Borgnakke sonntag fundamentals thermodynamics 7th txtbk

www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PCX June 14, 2008 0:9 www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net P1: PCX/OVY xviii Confirmation Pages P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PCX June 14, 2008 0:9 www.elsolucionario.net F UNDAMENTALS OF T HERMODYNAMICS SEVENTH EDITION CLAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E SONNTAG University of Michigan John Wiley & Sons, Inc i Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net P1: PCX/OVY P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PCX June 14, 2008 0:9 PUBLISHER ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER ACQUISITIONS EDITOR SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR MARKETING MANAGER CREATIVE DIRECTOR DESIGNER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MEDIA EDITOR COVER PHOTO Don Fowley Dan Sayre Michael McDonald Nicole Repasky Christopher Ruel Harry Nolan Hope Miller Aptara® Corporation Inc Rachael Leblond Lauren Sapira c Corbis Digital Stock This book was set in Times New Roman by Aptara Corporation and printed and bound by R.R Donnelley/Willard The cover was printed by Phoenix Color This book is printed on acid free paper ∞ Copyright c 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions To order books or for customer service please call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945) ISBN-13 978-0-470-04192-5 Printed in the United States of America 10 ii Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PCX June 14, 2008 0:9 www.elsolucionario.net Preface • to present a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics while retaining an engineering perspective, and in doing so • to lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in such fields as fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and statistical thermodynamics, and also • to prepare the student to effectively use thermodynamics in the practice of engineering We have deliberately directed our presentation to students New concepts and definitions are presented in the context where they are first relevant in a natural progression The first thermodynamic properties to be defined (Chapter 2) are those that can be readily measured: pressure, specific volume, and temperature In Chapter 3, tables of thermodynamic properties are introduced, but only in regard to these measurable properties Internal energy and enthalpy are introduced in connection with the first law, entropy with the second law, and the Helmholtz and Gibbs functions in the chapter on thermodynamic relations Many real world realistic examples have been included in the book to assist the student in gaining an understanding of thermodynamics, and the problems at the end of each chapter have been carefully sequenced to correlate with the subject matter, and are grouped and identified as such The early chapters in particular contain a much larger number of examples, illustrations and problems than in previous editions, and throughout the book, chapter-end summaries are included, followed by a set of concept/study problems that should be of benefit to the students NEW FEATURES IN THIS EDITION In-Text-Concept Question For this edition we have placed concept questions in the text after major sections of material to allow students to reflect on the material just presented These questions are intended to be quick self tests for students or used by teachers as wrap up checks for each of the subjects covered Most of these are straightforward conclusions from the material without being memory facts, but a few will require some extended thoughts and we provide a short answer in the solution manual Additional concept questions are placed as homework problems at the end of each chapter End-of-Chapter Engineering Applications We have added a short section at the end of each chapter that we call engineering applications These sections present motivating material with informative examples of how the particular chapter material is being used in engineering The vast majority of these sections not have any material with equations or developments of theory but they contain pictures iii Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net In this seventh edition we have retained the basic objective of the earlier editions: P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PCX June 14, 2008 0:9 www.elsolucionario.net PREFACE and explanations about a few real physical systems where the chapter material is relevant for the engineering analysis and design We have deliberately kept these sections short and we not try to explain all the details in the devices shown so the reader can get an idea about the applications in a relatively short time For some of the later chapters where the whole chapter could be characterized as an engineering application this section can be a little involved including formulas and theory We have placed these sections in the end of the chapters so we not disrupt the main flow of the presentation, but we suggest that each instructor try to incorporate some of this material up front as motivation for students to study this particular chapter material Chapter of Power and Refrigeration Cycles Split into Two Chapters The previous edition Chapter 11 with power and refrigeration systems has been separated into two chapters, one with cycles involving a change of phase for the working substance and one chapter with gas cycles We added some material to each of the two chapters, but kept the balance between them We have added a section about refrigeration cycle configurations and included new substances as alternative refrigerants R-410a and carbon dioxide in the printed B-section tables This does allow for a more modern treatment and examples with current system design features The gas cycles have been augmented by the inclusion of the Atkinson and Miller cycles These cycles are important for the explanations of the cycle variations that are being used for the new hybrid car engines and this allows us to present material that is relevant to the current state of the art technology Chapter with Compressible Flow For this edition we have been able to again offer the chapter with compressible flow last printed in the 5th edition In-Text Concept questions, concept study-guide problems and new homework problems are included to match the rest of the book FEATURES CONTINUED FROM 6TH EDITION End-of-Chapter Summaries The new end-of-chapter summaries provide a short review of the main concepts covered in the chapter, with highlighted key words To further enhance the summary we have listed the set of skills that the student should have mastered after studying the chapter These skills are among the outcomes that can be tested with the accompanying set of study-guide problems in addition to the main set of homework problems Main Concepts and Formulas Main concepts and formulas are included at the end of each chapter, for reference and a collection of these will be available on Wiley’s website Study Guide Problems We have revised the set of study guide problems for each chapter as a quick check of the chapter material These are selected to be short and directed toward a very specific concept A student can answer all of these questions to assess their level of understanding, and Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net iv P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PCX June 14, 2008 0:9 www.elsolucionario.net PREFACE v determine if any of the subjects need to be studied further These problems are also suitable to use together with the rest of the homework problems in assignments and included in the solution manual Homework Problems The number of homework problems has been greatly expanded and now exceeds 2800 A large number of introductory problems have been added to cover all aspects of the chapter material We have furthermore separated the problems into sections according to subject for easy selection according to the particular coverage given A number of more comprehensive problems have been retained and grouped in the end as review problems Tables The tables of the substances have been expanded to include alternative refrigerant R-410a which is the replacement for R-22 and carbon dioxide which is a natural refrigerant Several more new substance have been included in the software The ideal gas tables have been printed on a mass basis as well as a mole basis, to reflect their use on mass basis early in the text, and mole basis for the combustion and chemical equilibrium chapters Revisions In this edition we have incorporated a number of developments and approaches included in our recent textbook, Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics, Richard E Sonntag and Claus Borgnakke, John Wiley & Sons, Inc (2001) In Chapter 3, we first introduce thermodynamic tables, and then note the behavior of superheated vapor at progressively lower densities, which leads to the definition of the ideal gas model Also to distinguish the different subjects we made seperate sections for the compressibility factor, equations of state and the computerized tables In Chapter 5, the result of ideal gas energy depending only on temperature follows the examination of steam table values at different temperatures and pressures Second law presentation in Chapter is streamlined, with better integration of the concepts of thermodynamic temperature and ideal gas temperature We have also expanded the discussion about temperature differences in the heat transfer as it influences the heat engine and heat pump cycles and finally added a short listing of historical events related to thermodynamics The coverage of entropy in Chapter has been rearranged to have sections with entropy for solids/liquids and ideal gases followed by the polytropic proccesses before the treatment of the irreversible processes This completes the presentation of the entropy and its evaluation for different phases and variation in different reversible processes before proceeding to the actual processes The description of entropy generation in actual processes has been strengthened It is now more specific with respect to the location of the irreversibilities and clearly connecting this to the selected control volume We have also added an example to tie the entropy to the concept of chaos at the molecular level giving a real physical meaning to the abstract concept of entropy The analysis for the general control volume in Chapter is extended with the presentation of the actual shaft work for the steady state single flow processes leading to the simplified version in the Bernoulli equation We again here reinforce the concept of entropy generation and where it happens We have added a new section with a Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net P1: PCX/OVY P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PCX June 14, 2008 0:9 www.elsolucionario.net PREFACE comprehensive step by step presentation of a control volume analysis which really is the essence of what students should learn A revision of the reversible work and exergy in Chapter 10 has reduced the number of equations and focused on the basic idea leading to the concept of reversible work and irreversibility We emphasize that a specific situation is a simplification of the general analysis and we then show the exergy comes from the reversible work This makes the final exergy balance equation less abstract and its use is explained in the section with engineering applications The previous single chapter with cycles has been separated into two chapters as explained above as a new feature in this edition Mixtures and moist air in Chapter 13 is retained but we have added a number of practical air-conditioning systems and components as examples in the section with engineering applications The chapter with property relations has been updated to include the modern development of thermodynamic tables This introduces the fitting of a dimensionless Helmholtz function to experimental data and explains the principles of how the current set of tables are calculated Combustion is enhanced with a description of the distillation column and the mentioning of current fuel developments We have reduced the number examples related to the second law and combustion by mentioning the main effects instead On the other hand we added a model of the fuel cell to make this subject more interesting and allow some computations of realistic fuel cell performance Some practical aspects of combustion have been moved into the section with engineering applications Chemical equilibrium is made more relevant by a section with coal gasification that relies on some equilibrium processes We also added a NOx formation model in the engineering application section to show how this depends on chemical equilibrium and leads in to more advanced studies of reaction rates in general Expanded Software Included In this edition we have included access to the extended software CATT3 that includes a number of additional substances besides those included in the printed tables in Appendix B (See registration card inside front cover.) The current set of substances for which the software can the complete tables are: Water Refrigerants: R-11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 113, 114, 123, 134a, 152a, 404a, 407c, 410a, 500, 502, 507a and C318 Cryogenics: Ammonia, argon, ethane, ethylene, iso-butane, methane, neon, nitrogen, oxygen and propane Ideal Gases: air, CO2 , CO, N, N2 , NO, NO2 , H, H2 , H2 O, O, O2 , OH Some of these are printed in the booklet Thermodynamic and Transport Properties, Claus Borgnakke and Richard E Sonntag, John Wiley and Sons, 1997 Besides the properties of the substances just mentioned the software can the psychrometric chart and the compressibility and generalized charts using Lee-Keslers equation-of-state including an extension for increased accuracy with the acentric factor The software can also plot a limited number of processes in the T–s and log P–log v diagrams giving the real process curves instead of the sketches presented in the text material Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net vi P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PCX June 14, 2008 0:9 www.elsolucionario.net PREFACE vii FLEXIBILITY IN COVERAGE AND SCOPE We have attempted to cover fairly comprehensively the basic subject matter of classical thermodynamics, and believe that the book provides adequate preparation for study of the application of thermodynamics to the various professional fields as well as for study of more advanced topics in thermodynamics, such as those related to materials, surface phenomena, plasmas, and cryogenics We also recognize that a number of colleges offer a single introductory course in thermodynamics for all departments, and we have tried to cover those topics that the various departments might wish to have included in such a course However, since specific courses vary considerably in prerequisites, specific objectives, duration, and background of the students, we have arranged the material, particularly in the later chapters, so that there is considerable flexibility in the amount of material that may be covered In general we have expanded the number of sections in the material to make it easier to select and choose the coverage Units Our philosophy regarding units in this edition has been to organize the book so that the course or sequence can be taught entirely in SI units (Le Syst`eme International d’Unit´es) Thus, all the text examples are in SI units, as are the complete problem sets and the thermodynamic tables In recognition, however, of the continuing need for engineering graduates to be familiar with English Engineering units, we have included an introduction to this system in Chapter We have also repeated a sufficient number of examples, problems, and tables in these units, which should allow for suitable practice for those who wish to use these units For dealing with English units, the force-mass conversion question between pound mass and pound force is treated simply as a units conversion, without using an explicit conversion constant Throughout, symbols, units and sign conventions are treated as in previous editions Supplements and Additional Support Additional support is made available through the website at www.wiley.com/college/ borgnakke Through this there is access to tutorials and reviews of all the basic material through Thermonet also indicated in the main text This allows students to go through a self-paced study developing the basic skill set associated with the various subjects usually covered in a first course in thermodynamics We have tried to include material appropriate and sufficient for a two-semester course sequence, and to provide flexibility for choice of topic coverage Instructors may want to visit the publisher’s Website at www.wiley.com/college/borgnakke for information and suggestions on possible course structure and schedules, additional study problem material, and current errata for the book ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge with appreciation the suggestions, counsel, and encouragement of many colleagues, both at the University of Michigan and elsewhere This assistance has been very helpful to us during the writing of this edition, as it was with the earlier editions of the book Both undergraduate and graduate students have been of particular assistance, for their perceptive questions have often caused us to rewrite or rethink a given portion of the text, or to try to develop a better way of presenting the material in order to anticipate Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net P1: PCX/OVY P1: PBY/SRB GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 5.30 c liquid, 0.00167 m3 /kg, 310.9 kJ/kg 5.135 27.25 kJ d L+V, x = 0.7583, 573 kPa, 0.02754 m3 /kg 5.138 0.25 K/s 5.141 322 s 5.144 5.92 kW, 267 N 5.147 15 h 5.150 0.0012 kg/s 5.159 2611 kJ 5.162 122◦ C, 300 kPa, 0.87 m3 , 11.5 kJ, 1356 kJ a 13.3◦ C, 0.0604 m3 /kg, 270 kJ/kg b 1086 kPa, x = 0.6956, 218 kJ/kg c 1017 kPa, x = 0.8788, 382 kJ/kg 5.33 a 0.0245 m3 /kg, 368.4 kJ/kg b 4502 kPa, 192 kJ/kg c 9.1◦ C, 369.5 kJ/kg 5.165 −2069 kJ 5.36 0, −691 kJ 5.168 212.8 kJ 5.39 721 kJ 5.171 5.42 −275 kJ 0.59 kg, 0.97 kg, −265 kJ, −485 kJ 5.45 165 kJ 5.174 1.285 × 10−3 Btu 5.48 291 kJ, −165 kJ 5.177 Hydrogen 5.180 62.3 ft3 5.51 7.8 kJ, 3.7◦ C 5.54 −214 kJ 5.57 22◦ C, 1826 kJ 5.60 0.92 kJ/kg, 87 kJ/kg 5.63 200 kPa, 0.96 m3 , 29.7 kJ, 756 kJ 5.66 1000 kPa, 218 kJ, 744 kJ 5.69 −0.664 kJ, −21.8 kJ 5.183 a x = 0.8912, 8.97 ft3 /lbm, 1069.5 Btu/lbm b 471.8 F, undef., 0.0197 ft3 /lbm c x is undef., h = 24.11 Btu/lbm 5.186 11.06 Btu/lbm 5.189 −78 