Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics borgnakke sonntag 8th edition

BORGNAKKE t SONNTAG Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 8e www.elsolucionario.org This page is intentionally left blank Fundamental Physical Constants Avogadro Boltzmann Planck Gas Constant Atomic Mass Unit Velocity of light Electron Charge Electron Mass Proton Mass Gravitation (Std.) Stefan Boltzmann N0 k h R m0 c e me mp g σ = 6.022 1415 × 1023 mol−1 = 1.380 6505 × 10−23 J K−1 = 6.626 0693 × 10−34 Js = N0 k = 8.314 472 J mol−1 K−1 = 1.660 538 86 × 10−27 kg = 2.997 924 58 × 108 ms−1 = 1.602 176 53 × 10−19 C = 9.109 3826 × 10−31 kg = 1.672 621 71 × 10−27 kg = 9.806 65 ms−2 = 5.670 400 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4 Mol here is gram mol Prefixes 10−1 10−2 10−3 10−6 10−9 10−12 10−15 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 deci centi milli micro nano pico femto deka hecto kilo mega giga tera peta d c m μ n p f da h k M G T P Concentration 10−6 parts per million ppm www.elsolucionario.org This page is intentionally left blank Fundamentals of 8/e ⑦ Thermodynamics Claus Borgnakke Richard E Sonntag University of Michigan www.elsolucionario.org PUBLISHER ACQUISITIONS EDITOR MARKETING MANAGER CREATIVE DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR PHOTO EDITOR COVER IMAGE Don Fowley Linda Ratts Christopher Ruel Harry Nolan Jim O’Shea Aptara, Inc Sujin Hong Sheena Goldstein Dr Hong Im, University of Michigan This book was set in Times New Roman by Aptara, Inc and printed and bound by Quad/Graphics The cover was printed by Quad/Graphics This book is printed on acid free paper ∞ Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship Copyright c 2013, 2009, 2002, 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website www.wiley.com/go/permissions Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley Return instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative ISBN 978-1-118-13199-2 Printed in the United States of America 10 Preface In this eighth edition the basic objective of the earlier editions have been retained: • to present a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics while retaining an engineering perspective, and in doing so • to lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in such fields as fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and statistical thermodynamics, and also • to prepare the student to effectively use thermodynamics in the practice of engineering The presentation is deliberately directed to students New concepts and definitions are presented in the context where they are first relevant in a natural progression The introduction has been reorganized with a very short introduction followed by the first thermodynamic properties to be defined (Chapter 1), which are those that can be readily measured: pressure, specific volume, and temperature In Chapter 2, tables of thermodynamic properties are introduced, but only in regard to these measurable properties Internal energy and enthalpy are introduced in connection with the energy equation and the first law, entropy with the second law, and the Helmholtz and Gibbs functions in the chapter on thermodynamic relations Many real-world realistic examples have been included in the book to assist the student in gaining an understanding of thermodynamics, and the problems at the end of each chapter have been carefully sequenced to correlate with the subject matter, and are grouped and identified as such The early chapters in particular contain a large number of examples, illustrations, and problems, and throughout the book, chapter-end summaries are included, followed by a set of concept/study problems that should be of benefit to the students This is the first edition I have prepared without the thoughtful comments from my colleague and coauthor, the late Professor Richard E Sonntag, who substantially contributed to earlier versions of this textbook I am grateful for the collaboration and fruitful discussions with my friend and trusted colleague, whom I have enjoyed the privilege of working with over the last three decades Professor Sonntag consistently shared generously his vast knowledge and experience in conjunction with our mutual work on previous editions of this book and on various research projects, advising PhD students and performing general professional tasks at our department In honor of my colleague’s many contributions, Professor Sonntag still appears as a coauthor of this edition NEW FEATURES IN THIS EDITION Chapter Reorganization and Revisions The introduction and the first five chapters in the seventh edition have been completely reorganized A much shorter introduction leads into the description of some background material from physics, thermodynamic properties, and units