Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Boca Raton London New York Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics edited by Rajeev Bansal © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The material was previously published in The Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics © Taylor & Francis 2004. Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7360-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7360-2 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005058201 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bansal, Rajeev. Fundamentals of engineering electromagnetics / Rajeev Bansal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-7360-3 (alk. paper) 1. Electromagnetism. I. Title. QC760.B2653 2006 621.3 dc22 2005058201 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at and the CRC Press Web site at Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of Informa plc. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, http://www.taylorandfrancis.com http://www.crcpress.com To the memory of my parents © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface Aim This volume, derived from the Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics (2004), is intended as a desk reference for the fundamentals of engineering electromagnetics. Because electromagnetics provides the underpinnings for many technological fields such as wireless communications, fiber optics, microwave engineering, radar, electromagnetic compatibility, material science, and biomedicine, there is a great deal of interest and need for training in the concepts of engineering electromagnetics. Practicing engineers in these diverse fields must understand how electromagnetic principles can be applied to the formulation and solut ion of actual engineering problems. Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics should serve as a bridge betw een standard textbooks in electromagnetic theory and specialized references such as handbooks on radar or wireless communications. While textbooks are comprehensive in terms of the theoretical development of the subject matter, they are usually deficient in the application of that theory to practical applications. Specialized handbooks, on the other hand, often provide detailed lists of formulas, tables, and graphs, but do not offer the insight needed to appreciate the underlying physical concepts. This volume will permit a practicing engineer/scientist to: Review the necessary electromagnetic theory. Gain an appreciation for the key electromagnetic terms and parameters. Learn how to apply the theory to formulate engineering problems. Obtain guidance to the specialized literature for additional details. Scope Because Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics is intended to be useful to engineers engaged in electromagnetic applications in a variety of professional settings, the coverage of topics is correspondingly broad, including Maxwell equations, static fields, electromagnetic induction, waves, transmission lines, waveguides, antennas, and ix © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC electromagnetic compat ibility. Pertinent data in the form of tables and graphs has been brief compilations of important electromagnetic constants and units , respectively. Finally, as a convenient tutorial on vector analysis and coordinate systems. x Preface © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC provided within the context of the subject matter. In addition, Appendices A and B are intendedCAppendix is Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank all the contributors, whose hard work is reflected in the pages of this volume. My editors at Taylor & Francis, specially Mr. Taisuke Soda, have provided valuable help and advice throughout the project. I would like to thank I would like to express my gratitude to my family for their unfailing support and encouragement. xi © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Mr. Anthony Palladino for his help in preparing the manuscript of Appendix C. Finally, Editor Rajeev Bansal received his Ph.D. in Applied Physics from Harvard University in 1981. Since then he has taught and conducted research in the area of applied electromagnetics at the University of Connecticut, where he is currently a professor of electrical engineering. His technical contributions include the edited volume Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics (2004), two coauthored book chapters on submarine antennas (2005) and semiconductor dipole antennas (1986), two patents (1989 and 1993), and over 75 journal/conference papers. Dr. Bansal has served on the editorial boards of Int. J. of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Radio Science, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,andIEEE Microwave Magazine. He is a member of the Electromagnetics Academy and the Technical Coordinating Committee of the IEEE Microwave Theory & Techniques Society. He has served as a consultant to the Naval Undersea W arfare Center, Newport, RI. xiii © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors Christo Christopoulos University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England Kenneth R. Demarest The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas Mark N. Horenstein Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts David R. Jackson University of Houston, Houston, Texas Mohammad Kolbehdari Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon Branko D. Popovic ´ y University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Milica Popovic ´ McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Zoya Popovic ´ University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado N. Narayana Rao University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois Matthew