THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Cấu trúc
26932_fm
Front Matter
About the Author
Dedication
Preface
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_pref
Front Matter
Preface
Media-Enhanced Third Edition
Organization of the Book
Solutions Manual
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_toc
Front Matter
About the Author
Dedication
Preface
Media-Enhanced Third Edition
Organization of the Book
Solutions Manual
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
1. Power Electronic Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics
1.3 Scope and Applications
1.4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters
1.4.1 Power Processors
1.4.2 Power Converters
1.4.3 Matrix Converter as a Power Processor
1.5 About the Text
1.6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
1.7 Convention of Symbols Used
Problems
References
2. Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Diodes
2.3 Thyristors
2.4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches
2.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons
2.6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
2.7 Gate-Turn-off Thyristors
2.8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
2.9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
2.10 Comparison of Controllable Switches
2.11 Drive and Snubber Circuits
2.12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
3. Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electric Circuits
3.2.1 Definition of Steady State
3.2.2 Average Power and rms Current
3.2.3 Steady-State ac Waveforms with Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents
3.2.3.1 Phasor Representation
3.2.3.2 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor
3.2.3.3 Three-Phase Circuits
3.2.4 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms in Steady State
3.2.4.1 Fourier Analysis of Repetitive Waveforms
3.2.4.2 Line-Current Distortion
3.2.4.3 Power and Power Factor
3.2.5 Inductor and Capacitor Response
3.2.5.1 Average V_L and I_c in Steady State
3.3 Magnetic Circuits
3.3.1 Ampere's Law
3.3.2 Right-Hand Rule
3.3.3 Flux Density or B-Field
3.3.4 Continuity of Flux
3.3.5 Magnetic Reluctance and Permeance
3.3.6 Magnetic Circuit Analysis
3.3.7 Faraday's Voltage Induction Law
3.3.8 Self-Inductance L
3.3.9 Transformers
3.3.9.1 Transformers with Lossless Cores
3.3.9.2 Ideal Transformers
3.3.9.3 Transformers with Cores Having Hysteresis
3.3.9.4 Per-Unit Leakage Inductances
Summary
Problems
References
4. Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Challenges in Computer Simulation
4.3 Simulation Process
4.3.1 Open-Loop, Large-Signal Simulation
4.3.2 Small-Signal (Linear) Model and Controller Design
4.3.3 Closed-Loop, Large-Signal System Behavior
4.3.4 Switching Details
4.4 Mechanics of Simulation
4.4.1 Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.4.2 Equation Solvers
4.4.3 Comparison of Circuit-Oriented Simulators and Equation Solvers
4.5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis
4.5.1 Linear Differential Equations
4.5.2 Trapezoidal Method of Integration
4.5.3 Nonlinear Differential Equations
4.6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.6.1 Spice
4.6.2 EMTP Simulation Program
4.6.3 Suitability of PSpice and EMTP
4.7 Equation Solvers
Summary
Problems
References
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
10. Switching dc Power Supplies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Linear Power Supplies
10.3 Overview of Switching Power Supplies
10.4 dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.4.1 Introduction to dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.1.1 Unidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.2 Bidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.3 Isolation Transformer Representation
10.4.1.4 Control of dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.2 Flyback Converters (Derived from Buck-Boost Converters)
10.4.2.1 Other Flyback Converter Topologies
10.4.3 Forward Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.3.1 Other Forward Converter Topologies
10.4.4 Push-Pull Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.5 Half-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.6 Full-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.7 Current-Source dc-dc Converters
10.4.8 Transformer Core Selection in dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.5 Control of Switch-Mode dc Power Supplies
10.5.1 Linearization of the Power Stage Including the Output Filter Using State-Space Averaging to Obtain v with Tilde_o (s)/d with Tilde (s)
10.5.2 Transfer Function d with Tilde (s)/v with Tilde_c (s) of the Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.3 Compensation of the Feedback System Using a Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.4 Voltage Feed-Forward PWM Control
10.5.5 Current-Mode Control
10.5.6 Digital Pulse-Width Modulation Control
10.6 Power Supply Protection
10.6.1 Soft Start
10.6.2 Voltage Protection
10.6.3 Current Limiting
10.6.3.1 Foldback Current Limiting
10.7 Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop
10.8 Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications
10.8.1 Input Filter
10.8.2 Input Rectifier Bridge
10.8.3 Bulk Capacitor and the Hold-up Time
10.8.4 Limiting Inrush (Surge) Current at Initial Turn-on
10.8.5 Equivalent Series Resistance of Output Filter Capacitor
10.8.6 Synchronous Rectifier to Improve Energy Efficiency
10.8.7 Multiple Outputs
10.8.8 EMI Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
11. Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Power Line Disturbances
11.2.1 Types of Disturbances
11.2.2 Sources of Disturbances
11.2.3 Effect on Sensitive Equipment
11.3 Power Conditioners
11.4 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)
11.4.1 Rectifier
11.4.2 Batteries
11.4.3 Inverters
11.4.4 Static Transfer Switch
Summary
Problems
References
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
12. Introduction to Motor Drives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components
12.2.1 Match between the Motor and the Load
12.2.2 Thermal Considerations in Selecting the Motor
12.2.3 Match between the Motor and the Power Electronic Converter
12.2.3.1 Current Rating
12.2.3.2 Voltage Rating
12.2.3.3 Switching Frequency and the Motor Inductance
12.2.4 Selection of Speed and Position Sensors
12.2.5 Servo Drive Control and Current Limiting
12.2.6 Current Limiting in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
13. dc Motor Drives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors
13.3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors
13.4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding
13.5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform
13.5.1 Form Factor
13.5.2 Torque Pulsations
13.6 dc Servo Drives
13.6.1 Transfer Function Model for Small-Signal Dynamic Performance
13.6.2 Power Electronic Converter
13.6.3 Ripple in the Armature Current i_a
13.6.4 Control of Servo Drives
13.6.5 Nonlinearity due to Blanking Time
13.6.6 Selection of Servo Drive Parameters
13.7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives
13.7.1 Switch-Mode dc-dc Converter
13.7.2 Line-Frequency Controlled Converters
13.7.3 Effect of Discontinuous Armature Current
13.7.4 Control of Adjustable-Speed Drives
13.7.5 Field Weakening in Adjustable-Speed dc Motor Drives
13.7.6 Power Factor of the Line Current in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
14. Induction Motor Drives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation
14.3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage
14.4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage
14.4.1 Torque-Speed Characteristics
14.4.2 Start-up Considerations
14.4.3 Voltage Boost Required at Low Frequencies
14.4.4 Induction Motor Capability: Below and above the Rated Speed
14.4.4.1 Below the Rated Speed: Constant-Torque Region
14.4.4.2 Beyond the Rated Speed: Constant-Power Region
14.4.4.3 High-Speed Operation: Constant-f_sl Region
14.4.4.4 Higher Voltage Operation
14.4.5 Braking in Induction Motors
14.5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors
14.5.1 Harmonic Motor Currents
14.5.2 Harmonic Losses
14.5.3 Torque Pulsations
14.6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications
14.7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.1 Impact of PWM-VSI Harmonics
14.7.2 Input Power Factor and Current Waveform
14.7.3 Electromagnetic Braking
14.7.4 Adjustable-Speed Control of PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.5 Induction Motor Servo Drives
14.8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives
14.9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives
14.10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives
14.11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives
14.12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors
14.13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery
Summary
Problems
References
15. Synchronous Motor Drives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation
15.3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms
15.4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms
15.5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives
15.6 Cycloconverters
Summary
Problems
References
Part V. Other Applications
16. Residential and Industrial Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Residential Applications
16.2.1 Space Heating and Air Conditioning
16.2.2 High-Frequency Fluorescent Lighting
16.2.3 Induction Cooking
16.3 Industrial Applications
16.3.1 Induction Heating
16.3.2 Electric Welding
16.3.3 Integral Half-Cycle Controllers
Summary
Problems
References
17. Electric Utility Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 High-Voltage dc Transmission
17.2.1 Twelve-Pulse Line-Frequency Converters
17.2.2 Reactive Power Drawn by Converters
17.2.2.1 Rectifier Mode of Operation
17.2.2.2 Inverter Mode of Operation
17.2.3 Control of HVDC Converters
17.2.4 Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
17.2.4.1 dc-Side Harmonic Filters
17.2.4.2 ac-Side Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
17.3 Static var Compensators
17.3.1 Thyristor-Controlled Inductors
17.3.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors
17.3.3 Instantaneous var Control Using Switching Converters with Minimum Energy Storage
17.4 Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems to the Utility Grid
17.4.1 Photovoltaic Array Interconnection
17.4.1.1 Single-Phase Interconnection
17.4.1.2 Three-Phase Interconnection
17.4.2 Wind and Small Hydro Interconnection
17.4.3 Minnesota Interface: A New Topology Utility Interface for Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel Cell Systems
17.4.4 Interconnection of Energy Storage Systems for Utility Load Leveling
17.5 Active Filters
Summary
Problems
References
18. Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Generation of Current Harmonics
18.3 Current Harmonics and Power Factor
18.4 Harmonic Standards and Recommended Practices
18.5 Need for Improved Utility Interface
18.6 Improved Single-Phase Utility Interface
18.6.1 Passive Circuits
18.6.2 Active Shaping of the Input Line Current
18.6.3 Interface for a Bidirectional Power Flow
18.7 Improved Three-Phase Utility Interface
18.7.1 Minnesota Rectifier
18.8 Electromagnetic Interference
18.8.1 Generation of EMI
18.8.2 EMI Standards
18.8.3 Reduction of EMI
Summary
Problems
References
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
27. Snubber Circuits
27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits
27.2 Diode Snubbers
27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber
27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance
27.2.3 Implementation
27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors
27.5 Turn-off Snubber
27.6 Overvoltage Snubber
27.7 Turn-on Snubber
27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations
27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits
28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits
28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output
28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Output
28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation
28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power
28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits
28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit
28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices
28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits
28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements
28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers
28.5.3 Commutation Circuits
28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits
28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits
28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching
28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations
28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits
28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits
28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars
28.7.4 Current Measurements
28.7.5 Capacitor Selection
28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors
Summary
Problems
References
29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks
29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures
29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
29.2.1 Thermal Resistance
29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
29.3 Heat Sinks
29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
29.4.1 Thermal Resistance due to Radiative Heat Transfer
29.4.2 Thermal Resistance due to Convective Heat Transfer
29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation
Summary
Problems
References
30. Design of Magnetic Components
30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores
30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials
30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss
30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations
30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores
30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions
30.2 Copper Windings
30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor
30.2.2 Winding Loss due to dc Resistance of Windings
30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings
30.3 Thermal Considerations
30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design
30.4.1 Inductor Parameters
30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor
30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor k_cu
30.4.2.2 Current Density J and Winding Losses P_w
30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses
30.4.3 Inductance L
30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor
30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature
30.5 Inductor Design Procedures
30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: The Stored Energy Relation
30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline
30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure
30.5.4 Inductor Design Example
30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design
30.6.1 Transformer Parameters
30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics
30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors, A_pri and A_sec
30.6.2.2 Winding Loss P_w
30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss
30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance
30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer
30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures
30.7 Eddy Currents
30.7.1 Proximity Effect
30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss
30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding
30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss
30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings
30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance
30.9 Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: The Volt-Ampere Rating
30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.3 Transformer Design Example
30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes
Summary
Problems
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
Contents of CD-ROM
Chapter Slides
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
New Problems
Supplemental Problems to Chapters 1-18
Supplemental Problems to Chapters 19-30
PSpice-Based Examples
Read Me - PSpice
PSpice Quick Setup and User Guide
PSpice Examples
Transformer and Inductor Design
Read Me - Magnetic Components
26932_01
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
1. Power Electronic Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics
1.3 Scope and Applications
1.4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters
1.4.1 Power Processors
1.4.2 Power Converters
1.4.3 Matrix Converter as a Power Processor
1.5 About the Text
1.6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
1.7 Convention of Symbols Used
Problems
References
2. Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Diodes
2.3 Thyristors
2.4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches
2.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons
2.6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
2.7 Gate-Turn-off Thyristors
2.8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
2.9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
2.10 Comparison of Controllable Switches
2.11 Drive and Snubber Circuits
2.12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
3. Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electric Circuits
3.2.1 Definition of Steady State
3.2.2 Average Power and rms Current
3.2.3 Steady-State ac Waveforms with Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents
3.2.3.1 Phasor Representation
3.2.3.2 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor
3.2.3.3 Three-Phase Circuits
3.2.4 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms in Steady State
3.2.4.1 Fourier Analysis of Repetitive Waveforms
3.2.4.2 Line-Current Distortion
3.2.4.3 Power and Power Factor
3.2.5 Inductor and Capacitor Response
3.2.5.1 Average V_L and I_c in Steady State
3.3 Magnetic Circuits
3.3.1 Ampere's Law
3.3.2 Right-Hand Rule
3.3.3 Flux Density or B-Field
3.3.4 Continuity of Flux
3.3.5 Magnetic Reluctance and Permeance
3.3.6 Magnetic Circuit Analysis
3.3.7 Faraday's Voltage Induction Law
3.3.8 Self-Inductance L
3.3.9 Transformers
3.3.9.1 Transformers with Lossless Cores
3.3.9.2 Ideal Transformers
3.3.9.3 Transformers with Cores Having Hysteresis
3.3.9.4 Per-Unit Leakage Inductances
Summary
Problems
References
4. Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Challenges in Computer Simulation
4.3 Simulation Process
4.3.1 Open-Loop, Large-Signal Simulation
4.3.2 Small-Signal (Linear) Model and Controller Design
4.3.3 Closed-Loop, Large-Signal System Behavior
4.3.4 Switching Details
4.4 Mechanics of Simulation
4.4.1 Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.4.2 Equation Solvers
4.4.3 Comparison of Circuit-Oriented Simulators and Equation Solvers
4.5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis
4.5.1 Linear Differential Equations
4.5.2 Trapezoidal Method of Integration
4.5.3 Nonlinear Differential Equations
4.6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.6.1 Spice
4.6.2 EMTP Simulation Program
4.6.3 Suitability of PSpice and EMTP
4.7 Equation Solvers
Summary
Problems
References
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_02
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
1. Power Electronic Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics
1.3 Scope and Applications
1.4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters
1.4.1 Power Processors
1.4.2 Power Converters
1.4.3 Matrix Converter as a Power Processor
1.5 About the Text
1.6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
1.7 Convention of Symbols Used
Problems
References
2. Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Diodes
2.3 Thyristors
2.4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches
2.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons
2.6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
2.7 Gate-Turn-off Thyristors
2.8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
2.9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
2.10 Comparison of Controllable Switches
2.11 Drive and Snubber Circuits
2.12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
3. Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electric Circuits
3.2.1 Definition of Steady State
3.2.2 Average Power and rms Current
3.2.3 Steady-State ac Waveforms with Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents
3.2.3.1 Phasor Representation
3.2.3.2 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor
3.2.3.3 Three-Phase Circuits
3.2.4 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms in Steady State
3.2.4.1 Fourier Analysis of Repetitive Waveforms
3.2.4.2 Line-Current Distortion
3.2.4.3 Power and Power Factor
3.2.5 Inductor and Capacitor Response
3.2.5.1 Average V_L and I_c in Steady State
3.3 Magnetic Circuits
3.3.1 Ampere's Law
3.3.2 Right-Hand Rule
3.3.3 Flux Density or B-Field
3.3.4 Continuity of Flux
3.3.5 Magnetic Reluctance and Permeance
3.3.6 Magnetic Circuit Analysis
3.3.7 Faraday's Voltage Induction Law
3.3.8 Self-Inductance L
3.3.9 Transformers
3.3.9.1 Transformers with Lossless Cores
3.3.9.2 Ideal Transformers
3.3.9.3 Transformers with Cores Having Hysteresis
3.3.9.4 Per-Unit Leakage Inductances
Summary
Problems
References
4. Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Challenges in Computer Simulation
4.3 Simulation Process
4.3.1 Open-Loop, Large-Signal Simulation
4.3.2 Small-Signal (Linear) Model and Controller Design
4.3.3 Closed-Loop, Large-Signal System Behavior
4.3.4 Switching Details
4.4 Mechanics of Simulation
4.4.1 Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.4.2 Equation Solvers
4.4.3 Comparison of Circuit-Oriented Simulators and Equation Solvers
4.5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis
4.5.1 Linear Differential Equations
4.5.2 Trapezoidal Method of Integration
4.5.3 Nonlinear Differential Equations
4.6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.6.1 Spice
4.6.2 EMTP Simulation Program
4.6.3 Suitability of PSpice and EMTP
4.7 Equation Solvers
Summary
Problems
References
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_03a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
1. Power Electronic Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics
1.3 Scope and Applications
1.4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters
1.4.1 Power Processors
1.4.2 Power Converters
1.4.3 Matrix Converter as a Power Processor
1.5 About the Text
1.6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
1.7 Convention of Symbols Used
Problems
References
2. Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Diodes
2.3 Thyristors
2.4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches
2.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons
2.6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
2.7 Gate-Turn-off Thyristors
2.8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
2.9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
2.10 Comparison of Controllable Switches
2.11 Drive and Snubber Circuits
2.12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
3. Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electric Circuits
3.2.1 Definition of Steady State
3.2.2 Average Power and rms Current
3.2.3 Steady-State ac Waveforms with Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents
3.2.3.1 Phasor Representation
3.2.3.2 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor
3.2.3.3 Three-Phase Circuits
3.2.4 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms in Steady State
3.2.4.1 Fourier Analysis of Repetitive Waveforms
3.2.4.2 Line-Current Distortion
3.2.4.3 Power and Power Factor
3.2.5 Inductor and Capacitor Response
3.2.5.1 Average V_L and I_c in Steady State
3.3 Magnetic Circuits
3.3.1 Ampere's Law
3.3.2 Right-Hand Rule
3.3.3 Flux Density or B-Field
3.3.4 Continuity of Flux
3.3.5 Magnetic Reluctance and Permeance
3.3.6 Magnetic Circuit Analysis
3.3.7 Faraday's Voltage Induction Law
3.3.8 Self-Inductance L
3.3.9 Transformers
3.3.9.1 Transformers with Lossless Cores
3.3.9.2 Ideal Transformers
3.3.9.3 Transformers with Cores Having Hysteresis
3.3.9.4 Per-Unit Leakage Inductances
Summary
Problems
References
4. Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Challenges in Computer Simulation
4.3 Simulation Process
4.3.1 Open-Loop, Large-Signal Simulation
4.3.2 Small-Signal (Linear) Model and Controller Design
4.3.3 Closed-Loop, Large-Signal System Behavior
4.3.4 Switching Details
4.4 Mechanics of Simulation
4.4.1 Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.4.2 Equation Solvers
4.4.3 Comparison of Circuit-Oriented Simulators and Equation Solvers
4.5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis
4.5.1 Linear Differential Equations
4.5.2 Trapezoidal Method of Integration
4.5.3 Nonlinear Differential Equations
4.6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.6.1 Spice
4.6.2 EMTP Simulation Program
4.6.3 Suitability of PSpice and EMTP
4.7 Equation Solvers
Summary
Problems
References
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_03b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
1. Power Electronic Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics
1.3 Scope and Applications
1.4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters
1.4.1 Power Processors
1.4.2 Power Converters
1.4.3 Matrix Converter as a Power Processor
1.5 About the Text
1.6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
1.7 Convention of Symbols Used
Problems
References
2. Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Diodes
2.3 Thyristors
2.4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches
2.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons
2.6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
2.7 Gate-Turn-off Thyristors
2.8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
2.9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
2.10 Comparison of Controllable Switches
2.11 Drive and Snubber Circuits
2.12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
3. Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electric Circuits
3.2.1 Definition of Steady State
3.2.2 Average Power and rms Current
3.2.3 Steady-State ac Waveforms with Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents
3.2.3.1 Phasor Representation
3.2.3.2 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor
3.2.3.3 Three-Phase Circuits
3.2.4 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms in Steady State
3.2.4.1 Fourier Analysis of Repetitive Waveforms
3.2.4.2 Line-Current Distortion
3.2.4.3 Power and Power Factor
3.2.5 Inductor and Capacitor Response
3.2.5.1 Average V_L and I_c in Steady State
3.3 Magnetic Circuits
3.3.1 Ampere's Law
3.3.2 Right-Hand Rule
3.3.3 Flux Density or B-Field
3.3.4 Continuity of Flux
3.3.5 Magnetic Reluctance and Permeance
3.3.6 Magnetic Circuit Analysis
3.3.7 Faraday's Voltage Induction Law
3.3.8 Self-Inductance L
3.3.9 Transformers
3.3.9.1 Transformers with Lossless Cores
3.3.9.2 Ideal Transformers
3.3.9.3 Transformers with Cores Having Hysteresis
3.3.9.4 Per-Unit Leakage Inductances
Summary
Problems
References
4. Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Challenges in Computer Simulation
4.3 Simulation Process
4.3.1 Open-Loop, Large-Signal Simulation
4.3.2 Small-Signal (Linear) Model and Controller Design
4.3.3 Closed-Loop, Large-Signal System Behavior
4.3.4 Switching Details
4.4 Mechanics of Simulation
4.4.1 Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.4.2 Equation Solvers
4.4.3 Comparison of Circuit-Oriented Simulators and Equation Solvers
4.5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis
4.5.1 Linear Differential Equations
4.5.2 Trapezoidal Method of Integration
4.5.3 Nonlinear Differential Equations
4.6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.6.1 Spice
4.6.2 EMTP Simulation Program
4.6.3 Suitability of PSpice and EMTP
4.7 Equation Solvers
Summary
Problems
References
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_04
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
1. Power Electronic Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics
1.3 Scope and Applications
1.4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters
1.4.1 Power Processors
1.4.2 Power Converters
1.4.3 Matrix Converter as a Power Processor
1.5 About the Text
1.6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
1.7 Convention of Symbols Used
Problems
References
2. Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Diodes
2.3 Thyristors
2.4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches
2.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons
2.6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
2.7 Gate-Turn-off Thyristors
2.8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
2.9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
2.10 Comparison of Controllable Switches
2.11 Drive and Snubber Circuits
2.12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
3. Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electric Circuits
3.2.1 Definition of Steady State
3.2.2 Average Power and rms Current
3.2.3 Steady-State ac Waveforms with Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents
3.2.3.1 Phasor Representation
3.2.3.2 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor
3.2.3.3 Three-Phase Circuits
3.2.4 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms in Steady State
3.2.4.1 Fourier Analysis of Repetitive Waveforms
3.2.4.2 Line-Current Distortion
3.2.4.3 Power and Power Factor
3.2.5 Inductor and Capacitor Response
3.2.5.1 Average V_L and I_c in Steady State
3.3 Magnetic Circuits
3.3.1 Ampere's Law
3.3.2 Right-Hand Rule
3.3.3 Flux Density or B-Field
3.3.4 Continuity of Flux
3.3.5 Magnetic Reluctance and Permeance
3.3.6 Magnetic Circuit Analysis
3.3.7 Faraday's Voltage Induction Law
3.3.8 Self-Inductance L
3.3.9 Transformers
3.3.9.1 Transformers with Lossless Cores
3.3.9.2 Ideal Transformers
3.3.9.3 Transformers with Cores Having Hysteresis
3.3.9.4 Per-Unit Leakage Inductances
Summary
Problems
References
4. Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Challenges in Computer Simulation
4.3 Simulation Process
4.3.1 Open-Loop, Large-Signal Simulation
4.3.2 Small-Signal (Linear) Model and Controller Design
4.3.3 Closed-Loop, Large-Signal System Behavior
4.3.4 Switching Details
4.4 Mechanics of Simulation
4.4.1 Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.4.2 Equation Solvers
4.4.3 Comparison of Circuit-Oriented Simulators and Equation Solvers
4.5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis
4.5.1 Linear Differential Equations
4.5.2 Trapezoidal Method of Integration
4.5.3 Nonlinear Differential Equations
4.6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators
4.6.1 Spice
4.6.2 EMTP Simulation Program
4.6.3 Suitability of PSpice and EMTP
4.7 Equation Solvers
Summary
Problems
References
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_05a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_05b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_07a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_06a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_06b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_07b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_08a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_08b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_09a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_09b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac right arrow Uncontrolled dc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts
5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load
5.2.2 Inductive Load
5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage
5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.3.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic
5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current
5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions
5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion
5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion
5.4 Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0
5.6.2 Effect of L_s on Current Commutation
5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage v_d (t) = V_d
5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms
5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-on
5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac left right arrow Controlled dc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control
6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuits
6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering
6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3 Single-Phase Converters
6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.3.1.2 Line Current i_s
6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.3.2 Effect of L_s
6.3.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters
6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.3.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4 Three-Phase Converters
6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with L_s = 0 and i_d (t) = I_d
6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage
6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents i_a , i_b , and i_c
6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes
6.4.2 Effect of L_s
6.4.2.1 Input Line Current i_s
6.4.3 Practical Converter
6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction
6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation
6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up
6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)
6.4.5.1 Line Notching
6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion
6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Appendix
7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters
7.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_d
7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V_o
7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple
7.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.5 Buck-Boost Converter
7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction
7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements
7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple
7.6 Cúk dc-dc Converter
7.7 Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison
Summary
Problems
References
8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc left right arrow Sinusoidal ac
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters
8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme
8.2.1.1 Small m_f (m_f Less-Than or Equal to 21)
8.2.1.2 Large m_f (m_f > 21)
8.2.1.3 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.2.2 Square-Wave Switching Scheme
8.3 Single-Phase Inverters
8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)
8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching
8.3.2.3 Square-Wave Operation
8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation
8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters
8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output
8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters
8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters
8.4 Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters
8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation (m_a Less-Than or Equal to 1.0)
8.4.1.2 Overmodulation (m_a > 1.0)
8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output
8.4.5 dc-Side Current i_d
8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters
8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation
8.4.6.2 PWM Operation
8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Voltage in PWM Inverters
8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes
8.6.1 Square-Wave Pulse Switching
8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching
8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation
8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control
8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control
8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections
8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
Problems
References
9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching
9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings
9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters
9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters
9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters
9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capacitor-Parallel Load
9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit
9.4 Load-Resonant Converters
9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s < ½omega _0
9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with ½omega _0 < omega _s < omega _0
9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with omega _s > omega _0
9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters
9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters
9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation
9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation below omega _0
9.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation above omega _0
9.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter
9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating
9.4.4.1 Start-up
9.4.5 Class E Converters
9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters
9.5.3 Comparison of ZCS and ZVS Topologies
9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies
9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters
9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters
9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation
9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
Problems
References
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_10a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
10. Switching dc Power Supplies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Linear Power Supplies
10.3 Overview of Switching Power Supplies
10.4 dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.4.1 Introduction to dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.1.1 Unidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.2 Bidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.3 Isolation Transformer Representation
10.4.1.4 Control of dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.2 Flyback Converters (Derived from Buck-Boost Converters)
10.4.2.1 Other Flyback Converter Topologies
10.4.3 Forward Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.3.1 Other Forward Converter Topologies
10.4.4 Push-Pull Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.5 Half-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.6 Full-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.7 Current-Source dc-dc Converters
10.4.8 Transformer Core Selection in dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.5 Control of Switch-Mode dc Power Supplies
10.5.1 Linearization of the Power Stage Including the Output Filter Using State-Space Averaging to Obtain v with Tilde_o (s)/d with Tilde (s)
10.5.2 Transfer Function d with Tilde (s)/v with Tilde_c (s) of the Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.3 Compensation of the Feedback System Using a Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.4 Voltage Feed-Forward PWM Control
10.5.5 Current-Mode Control
10.5.6 Digital Pulse-Width Modulation Control
10.6 Power Supply Protection
10.6.1 Soft Start
10.6.2 Voltage Protection
10.6.3 Current Limiting
10.6.3.1 Foldback Current Limiting
10.7 Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop
10.8 Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications
10.8.1 Input Filter
10.8.2 Input Rectifier Bridge
10.8.3 Bulk Capacitor and the Hold-up Time
10.8.4 Limiting Inrush (Surge) Current at Initial Turn-on
10.8.5 Equivalent Series Resistance of Output Filter Capacitor
10.8.6 Synchronous Rectifier to Improve Energy Efficiency
10.8.7 Multiple Outputs
10.8.8 EMI Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
11. Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Power Line Disturbances
11.2.1 Types of Disturbances
11.2.2 Sources of Disturbances
11.2.3 Effect on Sensitive Equipment
11.3 Power Conditioners
11.4 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)
11.4.1 Rectifier
11.4.2 Batteries
11.4.3 Inverters
11.4.4 Static Transfer Switch
Summary
Problems
References
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_10b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
10. Switching dc Power Supplies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Linear Power Supplies
10.3 Overview of Switching Power Supplies
10.4 dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.4.1 Introduction to dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.1.1 Unidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.2 Bidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.3 Isolation Transformer Representation
10.4.1.4 Control of dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.2 Flyback Converters (Derived from Buck-Boost Converters)
10.4.2.1 Other Flyback Converter Topologies
10.4.3 Forward Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.3.1 Other Forward Converter Topologies
10.4.4 Push-Pull Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.5 Half-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.6 Full-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.7 Current-Source dc-dc Converters
10.4.8 Transformer Core Selection in dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.5 Control of Switch-Mode dc Power Supplies
10.5.1 Linearization of the Power Stage Including the Output Filter Using State-Space Averaging to Obtain v with Tilde_o (s)/d with Tilde (s)
10.5.2 Transfer Function d with Tilde (s)/v with Tilde_c (s) of the Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.3 Compensation of the Feedback System Using a Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.4 Voltage Feed-Forward PWM Control
10.5.5 Current-Mode Control
10.5.6 Digital Pulse-Width Modulation Control
10.6 Power Supply Protection
10.6.1 Soft Start
10.6.2 Voltage Protection
10.6.3 Current Limiting
10.6.3.1 Foldback Current Limiting
10.7 Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop
10.8 Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications
10.8.1 Input Filter
10.8.2 Input Rectifier Bridge
10.8.3 Bulk Capacitor and the Hold-up Time
10.8.4 Limiting Inrush (Surge) Current at Initial Turn-on
10.8.5 Equivalent Series Resistance of Output Filter Capacitor
10.8.6 Synchronous Rectifier to Improve Energy Efficiency
10.8.7 Multiple Outputs
10.8.8 EMI Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
11. Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Power Line Disturbances
11.2.1 Types of Disturbances
11.2.2 Sources of Disturbances
11.2.3 Effect on Sensitive Equipment
11.3 Power Conditioners
11.4 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)
11.4.1 Rectifier
11.4.2 Batteries
11.4.3 Inverters
11.4.4 Static Transfer Switch
Summary
Problems
References
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_10c
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
10. Switching dc Power Supplies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Linear Power Supplies
10.3 Overview of Switching Power Supplies
10.4 dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.4.1 Introduction to dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.1.1 Unidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.2 Bidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.3 Isolation Transformer Representation
10.4.1.4 Control of dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.2 Flyback Converters (Derived from Buck-Boost Converters)
10.4.2.1 Other Flyback Converter Topologies
10.4.3 Forward Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.3.1 Other Forward Converter Topologies
10.4.4 Push-Pull Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.5 Half-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.6 Full-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.7 Current-Source dc-dc Converters
10.4.8 Transformer Core Selection in dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.5 Control of Switch-Mode dc Power Supplies
10.5.1 Linearization of the Power Stage Including the Output Filter Using State-Space Averaging to Obtain v with Tilde_o (s)/d with Tilde (s)
10.5.2 Transfer Function d with Tilde (s)/v with Tilde_c (s) of the Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.3 Compensation of the Feedback System Using a Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.4 Voltage Feed-Forward PWM Control
10.5.5 Current-Mode Control
10.5.6 Digital Pulse-Width Modulation Control
10.6 Power Supply Protection
10.6.1 Soft Start
10.6.2 Voltage Protection
10.6.3 Current Limiting
10.6.3.1 Foldback Current Limiting
10.7 Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop
10.8 Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications
10.8.1 Input Filter
10.8.2 Input Rectifier Bridge
10.8.3 Bulk Capacitor and the Hold-up Time
10.8.4 Limiting Inrush (Surge) Current at Initial Turn-on
10.8.5 Equivalent Series Resistance of Output Filter Capacitor
10.8.6 Synchronous Rectifier to Improve Energy Efficiency
10.8.7 Multiple Outputs
10.8.8 EMI Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
11. Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Power Line Disturbances
11.2.1 Types of Disturbances
11.2.2 Sources of Disturbances
11.2.3 Effect on Sensitive Equipment
11.3 Power Conditioners
11.4 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)
11.4.1 Rectifier
11.4.2 Batteries
11.4.3 Inverters
11.4.4 Static Transfer Switch
Summary
Problems
References
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_11
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
10. Switching dc Power Supplies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Linear Power Supplies
10.3 Overview of Switching Power Supplies
10.4 dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.4.1 Introduction to dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.1.1 Unidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.2 Bidirectional Core Excitation
10.4.1.3 Isolation Transformer Representation
10.4.1.4 Control of dc-dc Converters with Isolation
10.4.2 Flyback Converters (Derived from Buck-Boost Converters)
10.4.2.1 Other Flyback Converter Topologies
10.4.3 Forward Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.3.1 Other Forward Converter Topologies
10.4.4 Push-Pull Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.5 Half-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.6 Full-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-down Converter)
10.4.7 Current-Source dc-dc Converters
10.4.8 Transformer Core Selection in dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation
10.5 Control of Switch-Mode dc Power Supplies
10.5.1 Linearization of the Power Stage Including the Output Filter Using State-Space Averaging to Obtain v with Tilde_o (s)/d with Tilde (s)
10.5.2 Transfer Function d with Tilde (s)/v with Tilde_c (s) of the Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.3 Compensation of the Feedback System Using a Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator
10.5.4 Voltage Feed-Forward PWM Control
10.5.5 Current-Mode Control
10.5.6 Digital Pulse-Width Modulation Control
10.6 Power Supply Protection
10.6.1 Soft Start
10.6.2 Voltage Protection
10.6.3 Current Limiting
10.6.3.1 Foldback Current Limiting
10.7 Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop
10.8 Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications
10.8.1 Input Filter
10.8.2 Input Rectifier Bridge
10.8.3 Bulk Capacitor and the Hold-up Time
10.8.4 Limiting Inrush (Surge) Current at Initial Turn-on
10.8.5 Equivalent Series Resistance of Output Filter Capacitor
10.8.6 Synchronous Rectifier to Improve Energy Efficiency
10.8.7 Multiple Outputs
10.8.8 EMI Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
11. Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Power Line Disturbances
11.2.1 Types of Disturbances
11.2.2 Sources of Disturbances
11.2.3 Effect on Sensitive Equipment
11.3 Power Conditioners
11.4 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)
11.4.1 Rectifier
11.4.2 Batteries
11.4.3 Inverters
11.4.4 Static Transfer Switch
Summary
Problems
References
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_14a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
12. Introduction to Motor Drives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components
12.2.1 Match between the Motor and the Load
12.2.2 Thermal Considerations in Selecting the Motor
12.2.3 Match between the Motor and the Power Electronic Converter
12.2.3.1 Current Rating
12.2.3.2 Voltage Rating
12.2.3.3 Switching Frequency and the Motor Inductance
12.2.4 Selection of Speed and Position Sensors
12.2.5 Servo Drive Control and Current Limiting
12.2.6 Current Limiting in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
13. dc Motor Drives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors
13.3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors
13.4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding
13.5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform
13.5.1 Form Factor
13.5.2 Torque Pulsations
13.6 dc Servo Drives
13.6.1 Transfer Function Model for Small-Signal Dynamic Performance
13.6.2 Power Electronic Converter
13.6.3 Ripple in the Armature Current i_a
13.6.4 Control of Servo Drives
13.6.5 Nonlinearity due to Blanking Time
13.6.6 Selection of Servo Drive Parameters
13.7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives
13.7.1 Switch-Mode dc-dc Converter
13.7.2 Line-Frequency Controlled Converters
13.7.3 Effect of Discontinuous Armature Current
13.7.4 Control of Adjustable-Speed Drives
13.7.5 Field Weakening in Adjustable-Speed dc Motor Drives
13.7.6 Power Factor of the Line Current in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
14. Induction Motor Drives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation
14.3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage
14.4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage
14.4.1 Torque-Speed Characteristics
14.4.2 Start-up Considerations
14.4.3 Voltage Boost Required at Low Frequencies
14.4.4 Induction Motor Capability: Below and above the Rated Speed
14.4.4.1 Below the Rated Speed: Constant-Torque Region
14.4.4.2 Beyond the Rated Speed: Constant-Power Region
14.4.4.3 High-Speed Operation: Constant-f_sl Region
14.4.4.4 Higher Voltage Operation
14.4.5 Braking in Induction Motors
14.5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors
14.5.1 Harmonic Motor Currents
14.5.2 Harmonic Losses
14.5.3 Torque Pulsations
14.6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications
14.7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.1 Impact of PWM-VSI Harmonics
14.7.2 Input Power Factor and Current Waveform
14.7.3 Electromagnetic Braking
14.7.4 Adjustable-Speed Control of PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.5 Induction Motor Servo Drives
14.8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives
14.9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives
14.10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives
14.11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives
14.12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors
14.13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery
Summary
Problems
References
15. Synchronous Motor Drives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation
15.3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms
15.4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms
15.5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives
15.6 Cycloconverters
Summary
Problems
References
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_12
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
12. Introduction to Motor Drives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components
12.2.1 Match between the Motor and the Load
12.2.2 Thermal Considerations in Selecting the Motor
12.2.3 Match between the Motor and the Power Electronic Converter
12.2.3.1 Current Rating
12.2.3.2 Voltage Rating
12.2.3.3 Switching Frequency and the Motor Inductance
12.2.4 Selection of Speed and Position Sensors
12.2.5 Servo Drive Control and Current Limiting
12.2.6 Current Limiting in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
13. dc Motor Drives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors
13.3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors
13.4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding
13.5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform
13.5.1 Form Factor
13.5.2 Torque Pulsations
13.6 dc Servo Drives
13.6.1 Transfer Function Model for Small-Signal Dynamic Performance
13.6.2 Power Electronic Converter
13.6.3 Ripple in the Armature Current i_a
13.6.4 Control of Servo Drives
13.6.5 Nonlinearity due to Blanking Time
13.6.6 Selection of Servo Drive Parameters
13.7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives
13.7.1 Switch-Mode dc-dc Converter
13.7.2 Line-Frequency Controlled Converters
13.7.3 Effect of Discontinuous Armature Current
13.7.4 Control of Adjustable-Speed Drives
13.7.5 Field Weakening in Adjustable-Speed dc Motor Drives
13.7.6 Power Factor of the Line Current in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
14. Induction Motor Drives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation
14.3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage
14.4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage
14.4.1 Torque-Speed Characteristics
14.4.2 Start-up Considerations
14.4.3 Voltage Boost Required at Low Frequencies
14.4.4 Induction Motor Capability: Below and above the Rated Speed
14.4.4.1 Below the Rated Speed: Constant-Torque Region
14.4.4.2 Beyond the Rated Speed: Constant-Power Region
14.4.4.3 High-Speed Operation: Constant-f_sl Region
14.4.4.4 Higher Voltage Operation
14.4.5 Braking in Induction Motors
14.5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors
14.5.1 Harmonic Motor Currents
14.5.2 Harmonic Losses
14.5.3 Torque Pulsations
14.6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications
14.7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.1 Impact of PWM-VSI Harmonics
14.7.2 Input Power Factor and Current Waveform
14.7.3 Electromagnetic Braking
14.7.4 Adjustable-Speed Control of PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.5 Induction Motor Servo Drives
14.8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives
14.9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives
14.10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives
14.11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives
14.12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors
14.13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery
Summary
Problems
References
15. Synchronous Motor Drives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation
15.3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms
15.4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms
15.5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives
15.6 Cycloconverters
Summary
Problems
References
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_13
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
12. Introduction to Motor Drives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components
12.2.1 Match between the Motor and the Load
12.2.2 Thermal Considerations in Selecting the Motor
12.2.3 Match between the Motor and the Power Electronic Converter
12.2.3.1 Current Rating
12.2.3.2 Voltage Rating
12.2.3.3 Switching Frequency and the Motor Inductance
12.2.4 Selection of Speed and Position Sensors
12.2.5 Servo Drive Control and Current Limiting
12.2.6 Current Limiting in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
13. dc Motor Drives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors
13.3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors
13.4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding
13.5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform
13.5.1 Form Factor
13.5.2 Torque Pulsations
13.6 dc Servo Drives
13.6.1 Transfer Function Model for Small-Signal Dynamic Performance
13.6.2 Power Electronic Converter
13.6.3 Ripple in the Armature Current i_a
13.6.4 Control of Servo Drives
13.6.5 Nonlinearity due to Blanking Time
13.6.6 Selection of Servo Drive Parameters
13.7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives
13.7.1 Switch-Mode dc-dc Converter
13.7.2 Line-Frequency Controlled Converters
13.7.3 Effect of Discontinuous Armature Current
13.7.4 Control of Adjustable-Speed Drives
13.7.5 Field Weakening in Adjustable-Speed dc Motor Drives
13.7.6 Power Factor of the Line Current in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
14. Induction Motor Drives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation
14.3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage
14.4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage
14.4.1 Torque-Speed Characteristics
14.4.2 Start-up Considerations
14.4.3 Voltage Boost Required at Low Frequencies
14.4.4 Induction Motor Capability: Below and above the Rated Speed
14.4.4.1 Below the Rated Speed: Constant-Torque Region
14.4.4.2 Beyond the Rated Speed: Constant-Power Region
14.4.4.3 High-Speed Operation: Constant-f_sl Region
14.4.4.4 Higher Voltage Operation
14.4.5 Braking in Induction Motors
14.5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors
14.5.1 Harmonic Motor Currents
14.5.2 Harmonic Losses
14.5.3 Torque Pulsations
14.6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications
14.7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.1 Impact of PWM-VSI Harmonics
14.7.2 Input Power Factor and Current Waveform
14.7.3 Electromagnetic Braking
14.7.4 Adjustable-Speed Control of PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.5 Induction Motor Servo Drives
14.8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives
14.9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives
14.10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives
14.11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives
14.12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors
14.13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery
Summary
Problems
References
15. Synchronous Motor Drives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation
15.3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms
15.4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms
15.5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives
15.6 Cycloconverters
Summary
Problems
References
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_14b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
12. Introduction to Motor Drives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components
12.2.1 Match between the Motor and the Load
12.2.2 Thermal Considerations in Selecting the Motor
12.2.3 Match between the Motor and the Power Electronic Converter
12.2.3.1 Current Rating
12.2.3.2 Voltage Rating
12.2.3.3 Switching Frequency and the Motor Inductance
12.2.4 Selection of Speed and Position Sensors
12.2.5 Servo Drive Control and Current Limiting
12.2.6 Current Limiting in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
13. dc Motor Drives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors
13.3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors
13.4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding
13.5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform
13.5.1 Form Factor
13.5.2 Torque Pulsations
13.6 dc Servo Drives
13.6.1 Transfer Function Model for Small-Signal Dynamic Performance
13.6.2 Power Electronic Converter
13.6.3 Ripple in the Armature Current i_a
13.6.4 Control of Servo Drives
13.6.5 Nonlinearity due to Blanking Time
13.6.6 Selection of Servo Drive Parameters
13.7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives
13.7.1 Switch-Mode dc-dc Converter
13.7.2 Line-Frequency Controlled Converters
13.7.3 Effect of Discontinuous Armature Current
13.7.4 Control of Adjustable-Speed Drives
13.7.5 Field Weakening in Adjustable-Speed dc Motor Drives
13.7.6 Power Factor of the Line Current in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
14. Induction Motor Drives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation
14.3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage
14.4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage
14.4.1 Torque-Speed Characteristics
14.4.2 Start-up Considerations
14.4.3 Voltage Boost Required at Low Frequencies
14.4.4 Induction Motor Capability: Below and above the Rated Speed
14.4.4.1 Below the Rated Speed: Constant-Torque Region
14.4.4.2 Beyond the Rated Speed: Constant-Power Region
14.4.4.3 High-Speed Operation: Constant-f_sl Region
14.4.4.4 Higher Voltage Operation
14.4.5 Braking in Induction Motors
14.5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors
14.5.1 Harmonic Motor Currents
14.5.2 Harmonic Losses
14.5.3 Torque Pulsations
14.6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications
14.7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.1 Impact of PWM-VSI Harmonics
14.7.2 Input Power Factor and Current Waveform
14.7.3 Electromagnetic Braking
14.7.4 Adjustable-Speed Control of PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.5 Induction Motor Servo Drives
14.8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives
14.9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives
14.10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives
14.11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives
14.12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors
14.13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery
Summary
Problems
References
15. Synchronous Motor Drives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation
15.3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms
15.4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms
15.5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives
15.6 Cycloconverters
Summary
Problems
References
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_15
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
12. Introduction to Motor Drives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components
12.2.1 Match between the Motor and the Load
12.2.2 Thermal Considerations in Selecting the Motor
12.2.3 Match between the Motor and the Power Electronic Converter
12.2.3.1 Current Rating
12.2.3.2 Voltage Rating
12.2.3.3 Switching Frequency and the Motor Inductance
12.2.4 Selection of Speed and Position Sensors
12.2.5 Servo Drive Control and Current Limiting
12.2.6 Current Limiting in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
13. dc Motor Drives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors
13.3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors
13.4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding
13.5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform
13.5.1 Form Factor
13.5.2 Torque Pulsations
13.6 dc Servo Drives
13.6.1 Transfer Function Model for Small-Signal Dynamic Performance
13.6.2 Power Electronic Converter
13.6.3 Ripple in the Armature Current i_a
13.6.4 Control of Servo Drives
13.6.5 Nonlinearity due to Blanking Time
13.6.6 Selection of Servo Drive Parameters
13.7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives
13.7.1 Switch-Mode dc-dc Converter
13.7.2 Line-Frequency Controlled Converters
13.7.3 Effect of Discontinuous Armature Current
13.7.4 Control of Adjustable-Speed Drives
13.7.5 Field Weakening in Adjustable-Speed dc Motor Drives
13.7.6 Power Factor of the Line Current in Adjustable-Speed Drives
Summary
Problems
References
14. Induction Motor Drives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation
14.3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage
14.4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage
14.4.1 Torque-Speed Characteristics
14.4.2 Start-up Considerations
14.4.3 Voltage Boost Required at Low Frequencies
14.4.4 Induction Motor Capability: Below and above the Rated Speed
14.4.4.1 Below the Rated Speed: Constant-Torque Region
14.4.4.2 Beyond the Rated Speed: Constant-Power Region
14.4.4.3 High-Speed Operation: Constant-f_sl Region
14.4.4.4 Higher Voltage Operation
14.4.5 Braking in Induction Motors
14.5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors
14.5.1 Harmonic Motor Currents
14.5.2 Harmonic Losses
14.5.3 Torque Pulsations
14.6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications
14.7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.1 Impact of PWM-VSI Harmonics
14.7.2 Input Power Factor and Current Waveform
14.7.3 Electromagnetic Braking
14.7.4 Adjustable-Speed Control of PWM-VSI Drives
14.7.5 Induction Motor Servo Drives
14.8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives
14.9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives
14.10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives
14.11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives
14.12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors
14.13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery
Summary
Problems
References
15. Synchronous Motor Drives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation
15.3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms
15.4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms
15.5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives
15.6 Cycloconverters
Summary
Problems
References
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_16
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
16. Residential and Industrial Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Residential Applications
16.2.1 Space Heating and Air Conditioning
16.2.2 High-Frequency Fluorescent Lighting
16.2.3 Induction Cooking
16.3 Industrial Applications
16.3.1 Induction Heating
16.3.2 Electric Welding
16.3.3 Integral Half-Cycle Controllers
Summary
Problems
References
17. Electric Utility Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 High-Voltage dc Transmission
17.2.1 Twelve-Pulse Line-Frequency Converters
17.2.2 Reactive Power Drawn by Converters
17.2.2.1 Rectifier Mode of Operation
17.2.2.2 Inverter Mode of Operation
17.2.3 Control of HVDC Converters
17.2.4 Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
17.2.4.1 dc-Side Harmonic Filters
17.2.4.2 ac-Side Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
17.3 Static var Compensators
17.3.1 Thyristor-Controlled Inductors
17.3.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors
17.3.3 Instantaneous var Control Using Switching Converters with Minimum Energy Storage
17.4 Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems to the Utility Grid
17.4.1 Photovoltaic Array Interconnection
17.4.1.1 Single-Phase Interconnection
17.4.1.2 Three-Phase Interconnection
17.4.2 Wind and Small Hydro Interconnection
17.4.3 Minnesota Interface: A New Topology Utility Interface for Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel Cell Systems
17.4.4 Interconnection of Energy Storage Systems for Utility Load Leveling
17.5 Active Filters
Summary
Problems
References
18. Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Generation of Current Harmonics
18.3 Current Harmonics and Power Factor
18.4 Harmonic Standards and Recommended Practices
18.5 Need for Improved Utility Interface
18.6 Improved Single-Phase Utility Interface
18.6.1 Passive Circuits
18.6.2 Active Shaping of the Input Line Current
18.6.3 Interface for a Bidirectional Power Flow
18.7 Improved Three-Phase Utility Interface
18.7.1 Minnesota Rectifier
18.8 Electromagnetic Interference
18.8.1 Generation of EMI
18.8.2 EMI Standards
18.8.3 Reduction of EMI
Summary
Problems
References
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_17
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
16. Residential and Industrial Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Residential Applications
16.2.1 Space Heating and Air Conditioning
16.2.2 High-Frequency Fluorescent Lighting
16.2.3 Induction Cooking
16.3 Industrial Applications
16.3.1 Induction Heating
16.3.2 Electric Welding
16.3.3 Integral Half-Cycle Controllers
Summary
Problems
References
17. Electric Utility Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 High-Voltage dc Transmission
17.2.1 Twelve-Pulse Line-Frequency Converters
17.2.2 Reactive Power Drawn by Converters
17.2.2.1 Rectifier Mode of Operation
17.2.2.2 Inverter Mode of Operation
17.2.3 Control of HVDC Converters
17.2.4 Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
17.2.4.1 dc-Side Harmonic Filters
17.2.4.2 ac-Side Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
17.3 Static var Compensators
17.3.1 Thyristor-Controlled Inductors
17.3.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors
17.3.3 Instantaneous var Control Using Switching Converters with Minimum Energy Storage
17.4 Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems to the Utility Grid
17.4.1 Photovoltaic Array Interconnection
17.4.1.1 Single-Phase Interconnection
17.4.1.2 Three-Phase Interconnection
17.4.2 Wind and Small Hydro Interconnection
17.4.3 Minnesota Interface: A New Topology Utility Interface for Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel Cell Systems
17.4.4 Interconnection of Energy Storage Systems for Utility Load Leveling
17.5 Active Filters
Summary
Problems
References
18. Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Generation of Current Harmonics
18.3 Current Harmonics and Power Factor
18.4 Harmonic Standards and Recommended Practices
18.5 Need for Improved Utility Interface
18.6 Improved Single-Phase Utility Interface
18.6.1 Passive Circuits
18.6.2 Active Shaping of the Input Line Current
18.6.3 Interface for a Bidirectional Power Flow
18.7 Improved Three-Phase Utility Interface
18.7.1 Minnesota Rectifier
18.8 Electromagnetic Interference
18.8.1 Generation of EMI
18.8.2 EMI Standards
18.8.3 Reduction of EMI
Summary
Problems
References
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_18
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
16. Residential and Industrial Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Residential Applications
16.2.1 Space Heating and Air Conditioning
16.2.2 High-Frequency Fluorescent Lighting
16.2.3 Induction Cooking
16.3 Industrial Applications
16.3.1 Induction Heating
16.3.2 Electric Welding
16.3.3 Integral Half-Cycle Controllers
Summary
Problems
References
17. Electric Utility Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 High-Voltage dc Transmission
17.2.1 Twelve-Pulse Line-Frequency Converters
17.2.2 Reactive Power Drawn by Converters
17.2.2.1 Rectifier Mode of Operation
17.2.2.2 Inverter Mode of Operation
17.2.3 Control of HVDC Converters
17.2.4 Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
17.2.4.1 dc-Side Harmonic Filters
17.2.4.2 ac-Side Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors
17.3 Static var Compensators
17.3.1 Thyristor-Controlled Inductors
17.3.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors
17.3.3 Instantaneous var Control Using Switching Converters with Minimum Energy Storage
17.4 Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems to the Utility Grid
17.4.1 Photovoltaic Array Interconnection
17.4.1.1 Single-Phase Interconnection
17.4.1.2 Three-Phase Interconnection
17.4.2 Wind and Small Hydro Interconnection
17.4.3 Minnesota Interface: A New Topology Utility Interface for Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel Cell Systems
17.4.4 Interconnection of Energy Storage Systems for Utility Load Leveling
17.5 Active Filters
Summary
Problems
References
18. Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Generation of Current Harmonics
18.3 Current Harmonics and Power Factor
18.4 Harmonic Standards and Recommended Practices
18.5 Need for Improved Utility Interface
18.6 Improved Single-Phase Utility Interface
18.6.1 Passive Circuits
18.6.2 Active Shaping of the Input Line Current
18.6.3 Interface for a Bidirectional Power Flow
18.7 Improved Three-Phase Utility Interface
18.7.1 Minnesota Rectifier
18.8 Electromagnetic Interference
18.8.1 Generation of EMI
18.8.2 EMI Standards
18.8.3 Reduction of EMI
Summary
Problems
References
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_19
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_20
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_21
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_22
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_25
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_23
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_24
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_27a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
27. Snubber Circuits
27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits
27.2 Diode Snubbers
27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber
27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance
27.2.3 Implementation
27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors
27.5 Turn-off Snubber
27.6 Overvoltage Snubber
27.7 Turn-on Snubber
27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations
27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits
28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits
28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output
28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Output
28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation
28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power
28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits
28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit
28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices
28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits
28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements
28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers
28.5.3 Commutation Circuits
28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits
28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits
28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching
28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations
28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits
28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits
28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars
28.7.4 Current Measurements
28.7.5 Capacitor Selection
28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors
Summary
Problems
References
29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks
29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures
29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
29.2.1 Thermal Resistance
29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
29.3 Heat Sinks
29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
29.4.1 Thermal Resistance due to Radiative Heat Transfer
29.4.2 Thermal Resistance due to Convective Heat Transfer
29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation
Summary
Problems
References
30. Design of Magnetic Components
30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores
30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials
30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss
30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations
30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores
30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions
30.2 Copper Windings
30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor
30.2.2 Winding Loss due to dc Resistance of Windings
30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings
30.3 Thermal Considerations
30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design
30.4.1 Inductor Parameters
30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor
30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor k_cu
30.4.2.2 Current Density J and Winding Losses P_w
30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses
30.4.3 Inductance L
30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor
30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature
30.5 Inductor Design Procedures
30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: The Stored Energy Relation
30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline
30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure
30.5.4 Inductor Design Example
30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design
30.6.1 Transformer Parameters
30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics
30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors, A_pri and A_sec
30.6.2.2 Winding Loss P_w
30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss
30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance
30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer
30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures
30.7 Eddy Currents
30.7.1 Proximity Effect
30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss
30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding
30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss
30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings
30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance
30.9 Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: The Volt-Ampere Rating
30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.3 Transformer Design Example
30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes
Summary
Problems
References
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_26a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_26b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
19. Basic Semiconductor Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
19.2.2 Electrons and Holes
19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors
19.2.4 Recombination
19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion
19.3 pn Junctions
19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium
19.3.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
19.4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation
19.5 Avalanche Breakdown
19.5.1 Impact Ionization
19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate
Summary
Problems
References
20. Power Diodes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations
20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-through Diodes
20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-through Diode
20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control
20.4 On-State Losses
20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation
20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses
20.5 Switching Characteristics
20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms
20.5.2 Turn-on Transient
20.5.3 Turn-off Transient
20.5.4 Reverse Recovery
20.6 Schottky Diodes
20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics
20.6.2 Principle of Operation
20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts
20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage
20.6.5 Switching Characteristics
Summary
Problems
References
21. Bipolar Junction Transistors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures
21.3 I-V Characteristics
21.4 Physics of BJT Operation
21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta
21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation
21.5 Switching Characteristics
21.5.1 BJT Turn-on
21.5.2 Transistor Turn-off
21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons
21.6 Breakdown Voltages
21.7 Second Breakdown
21.8 On-State Losses
21.9 Safe Operating Areas
Summary
Problems
References
22. Power MOSFETs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic Structure
22.3 I-V Characteristics
22.4 Physics of Device Operation
22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect
22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow
22.5 Switching Characteristics
22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models
22.5.2 Switching Waveforms
22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown
22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses
22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs
22.6.4 Parasitic BJT
22.6.5 Safe Operating Area
Summary
Problems
References
23. Thyristors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Structure
23.3 I-V Characteristics
23.4 Physics of Device Operation
23.4.1 Blocking States
23.4.2 Turn-on Process
23.4.3 On-State Operation
23.4.4 Turn-off Process
23.5 Switching Characteristics
23.5.1 Turn-on Transient and di/dt Limitations
23.5.2 Turn-off Transient
23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dv_F /dt Limitations
23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings
23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt
23.6.2 Cathode Shorts
Summary
Problems
References
24. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
24.3 Physics of Turn-off Operation
24.3.1 Turn-off Gain
24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises
24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics
24.4.1 Inclusion of Snubber and Drive Circuits
24.4.2 GTO Turn-on Transient
24.4.3 GTO Turn-off Transient
24.4.4 Minimum on- and Off-State Times
24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current
24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
Problems
References
25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic Structure
25.3 I-V Characteristics
25.4 Physics of Device Operation
25.4.1 Blocking State Operation
25.4.2 On-State Operation
25.5 Latchup in IGBTs
25.5.1 Causes of Latchup
25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup
25.6 Switching Characteristics
25.6.1 Turn-on Transient
25.6.2 Turn-off Transient
25.6.3 NPT versus PT Structures
25.7 Device Limits and SOAs
Summary
Problems
References
26. Emerging Devices and Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation
26.2.3 Switching Characteristics
26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic
26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation
26.3.3 Switching Characteristics
26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus other Power Devices
26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
26.5.1 Basic Structure
26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-on and Turn-off
26.5.3 Rationale of Off-FET Placement in the MCT Structure
26.5.4 MCT Switching Behavior
26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area
26.6 Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits
26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization
26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges
26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices
26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon
26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using other Materials
26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials
26.7.4 Future Trends
Summary
Problems
References
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_27b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
27. Snubber Circuits
27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits
27.2 Diode Snubbers
27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber
27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance
27.2.3 Implementation
27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors
27.5 Turn-off Snubber
27.6 Overvoltage Snubber
27.7 Turn-on Snubber
27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations
27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits
28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits
28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output
28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Output
28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation
28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power
28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits
28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit
28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices
28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits
28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements
28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers
28.5.3 Commutation Circuits
28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits
28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits
28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching
28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations
28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits
28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits
28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars
28.7.4 Current Measurements
28.7.5 Capacitor Selection
28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors
Summary
Problems
References
29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks
29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures
29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
29.2.1 Thermal Resistance
29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
29.3 Heat Sinks
29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
29.4.1 Thermal Resistance due to Radiative Heat Transfer
29.4.2 Thermal Resistance due to Convective Heat Transfer
29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation
Summary
Problems
References
30. Design of Magnetic Components
30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores
30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials
30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss
30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations
30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores
30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions
30.2 Copper Windings
30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor
30.2.2 Winding Loss due to dc Resistance of Windings
30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings
30.3 Thermal Considerations
30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design
30.4.1 Inductor Parameters
30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor
30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor k_cu
30.4.2.2 Current Density J and Winding Losses P_w
30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses
30.4.3 Inductance L
30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor
30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature
30.5 Inductor Design Procedures
30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: The Stored Energy Relation
30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline
30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure
30.5.4 Inductor Design Example
30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design
30.6.1 Transformer Parameters
30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics
30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors, A_pri and A_sec
30.6.2.2 Winding Loss P_w
30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss
30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance
30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer
30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures
30.7 Eddy Currents
30.7.1 Proximity Effect
30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss
30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding
30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss
30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings
30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance
30.9 Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: The Volt-Ampere Rating
30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.3 Transformer Design Example
30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes
Summary
Problems
References
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_28a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
27. Snubber Circuits
27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits
27.2 Diode Snubbers
27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber
27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance
27.2.3 Implementation
27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors
27.5 Turn-off Snubber
27.6 Overvoltage Snubber
27.7 Turn-on Snubber
27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations
27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits
28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits
28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output
28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Output
28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation
28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power
28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits
28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit
28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices
28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits
28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements
28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers
28.5.3 Commutation Circuits
28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits
28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits
28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching
28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations
28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits
28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits
28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars
28.7.4 Current Measurements
28.7.5 Capacitor Selection
28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors
Summary
Problems
References
29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks
29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures
29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
29.2.1 Thermal Resistance
29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
29.3 Heat Sinks
29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
29.4.1 Thermal Resistance due to Radiative Heat Transfer
29.4.2 Thermal Resistance due to Convective Heat Transfer
29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation
Summary
Problems
References
30. Design of Magnetic Components
30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores
30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials
30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss
30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations
30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores
30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions
30.2 Copper Windings
30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor
30.2.2 Winding Loss due to dc Resistance of Windings
30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings
30.3 Thermal Considerations
30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design
30.4.1 Inductor Parameters
30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor
30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor k_cu
30.4.2.2 Current Density J and Winding Losses P_w
30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses
30.4.3 Inductance L
30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor
30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature
30.5 Inductor Design Procedures
30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: The Stored Energy Relation
30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline
30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure
30.5.4 Inductor Design Example
30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design
30.6.1 Transformer Parameters
30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics
30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors, A_pri and A_sec
30.6.2.2 Winding Loss P_w
30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss
30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance
30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer
30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures
30.7 Eddy Currents
30.7.1 Proximity Effect
30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss
30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding
30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss
30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings
30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance
30.9 Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: The Volt-Ampere Rating
30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.3 Transformer Design Example
30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes
Summary
Problems
References
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_28b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
27. Snubber Circuits
27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits
27.2 Diode Snubbers
27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber
27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance
27.2.3 Implementation
27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors
27.5 Turn-off Snubber
27.6 Overvoltage Snubber
27.7 Turn-on Snubber
27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations
27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits
28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits
28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output
28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Output
28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation
28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power
28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits
28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit
28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices
28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits
28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements
28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers
28.5.3 Commutation Circuits
28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits
28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits
28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching
28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations
28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits
28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits
28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars
28.7.4 Current Measurements
28.7.5 Capacitor Selection
28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors
Summary
Problems
References
29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks
29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures
29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
29.2.1 Thermal Resistance
29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
29.3 Heat Sinks
29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
29.4.1 Thermal Resistance due to Radiative Heat Transfer
29.4.2 Thermal Resistance due to Convective Heat Transfer
29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation
Summary
Problems
References
30. Design of Magnetic Components
30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores
30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials
30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss
30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations
30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores
30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions
30.2 Copper Windings
30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor
30.2.2 Winding Loss due to dc Resistance of Windings
30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings
30.3 Thermal Considerations
30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design
30.4.1 Inductor Parameters
30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor
30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor k_cu
30.4.2.2 Current Density J and Winding Losses P_w
30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses
30.4.3 Inductance L
30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor
30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature
30.5 Inductor Design Procedures
30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: The Stored Energy Relation
30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline
30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure
30.5.4 Inductor Design Example
30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design
30.6.1 Transformer Parameters
30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics
30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors, A_pri and A_sec
30.6.2.2 Winding Loss P_w
30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss
30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance
30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer
30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures
30.7 Eddy Currents
30.7.1 Proximity Effect
30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss
30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding
30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss
30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings
30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance
30.9 Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: The Volt-Ampere Rating
30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.3 Transformer Design Example
30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes
Summary
Problems
References
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_29
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
27. Snubber Circuits
27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits
27.2 Diode Snubbers
27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber
27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance
27.2.3 Implementation
27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors
27.5 Turn-off Snubber
27.6 Overvoltage Snubber
27.7 Turn-on Snubber
27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations
27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits
28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits
28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output
28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Output
28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation
28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power
28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits
28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit
28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices
28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits
28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements
28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers
28.5.3 Commutation Circuits
28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits
28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits
28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching
28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations
28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits
28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits
28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars
28.7.4 Current Measurements
28.7.5 Capacitor Selection
28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors
Summary
Problems
References
29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks
29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures
29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
29.2.1 Thermal Resistance
29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
29.3 Heat Sinks
29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
29.4.1 Thermal Resistance due to Radiative Heat Transfer
29.4.2 Thermal Resistance due to Convective Heat Transfer
29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation
Summary
Problems
References
30. Design of Magnetic Components
30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores
30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials
30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss
30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations
30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores
30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions
30.2 Copper Windings
30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor
30.2.2 Winding Loss due to dc Resistance of Windings
30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings
30.3 Thermal Considerations
30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design
30.4.1 Inductor Parameters
30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor
30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor k_cu
30.4.2.2 Current Density J and Winding Losses P_w
30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses
30.4.3 Inductance L
30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor
30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature
30.5 Inductor Design Procedures
30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: The Stored Energy Relation
30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline
30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure
30.5.4 Inductor Design Example
30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design
30.6.1 Transformer Parameters
30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics
30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors, A_pri and A_sec
30.6.2.2 Winding Loss P_w
30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss
30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance
30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer
30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures
30.7 Eddy Currents
30.7.1 Proximity Effect
30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss
30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding
30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss
30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings
30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance
30.9 Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: The Volt-Ampere Rating
30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.3 Transformer Design Example
30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes
Summary
Problems
References
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_30a
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
27. Snubber Circuits
27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits
27.2 Diode Snubbers
27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber
27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance
27.2.3 Implementation
27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors
27.5 Turn-off Snubber
27.6 Overvoltage Snubber
27.7 Turn-on Snubber
27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations
27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits
28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits
28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output
28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Output
28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation
28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power
28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits
28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit
28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices
28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits
28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements
28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers
28.5.3 Commutation Circuits
28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits
28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits
28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching
28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations
28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits
28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits
28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars
28.7.4 Current Measurements
28.7.5 Capacitor Selection
28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors
Summary
Problems
References
29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks
29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures
29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
29.2.1 Thermal Resistance
29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
29.3 Heat Sinks
29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
29.4.1 Thermal Resistance due to Radiative Heat Transfer
29.4.2 Thermal Resistance due to Convective Heat Transfer
29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation
Summary
Problems
References
30. Design of Magnetic Components
30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores
30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials
30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss
30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations
30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores
30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions
30.2 Copper Windings
30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor
30.2.2 Winding Loss due to dc Resistance of Windings
30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings
30.3 Thermal Considerations
30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design
30.4.1 Inductor Parameters
30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor
30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor k_cu
30.4.2.2 Current Density J and Winding Losses P_w
30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses
30.4.3 Inductance L
30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor
30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature
30.5 Inductor Design Procedures
30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: The Stored Energy Relation
30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline
30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure
30.5.4 Inductor Design Example
30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design
30.6.1 Transformer Parameters
30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics
30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors, A_pri and A_sec
30.6.2.2 Winding Loss P_w
30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss
30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance
30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer
30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures
30.7 Eddy Currents
30.7.1 Proximity Effect
30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss
30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding
30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss
30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings
30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance
30.9 Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: The Volt-Ampere Rating
30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.3 Transformer Design Example
30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes
Summary
Problems
References
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
26932_30b
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
27. Snubber Circuits
27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits
27.2 Diode Snubbers
27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber
27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance
27.2.3 Implementation
27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors
27.5 Turn-off Snubber
27.6 Overvoltage Snubber
27.7 Turn-on Snubber
27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations
27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations
Summary
Problems
References
28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits
28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits
28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output
28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Output
28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation
28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits
28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power
28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits
28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit
28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices
28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits
28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements
28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers
28.5.3 Commutation Circuits
28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits
28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits
28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching
28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations
28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits
28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits
28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars
28.7.4 Current Measurements
28.7.5 Capacitor Selection
28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors
Summary
Problems
References
29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks
29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures
29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
29.2.1 Thermal Resistance
29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
29.3 Heat Sinks
29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
29.4.1 Thermal Resistance due to Radiative Heat Transfer
29.4.2 Thermal Resistance due to Convective Heat Transfer
29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation
Summary
Problems
References
30. Design of Magnetic Components
30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores
30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials
30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss
30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations
30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores
30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions
30.2 Copper Windings
30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor
30.2.2 Winding Loss due to dc Resistance of Windings
30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings
30.3 Thermal Considerations
30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design
30.4.1 Inductor Parameters
30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor
30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor k_cu
30.4.2.2 Current Density J and Winding Losses P_w
30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses
30.4.3 Inductance L
30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor
30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature
30.5 Inductor Design Procedures
30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: The Stored Energy Relation
30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline
30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure
30.5.4 Inductor Design Example
30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design
30.6.1 Transformer Parameters
30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics
30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors, A_pri and A_sec
30.6.2.2 Winding Loss P_w
30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss
30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance
30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer
30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures
30.7 Eddy Currents
30.7.1 Proximity Effect
30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss
30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding
30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss
30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings
30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance
30.9 Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: The Volt-Ampere Rating
30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure
30.9.3 Transformer Design Example
30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes
Summary
Problems
References
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
cd_contents
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
Contents of CD-ROM
Chapter Slides
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
New Problems
Supplemental Problems to Chapters 1-18
Supplemental Problems to Chapters 19-30
PSpice-Based Examples
Read Me - PSpice
PSpice Quick Setup and User Guide
PSpice Examples
Transformer and Inductor Design
Read Me - Magnetic Components
26932_indxa
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Generic Power Electronic Converters
Part III. Power Supply Applications
Part IV. Motor Drive Applications
Part V. Other Applications
Part VI. Semiconductor Devices
Part VII. Practical Converter Design Considerations
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
Contents of CD-ROM
Nội dung
Ngày đăng: 18/10/2021, 07:14
TỪ KHÓA LIÊN QUAN
TÀI LIỆU CÙNG NGƯỜI DÙNG
TÀI LIỆU LIÊN QUAN