all of which is in the new Chapter To have the tools for the analysis, the order of the presentation has been kept iii www.elsolucionario.org ⑦ PREFACE iv from the previous editions, so the behavior of pure substances is presented in Chapter 2, with a slight expansion and separation of the different domains for solid, liquid, and gas phase behavior Some new figures and explanations have been added to show the ideal gas region as a limit behavior for a vapor at low density Discussion about work and heat is now included in Chapter with the energy equation to emphasize that they are transfer terms of energy explaining how energy for mass at one location can change because of energy exchange with a mass at another location The energy equation is presented first for a control mass as a basic principle accounting for energy in a control volume as Change of storage = transfer in − transfer out The chapter then discusses the form of energy storage as various internal energies associated with the mass and its structure to better understand how the energy is actually stored This also helps in understanding why internal energy and enthalpy can vary nonlinearly with temperature, leading to nonconstant specific heats Macroscopic potential and kinetic energy then naturally add to the internal energy for the total energy The first law of thermodynamics, which often is taken as synonymous with the energy equation, is shown as a natural consequence of the energy equation applied to a cyclic process In this respect, the current presentation follows modern physics rather than the historical development presented in the previous editions After discussion about the storage of energy, the left-hand side of the energy equation, the transfer terms as work and heat transfer are discussed, so the whole presentation is shorter than that in the previous editions This allows less time to be spent on the material used for preparation before the energy equation is applied to real systems All the balance equations for mass, momentum, energy, and entropy follow the same format to show the uniformity in the basic principles and make the concept something to be understood and not merely memorized This is also the reason to use the names energy equation and entropy equation for the first and second laws of thermodynamics to stress that they are universally valid, not just used in the field of thermodynamics but apply to all situations and fields of study with no exceptions Clearly, special cases require extensions not covered in this text, like effects of surface tension in drops or for liquid in small pores, relativity, and nuclear processes, to mention a few The energy equation applied to a general control volume is retained from the previous edition with the addition of a section on multiflow devices Again, this is done to reinforce to students that the analysis is done by applying the basic principles to systems under investigation This means that the actual mathematical form of the general laws follows the sketches and figures of the system, and the analysis is not a question about finding a suitable formula in the text To show the generality of the entropy equation, a small example is presented applying the energy and entropy equations to heat engines and heat pumps shown in Chapter This demonstrates that the historical presentation of the second law in Chapter can be completely substituted by the postulation of the entropy equation and the existence of the absolute temperature scale Carnot cycle efficiencies and the fact that real devices have lower efficiency follow from the basic general laws Also, the direction of heat transfer from a higher temperature domain toward a lower temperature domain is predicted by the entropy equation due to the requirement of a positive entropy generation These are examples that show the application of the general laws for specific cases and improve the student’s understanding of the material PREFACE v⑦ The rest of the chapters have been updated to improve the student’s understanding of the material The word availability has been substituted by exergy as a general concept, though it is not strictly in accordance with the original definition The chapters concerning cycles have been expanded, with a few details for specific cycles and some extensions shown to tie the theory to industrial applications with real systems The same is done for Chapter 13 with combustion to emphasize an understanding of the basic physics of what happens, which may not be evident in the more abstract definition of terms like enthalpy of combustion Web-Based Material Several new documents will be available from Wiley’s website for the book The following material will be accessible for students, with additional material reserved for instructors of the course Notes for classical thermodynamics A very short set of notes covers the basic thermodynamic analysis with the general laws (continuity, energy, and entropy equations) and some of the specific laws like device equations, process equations, and so on This is useful for students doing review of the course or for exam preparation, as it gives a comprehensive presentation in a condensed form Extended set of study examples This document includes a collection of additional examples for students to study These examples have slightly longer and more detailed solutions than the examples printed in the book and thus are excellent for self-study There are about SI unit problems with 3–4 English unit problems for each chapter covering most of the material in the chapters How-to notes Frequently asked questions are listed for each of the set of subject areas in the book with detailed answers These are questions that are difficult to accommodate in the book Examples: How I find a certain state for R-410a in the B-section tables? How I make a linear interpolation? Should I use internal energy (u) or enthalpy (h) in the energy equation? When can I use the ideal gas law? Instructor material The material for instructors covers typical syllabus and homework assignments for a first and a second course in thermodynamics Additionally, examples of two standard 1-hour midterm exams and a 2-hour final exam are given for typical Thermodynamics I and Thermodynamics II classes FEATURES CONTINUED FROM THE SEVENTH EDITION In-Text-Concept Questions The in-text concept questions appear in the text after major sections of material to allow student to reflect on the material just presented These questions are intended to be quick self-tests for students or used by teachers as wrap-up checks for each of the subjects covered, and most of them emphasize the understanding of the material without being memory facts www.elsolucionario.org ⑦ ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 880 3.228 −13.4 kJ 4.60 −48.7 kJ/kg, −210 kJ/kg 3.233 842 kPa, −1381 kJ 4.62 15 kW 3.238 14.7 kg, 120 kJ, 2988 kJ 4.66 3235 kJ/kg 3.241 101 kJ 4.68 1.35 kW, 1.62 kW −3 3.243 1.285 × 10 4.76 0.0079 kg/s 3.246 Btu 4.81 31 m/s, 20.12◦ C 3.249 7.71 Btu 4.82 1.57 kg/s, 196 kW 3.252 62.3 ft3 4.85 7.4 kW 4.88 0.036 kg/s 4.93 0.795 −4 Btu 3.255 9.76 × 10 3.258 a 1069 Btu/lbm, 8.972 ft3 /lbm, 0.8912 Btu 4.96 1.8 kg/s b 472 F, undefined, 0.0197 ft3 /lbm 4.98 367 K c 24.11 Btu/lbm, undefined 4.100 0.258 kg/s, 4.2 m3 /s 3.261 804 Btu 120◦ C, m3 /s 3.264 0, −59.5 Btu 4.105 4.106 2.069 kg/s 3.267 7.68 Btu, 99.93 Btu 4.110 193 kW 3.270 −1885 Btu 4.113 1357 K 3.273 87 F 4.115 wP = −0.9 kJ/kg, qheat = 3073 kJ/kg 3.277 123.4 F, 0.833 atm 4.120 13.75 MW, 67 MW 4.123 0.35 kW, 11.7 kW, 7.3 kW 4.126 T2 > 20◦ C, No 3.281 −431 Btu 3.284 −0.003 Btu 3.288 −7850 Btu 4.129 −900 kJ 3.292 7.9 s 4.132 4.29 MPa 3.296 22.6 Btu/s 4.135 13.3 kJ 4.137 41 MJ 4.139 8.9 kg, 25.5 MJ 4.143 2.66 m3 /s, 39.5 MW 3.300 −10.49 Btu 3.304 163 psia, 633.5 Btu/lbm, 0, 313 Btu/lbm 4.12 0.84 m/s, 0.0126 m3 /s 4.146 12.85 MJ 4.16 10.9 m/s, 12.8 m/s 4.149 126◦ C, −2.62 MW 4.17 0.69 cm2 , 50 cm2 4.152 8405 kJ, 225 MJ 4.21 360 K, 306 K, 330 K 4.155 238 MJ, 203 MJ 4.24 890 K 4.157 ft/s 4.27 9.9 m/s, 0.776 kg/s 4.162 1.205 in 4.30 22.9◦ C, 144 kPa 4.165 570 R, 17.72 psia ◦ ◦ 4.32 20 C, 5.3 C 4.170 1758% 4.37 20◦ C, 3.464 4.176 7.57 lbm/h 1.99 kJ/kg, 3.99 kW 4.179 55.3 ft/s, 0.305 Btu/s 4.49 −9.9 kW 4.183 2.38 × 107 Btu/h 4.50 −46.3 kJ/kg 4.187 1.29 Btu/s 4.52 4.190 0.16 4.54 −317 kJ/kg, 307 kJ/kg 4.194 1080 R 4.57 4.198 33 000 hp, −1.92 × 108 Btu/h 4.44 34 W 0.53 kW ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS ⑦ 881 6.18 a) n.a b) OK c) w˙ = 2.53 kW 4.206 −249.9 Btu 6.21 a) OK b) n.a c) OK 4.209 201 339 Btu 6.27 4.05, 6.54, −1.237 kJ/kg-K 4.211 7.15 lbm, 225 Btu, −869 Btu 6.30 0.438 85, 4.02 kJ/kg-K 6.33 u, s = (23.2, 0.776) (26, 1.1) (28.3, 1.85) 4.203 222 539 lbm/h d) OK 5.16 43%, 20 kW 5.19 750 W 6.36 61◦ C, −48.9 kJ/kg 5.20 2.91 6.39 neg., neg 5.25 2.33 6.44 16.94 kJ, 225.7 kJ 5.26 1313 W, 750 W 6.51 172◦ C, −132 kJ/kg 5.28 1.53 g/s, 42.9 kW 6.53 3214 kJ, 8.7 kJ/K 5.36 36 sec 6.55 0.385 m3 5.41 1st: Y, Y, Y; 2nd: Y, N, N 6.59 −38.3 kJ/kg, −164.6 kJ/kg 5.45 45% 6.66 334.6 kJ/kg, kJ/kg K, same 5.46 15% 6.65 65◦ C, 0.023 kJ/K 5.51 300 J, 3.3 × 10−8 6.71 0.016 kJ/K 5.54 100 MJ 6.74 81.95 MJ 5.62 24%, 50.6% 6.80 5.63 98 W 772 K, −267 kJ/kg 400 K, −264 kJ/kg 5.65 62 kJ, 9.85 kJ 6.83 2.78, 2.725, 2.335 kJ/kg K 5.70 73% 6.90 5.73 impossible 450 K, −112.5 kJ/kg 460 K, −110.7 kJ/kg 5.77 4.89 kg/s 6.94 143 K, −624 kJ/kg 5.82 5.1%, 3.8% 6.98 1000 kPa, −23 kJ, −0.077 kJ/K 5.89 kW, 0.31 kg/s 5.90 38.8◦ C 5.92 4.4◦ C 5.96 3.43 5.98 3.33, 49.7 kJ/kg 5.101 335 kJ, 60 kJ 5.106 10.9 kW 5.112 153 kJ 5.119 15◦ C 5.121 2.5 Btu, 1.5 5.126 0.26 Btu/s, 0.1 Btu/s 5.130 48.5 lbm/s 5.132 0.587 5.137 6.101 6.103 −312 kJ 6.108 509.5 kJ/kg, −251 kJ/kg 6.111 1.8 kJ, −0.96 kJ 6.117 312◦ C, 0.225 kJ/K 6.118 191.7 MJ, 654 kJ/K 6.130 3243 kJ, 3.75 kJ/K 6.135 97.8 kJ, 1447 kJ, 1.31 kJ/K 6.136 0.202 kJ/K 6.137 −58 kJ, −519 kJ, 0.022 kJ/K 6.145 133 kPa, 300 K, 0.034 kJ/K 6.146 189 kJ, 0.223 kJ/K 6.154 200 kPa, 428 K, 0.0068 m3 , 0.173 J/K 0.57 Btu/s 6.158 300 kPa, 400 K, 0.52 kJ/K 5.140 505 680 Btu, 28%, 6.159 0.365 kJ/K 5.142 42.2 Btu/s 6.161 5.146 0.58 Btu 1.303, 0.0218 m3 , −21.3 kJ, −5.1 kJ, 0.0036 kJ/K 5.153 3.33, 21.4 Btu/lbm 6.167 0.1 kW/K, 0.1 kW/K www.elsolucionario.org ⑦ ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 882 6.168 0.68, 0.73, 0.75 W/K, 0.045 W/K 7.92 764 kW, 0.624 kW/K 6.171 0.555, 0.309, 0.994 W/K 7.94 47.3 kg/min, 8.9 kJ/min-K 6.172 4.73 W/K, 2.33 W/K 7.95 0, 187.1 kJ/kg, 0.163 kJ/kg-K 6.177 26.3 kJ/K 7.99 327 K, 0.036 kW/K 6.182 442 C, 1.72 kJ/K 7.105 120.2◦ C, 1.54 kW/K 6.187 3.33 kJ, 30.43 kJ, kJ 7.107 No a x = 0.932, 1058.5 Btu/lbm 7.113 443 K, 0.023 kW/K b 1020 F, 1.6083 Btu/lbm-R 7.114 0.95 kg/s, 4.05 kg/s, 0.85 kW/K 212 F, 0.26, 775 Btu/lbm, 1.48 Btu/lbm-R 7.120 2.323 kg, 0.0022 kJ/K 7.121 0.466 kJ/K 6.197 0.262, 0.904, 7.995 7.125 6.96 MPa, 15.26 kJ/K 6.203 335 psi, 213 Btu 7.129 495◦ C, 6.205 −5.15 Btu, −6.37 Btu 7.133 533 m/s 6.212 0.1277 Btu/R 7.134 50 kW 6.215 172 psia, 0.171 ft3 7.139 69.53 kJ/kg 6.217 23.9 in., 0.46 Btu 7.146 587 kPa 6.221 422 R, −11.8 Btu 7.148 461 kPa, 7.98 kW 6.226 716 Btu, 5842 Btu, 2.54 Btu/R 7.150 411 kPa, 758 K 6.231 630 R, 0.005 Btu/R 7.154 17.3 m/s, 0.8 kg/s 6.236 720 R, 45 psia, 0.32 Btu/R 7.156 129 kPa, 313 K 6.240 0.053 Btu/s-R for both 7.160 281◦ C, 0.724 kW/K 6.243 14.2 Btu/R 7.161 141.5 kJ/kg in, 431 K, 532 m/s 7.164 Yes 7.166 108 kW, 103 kW 7.169 2.675 kg, 450 kJ, 1276 kJ, 106 kPa 7.172 0.989, 136.5◦ C 7.175 12.02 kg, 362 K, 4140 kPa, −539 kJ, 4.4 kJ/K 6.194 6.196 ◦ 7.18 22.7◦ C, 1.92 kW 7.20 358 kPa, 1.78 × 10−4 m2 7.28 −2.74 kW (i.e out) 7.31 706 K, 558 kJ/kg, 662 K, 540 kJ/kg 7.32 69.3 kW, 69.3 kW 7.38 1397 kJ/kg, −250 kW 7.43 27 MW 7.180 2129 ft/s 7.46 245 kPa, 138◦ C 7.182 1.46 Btu/s 7.50 356 K, 3.912 kg 7.185 −0.14 Btu/s 7.53 6.898 kJ/kg-K 7.188 386 Btu/lbm, 56.6 psia 7.58 13.3 kg/s 7.194 31.6 lbm/s 7.61 0.2 m 7.198 hp = 2.1 Btu/s 7.62 kW 7.199 7.66 6.08 MPa, 25.3◦ C 15.5 Btu/s, 116 F, 0.27 Btu/s, 10.9 F 7.70 100.17 kPa, 290.3 K 7.203 292.7 Btu/s = 414 hp 7.71 42.4 m/s 7.205 Yes 7.77 18.44 MPa, −849 kJ/kg, −104 kJ/kg 7.209 0.0245 Btu/lbm-R 7.80 1612 kPa, 1977 K, 200 MPa, 1977 K 7.214 100 lbm/min, 4.37 Btu/R-min 7.82 No 7.217 7.87 0.017 kJ/kg-K 673 R, 508 Btu/s, 0, 1000 R, 0, 0.616 Btu/s-R 7.220 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS ⑦ 883 1.668 lbm/s, 8.332 lbm/s, 0.331 Btu/s-R 8.134 14.9 W, 32.8 W, 50 W 8.135 303 kJ 7.221 0.273 lbm, 0.351 Btu/R 8.140 −1000, −1000, −537 Btu 7.225 484 F, 100% 8.144 −5.4 Btu/lbm, −19.3 Btu/lbm 7.228 1599 ft/s 8.148 542 R, 16 895 Btu 7.230 2.5 Btu/s = 3.5 hp 8.155 157 Btu, 213 Btu 7.233 −79.2 Btu/lbm, 136 F 8.158 580 R, 8.7 Btu/lbm 1.0 × 106 Btu 8.159 in: 0, 15 000 Btu/h, ex: 4830 Btu/h 8.161 1.14 Btu/lbm 8.166 500 W, 250 W, W 8.169 456 Btu/h 8.173 0.32 8.175 0.853, 0.879 8.180 20.82 Btu/lbm, 0.949 8.183 261.7 Btu, 122.9 Btu, 152.3 Btu 8.186 2102 ft/s, 0.95 7.236 8.18 −0.2 kW 8.22 −48.2 kJ/kg 8.25 1484 kJ/kg, 1637 kJ/kg 8.26 −38.9 kJ/kg 8.32 8.56 kg, 1592 kJ 8.35 1500 W 8.38 20.45 kJ/kg, 20.45 kJ/kg 8.42 190 kJ, 236 kJ 8.43 621 K, −113 kJ/kg 9.18 0.133 8.44 93.3 kJ/kg 8.51 46.3◦ C, 19.8 kJ/kg 9.20 3.03, 3178.4, 1058.8, 2123 all kJ/kg, 0.332 8.52 5.02 kg, 747 kJ 9.21 0.102 8.54 0.702 kW, 0, 0.6 kW 9.31 41.7 MW, 387 kW, 141 850 kg/s, 147 290 kg/s, 0.033 8.60 −216 kJ/kg 8.63 2.46 kJ/kg 9.35 529◦ C, 6.49 MW, 16.48 MW 8.68 877, 340, 501, 37 all kW 9.37 0.362, 0.923 8.70 1788, 219, 1.5, 21.6 all kJ/kg 9.41 0.0434 8.74 1.47 kW 9.45 0.1046, 34 kW 8.75 300.6 K, −44 kJ 9.46 0.1661, kJ/kg, 4.5 kJ/kg 8.78 64.6 kJ, 1286 kJ 9.47 kg/s, 1836 kg/s 8.82 1500 W 9.54 0.1913, 5.04 kJ/kg, 4.5 kJ/kg 8.85 0.55 kW 9.55 0.191, 4903 kW 8.86 62 W 9.62 0.271, 0.256 8.92 Destr.: 43.3 kW (inside), 14.1 kW (wall), 20.8 kW (radiator) 9.63 3.8, 2609, 719, 1893 all kJ/kg, 0.274 0.31 9.65 15.2 kW 8.104 0.659, 0.663 9.70 3.02 kJ/kg-K 8.107 0.835, 0.884 9.76 40.3◦ C, 29.2 MW, 11.6 MW 8.111 0.315, 0.672 9.81 9102 kW 8.115 0.9 9.84 136.7 kJ/kg, 170.1 kJ/kg, 4.09 8.116 0.51 9.86 45.9◦ C, 22◦ C, 6.2 8.119 0.61 9.92 4386 kW 8.124 263 kJ, 112 kJ, 164.6 kJ 9.97 5.06, 5.43 8.132 4.67 m/s 9.99 58.2 kJ/kg, 3.17 8.101 www.elsolucionario.org ⑦ ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 884 9.101 2.24, 223 W 10.75 7.67, −262 kJ/kg, 4883 kPa 9.103 11.3 kW, 0.0094 kW/K 10.82 9.93, 819 kPa 9.106 1.83, 1.44 10.85 0.487, 1133 kPa 9.109 It is the same 10.87 274 kPa, 531 kJ/kg, 0.536 9.112 0.9 10.90 19.32, 0.619 9.126 835 kJ/kg, −55 kJ/kg, 0.91 10.94 121 kW, 162 hp 9.133 11.39, 0.529 10.96 20.2, 0.553 9.136 about 105/115 K, β = 0.219 10.99 20.9, 895 kPa 9.139 Overall cycle OK, turbine impossible 10.103 −1154, 2773, 4466, −2773 all kJ/kg, 0.458 9.145 0.438, 0.473, 0.488 10.106 900 K, 430 kJ/kg, 15.6 9.148 0.278 10.109 19.4 9.151 0.102 10.112 3127 K, 6958 kPa, 0.654, 428 kPa 9.158 0.345, 0.91 10.115 13.5 9.161 13.2 lbm/s 10.118 0.79 kg/s, 51 kW 9.164 0.275, 2.25, 306, 1104, 800 Btu/lbm 10.121 58.3 kg/s, 6.259 kg/s, 0.634 10.124 10.135 514 K, 565 K, 0.93, 0.405 10.139 1540.5 K, 548 kJ/kg 10.143 165 600 hp, 0.4, 0.53 10.145 2600 R, 67.2 lbm/s 10.147 0.604 10.150 2.71, 394.5 R 10.154 1033 psia, 5789 R, 0.54, 188 psi 9.168 86 psia, 33.3 psia 9.171 2.97 9.174 760 Btu/lbm in, out, 0.563 9.176 in: 5.16, 75.1, ex: 68.6 all Btu/lbm 9.181 1.8, 1253, 424 and 829 Btu/lbm, 0.337 9.183 0.357, 421 Btu/lbm 9.195 61.3 Btu/lbm, 0.829 10.158 3836 R, 1527 R, 0.60 10.20 975 kJ/kg, 525 kJ/kg 10.161 887 psi, 4972 R, 0.58 10.24 22.3 10.164 12.24, 0.584, 140 psi 10.28 1597 K, 26.7 kg/s 10.171 20.13, 0.65 10.32 0.565 10.173 10.34 130 kJ/kg, 318 kJ/kg 10.175 10.38 166 MW, 0.4, 0.582 396.8 Btu/lbm ˙ H = 17895 Btu/s, (in, out) = (4.2, 4205) Btu/s, 0.78 10.41 214 MW, 0.533, 0.386 10.179 206 Btu/lbm, 529 Btu/lbm, 0.61 10.46 1012 m/s 10.48 340.7 kPa 10.51 1157 K, 504 kPa, 750 K, 904 m/s 10.54 10.57 11.15 0.18 m3 /s, 0.68 m3 /s 11.16 0.543, 0.209, 0.248, 0.322 kJ/kg-K, 5.065 m3 824 K, 602 m/s 11.22 0.251 kJ/kg-K, 1.0 m3 2.71, 219 K 11.26 332 K, 141.4 kPa 10.60 0.57 11.29 1.675 m3 , 373 kJ 10.64 0.6, 21.6 kW 11.34 1096 kW 10.66 2502 K, 6338 kPa 11.37 1247 kW 10.72 2677 K, 1458 kJ/kg, 1165 K 11.39 335 K, 306 kPa 11.44 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS ⑦ 885 353 K, 134 kJ/kg 11.162 630 R, 20 psia, yes, 0.0026 Btu/R 11.43 −0.149 m3 /kg, 88.7 kJ/kg, 0.154 kJ/kg-K 11.163 0.15 Btu/s-R 11.168 1184 Btu/s 11.47 573 K, 90 kW 0.001 62, 0.066, ∞ 11.49 540 K, −0.22 kJ 11.171 11.174 78 F, −1.5 Btu 11.53 0.29 kJ/K 11.179 1.24 Btu/s = 1.2 kW, −0.78 Btu/s 11.56 305 K, 0.179 kJ/kg-K 11.183 11.59 Yes 0.124 lbm/min, 0.04 lbm/min, 96 F, 9% 11.62 616 K, −0.339 kW/K 11.186 0.864 Btu/s-R 11.65 698 kPa, 3748 kJ, 5.3 kJ/K 11.68 39%, 15.2 kW 12.21 151 kW out 11.71 0.513 kg, 0.0043, 1.4◦ C 12.24 11 kPa, 2.2 m3 11.74 0.0061 kg/s 12.27 2.2 × 10−3 Pa 11.77 28◦ C, −2.77 kJ 12.30 40.5 MPa 11.80 0.0679 kg, 85 kPa, −741 kJ 12.36 11.85 0.0189, 0.0108, 46 kJ/kg air 12.48 2.44 kJ 1166 m/s ◦ 11.88 27.5 C, 0.002 45 kg/s, −10.6 kW, 58% 12.51 12.54 1415 m/s, 506 m/s 11.91 94% 12.57 1100 m/s, −66.7 J/kg ◦ 11.94 0.015, 36.2 kg/s, 36.5 C 12.60 0.27 11.98 0.007 kg/kg-air, 37 kJ/kg-air, 16.5◦ C 12.63 u-u∗ = −6.4 kJ/kg 12.66 0.022 vs 0.0148 kJ/kg-K 12.72 2.45 12.75 3.375 Tc , 2.9 Tc 12.78 0.125 (1 − 27 Tc /8 T) RTc /Pc , −0.297 RTc /Pc 11.101 21.4◦ C 11.104 17.3◦ C, 0.0044, −39 kJ/kg-air 11.108 4.07, 0.206, 49.3◦ C, 15% 11.111 (16.8, 12, 10.9, 6.5)◦ C 11.114 3.77, 6.43 kJ/kg-air out 12.81 208 K, 0.987 kJ/kg-K 11.118 17%, 16 kJ/kg-air, 100%, −15 kJ/kg-air 12.88 173 kg 11.122 0.06 kg/min, 0.0162 kg/min, 32.5◦ C, 12% 12.92 0.606 RTc 12.93 −0.47 R 11.126 55 kW, 38 kW 11.128 141 kPa 12.96 0.998, 125 kJ 12.98 1.06 MPa, 0.0024 kg, 0.753 kJ 11.131 −880, 476 kJ/kg 12.99 3391 kJ 11.134 1089 K, 1164 K 12.108 66.8 kJ/kg, 11 kJ/kg 11.137 361 K, −2.4 kJ 12.115 296.5 kJ/kg 11.140 0.386 kJ/K 12.117 8.58 0.044 m3 , 0.0407 m3 11.145 3.15 psia, 540 R, 57.5 ft /lbm 12.121 11.150 72.586, 21.285 ft-lbf/lbm R, 1.1667 12.126 0.87, 28.51 kJ/kg 12.128 286 kJ/kg 11.153 1938 R, 20 psia 12.130 −8309 kW 11.156 989 Btu/s 12.133 a −7.71 kJ, −7.71 kJ 11.159 38 psia, 565 R b −9.93 kJ, −7.81 kJ www.elsolucionario.org ⑦ ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 886 12.139 935 kJ/kg, 368 K, 418 kJ/kg 13.125 817 903 kJ, 1.06 V 12.143 62.6 kW 13.130 1053 cm2 12.146 254 K, 470 MJ, 259 K, 452 MJ 13.134 12.152 27.4 F 2.324 H2 O + CO2 + 11.28 N2 + O2 , 53.8◦ C 12.156 6.9 Btu 13.137 12.158 1690 ft/s 13 101 kJ/kg, 13 101 kJ/kg, 1216 K 12.161 124 Btu/lbmol 13.142 2760 kJ/kg, 2799 kJ/kg 12.167 817 R, 99 Btu 12.174 −78.4 Btu/lbm, −202 Btu/lbm 12.177 114 Btu/lbm 12.179 1.35 ft3 , 1.24 ft3 12.182 −1.7 Btu/lbm, 0.281 13.25 11 H2 O + 10 CO2 + 87.42 N2 + 7.75 O2 13.27 101.2, 3.044 kg/kg 13.31 0.8, 125% 13.146 −4.081 kW, 0.139 13.148 9.444 kg/kg 13.152 20 986 kJ/kg 13.156 238% theo air 13.159 1139 K, 8710 kW 13.162 140.7 kJ/kmol-K, 433◦ C 13.164 0, 107 124, −169 184 all Btu/lbmol 13.167 −369 746 Btu/lbmol, −337 570 Btu/lbmol 13.171 126 psia, 194 945 Btu 13.175 21 280 Btu/lbm 13.179 1.81 CO2 + 2.81 H2 O + 10.69 N2 , 13 302 Btu/lbm 13.183 3317 R 13.187 1.44 13.55 −158 065 kJ/kmol, −96 232 kJ/kmol 13.191 5.07, 308 Btu/R 13.194 34.9 Btu/s, −67.5 Btu/s 13.62 −172 998 kJ/kmol, 0.74 13.197 1.23 lbm/lbm, 1.49 lbm/lbm 13.66 −3842 MJ/kmol fuel 13.200 986 R, 621 MBtu/lbmol fuel 13.73 −1 196 121 and −1 310 223 kJ/kmol 14.18 34.4 MPa 14.21 29.68 MPa 14.24 exp(−12.8407) 14.27 linear in 1/T 14.32 2980 K 14.36 exp(5.116) 14.41 1444 K 14.42 1108 kPa, 93.7% O2 , 6.3% O, 97.7 MJ/kmol 14.49 exp(154.665) 13.35 0.718 kmol air/kmol gas 13.39 1200 MJ/kmol fuel 13.45 −256 MJ/kmol fuel 13.47 −915 MJ/kmol fuel, −778 MJ/kmol fuel 13.52 838 kPa, −453 MJ 13.75 + 740 519 kJ/kmol, 12 kg/kg 13.81 72.6◦ C, 2525 K 13.86 1843 K 13.89 2048 K 13.94 0.59, 169% 13.97 2461 K, −393 522 kJ/kmol 13.99 1.43 13.105 Impossible 13.107 38.7 kW, −83.3 kW 14.52 21.8% N2 , 9.1% H2 , 69.1% NH3 13.110 5.76, 1414 kJ/K 14.56 exp(−8.293) 13.114 175%, 990 MJ/kmol 14.58 3617 K 13.116 2039 K 14.64 13.120 2.594, 380 kPa, 676 MJ 1.4% C2 H5 OH, 32.4% C2 H4 , 66.2% H2 O 13.123 427 995 kJ/4 kmol e− , 1.109 V 14.66 0.006 55, −836 MJ ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 142.2◦ C, 281 kPa, 5.9 kg/s 14.71 8.7% CO2 , 10.3% CO2 , 37.9% H2 O, 43.1% O2 15.24 −205 N, −193 N 14.78 0.0024, Yes 15.27 61920 N 14.81 66.1% H2 O, 12.9% H2 , 5.4% O2 , 9.9% OH, 5.7% H 15.30 36 m/s 14.84 6.2% CO2 , 7.8% H2 O, 75.9% N2 , 10.1% O2 , 0.06% NO, 0.001% NO2 15.36 1716 m 15.39 11 350 kPa, 27.7◦ C, no 14.87 exp(−3.7411) = 0.0237 15.42 906 kPa 14.90 exp(−2.1665) vs exp(−2.4716) 15.45 896 kPa, 8.251 kg/s 14.93 5.8% CH3 OH, 50% CO, 44.2% H2 , no 15.48 25% 15.51 0.0342 kg/s, 0.0149 kg/s 14.96 0.0097 15.54 112.8 kPa, 9.9 kg/s 14.102 2.7% 15.57 1.895 kg, 0.0082 kg/s 14.105 NO2 , 703 K 15.60 1.178 kg, 0.012 24 kg/s 14.108 10–12 000 K 15.63 2.41 14.111 11.1% CO2 , 1.5% CO, 70.7% N2 , 14% H2 O, 2.7% H2 15.66 0.0206 kJ/kg-K 15.69 627.6 m/s 15.72 279.3 K, 0.608 15.75 52.83 kPa, 0.157 kg/s 15.78 6.115 × 10−4 m2 , 0.167 kJ/kg-K 15.81 0.1454 kg/s, 0.1433 kg/s 15.84 1.756 15.87 8649 ft/s 15.90 (1087, 1149), (846, 894.5), (1010, 1068) all ft/s 15.93 13.406 psia, 45.66 lbm/s 15.96 0.0144 ft2 , 0.0232 ft2 1.479 ft2 14.113 0.4 14.117 1.96 14.119 ln K = −185.85, + 5.127 14.123 86% O2 , 14% O, 1948 Btu/lbm 14.128 163 psia, 94% O2 , 6% O, 42 000 Btu/lbmol 14.132 75 360 Btu 14.136 0.859 NH3 , 0.035 N2 , 0.106 H2 14.139 0.487 H2 O, 0.057 H2 , 0.076 O2 , 0.086 OH, 0.155 CO2 0.139 CO 14.142 ln K = −2.1665, −2.4716 15.21 15.15 556 kPa, 365◦ C 15.99 15.18 127 kPa, 907 K 15.102 7.824 psia, 542 R, 0.415 ⑦ 887 www.elsolucionario.org This page is intentionally left blank Index 889 www.elsolucionario.org ⑦ INDEX 890 Absolute entropy, 637 Absolute temperature scale, 23, 56, 232 Absorption refrigeration cycle, 442 Acentric factor, 578, 828 Adiabatic compressibility, 571 Adiabatic flame temperature, 635 Adiabatic process, definition, 98 Adiabatic saturation process, 530 Aftercooler, 174, 191, 440 Air, ideal gas properties, 114, 762, 841 Air-conditioner, 1, 193, 536 Air fuel ratio, 614 Air preheater, 659 Air-standard power cycles, 462 Air-standard refrigeration cycle, 480 Air-water mixtures, 521 Alternative refrigerant, 436 Ammonia, properties, 794, 834, 859 Ammonia-absorption cycle, 442 Appendix contents, 753 Atkinson cycle, 492 Atmosphere, standard, definition, 13 Availability, see Exergy Available energy, 364 Avogadro’s number, endpapers Back pressure, 724 Back work, 465 Bar, definition, 13 Barometer, 16 Batteries, 127 BWR equation of state, 577 Bernoulli equation, 329, 716 Binary cycle, 495 Binary mixtures, 518, 585 Black body, 100 Boiler, steam, 3, 177, 195, 406 Bottoming cycle, 431, 496 Boyle temperature, 576 Brayton cycle, 463 British thermal unit, 98, 755 Bulk modulus, 571 Calorie, 98, 755 Carbon dioxide, properties, 760, 765, 800 Carbon monoxide, properties, 760, 768 Carnot cycle, 229, 267 Cascade refrigeration, 441 Celsius Scale, 23 Chaos, 292 Chemical equilibrium, 670 Chemical potential, 586 Cheng cycle, 556, 668 Choked flow, 725 Clapeyron equation, 559 Clausius, inequality of, 258 Clausius statement, 223 Coal, 620 Coal gasifier, 654, 663, 691 Coefficient of performance, 220, 434, 480 Cogeneration, 430, 556 Cold air properties, 463 Combined cycle, 495 Combustion, 613 Combustion efficiency, 648 Comfort zone, 534 Compressed liquid, 51 Compressibility factor, 59, 573, 829 Compressible flow 708 Compression ratio, 483 Compressor, 24, 67, 174, 321, 463 Concentration, 513 Condenser, 67, 168, 406 Conduction, 99 Conservation of mass, 123, 125, 160 Continuity equation, 125, 160 Continuum, Control mass, definition, Conversion factors, 755 Control volume, definition, Convection, 99 Cooling tower, 538, 546 Crank angle, 483 Critical constants, 758, 838 Critical point, 41, 42 Cryogenic fluids, 64 Cycle, definition, Dalton’s model, 516 Dehumidifier, 537, 545 Density: critical, 723, 758, 838 definition, 10 of solids and liquids, 12, 759, 839 Rackett equation, 80 Desalination, 355, 392 Desuperheater, 181, 323 Dew point, 521, 615 Diatomic molecule, 20, 825 Diesel cycle, 489 Diffuser, 172, 195, 734 Discharge coefficient, 734 Displacement, 85, 483 Dissociation, 683, 692 Distillation column, 611 Drip pump, 422 Dry-bulb temperature, 532 Drying, 537, 545, 552 Dual cycle, 439, 456 Economizer, 195, 206 Efficiency: combustion, 648 compressor, 337 cycle, 219, 237 diffuser, 734 nozzle, 339, 733 pump, 337 regenerator, 470 Second-law, 377 thermal, 219 turbine, 334, 377 Electrical work, 122 Electromotive force, 644 Emissivity, 100 Energy: available, 364 chemical, 586 electronic, 20 internal, 20, 81, 101 kinetic, 20, 81 potential, 20, 81 storage, 83, 125 total 19, 81 Energy equation, 81, 163 English engineering system of units, Enthalpy: of combustion, 631 definition, 110 of evaporation, 111 of formation, 621, 772 of ideal gas, 115, 760, 842 stagnation, 165, 708 total, 165, 708 Enthalpy chart, generalized, 578, 830 Entropy: absolute, 637 definition, 263 general comment, 292 generation, 282 of ideal gas, 273, 760, 842 of mixing, 518 principle of increase, 285, 330 of solids and liquids, 272 Entropy chart, generalized, 581, 831 Equation of state: Benedict-Webb-Rubin, 577 cubic, 63, 577 ideal gas, 56 Lee-Kesler, 578, 828 Peng-Robinson, 827 real gas, 573 Redlich-Kwong, 827 Soave, 827 van der Waals, 576, 827 virial, 575 Equilibrium: chemical, 677, 680 definition, 6, 670 metastable, 676 phase, 6, 672 thermodynamic, Equilibrium constant: definition, 680 table of, 773 Equivalence ratio, 614 Ericsson cycle, 473 Evaporative cooling, 536, 547 Evaporator, 207, 433 Excess air, 615 Exergy, 362 Exergy destruction, 383 Expansion engine, 441 Extensive property, Extraction, 419, 423 Fahrenheit temperature scale, 24 Fanno line, 729 Feedwater heater, 418, 422, 423 First law of thermodynamics, 85 Flame temperature, 635 Flash evaporator, 180, 208, 446, 457 Flow devices, 189, 195 Flywheel, 126 Fourier’s law, 99 Friction, 226, 327 Fuel air ratio, 614 Fuel-cell, 643 Fuels, 610, 631 Fusion line, 41 Gas, ideal, 56 Gas constant, definition, 56, 517 Gas constants, tables of, 760, 842 Gasification process, 654, 691 Gasoline engine, 484 Gas thermometer, 233 Gas turbine cycle, 463, 470 Gauge pressure, 15 Generalized charts: compressibility, 59, 577, 828 enthalpy, 578 entropy, 581 Geothermal energy, 208, 446 Gibbs function: definition, 563 partial molal, 587 Gibbs relations, 271 INDEX ⑦ 891 www.elsolucionario.org ⑦ INDEX 892 Heat: Capacity, see Specific heat definition, 98 of reaction, 630 Heat engine, 217, 237 Heat exchanger: co- and counter-flow, 350, 351 definition, 3, 168, 191, 379 dual fluid, 168, 204 Heating value, 632, 649 Heat pump, 1, 207, 217, 237 Heat transfer, 99 Heat transfer coefficient, 100 Helmholtz function, 563, 594 Historical events, 243 Horsepower, definition, 87, 756 Humidifier, 547, 552 Humidity, 522 Hybrid engines, 493 Hydraulic cylinder, 31, 128 Hydrides, 702 Hydrocarbons, 610, 631 Hydrogen fuel cell, 643 Hypothetical ideal gas, 582 Ice point, 234 Ideal gas: definition, 56 mixtures of, 513 properties, 114, 273, 760, 842 temperature scale, 56, 233 Incompressible liquid, 52 Increase of entropy, 285 Inequality of Clausius, 258 Intensive property, Inter-cooling, 350, 355, 361, 474 Internal combustion engine, 462, 647 Internal energy, 20, 101 of combustion, 630 International temperature scale, 23 Ionization, 692 Irreversibility, 366 Isentropic efficiency, 334 Isentropic process, definition, 267 Isobaric process, definition, Isochoric process, definition, Isolated system, Isothermal compressibility, 571 Isothermal process, definition, Jet ejector, 356, 457 Jet engine, 208, 477 Joule, definition, 87 Kalina cycle, 496 Kay’s rule, 590 Kelvin-Planck statement, 222 Kelvin temperature scale, 23, 232 Kinetic energy, 20, 86 Latent heat, see Enthalpy of evaporation Lee-Kesler equation, 578, 828 Linde-Hampson process, 440 liquid oxygen plant, 441 Liquids, properties, 759, 839 LNG, 66 Lost work, 283, 366 Mach number, 720 Macroscopic point of view, Mass, Mass conservation, 123, 160 Mass flow rate, 162 Mass fraction, 513 Maxwell relations, 563 Mean effective pressure, 484 Mercury density, 17, 34 Metastable equilibrium, 676 Methanation reaction, 692 Methane properties, 820 Metric system, Microscopic point of view, Miller cycle, 492 Mixtures, 513, 587 Moisture separator, 207 Mole, Molecular mass, table of, 758, 838 Mole fraction, 513 Mollier diagram, 264 Momentum equation, 710 Monatomic gas, 20, 825 Multistage compression, 440, 474 Natural gas, 612 Newton, definition, Newton’s law of cooling, 99 Newton’s second law, Nitrogen, properties, 816 Nonideal mixtures, 588 Nitrogen oxides, 695 Normal shock, 728 Nozzle efficiency, 339, 733 Nozzle flow, 170, 329, 715 table of functions, 743 Nuclear reactor, 206, 431 Open feedwater heater, 418 Otto cycle, 484 Oxygen, P-h diagram, 835 Partial molal properties, 587 Partial pressure, 516 Pascal, definition, 13 Perpetual motion machine, 224, 241 Phase, 6, 41, 43 Physical constants, endpapers Pinch point, 449 Pitot tube, 738 Polytropic exponent, 95, 278 Polytropic process, 95, 277 Potential energy, 81, 86 Power plant, 3, 207, 406 Prefixes, endpapers Pressure: cooker, 72 critical, 41, 723, 758, 838 definition, 13 gauge, 15, 25 mean effective, 484 partial, 516, 587 reduced, 60 relative, 762 saturation, 41 Wagner’s correlation, 79 Process 6, 225 Properties, computerized, 64 Properties, independent, 47 Property relation, 271, 563 Property, thermodynamic, Pseudocritical properties, 590 Pseudopure substance, 588 Psychrometric chart, 532, 836 Pump: efficiency of, 337 operation of, 174, 192 reversible, 328 Quality, definition, 50 Quasi-equilibrium process, Rackett equation, 80 Radiation, 100 Rankine cycle, 406 Rankine temperature scale, 23 Ratio of specific heats, 277, 519 Rayleigh line, 729 Reactions, see Chemical equilibrium Redlich-Kwong equation of state, 827 mixture, 590 Reduced properties, 60 Refrigerants: Alternative, 436 CO2 tables, 800 R-410a tables, 804, 865 R-134a tables, 810, 871 Refrigeration cycles, 179, 432, 439 Refrigerator, 3, 178, 217 Regenerative cycle, 417, 470 Regenerator, 440, 470 Reheat cycle, 414 Relative humidity, 522 Relative pressure, 763 Relative volume, 763 Residual volume, 574 Reversible process, definition, 225 Reversible work, 365, 639, 671 Rotational energy, 20, 825 Saturated liquid, 44 Saturated fuel, 610 Saturation pressure, 44, 559, 593 Saturation temperature, 44 Second law efficiency, 374, 379 Second law of thermodynamics: for control mass, 283, 288 for control volume, 315 for cycle, 291 Simple compressible substance, 40 Simultaneous reactions, 687 SI system of units, Solids, properties, 759, 839 Specific heat: definition, 112 equations, 761 of ideal gases, 115, 519, 760, 840 of solids and liquids, 114, 759, 839 temperature dependency, 116, 761, 825 thermodynamic relations, 271, 563 Specific humidity, 522 Specific volume, 10 Speed of sound, 572, 717 Stagnation pressure, 348, 708 Stagnation properties, 708 Steady-state process, 165, 317 Steam drum, 3, 207 Steam power plant, 3, 176, 206, 406 Steam tables, 48, 776, 848 Steam turbine, 3, 317, 406 Stirling cycle, 492 Stoichiometric coefficients, 614 Stretched wire, 122 Subcooled liquid, 52 Sublimation, 41, 559 Supercharger, 195, 356, 493 Supercritical Rankine cycle, 446 Superheated vapor, 44, 52 Superheater, 201, 407, 445 Supersaturation, 676 INDEX ⑦ 893 www.elsolucionario.org ⑦ INDEX 894 Syngas, 691 Surface tension, 122, 587 System definition, Tank charging, 184, 324 Temperature: critical, 41, 758, 838 equality, 22 reduced, 60 saturation, 41 thermodynamic scale, 23, 232 Theoretical air, 614 Thermal efficiency, 219 Thermal oxidizer, 545 Thermal time constant, 132 Thermistor, 27 Thermocouple, 27 Thermodynamic probability, 293 Thermodynamic property relation, 271, 563 Thermodynamic surface, 44 Thermodynamic tables, 47, 64 development of, 593 Thermodynamic temperature scale, 232 Thermosyphon, 131 Third law of thermodynamics, 637 Throttling process, 26, 172 Thrust, 714 Topping cycle, 495 Torque, 87 Transient process, 131, 182, 324 Translation energy, 20, 825 Trap (liquid), 422 Triple point, 41, 42 Turbine: adiabatic, 177, 334 efficiency of, 334, 377 gas, 470 liquid, 193, 348 operation of, 173, 193 steam, 3, 317, 406 Turbocharger, 195, 344 Units, 8, 9, 755 Universal gas constant, 56, 757 Unrestrained expansion, 227 Valve flow, 172, 191 Van der Waals equation of state, 576, 827 mixture, 590 Van’t Hoff equation, 700 Vapor-compression refrigeration, 433 Vapor-pressure curve, 41, 48, 559, 593 Velocity of light, 123, endpapers Velocity of sound, 572, 717 Velocity coefficient, 734 Vibrational energy, 21, 826 Virial equation of state, 575 Volume: critical, 42, 758 reduced, 60, 578 relative, 763 residual, 574 saturated liquid correlation, 80 specific, 10 Volume expansivity, 571 Wagner’s correlation, 79 Water, properties, 776, 848 Water gas reaction, 682, 692 Watt, definition, 87 Wet-bulb temperature, 532 Wind turbines, 193 Work: definition, 85 flow, 164 nonequilibrium process, 94, 283 reversible, 326, 639 various forces, 122 Zeldovich mechanism, 695 Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 22 ... performing general professional tasks at our department In honor of my colleague’s many contributions, Professor Sonntag still appears as a coauthor of this edition NEW FEATURES IN THIS EDITION Chapter... matter of classical thermodynamics, and I believe that it provides adequate preparation for study of the application of thermodynamics to the various professional fields as well as for study of more... the first and second laws of thermodynamics in the logical presentation of thermodynamics, it is called the zeroth law of thermodynamics This law is really the basis of temperature measurement