N. O. Sadiku Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas David Thiel Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia Andreas Weisshaar Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon Jeffrey T. Williams University of Houston, Houston, Texas Donald R. Wilton University of Houston, Houston, Texas y Deceased. xv © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents 1. Fundam entals of Engineering Electromagnetics Revisited 1 N. Narayana Rao 2. Applied Electrostatics 53 Mark N. Horenstein 3. Magnetostatics 89 Milica Popovic ´ , Branko D. Popovic ´ y , and Zoya Popovic ´ 4. Electromagnetic Induction 123 Milica Popovic ´ , Branko D. Popovic ´ y , and Zoya Popovic ´ 5. Wave Propagation 163 Mohammad Kolbehdari and Matthew N. O. Sadiku 6. Transmission Lines 185 Andreas Weisshaar 7. Waveguides and Resonators 227 Kenneth R. Demarest 8. Antennas: Fundamentals 255 David Thiel 9. Antennas: Representative Types 277 David R. Jackson, Jeffery T. Williams, and Donald R. Wilton 10. Electromagnetic Compatibility 347 Christos Christopoulos Appendix A: Some Useful Constants 377 Appendix B: Some Units and Conversions 379 Appendix C: Review of Vector Analysis and Coordinate Systems 381 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]...1 Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics Revisited N Narayana Rao University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois In this chapter, we present in a nutshell the fundamental aspects of engineering electromagnetics from the view of looking back in a reflective fashion at what has already been learned in undergraduate electromagnetics courses as a novice... the curl of the electric field intensity is equal to the time rate of decrease of the magnetic flux density, and the curl of the magnetic field intensity is equal to the sum of the current density due to flow of charges and the displacement current density (time derivative of the displacement flux density); whereas © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Fundamentals Revisited 13 the divergence of the displacement... of the closed surface must leave (or enter) through the remainder of the closed surface, as shown, for example, in Fig 1.8 Law of Conservation of Charge An auxiliary equation known as the law of conservation of charge states that the current due to flow of charges emanating from a closed surface S is equal to the time rate of decrease of the charge inside the volume V bounded by that surface, that is,... (F/m), where a farad is a coulomb square per newton-meter Polarization is the phenomenon of creation and net alignment of electric dipoles, formed by the displacements of the centroids of the electron clouds of the nuclei of the atoms within the material, along the direction of an applied electric field The effect of polarization is to produce a secondary field that acts in superposition with the applied... the time rate of increase of the volume charge density is equal to zero From the interdependence of the integral laws discussed in the previous section, it follows that Eq (1.30) is not independent of Eq (1.27), and Eq (1.29) is not independent of Eq (1.28) in view of Eq (1.31) Maxwell’s equations in differential form lend themselves well for a qualitative discussion of the interdependence of time-varying... and H is parallel to B, independent of the directions of the field vectors For anisotropic materials, the behavior depends upon the directions of the field vectors The constitutive relations have then to be written in matrix form For example, in an anisotropic dielectric, each component of P and hence of D is in general dependent upon each component of E Thus, in terms of components in the Cartesian coordinate... mind in this context is what constitutes the fundamentals of engineering electromagnetics If the question is posed to several individuals, it is certain that they will come up with sets of topics, not necessarily the same or in the same order, but all containing the topic of Maxwell’s equations at some point in the list, ranging from the beginning to the end of the list In most cases, the response is... condition resulting from the law of conservation of charge is given by an EðJ1 À J2 Þ ¼ ÀJS EJS À @&S @t ð1:46Þ In words, Eq (1.46) states that, at any point on the boundary, the components of J1 and J2 normal to the boundary are discontinuous by the amount equal to the negative of the sum of the two-dimensional divergence of the surface current density and the time derivative of the surface charge density... due to motion of true charges They do not pertain to charges and currents resulting from the polarization and magnetization phenomena, since these are implicitly taken into account by the formulation of these two equations in terms of D and H, instead of in terms of E and B Ð The displacement current, dð S DEdSÞ=dt is not a true current, that is, it is not a current due to actual flow of charges, such... decades, I have employed in this chapter the approach of beginning with Maxwell’s equations and treating the different categories of fields as solutions to Maxwell’s equations In doing so, instead of presenting the topics in an unconnected manner, I have used the thread of statics–quasistatics–waves to cover the fundamentals and bring out the frequency behavior of physical structures at the same time 1.1 1.1.1 . at the University of Connecticut, where he is currently a professor of electrical engineering. His technical contributions include the edited volume Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics (2004),. phenomenon of creation and net alignment of electric dipoles, formed by the displacements of the centroids of the electron clouds of the nuclei of the atoms within the material, along the direction of. Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor &