smart Energy In Premise Display (IPD) and prototype smart meter He has also authored or co-authored numerous technical journal papers within the field of Smarter Grids www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Practical Electronics for Inventors Third Edition Paul Scherz Simon Monk New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-177134-4 MHID: 0-07-177134-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-177133-7, MHID: 0-07-177133-6 McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill, or others, McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGrawHill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments CHAPTER Introduction to Electronics CHAPTER Theory 2.1 Theory of Electronics 2.2 Electric Current 2.2.1 Currents in Perspective 2.3 Voltage 2.3.1 The Mechanisms of Voltage 2.3.2 Definition of Volt and Generalized Power Law 2.3.3 Combining Batteries 2.3.4 Other Voltage Sources 2.3.5 Water Analogies 2.4 A Microscopic View of Conduction (For Those Who Are Interested) 2.4.1 Applying a Voltage 2.5 Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity 2.5.1 How the Shape of a Conductor Affects Resistance 2.5.2 Resistivity and Conductivity 2.6 Insulators, Conductors, and Semiconductors 2.7 Heat and Power 2.8 Thermal Heat Conduction and Thermal Resistance 2.8.1 Importance of Heat Production 2.9 Wire Gauges 2.10 Grounds 2.10.1 Earth Ground 2.10.2 Different Types of Ground Symbols 2.10.3 Loose Ends on Grounding 2.11 Electric Circuits 2.12 Ohm’s Law and Resistors 2.12.1 Resistor Power Ratings 2.12.2 Resistors in Parallel 2.12.3 Resistors in Series 2.12.4 Reducing a Complex Resistor Network 2.12.5 Multiple Voltage Dividers 2.13 Voltage and Current Sources 2.14 Measuring Voltage, Current, and Resistance www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 Combining Batteries Open and Short Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws Superposition Theorem Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 2.19.1 Thevenin’s Theorem 2.19.2 Norton’s Theorem AC Circuits 2.20.1 Generating AC 2.20.2 Water Analogy of AC 2.20.3 Pulsating DC 2.20.4 Combining Sinusoidal Sources 2.20.5 AC Waveforms 2.20.6 Describing an AC Waveform 2.20.7 Frequency and Period 2.20.8 Phase AC and Resistors, RMS Voltage, and Current Mains Power Capacitors 2.23.1 Determining Capacitance 2.23.2 Commercial Capacitors 2.23.3 Voltage Rating and Dielectric Breakdown 2.23.4 Maxwell’s Displacement Current 2.23.5 Charge-Based Model of Current Through a Capacitor 2.23.6 Capacitor Water Analogy 2.23.7 Energy in a Capacitor 2.23.8 RC Time Constant 2.23.9 Stray Capacitance 2.23.10 Capacitors in Parallel 2.23.11 Capacitors in Series 2.23.12 Alternating Current in a Capacitor 2.23.13 Capacitive Reactance 2.23.14 Capacitive Divider 2.23.15 Quality Factor Inductors 2.24.1 Electromagnetism 2.24.2 Magnetic Fields and Their Influence 2.24.3 Self-Inductance 2.24.4 Inductors 2.24.5 Inductor Water Analogy 2.24.6 Inductor Equations 2.24.7 Energy Within an Inductor 2.24.8 Inductor Cores 2.24.9 Understanding the Inductor Equations 2.24.10 Energizing LR Circuit www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com checking potentiometers for static noise sources of voltage static RAM (SRAM) See SRAM (static RAM) steepness factor, normalized stop frequency for filters Stefan-Boltzmann law Steinhart-Hart equation step-down regulators step-down transformers converting line voltage to dc for DC power supply overview of step-up regulators stepper motors controlling driving identifying characteristics of overview of permanent-magnet translator circuit controlling drivers types of variable-reluctance stop-band frequency, filter response and strain gauges, for sensing force strained hookup wire, in laboratory supplies stranded wire overview of reducing resistance due to skin effect stray capacitance capacitors and characteristics of real transformers strip line cable stubs, for impedance matching subminiature relays substitution boxes, setting up laboratory substitution method, for analyzing circuits subtraction binary adder/subtractor in binary arithmetic successive approximation ADCs, in analog-to-digital converters sum of products (SOP), AND-OR-Inverter gates and summing amplifier, negative feedback examples supercapacitors applications of comparing capacitor types overview of selecting batteries by application superposition theorem analyzing linear circuits analyzing sinusoidal circuits with complex impedances supertwist nematic display, LCDs (liquid-crystal displays) supply current, op am specification supply-side comparators supply-side op amps surface mounted devices (SMD) SURFBOARDS, PCB options surgectors devices used as transient suppressor overview of switch debouncers switched-capacitor filters switchers (switching power supplies) overview of step-up, step-down, and inverting switch mode power supplies switch-mode variable power supplies switches analog switches applications of bilateral switches debouncing determining current flow and voltage when switch is opened diode switch electrically activated See relays example of use of transient circuits glow discharges damaging contacts how they work inductance and capacitance influencing behavior of interfacing with microcontrollers overview of sound-activated switches symbols for transistor switch triac application types of switching MOSFETs UJTs switching power supplies See switchers (switching power supplies) switching regulators, inductors for symbols in circuit design ground inductor JFETs (junction field-effect transistors) LEDs (light emitting diodes) resistor switch wire and connector synchronous counter ICs 74160-63 presettable 4-bit (MOD-16) synchronous up/down counter 74190/91 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter 74192 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter 74193 presettable 4-bit (MOD-16) synchronous up/down counter applications of overview of synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) synthesizing sound T T-connectors tachometer, applications of phototransistors tangent delta (tanδ), capacitor specification tantalum electrolytic capacitors TC (temperature coefficient) capacitor specification inductor specification resistors TCP (temperature coefficient of resistance), ceramic (single-layer) capacitors Teensyduino temperature protecting laser diode drive circuits relationship of resistivity and conductivity to resistor ratings temperature coefficient See TC (temperature coefficient) temperature coefficient of resistance (TCP), ceramic (single-layer) capacitors temperature coefficient of resistivity (a) temperature sensors analog/digital interfacing analog thermometer ICs digital thermometer ICs DS18B20 See DS18B20 temperature sensor infrared thermometers/pyrometers interfacing with microcontrollers overview of RTDs (resistive temperature detectors) summary of thermistors thermocouples types of sensors ten’s complement test equipment introduction to electronics and miscellaneous overview of thermal heat conductivity overview of resistivity thermal (white) noise, in resistors thermionic emission, electrons in conduction and thermistors illustration of overview of pros/cons and applications of thermocouples illustration of pros/cons and applications of in temperature sensors thermodynamics, conservation of energy and thermoelectric effects, sources of voltage thermometers analog thermometer ICs digital thermometer ICs infrared thermometers/ pyrometers using thermistor as Thevenin’s theorem in AC form analyzing complex circuits examples applying thick film chip resistors comparing resistor types illustration of power ratings thin film chip resistors comparing resistor types illustration of Thomson, Joseph three-phase electricity three-state octal buffers three-state octal latches and flip-flops throws, switch thyristors four-layer diodes and diacs overview of SCRs (silicon-controlled rectifiers) solid-state relays triacs types of tilt measurement timbre (overtones), in sound theory time, in PBASIC2 language time-lag (slow-blow) fuses timers 555 timers applications of 555 timer applications of UJTs astable operation of 555 timer ICs (integrated circuits) for modular development monostable operation of 555 timer specifications and considerations regarding 555 timer timing circuits, capacitors in TINA Lab II, from DesignSoft TINAPro simulator program tinning, soldering irons tip connectors TL783 voltage regulators TMP36 analog thermometer ICs illustration of interfacing with microcontrollers toggle switches tokens, BSII (BASIC Stamp II) tolerances error and resistor ratings tone generator, audio circuits toroidal core transformer toroidal inductor touch screens See also proximity and touch sensors transceivers, connecting devices that share common bus transconductance JFETs MOSFETs transducers, measurements with transformer utilization factor, bridge rectifiers and transformers applications of autotransformers basic operations boosting and bucking configurations center-tap transformers characteristics of real transformers constructing power supplies and converting line voltage to dc core shapes current ratio gear analogy in home wiring for impedance matching impedance matching and impedance ratio increasing/decreasing voltage with isolation transformers line filter and power ratio precautions selecting for power supply shielding split supply from single transformer winding standard and specialized types switch mode power supplies and variable windings transient voltage suppressor diodes See TVSs (transient voltage suppressor diodes) transient voltage suppressors avalanche diodes devices used as for eliminating spikes fly-back diode for MOVs (metal oxide varistors) overview of PolySwitches surgector switching regulator supplies TVSs (transient voltage suppressor diodes) voltage regulators and transistor arrays transistor relays transistor sockets, hardware needed for circuit construction transistor switches transistor-transistor logic (TTL) See TTL (transistor-transistor logic) transistors bipolar See bipolar transistors constructing relaxation oscillators junction field-effect transistors See JFETs (junction field-effect transistors) metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors See MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor fieldeffect transistors) overview of solid-state relays unijunction transistors See UJTs (unijunction transistors) used in logic devices translator circuits, driving stepper motors transmitters, in BSII robot transparent latches See SR (set-reset) flip-flops triacs applications of how they work optoisolated overview of thyristors and types of triangle-wave generator combining with comparator VCOs (voltage-controlled oscillators) triangle waveforms trigger mode controls, oscilloscopes trigonometry complex numbers and overview of trimmers (presets) capacitors variable resistors in truth tables (Boolean expressions), using with Karnaugh maps TTL (transistor-transistor logic) 74194 universal shift register combining different logic families handling unused inputs I/O voltages and noise margins illustration of TTL subfamilies logic families logic gate ICs TTL serial voltage level conversion in microcontrollers tunnel diodes, microwave diodes TVs, safety tips TVSs (transient voltage suppressor diodes) applications of devices used as transient suppressor overview of specifications tweeters, frequency response of speakers and TWI (Two-Wire Interface) microcontroller-to-microcontroller communication voltage level conversion in microcontrollers twin lead cable twin-T oscillators twisted pair cable U UART (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter) UJTs (unijunction transistors) applications of constructing relaxation oscillators how they work mode of operation overview of RC relaxation oscillators speed control of DC motors types of use in relaxation oscillator Ultiboard PCB Layout ultrasonic distance-measuring devices ultrasonic sensors, for flow measurement ultraviolet photons unary operators, PBASIC2 language unbalanced coaxial cable uncertainty error and uncertainty estimates in error analysis Understanding Digital Signal Processing (Lyons) unijunction transistors See UJTs (unijunction transistors) unipolar steppers unity gain amplifier (buffer), negative feedback examples unity-gain frequency, frequency compensation in op amps universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) universal gates Universal Serial Interface (USI), in ATiny microcontrollers universal steppers universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART) Uno, Arduino boards up/down counters 74160-63 presettable 4-bit (MOD-16) synchronous up/down counter 74190/91 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter 74192 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter 74193 presettable 4-bit (MOD-16) synchronous up/down counter USART (universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver transmitter) USB boards, Arduino USBDroid, Arduino user-defined graphics, on LCDs USI (Universal Serial Interface), in ATiny microcontrollers V V (volts) formal definition of in Ohm’s Law VA (apparent power), in AC circuits vacuum, as insulator or conductor vacuum capacitors valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries varactor (varicap) diodes mode of operation variable capacitance diode variable-reluctance steppers variable resistors See potentiometers variable transformers Variac (variable transformer) overview of setting up laboratory varicap (varactor) diodes mode of operation variable capacitance diode varistors metal oxide See MOVs (metal oxide varistors) multilayer See MLTV (multilayer varistor) VCOs (voltage-controlled oscillators) Venus638FLPx GPS module vertical mode controls, oscilloscopes VI-322-DP, driving LCDs vibration sensors illustration of overview of visible light LEDs Visual Studio, NET Gadgeteer programmed in volt-ohm-milliammeter See VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter) voltage alternating current See AC (alternating current) applying across a conductor capacitor ratings combining batteries in series to increase comparing phase relationship between two voltage signals constructing voltage divider determining current flow and voltage when switch is opened diodes in regulation of direct current See DC (direct current) equation for formal definition of volt generating See generators global differences in electricity supply half-wave voltage doubler in home wiring inductive voltage spikes internal voltage drop in batteries due to resistance level conversion in microcontrollers line voltage as safety hazard measurement errors measuring generally measuring RMS voltage and currents measuring sinusoidal voltage signal with oscilloscope measuring with multimeters measuring with oscilloscope mechanisms of offset compensation in op amps overview of overvoltage protection pots use in adjusting voltage levels power distribution systems regulating See voltage regulators resistor ratings sensors shifter sinusoidal voltage source in complex notation sources suppressors transforming See transformers trippler and quadrupler water analogy for understanding voltage coefficient of resistance voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) voltage-controlled resistors voltage dividers ac voltage capacitive constructing equations inductive light-sensitive monitoring output voltage potentiometer as resistors and variable resistors as voltage dropper, diode/rectifier applications voltage feedback, types of negative feedback voltage gain, op am specification voltage-level indicator, op amps (operational amplifiers) voltage regulators applications of bleeder resistors and transient suppressors booster diode/rectifier applications ICs (integrated circuits) for overview of overvoltage protection ripple reduction features in specifications step-up, step-down, and inverting switching power supplies zener diodes voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) voltage states voltage-to-current converter, op amp applications voltmeters analog multimeter functions LED voltmeter measurement errors measuring voltage, current, and resistance with oscilloscope as volts (V) formal definition of in Ohm’s Law VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter) See also multimeters analog digital overview of VRLA (valve-regulated lead acid) batteries VSWR (voltage standing-wave ratio) W wall plug-in power supplies warbler siren, audio circuits wattage increasing wattage rating of zener diode watts (W) as unit of power waveforms adjustable waveform clipper enable/disable logic gates in generation of microcontroller oscillator generating modifier and limiter oscillators generating shape, frequency, and amplitude of VCOs (voltage-controlled oscillators) generating waveforms, AC amplitude frequency and period of overview of phase of wavelengths, LEDs (light emitting diodes) white light, perception of photons wide-band design active bandpass filters passive bandpass filters Wien-bridge oscillators windings split supply from single transformer winding transformers and window, between reference voltages window comparators wire ac/dc resistance ratio as function of frequency applying voltage across a conductor cables See cables connectors gauges laboratory supplies overview of skin effect and straight wire inductance symbols types of wire and plane cable wire cutters wire strippers wire wound resistors frequency response and illustration of power ratings power wirewound precision wirewound wire-wrap PCB board wireband chokes woofers, frequency response of speakers and work area in laboratory safety tips work function, of metals workbench building creating work area in laboratory list of items on wrist straps, for ESD protection X X-rays XBee XRF module xenon flash lamps XNOR (exclusive NOR) logic gate See Exclusive OR (XOR) logic gate XOR (exclusive OR) logic gate See Exclusive NOR (XNOR) logic gate xy graphics mode, oscilloscopes Y Y-connection, in three-phase electricity Z zener diodes applications of biasing methods devices used as transient suppressor mode of operation overview of overvoltage protection and selecting voltage regulator zero-Ohm resistors zinc-air batteries comparing primary batteries internal voltage drop selecting zinc carbon batteries zinc-chloride batteries comparing primary batteries selecting zinc-mercuric oxide batteries ...www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Practical Electronics for Inventors Third Edition www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com ABOUT THE AUTHORS Paul Scherz... advanced hobbyists may find this book a useful resource Notes About the Third Edition The third edition of Practical Electronics for Inventors includes the following new chapters: • Chapter 6, “Sensors,”... technical journal papers within the field of Smarter Grids www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Practical Electronics for Inventors Third Edition Paul Scherz Simon Monk New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London