Btu 5.192 125 psia, 1.21 Btu, 75.94 Btu 5.195 0.4581, 666 Btu 5.72 829◦ C, 26 MJ 5.75 1.21 m3 , 800 kPa, 170 kJ, 5536 kJ 5.78 22.5◦ C, 141 m/s, 1019 m 5.81 65◦ C 5.84 66◦ C 5.207 2206 Btu/lbm 5.87 395 kJ 5.210 166 Btu 5.90 kJ/kg K, 14%, 21% 5.213 −0.706 R/s 5.93 397, 490, 485 kJ/kg 5.216 5.96 214.4, 209.1, 208.4 kJ/kg 5.219 −3300 Btu, −29953 Btu 5.198 −19.34 Btu 5.201 414 F 5.204 0.1975, 0.218 Btu/lbm-R, real gas 207 sec 5.102 36 kJ/kg, 45 kJ/kg 5.105 261 kJ, 444 kJ 5.108 941 kJ 6.12 m/s, 0.0178 kg/s 5.111 2.32 kg, 3.48 kg, 736 K, 613 kPa 6.15 0.69 cm2 , 50 cm2 5.114 −643 kJ 6.18 10.9 m/s, 12.8 m/s 5.117 133 kPa, 66.7 kPa, 69 kJ, 132 kJ 6.21 382 m/s 5.120 161 kJ, 852 kJ 6.24 890 K 5.123 −7.89 kJ, −7.89 kJ 6.27 9.9 m/s, 0.776 kg/s 5.126 73.7 kJ/kg 6.30 22.9◦ C, 216 kPa 5.129 70.6 kJ, −36.8 kJ 6.33 20◦ C, 3.464 5.132 1491 kPa, 41.5 kJ, 1025 kJ 6.36 20◦ C, 5.3◦ C 5.222 16.3 Btu, 34.6 Btu Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net 880 GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 6.39 131◦ C 6.162 448.6 Btu/s 6.42 1.99 kJ/kg, 3.99 kW 6.165 55.3 ft/s, 0.305 Btu/s 6.45 −9.9 kW 6.168 2.38 × 107 Btu/h 6.48 −49.7 kJ/kg 6.171 0.771 Btu/s 6.51 6.174 0.16 6.54 −317 kJ/kg, 307 kJ/kg 6.177 1080 R 6.57 0.038 kg/s 6.180 33000 hp, −1.92 × 108 Btu/h 6.60 0.84 kW, 1.0 kW 6.183 222 539 lbm/h 32 W 6.186 −249.9 Btu 6.63 −319 kJ/kg 6.66 1624 m/s ◦ 6.69 44.3 m/s, 20.23 C 6.72 1.57 kg/s, 196 kW 6.75 0.0079 kg/s 6.78 0.0042 kg/s 6.81 0.0715 kg/s 6.84 367 K 6.87 0.258 kg/s, 4.2 m3 /s 6.90 0.795 6.93 120◦ C, m3 /s 6.96 2.069 kg/s 6.99 1357 K 6.189 201 339 Btu 6.192 7.15 lbm, 225 Btu, −869 Btu 7.15 43%, 20 kW 7.18 2.91 7.21 750 W 7.24 1313 W, 750 W 7.27 2.33 7.30 1.53 g/s, 42.9 kW 7.36 36 sec 7.42 1st: Y, Y, Y; 2nd: Y, N, N 7.45 45% 6.102 wP = −0.9 kJ/kg, qheat = 3073 kJ/kg 7.48 15% 7.51 100 MJ 6.105 13.75 MW, 67 MW 7.54 impossible 6.108 0.35 kW, 11.7 kW, 7.3 kW 7.57 300 J, 3.3 × 10−8 6.111 T2 > 20◦ C, No 7.60 4.89 kg/s 7.63 24%, 50.6% 520 C, 0.342 m 7.66 98 W 6.120 8.9 kg, 25.5 MJ 7.69 62 kJ, 9.85 kJ 6.123 41 MJ 7.72 73% 27.24 kg 7.75 kW, 0.31 kg/s 2.66 m /s, 4.33 m 7.78 5.1%, 3.8% 6.132 12.85 MJ 7.81 (−20◦ C, 16%), (+10◦ C, 48%) 6.135 126◦ C, −2.62 MW 7.84 4.4◦ C 6.138 8405 kJ, 225 MJ 7.87 38.8◦ C 6.141 238 MJ, 203 MJ 7.93 3.33, 49.7 kJ/kg 30.7%, yes 10.9 kW 6.114 −900 kJ 6.117 6.126 6.129 881 ◦ 3 6.144 400 W/m -K 7.96 6.147 ft/s 7.99 6.150 1.205 in 7.102 335 kJ, 48 kJ 6.153 570 R, 17.72 psia 7.105 153 kJ 6.156 1755% 7.111 15◦ C 6.159 7.57 lbm/h 7.120 2.5 Btu, 1.5 Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net P1: PBY/SRB P1: PBY/SRB GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 7.123 0.26 Btu/s, 0.1 Btu/s 8.102 1000 kPa, −23 kJ, −0.077 kJ/K 7.126 48.5 lbm/s 8.105 7.129 0.587 8.108 −312 kJ 7.132 0.57 Btu/s 8.111 509.5 kJ/kg, 1270 kJ/kg 7.135 505 680 Btu, 28%, 8.114 1.8 kJ, −0.96 kJ 7.138 42.2 Btu/s 8.117 312◦ C, 0.225 kJ/K 7.141 0.58 Btu 8.120 191.7 MJ, 654 kJ/K 7.144 3.33, 21.4 Btu/lbm 8.123 3.7, 3.95, 12.9 kJ/K 7.147 3.88 kW = 1.3227 Btu/h 8.126 3243 kJ, 3.75 kJ/K 8.129 372 kJ, 0.51 kJ/K 8.132 0.202 kJ/K 8.135 97.8 kJ, 1447 kJ, 1.31 kJ/K 8.18 a) n.a b) OK ˙ = 2.53 kW c) W 8.21 a) OK b) n.a c) OK 8.24 a) 65◦ C, x = 0.98 b) 682◦ C, 7.122 kJ/kg K c) 163.9 kPa d) OK 8.138 −58 kJ, −519 kJ, 0.022 kJ/K 8.141 133 kPa, 300 K, 0.034 kJ/K 8.144 189 kJ, 0.223 kJ/K 8.147 200 kPa, 428 K, 0.0068 m3 , 0.173 J/K 8.150 300 kPa, 400 K, 0.52 kJ/K 8.153 0.365 kJ/K 8.156 1.303, 0.0218 m3 , −21.3 kJ, −5.1 kJ, 0.0036 kJ/K 8.27 4.05, 6.54, −1.237 kJ/kg-K 8.30 0.43885, 4.02 kJ/kg-K 8.33 u, s = (23.2, 0.776) (26, 1.1) (28.3, 1.85) 8.36 61◦ C, −48.9 kJ/kg 8.39 neg., neg 8.42 16.94 kJ, 225.7 kJ 8.159 0.1 kW/K, 0.1 kW/K 8.45 50.5 kJ, 225.9 kJ 8.162 0.68, 0.73, 0.75 W/K, 0.045 W/K 8.48 30.3 kJ, 0.555, 0.309, 0.994 W/K 8.51 30◦ C, −31.6 kJ/kg 8.165 172◦ C, −132 kJ/kg 8.168 4.73 W/K, 2.33 W/K 8.54 8.171 26.3 kJ/K 8.57 3214 kJ, 8.7 kJ/K 8.174 12.2 kJ/K 8.60 0.385 m3 8.177 442◦ C, 1.72 kJ/K 8.63 −3.2 kJ, −3.8 kJ 8.180 3.33 kJ, 30.43 kJ, kJ 8.66 −38.3 kJ/kg, −164.6 kJ/kg 8.183 0.516 m3 , 514 kJ, 5932 kJ, 5.98 kJ/K T=C 8.69 334.6 kJ/kg, kJ/kg K, same 8.72 65◦ C, 0.023 kJ/K 8.186 8.75 0.016 kJ/K 8.189 a x = 0.932, 1058.5 Btu/lbm 8.78 81.95 MJ 8.81 772 K, −267 kJ/kg 400 K, −264 kJ/kg 8.192 212 F, 0.26, 775 Btu/lbm, 1.48 Btu/lbm-R 8.84 2.78, 2.725, 2.335 kJ/kg K 8.195 0.262, 0.904, 7.995 8.87 661 kJ, 0.66 kJ/K 8.198 335 psi, 213 Btu b 1020 F, 1.6083 Btu/lbm-R 8.201 −5.15 Btu, −6.37 Btu 8.90 2320 kPa, 0.01 m 8.93 718 K, −4417 kJ/kg 8.204 0.1277 Btu/R 8.96 450 K, −112.5 kJ/kg 460 K, −110.7 kJ/kg 8.207 172 psia, 0.171 ft3 8.210 23.9 in., 0.46 Btu 8.99 143 K, −624 kJ/kg 8.213 422 R, −11.8 Btu Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net 882 GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 8.216 716 Btu, 5842 Btu, 2.54 Btu/R 9.117 0.466 kJ/K 8.219 235 F, 0.064 Btu/R 8.222 630 R, 0.005 Btu/R 8.225 720 R, 45 psia, 0.32 Btu/R 8.228 0.053 Btu/s-R for both 8.231 14.2 Btu/R 495◦ C, 533 m/s 50 kW 69.53 kJ/kg 85%, 0.149 kJ/kg-K 587 kPa 411 kPa, 758 K 269 kPa, 143.5◦ C 9.15 79.2 kJ/kg, 59.7 kJ/kg 9.18 22.7◦ C, 1.92 kW 9.120 9.123 9.126 9.129 9.132 9.135 9.138 9.141 9.24 358 kPa, 1.78 × 10−4 m2 883 9.144 461 kPa, 7.98 kW 9.27 −2.74 kW (i.e out) 9.147 17.3 m/s, 0.8 kg/s 9.30 9.150 129 kPa, 313 K 9.153 281◦ C, 0.724 kW/K 9.156 Yes 9.159 141.5 kJ/kg in, 431 K, 532 m/s 108 kW, 103 kW 706 K, 558 kJ/kg, 662 K, 540 kJ/kg 9.33 69.3 kW, 69.3 kW 9.36 1397 kJ/kg, −250 kW 9.39 isentropic, 357 K, 359 m/s 9.42 27 MW 9.162 9.45 245 kPa, 138◦ C 9.165 9.48 356 K, 3.912 kg 2.675 kg, 450 kJ, 1276 kJ, 106 kPa 9.51 6.898 kJ/kg-K 9.168 0.989, 136.5◦ C 9.54 13.3 kg/s 9.171 9.57 kW 12.02 kg, 362 K 4140 kPa, −539 kJ, 4.4 kJ/K 9.60 6.08 MPa, 25.3◦ C 9.174 1.46 Btu/s 9.63 0.2 m 9.177 2129 ft/s 9.66 42.4 m/s 9.180 −0.14 Btu/s 9.69 100.17 kPa, 290.3 K 9.183 386 Btu/lbm, 56.6 psia 9.72 1612 kPa, 1977 K, 200 MPa, 1977 K 9.186 0.273 lbm, 0.351 Btu/R 9.189 31.6 lbm/s 9.192 15.5 Btu/s, 116 F, 0.27 Btu/s, 10.9 F 9.195 hp = 2.1 Btu/s 9.198 292.7 Btu/s = 414 hp 9.201 Yes 9.204 0.0245 Btu/lbm-R 9.75 18.44 MPa, −849 kJ/kg, −104 kJ/kg 9.78 No 9.81 0.017 kJ/kg-K 9.84 764 kW, 0.624 kW/K 9.87 47.3 kg/min, 8.9 kJ/min-K 9.90 0, 187.1 kJ/kg, 0.163 kJ/kg-K 9.93 327 K, 0.036 kW/K 9.96 No 9.99 120.2◦ C, 1.54 kW/K 9.102 443 K, 0.023 kW/K 9.105 0.95 kg/s, 4.05 kg/s, 0.85 kW/K 9.108 0.32 kJ/K 9.111 2.323 kg, 0.0022 kJ/K 9.114 6.96 MPa, 15.26 kJ/K 9.207 9.210 100 lbm/min, 4.37 Btu/R-min 673 R, 508 Btu/s, 0, 1000 R, 0, 0.616 Btu/s-R 9.213 1.668 lbm/s, 8.332 lbm/s, 0.331 Btu/s-R 9.216 9.219 9.222 9.225 9.228 484 F, 100% 1599 ft/s 2.5 Btu/s = 3.5 hp −79.2 Btu/lbm, 136 F 1.0 × 106 Btu Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net P1: PBY/SRB P1: PBY/SRB GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 10.18 −0.2 kW 10.141 in: 0, 15 000 Btu/h, ex: 4830 Btu/h 10.21 −48.2 kJ/kg 10.144 1.14 Btu/lbm 10.24 −38.9 kJ/kg 10.147 500 W, 250 W, W 10.27 1484 kJ/kg, 1637 kJ/kg 10.150 456 Btu/h 10.30 621 K, −113 kJ/kg 10.153 0.32 10.33 8.56 kg, 1592 kJ 10.156 0.853, 0.879 10.36 1500 W 10.159 20.82 Btu/lbm, 0.949 10.39 20.45 kJ/kg, 20.45 kJ/kg 10.162 261.7 Btu, 122.9 Btu, 152.3 Btu 10.42 190 kJ, 236 kJ 10.165 2102 ft/s, 0.95 10.45 93.3 kJ/kg 10.48 46.3◦ C, 19.8 kJ/kg 10.51 5.02 kg, 747 kJ 10.54 0.702 kW, 0, 0.6 kW 10.57 −216 kJ/kg 11.15 0.133 11.18 3.03, 3178.4, 1058.8, 2123 all kJ/kg, 0.332 11.21 0.102 11.24 15.2 kW 11.27 41.7 MW, 387 kW, 141 850 kg/s, 147 290 kg/s, 0.033 11.30 3.02, 3036, 1038, 2001 all kJ/kg, 0.341 10.60 2.46 kJ/kg 10.63 877, 340, 501, 37 all kW 10.66 1788, 219, 1.5, 21.6 all kJ/kg 10.69 1.47 kW 10.72 64.6 kJ, 1286 kJ 11.33 529◦ C, 6.49 MW, 16.48 MW 10.75 300.6 K, −44 kJ 11.36 0.362, 0.923 10.78 1500 W 11.39 0.0434 10.81 0.55 kW 11.42 0.1046, 34 kW 10.84 62 W 11.45 0.1661, kJ/kg, 4.5 kJ/kg 10.87 Destr.: 43.3 kW (inside), 14.1 kW (wall), 20.8 kW (radiator) 11.48 kg/s, 1836 kg/s 11.51 0.1913, 5.04 kJ/kg, 4.5 kJ/kg 10.90 0.31 11.54 0.191, 4903 kW 10.93 0.659, 0.663 11.57 0.271, 0.256 10.96 0.835, 0.884 11.60 10.99 0.315, 0.672 3.8, 2609, 719, 1893 all kJ/kg, 0.274 10.102 0.9 11.63 659 kJ/kg, 13.7 kg/s, 0.227 10.105 0.51 11.66 3.02 kJ/kg-K 10.108 0.61 11.69 40.3◦ C, 29.2 MW, 11.6 MW 10.111 263 kJ, 112 kJ, 164.6 kJ 11.72 9102 kW 10.114 4.67 m/s 11.75 136.7 kJ/kg, 170.1 kJ/kg, 4.09 10.117 303 kJ 11.78 45.9◦ C, 22◦ C, 6.2 10.120 0.86 11.81 4386 kW 10.123 14.9 W, 32.8 W, 50 W 11.84 5.06, 5.43 10.126 −1000, −1000, −537 Btu 11.87 58.2 kJ/kg, 3.17 10.129 −5.4 Btu/lbm, −19.3 Btu/lbm 11.90 11.3 kW, 0.0094 kW/K 10.132 542 R, 16895 Btu 11.93 2.24, 223 W 10.136 157 Btu, 213 Btu 11.96 1.83, 1.44 10.138 580 R, 8.7 Btu/lbm 11.99 It is the same Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net 884 GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 11.102 0.9 12.60 0.6, 21.6 kW 11.105 1865, kJ/kg, 0.5657 12.63 2502 K, 6338 kPa 11.108 in: 1326 kW, 209 kW, out: 1516 kW 12.66 2677 K, 1458 kJ/kg, 1165 K 12.69 7.67, −262 kJ/kg, 4883 kPa 885 11.111 835 kJ/kg, −55 kJ/kg, 0.91 12.72 7946 kPa, 1304 kJ/kg, 1055 kPa 11.114 0.85 12.75 9.93, 819 kPa 11.117 55.81, 0.774 12.78 274 kPa, 531 kJ/kg, 0.536 11.120 11.39, 0.529 0.487, 1133 kPa 11.123 about 105/115 K, β = 0.219 12.81 12.84 19.32, 0.619 11.126 Overall cycle OK, turbine impossible 12.87 121 kW, 162 hp 11.129 21.6 kg/s, 44.8 MW, 0.307 12.90 20.2, 0.553 11.132 0.438, 0.473, 0.488 12.93 20.9, 895 kPa 11.135 0.278 12.96 −1154, 2773, 4466, −2773 all kJ/kg, 0.458 11.138 0.102 12.99 900 K, 430 kJ/kg, 15.6 11.141 1.8, 1253, 424 and 829 Btu/lbm, 0.337 12.102 19.4 12.105 3127 K, 6958 kPa, 0.654, 428 kPa 11.145 0.345, 0.91 11.147 13.2 lbm/s 12.108 13.5 11.150 0.275, 2.25, 306, 1104, 800 Btu/lbm 12.111 0.79 kg/s, 51 kW 12.114 58.3 kg/s, 6.259 kg/s, 0.634 12.117 12.126 514 K, 565 K, 0.93, 0.405 12.129 1540.5 K, 548 kJ/kg 12.132 165 600 hp, 0.4, 0.53 12.135 2600 R, 67.2 lbm/s 12.138 0.604 11.153 86 psia, 33.3 psia 11.156 2.97 11.159 760 Btu/lbm in, out, 0.563 11.161 in: 5.16, 75.1, ex: 68.6 all Btu/lbm 11.165 61.3 Btu/lbm, 0.829 11.168 0.357, 421 Btu/lbm 12.15 975 kJ/kg, 525 kJ/kg 12.141 2.71, 394.5 R 12.18 3.04 MW, 7.32 MW, 0.484 12.144 1033 psia, 5789 R, 0.54, 188 psi 12.21 1597 K, 26.7 kg/s 12.147 3836 R, 1527 R, 0.60 12.24 11.75, 325 kJ/kg, 0.484 12.150 887 psi, 4972 R, 0.58 12.27 0.565 12.153 12.24, 0.584, 140 psi 12.30 130 kJ/kg, 318 kJ/kg 12.156 0.458 12.33 166 MW, 0.4, 0.582 12.159 20.13, 0.65 12.36 214 MW, 0.533, 0.386 12.162 12.39 360 kPa, 0.352 kg/s, 975 K, 0.678 12.165 12.42 1012 m/s 396.8 Btu/lbm ˙ H = 17895 Btu/s, (in, out) = (4.2, 4205) Btu/s, 0.78 12.45 340.7 kPa 12.168 206 Btu/lbm, 529 Btu/lbm, 0.61 12.48 1157 K, 504 kPa, 750 K, 904 m/s 12.51 824 K, 602 m/s 12.54 12.57 13.15 0.543, 0.209, 0.248, 0.322 kJ/kg-K, 5.065 m3 2.71, 219 K 13.18 0.18 m3 /s, 0.68 m3 /s 0.57 13.21 0.251 kJ/kg-K, 1.0 m3 Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net P1: PBY/SRB P1: PBY/SRB GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 13.24 332 K, 141.4 kPa 13.135 3.15 psia, 540 R, 57.5 ft3 /lbm 13.27 1.675 m3 , 373 kJ 13.138 13.30 335 K, 306 kPa 72.586, 21.285 ft-lbf/lbm R, 1.1667 13.33 1096 kW 13.141 1938 R, 20 psia 13.36 1247 kW 13.144 989 Btu/s 13.39 353 K, 134 kJ/kg 13.147 38 psia, 565 R 13.42 −0.149 m3 /kg, 88.7 kJ/kg, 0.154 kJ/kg-K 13.150 630 R, 20 psia, yes, 0.0026 Btu/R 13.153 0.15 Btu/s-R 13.45 573 K, 90 kW 13.156 1184 Btu/s 13.48 540 K, −0.22 kJ 13.159 0.00162, 0.066, ∞ 13.51 0.29 kJ/K 13.162 78 F, −1.5 Btu 13.54 305 K, 0.179 kJ/kg-K 13.165 1.24 Btu/s = 1.2 kW, −0.78 Btu/s 13.57 Yes 13.168 13.60 616 K, −0.339 kW/K 0.124 lbm/min, 0.04 lbm/min, 96 F, 9% 13.63 698 kPa, 3748 kJ, 5.3 kJ/K 13.171 0.864 Btu/s-R 13.66 39%, 15.2 kW ◦ 14.21 151 kW out 11 kPa, 2.2 m3 13.69 0.513 kg, 0.0043, 1.4 C 14.24 13.72 0.0061 kg/s 14.27 2.2 × 10−3 Pa 13.75 28◦ C, −2.77 kJ 14.30 40.5 MPa 13.78 0.0679 kg, 85 kPa, −741 kJ 14.36 13.81 0.0189, 0.0108, 46 kJ/kg air 14.48 2.44 kJ 13.84 27.5◦ C, 0.00245 kg/s, −10.6 kW, 58% 14.51 1166 m/s 14.54 1415 m/s, 506 m/s 94% 14.57 1100 m/s, −66.7 J/kg 0.27 13.87 ◦ 13.90 0.015, 36.2 kg/s, 36.5 C 14.60 13.93 0.007 kg/kg-air, 37 kJ/kg-air, 16.5◦ C 14.63 u-u∗ = −6.4 kJ/kg 14.66 0.022 vs 0.0148 kJ/kg-K ◦ 13.96 21.4 C 14.72 2.45 13.99 17.3◦ C, 0.0044, −39 kJ/kg-air 14.75 3.375 Tc , 2.9 Tc 14.78 0.125 (1 − 27 Tc /8 T) RTc /Pc , −0.297 RTc /Pc 14.81 208 K, 0.987 kJ/kg-K 14.84 173 kg 14.87 0.606 RTc 1.06 MPa, 0.0024 kg, 0.753 kJ ◦ 13.102 4.07, 0.206, 49.3 C, 15% 13.105 (16.8, 12, 10.9, 6.5)◦ C 13.108 3.77, 6.43 kJ/kg-air out 13.111 17%, 16 kJ/kg-air, 100%, −15 kJ/kg-air 13.114 0.06 kg/min, 0.0162 kg/min, 32.5◦ C, 12% 14.90 13.117 55 kW, 38 kW 14.96 −62 kJ/kg, −379 kJ/kg 14.93 −174 kJ 13.120 −880, 476 kJ/kg 14.99 13.123 1089 K, 1164 K 14.102 66.8 kJ/kg, 11 kJ/kg 13.126 361 K, −2.4 kJ 14.105 296.5 kJ/kg 13.129 0.386 kJ/K 14.108 8.58 13.132 141 kPa 14.111 0.044 m3 , 0.0407 m3 3391 kJ Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net 886 GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 887 14.114 0.87, 28.51 kJ/kg 15.84 1.43 14.117 286 kJ/kg 15.87 2461 K, −393 522 kJ/kmol 14.120 −8309 kW 15.90 −24 746 kJ/kg, 4487 K 14.129 55 kJ 15.93 5.76, 1414 kJ/K 14.132 935 kJ/kg, 368 K, 418 kJ/kg 15.96 511 016 kJ 14.135 32.3 kg/s, −3158 kW, 28.5 kW/K 15.99 Impossible 14.138 62.6 kW 15.102 175%, 990 MJ/kmol 14.141 254 K, 470 MJ, 259 K, 452 MJ 15.105 2039 K 14.148 5451 psia 15.108 2.594, 380 kPa, 676 MJ 14.151 6.9 Btu 15.111 427 995 kJ/4 kmol e− , 1.109 V 14.153 1690 ft/s 15.114 817 903 kJ, 1.06 V 14.156 124 Btu/lbmol 15.117 1053 cm2 14.159 817 R, 99 Btu 15.120 2.324 H2 O + CO2 + 11.28 N2 +1 O2 , 53.8◦ C 15.123 13 101 kJ/kg, 13 101 kJ/kg, 1216 K 15.126 2760 kJ/kg, 2799 kJ/kg 15.129 −4.081 kW, 0.139 9.444 kg/kg 14.162 −26.7 Btu/lbm, −165 Btu/lbm 14.165 −78.4 Btu/lbm, −202 Btu/lbm 14.168 114 Btu/lbm 14.171 1.35 ft3 , 1.24 ft3 15.21 11 H2 O + 10 CO2 + 87.42 N2 + 7.75 O2 15.132 15.135 2854 K 15.24 101.2, 3.044 kg/kg 15.138 20 986 kJ/kg 15.27 0.8, 125% 15.141 238% theo air 15.30 0.3 CH4 + 29.6 H2 + 41 CO + 10 CO2 + 0.8 N2 + 0.2 H2 O, 2.95 kg/kg 15.144 1139 K, 8710 kW 15.147 666 K, 2011 kPa, 2907 K, 8772 kPa, 512.6 kJ/k, 152 860 kJ 15.150 0, 107 124, −169 184 all Btu/lbmol 15.39 −256 MJ/kmol fuel 15.153 15.42 −915 MJ/kmol fuel, −778 MJ/kmol fuel −369 746 Btu/lbmol, −337 570 Btu/lbmol 15.156 126 psia, 194 945 Btu 15.33 0.718 kmol air/kmol gas 15.36 −1214 MJ/kmol fuel 15.45 838 kPa, −453 MJ 15.159 21 280 Btu/lbm 15.48 0.1475, 9.575 15.162 1.81 CO2 + 2.81 H2 O + 10.69 N2 , 13 302 Btu/lbm 15.165 3317 R 15.168 1.44 15.60 −3842 MJ/kmol fuel 15.171 5.07, 308 Btu/R 15.63 −1 196 121 and −1 310 223 kJ/kmol 15.174 34.9 Btu/s, −67.5 Btu/s 15.66 15.177 1.23 lbm/lbm, 1.49 lbm/lbm 15.180 5133 R 15.51 −158 065 kJ/kmol, −96 232 kJ/kmol 15.54 −172 998 kJ/kmol, 0.74 15.57 16 666 kJ/m 30 941 kJ/kg fuel mixture 15.69 + 740 519 kJ/kmol, 12 kg/kg ◦ 15.72 72.6 C, 2525 K 16.18 34.4 MPa 15.75 1843 K 16.21 29.68 MPa 15.78 2048 K 16.24 exp(−12.8407) 15.81 2529 K, 21% 16.27 linear in 1/T Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net P1: PBY/SRB P1: PBY/SRB GTBL057-Ans P2: PBY/SRB QC: PBY/SRB T1: PBY GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 17, 2008 9:6 www.elsolucionario.net ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 16.30 2980 K 16.120 75 360 Btu 16.33 49.7% H2 + 50.3% H 16.123 0.859 NH3 , 0.035 N2 , 0.106 H2 16.36 exp(5.116) 16.126 16.39 1444 K 0.487 H2 O, 0.057 H2 , 0.076 O2 , 0.086 OH, 0.155 CO2 0.139 CO 16.42 1108 kPa, 93.7% O2 , 6.3% O, 97.7 MJ/kmol 16.129 ln K = −2.1665, −2.4716 16.45 exp(154.665) 16.48 21.8% N2 , 9.1% H2 , 69.1% NH3 16.51 exp(−8.293) 16.54 3617 K 16.57 1.4% C2 H5 OH, 32.4% C2 H4 , 66.2% H2 O 16.60 17.15 556 kPa, 365◦ C 17.18 108 kPa, 823 K 17.21 142.2◦ C, 281 kPa, 5.9 kg/s 17.24 −205 N, −193 N 17.27 61920 N 17.30 31.7 m/s 0.00655, −836 MJ 17.36 1716 m 16.63 8.7% CO2 , 10.3% CO2 , 37.9% H2 O, 43.1% O2 17.39 11350 kPa, 27.7◦ C, no 17.42 906 kPa 16.69 0.0024, Yes 17.45 896 kPa, 8.251 kg/s 16.72 66.1% H2 O, 12.9% H2 , 5.4% O2 , 9.9% OH, 5.7% H 17.48 25% 17.51 0.0342 kg/s, 0.0149 kg/s 6.2% CO2 , 7.8% H2 O, 75.9% N2 , 10.1% O2 , 0.06% NO, 0.001% NO2 17.54 94 kPa, 8.252 kg/s 17.57 1.895 kg, 0.0082 kg/s 17.60 1.178 kg, 0.01224 kg/s 17.63 2.41 17.66 0.0206 kJ/kg-K 17.69 214.6 m/s 279.3 K, 0.608 16.75 16.78 exp(−3.7411) = 0.0237 16.81 exp(−2.1665) vs exp(−2.4716) 16.84 5.8% CH3 OH, 50% CO, 44.2% H2 , no 16.87 0.0097 17.72 16.93 2.7% 17.75 52.83 kPa, 0.157 kg/s 16.96 NO2 , 703 K 17.78 6.115 × 10−4 m2 , 0.167 kJ/kg-K 16.99 10–12 000 K 17.81 0.1454 kg/s, 0.1433 kg/s 1.756 16.102 11.1% CO2 , 1.5% CO, 70.7% N2 , 14% H2 O, 2.7% H2 17.84 17.87 8649 ft/s 16.105 0.4 17.90 16.108 1.96 (1087, 1149), (846, 894.5), (1010, 1068) all ft/s 16.111 ln K = −185.85, + 5.127 17.93 13.406 psia, 45.66 lbm/s 16.114 86% O2 , 14% O, 1948 Btu/lbm 17.96 0.0144 ft2 , 0.0232 ft2 16.117 163 psia, 94% O2 , 6% O, 42 000 Btu/lbmol 17.99 1.479 ft2 17.102 7.824 psia, 542 R, 0.415 Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net 888 P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR GTBL057-ind GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PBY June 13, 2008 8:12 www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net Index 889 Confirmation Pages P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR GTBL057-ind GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PBY June 13, 2008 8:12 www.elsolucionario.net INDEX Absolute entropy, 642 Absolute temperature scale, 32, 66, 255 Absorption refrigeration cycle, 457 Acentric factor, 585, 827 Adiabatic compressibility, 578 Adiabatic flame temperature, 640 Adiabatic process, definition, 106 Adiabatic saturation process, 538 Aftercooler, 8, 213, 456 Air, ideal gas properties, 147, 760, 762, 841 Air-conditioner, 6, 216, 261, 544 Air fuel ratio, 620 Air preheater, 663 Air-standard power cycles, 476 Air-standard refrigeration cycle, 492 Air-water mixtures, 530 Alcohols, 618, 637 Allotropic transformation, 54 Alternative refrigerant, 452 Ammonia, properties, 794, 859 Ammonia-absorption cycle, 457 Appendix contents, 753 Atkinson cycle, 503 Atmosphere, standard, definition, 25 Availability, 393 Available energy, 382 Avogadros’s number, endpapers Back pressure, 725 Back work, 479 Bar, definition, 25 Barometer, 27 Batteries, 159 Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, 584, 828 Bernoulli equation, 348, 717 Binary cycle, 505 Binary mixtures, 592 Black body, 108 Boiler, steam, 1, 4, 227, 283 Bottoming cycle, 506 Boyle temperature, 582 Brayton cycle, 477 British thermal unit, definition, 106, 128, 755 Bulk modulus, 578 Calorie, 106, 755 Carbon dioxide, properties, 760, 765, 800 Carbon monoxide, properties, 760, 768 Carnot cycle, 251, 288 Cascade refrigeration, 457 Celsius Scale, 32 Chaos, 311 Chemical equilibrium, 679 Chemical potential, 592 Cheng cycle, 562, 671 Choked flow, 726 Clapeyron equation, 566 Clausius, inequality of, 279 Clausius statement, 245 Coal, 625, 658, 666 Coal gasifier, 658, 693 Coefficient of performance, 243, 450 Cogeneration, 447 Cold air properties, 477 Combined cycle, 505, 507 Combustion, 619 Combustion efficiency, 652 Comfort zone, 543 Compressed liquid, 51, 56 Compressibility chart, 69, 581, 829 Compressibility factor, 69, 580, 828 Compressible flow 709 Compression ratio, 495, 497 Compressor, 196, 340, 344, 356 Concentration, 523 Condenser, 189, 228, 424 Conduction, 107 Conservation of mass, 156, 180 Constant-pressure specific heat, 146, 760, 825, 840 Constant-volume specific heat, 146, 760, 840 Continuity equation, 181 Continuum, 15 Control mass, definition, 13 Conversion factors, 755 Control volume, definition, 13 Convection, 107 Cooling tower, 1, 546, 554 Crank angle, 495 Critical constants, 758, 838 Critical point, 50 Cryogenic fluids, vi, 12, 73 Cycle, definition, 17 Dalton’s model, 526 Dehumidifier, 545, 555, 559 Density: critical, 724, 758, 838 definition, 22 of solids and liquids, 23, 759, 839 Rackett equation, 89 Desalination, 374, 411 Desuperheater, 342 Dew point, 531, 623 Diatomic molecule, 21, 825 Diesel cycle, 500 Diffuser, 192, 211, 217 Diffuser efficiency, 736 Discharge coefficient, 735 Displacement, 104, 495 Dissociation, 685, 694 Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net 890 P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR GTBL057-ind GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PBY June 13, 2008 8:12 www.elsolucionario.net Distillation column, 617 Drip pump, 440 Dry-bulb temperature, 541 Drying, 536, 553, 558, 559 Dual cycle, 457, 470 Economizer, 217, 227 Efficiency: combustion, 652 compressor, 356 cycle, 241 diffuser, 736 nozzle, 358, 735 pump, 356, 360 regenerator, 485 Second-law, 396, 398, 406 steam generator, 652 thermal, 241 turbine, 353, 396 Electrical work, 103 Electromotive force, 649 Emissivity, 108 Energy: available, 382 chemical, 593 electronic, 21 internal, 20, 130 kinetic, 20, 130 potential, 20, 130 storage, 157 total 130 English engineering system of units, 19 Enthalpy: of combustion, 635, 637 definition, 141 of evaporation, 143 of formation, 628 of ideal gas, 147, 764, 842 stagnation, 185, 709 total, 185, 709 Enthalpy chart, generalized, 585 Entropy: absolute, 642 definition, 284 general comment, 311 generation, 303 of ideal gas, 294, 764, 842 of mixing, 528 net change of, 306 principle of increase, 305, 349 of solids and liquids, 293 Entropy chart, generalized, 588 Equation of state: Benedict-Webb-Rubin, 584 cubic, 72, 583 ideal gas, 66 Lee-Kesler, 584, 828 Peng-Robinson, 827 real gas, 580 Redlich-Kwong, 584, 827 Soave, 827 van der Waals, 583, 827 virial, 582 Equilibrium: chemical, 679, 682 definition, 16, 672 mechanical, 16, 673 metastable, 678 phase, 674 requirements for, 674 thermodynamic, 16 Equilibrium constant: definition, 682 table of, 773 Equivalence ratio, 620 Ericsson cycle, 487 Evaporative cooling, 544, 546 Evaporator, 201, 216, 456 Excess air, 621 Exergy, 394, 402 Exergy destruction, 403 Expansion engine, 8, 492 Extensive property, 16 Extraction, 437 Fahrenheit temperature scale, 32 Fanno line, 730 Feedwater heater, 436, 441 closed, 440 open, 437 First law of thermodynamics: for a control volume, 183, 185 for a cycle, 128 for a control mass, 129 Flame temperature, 640 Flash evaporator, 201, 216, 471 Flow devices, 217 Flywheel, 158 Fourier’s law, 107 Freon, −12, −22, 452 Friction, 248 Fuel air ratio, 620 Fuel-cell, 2, 648 Fuels, 615, 637 Fusion line, 53 Gas, ideal, 66 Gas constant, definition, 66, 527 Gas constants, tables of 760, 840 Gasification process, 658, 659, 693 Gasoline, 617, 637 Gasoline engine, 497 Confirmation Pages 891 www.elsolucionario.net INDEX P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR GTBL057-ind GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PBY June 13, 2008 8:12 www.elsolucionario.net INDEX Gas thermometer, 255 Gas turbine cycle, 10, 477 Gauge pressure, 26 Generalized charts: compressibility, 69, 584, 828 enthalpy, 585 entropy, 588 low-pressure 581 Geothermal energy, 229 Gibbs function: definition, 570 partial molal, 593 Gibbs relations, 292 Heat: Capacity, see Specific heat definition, 106 of reaction, 636 Heat engine, 239, 252 Heat exchanger, 2, 113, 188, 213 Heating value, 636, 653 Heat pump, 239, 243 Heat transfer: conduction, 107 convection, 107 radiation, 108 Heat transfer coefficient, convection, 107 Heat transfer rate, 107 Helmholtz function, 570, 600 Historical events, 265 Horsepower, definition, 92, 756 Humidifier, 554, 558 Humidity, 531 Hybrid engines, 504 Hydraulic line, 29 Hydrides, 703 Hydrocarbons, 616, 637 Hydrogen fuel cell, 618 Hypothetical ideal gas, 589 Ice point, 32, 256 Ideal gas: definition, 66 enthalpy, 147 entropy, 284 internal energy, 147 mixtures of, 523 properties, 147, 760, 840 temperature scale, 255 Incompressible liquid, 147 Increase of entropy, 305, 349 Inequality of Clausius, 279 Intensive property, 16 Inter-cooling, 364, 487 Internal combustion engine, 496, 652 Internal energy, 130 of combustion, 636 International temperature scale, 32 Ionization, 694 Irreversibility, 384 Isentropic efficiency, 353, 360 Isentropic process, definition, 288 Isobaric process, definition, 17 Isochoric process, definition, 17 Isolated system, 13 Isothermal compressibility, 578 Isothermal process, definition, 17 Jet ejector, 375, 471 Jet engine, 10, 220, 490 Jet propulsion cycle, 489 Joule, definition, 92 Kalina cycle, 506 Kays rule, 596 Kelvin-Planck statement, 244 Kelvin temperature scale, 32, 255 Kinetic energy, 130 Latent heat, see Enthalpy of evaporation Lee-Kesler equation, 584, 828 Linde-Hampson process, 456 Liquid oxygen plant, Liquids, properties, 759, 839 LNG, 75 Lost work, 304, 385 Mach number, 721 Macroscopic point of view, 15 Manometer, 26 Mass, 18 Mass conservation, 156, 180 Mass flow rate, 182 Mass fraction, 523 Maxwell relations, 571 Mean effective pressure, 477, 495 Mercury density, 43 Metastable equilibrium, 678 Methanation reaction, 693 Methane properties, 820 Metric system, 18 Microscopic point of view, 14 Miller cycle, 505 Mixtures, 523, 596 Moisture separator, 228 Mole, 18 Molecular mass, table of, 758, 838 Mole fraction, 523 Mollier diagram, 285 Momentum equation, 711 Monatomic gas, 21, 825 Multistage compression, 456, 487 Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net 892 P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR GTBL057-ind GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PBY June 13, 2008 8:12 www.elsolucionario.net INDEX Open feedwater heater, 437 Orifice 43, 737 Otto cycle, 497 Oxygen, P-h diagram, 835 Partial molal properties, 592 Partial pressure, 526 Pascal, definition, 25 Perpetual motion machine, 246, 262 Phase, definition, 15 Physical constants, endpapers Pinch point, 461 Pitot tube, 739 Plasma, 694 Polytropic exponent, 95, 298 Polytropic process, 95, 298, 348 Potential energy, 130 Power plant, 2, 198, 228, 252, 421 Prefixes, endpapers Pressure: cooker, 81 critical, 50, 724, 758, 838 definition, 25 gauge, 26 mean effective, 477, 495 partial, 526, 592 reduced, 70 relative, 763 saturation, 48 Wagners correlation, 89 Process: definition, 16 polytropic, 95, 298 quasi-equilibrium, 17 reversible, 247 Properties, computerized, 73 Properties, independent, 55 Property relation, 291, 570 Property, thermodynamic, definition, 16 Pseudocritical properties, 596 Pseudopure substance, 594 Psychrometric, chart, 542, 836 Pump: efficiency of, 356, 360 operation of, 196, 214 reversible, 347 work, 347 Quality, definition, 49, 51 Quasi-equilibrium process, 17 Rackett equation, 89 Radiation, 108 Rankine cycle, 424 Rankine temperature scale, 32 Ratio of specific heats, 298, 530 Rayleigh line, 730 Reactions, see chemical equilibrium Redlich-Kwong equation of state, 584, 827 mixture, 596 Reduced properties, 70 Refrigerants: CO2 tables, 800 R-410a tables, 804, 865 R-134a tables, 810, 871 Refrigeration cycles, 200, 449, 492 Regenerative cycle, 435, 484 Regenerator, 456, 484 Reheat cycle, 432 Relative humidity, 531 Relative pressure, 763 Relative volume, 763 Residual volume, 581 Reversible process, definition, 247 Reversible work, 303, 345, 384, 644 Rocket engine, 11 Rotational energy, 21, 825 Saturated liquid, 48 Saturated fuel, 616 Saturated vapor, 49 Saturation pressure, 48, 566, 599 Saturation temperature, 48, 566 Second law efficiency, 396, 398, 399 Second law of thermodynamics: for control mass, 284, 304 for control volume, 334 for cycle, 244, 279 Shaft work, 345 Simple compressible substance, 48 Simultaneous reactions, 689 SI system of units, 18 Solids, properties, 759, 839 Sonic velocity, 578, 718 Specific heat: constant-pressure, 146 constant-volume, 146 equations, 761 of ideal gases, 148, 529, 760, 840 Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net Natural gas, 618 Newton, definition, 17 Newton’s law of cooling, 107 Newton’s second law, 17 Nitrogen, properties, 816 Nonideal mixtures, 594 Nitrogen oxides, 696 Normal shock, 729 table of functions, 745 Nozzle efficiency, 358, 735 Nozzle flow, 190, 338, 348, 721 table of functions, 744 Nuclear reactor, 2, 4, 228 893 P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR GTBL057-ind GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 T1: PBY June 13, 2008 8:12 www.elsolucionario.net INDEX Specific heat: (Contd.) of solids and liquids, 147, 759, 839 temperature dependency, 149, 761, 825 thermodynamic relations, 291, 572 Specific humidity, 531 Specific volume, 22 Speed of sound, 578, 720 Stagnation enthalpy, 185, 709 Stagnation pressure, 367, 710 Stagnation properties, 710 State of substance, 16 Steady-state process, 186, 345 Steam drum, 2, 228 Steam generator, 2, 4, 217, 448 efficiency of, 652 Steam power plant, 2, 199, 227, 347, 421 Steam tables, 776, 848 Steam turbine, 2, 4, 336 Stirling cycle, 503 Stoichiometeric coefficiencts, 620 Stoichiometeric mixture, 620 Stretched wire, 102 Subcooled liquid, 49 Sublimation, 52, 567 Supercharger, 217, 357, 375 Supercritical Rankine cycle, 461 Superheated vapor, 49 Superheater, 217, 223, 428 Supersaturation, 678 Surface tension, 103 Syngas, 693 System definition, 14 Tank charging, 204, 344 Temperature: critical, 50, 758, 838 equality, 31 reduced, 70 saturation, 48 thermodynamic scale, 32, 241, 255 Theoretical air, 620 Thermal efficiency, 255 Thermistor, 36 Thermocouple, 36 Thermodynamics, definition, 13 Thermodynamic probability, 312 Thermodynamic property relation, 291, 571 Thermodynamic surface, 63 Thermodynamic tables, 55 development of, 599 Thermodynamic temperature scale, 254 Thermoelectric devices, Third law of thermodynamics, 642 Throttling process, 34, 192 Thrust, 715 Topping cycle, 505 Torque, 92 Transient process, 202 Translation energy, 20, 825 Trap (liquid), 440, 441 Triple point, 52 Turbine: adiabatic, 336, 353 efficiency of, 353, 371 gas, 10, 477 liquid, 215, 366 operation of, 193 steam, 2, 424 Turbocharger, 363, 380 Units, 17, 755 Universal gas constant, 66, 757 Unrestrained expansion, 249 Valve flow, 192, 212 Van der Waals equation of state, 583, 827 mixture, 596 Van’t Hoff equation, 702 Vapor-compression refrigeration, 449 Vapor-pressure curve, 52, 53, 566, 599 Velocity of light, 156, endpapers Velocity of sound, 578, 720 Velocity coefficient, 735 Vibrational energy, 21, 826 Virial coefficient, 582 Virial equation of state, 582 Volume: critical, 50, 758 reduced, 585 relative, 763 residual, 581 saturated liquid correlation, 89 specific, 22 Volume expansivity, 578 Wagner’s correlation, 89 Water, properties, 776, 848 Water gas reaction, 684, 693 Watt, definition, 92 Wet-bulb temperature, 541 Wind turbines, 215 Work: definition, 90 flow, 184 nonequilibrium process, 101, 304 reversible, 345, 381 various forces, 104 Zeldovich mechanism, 697 Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 31 Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net 894 ... CLAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E SONNTAG University of Michigan John Wiley & Sons, Inc i Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net P1: PCX/OVY P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7... and approaches included in our recent textbook, Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics, Richard E Sonntag and Claus Borgnakke, John Wiley & Sons, Inc (2001) In Chapter 3, we first introduce... suggestions will also be appreciated and you may channel that through Claus Borgnakke, claus@umich.edu CLAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E SONNTAG Ann Arbor, Michigan May 2008 Confirmation Pages www.elsolucionario.net