Borgnakke sonntag fundamentals thermodynamics 7th txtbk

[...]... equipment Second, this chapter will provide an introduction to thermodynamics, including the use of certain terms (which will be more formally defined in later chapters), some of the problems to which thermodynamics can be applied, and some of the things that have been accomplished, at least in part, from the application of thermodynamics Thermodynamics is relevant to many processes other than those... excellent definition of thermodynamics is that it is the science of energy and entropy Since we have not yet defined these terms, an alternate definition in already familiar terms is: Thermodynamics is the science that deals with heat and work and those properties of substances that bear a relation to heat and work As with all sciences, the basis of thermodynamics is experimental observation In thermodynamics. .. Volume, 180 6.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume, 183 6.3 The Steady-State Process, 185 6.4 Examples of Steady-State Processes, 187 6.5 The Transient Process, 202 6.6 Engineering Applications, 211 Summary, 215 Problems, 218 7 238 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Heat Engines and Refrigerators, 238 The Second Law of Thermodynamics, 244 The Reversible... Concentration 10−6 parts per million ppm i 13:43 P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM T1: PCX GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 June 14, 2008 xviii Confirmation Pages 0:9 P1: KUF/OVY GTBL057-01 P2: OSO/OVY QC: SCF/OVY T1: SCF GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 May 20, 2008 Some Introductory Comments 1 In the course of our study of thermodynamics, a number of the examples and problems presented refer to processes that occur in equipment... observation In thermodynamics these findings have been formalized into certain basic laws, which are known as the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics In addition to these laws, the zeroth law of thermodynamics, which in the logical development of thermodynamics precedes the first law, has been set forth In the chapters that follow, we will present these laws and the thermodynamic properties... thorough understanding of the fundamentals and an ability to apply them to thermodynamic problems The examples and problems further this twofold objective It is not necessary for the student to memorize numerous equations, for problems are best solved by the application of the definitions and laws of thermodynamics In this chapter, some concepts and definitions basic to thermodynamics are presented 2.1... concerns 2nd Confirmation Pages 6:44 P1: KUF/OVY GTBL057-01 P2: OSO/OVY QC: SCF/OVY T1: SCF GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 May 20, 2008 FUEL CELLS FIGURE 1.2 The Esbjerg, Denmark, power station (Courtesy Vestkraft 1996.) 2nd Confirmation Pages 3 6:44 P1: KUF/OVY GTBL057-01 4 P2: OSO/OVY QC: SCF/OVY T1: SCF GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 May 20, 2008 CHAPTER ONE SOME INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS Steam generator Pressurizer Reactor... efficiency, improved design, optimum operating conditions, reduced environmental pollution, and alternate methods of power generation involve, among other factors, the careful application of the fundamentals of thermodynamics 1.3 THE VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE A simple vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is shown schematically in Fig 1.6 The refrigerant enters the compressor as a slightly... During our study of thermodynamics, which is the science of the conversion of energy from one form to another, we must continue to reflect on these issues We must consider how we can eliminate or at least minimize damaging effects, as well as use our natural resources, efficiently and responsibly 2nd Confirmation Pages 6:44 P1: KUF/OVY GTBL057-02 P2: OSO/OVY QC: SCF/OVY T1: SCF GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 May 20,... throat of a nozzle irreversible real gas part reversible Confirmation Pages 0:9 P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-FM T1: PCX GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 June 14, 2008 xviii Confirmation Pages 0:9 P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY GTBL057-IFC T1: PCX GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 May 15, 2008 Fundamental Physical Constants Avogadro Boltzmann Planck Gas Constant Atomic Mass Unit Velocity of light Electron Charge . that through Claus Borgnakke, claus@umich.edu. C LAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E. SONNTAG Ann Arbor, Michigan May 2008 P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 June. OF THERMODYNAMICS SEVENTH EDITION CLAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E. SONNTAG University of Michigan John Wiley & Sons, Inc. i P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057 -Borgnakke- v7 June 14, 2008. and approaches included in our recent textbook, Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics, Richard E. Sonntag and Claus Borgnakke, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2001). In Chapter 3, we first introduce