Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Boca Raton London New York Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics edited by Rajeev Bansal © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The material was previously published in The Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics © Taylor & Francis 2004. Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7360-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7360-2 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005058201 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bansal, Rajeev. Fundamentals of engineering electromagnetics / Rajeev Bansal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-7360-3 (alk. paper) 1. Electromagnetism. I. Title. QC760.B2653 2006 621.3 dc22 2005058201 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at and the CRC Press Web site at Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of Informa plc. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, http://www.taylorandfrancis.com http://www.crcpress.com To the memory of my parents © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface Aim This volume, derived from the Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics (2004), is intended as a desk reference for the fundamentals of engineering electromagnetics. Because electromagnetics provides the underpinnings for many technological fields such as wireless communications, fiber optics, microwave engineering, radar, electromagnetic compatibility, material science, and biomedicine, there is a great deal of interest and need for training in the concepts of engineering electromagnetics. Practicing engineers in these diverse fields must understand how electromagnetic principles can be applied to the formulation and solut ion of actual engineering problems. Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics should serve as a bridge betw een standard textbooks in electromagnetic theory and specialized references such as handbooks on radar or wireless communications. While textbooks are comprehensive in terms of the theoretical development of the subject matter, they are usually deficient in the application of that theory to practical applications. Specialized handbooks, on the other hand, often provide detailed lists of formulas, tables, and graphs, but do not offer the insight needed to appreciate the underlying physical concepts. This volume will permit a practicing engineer/scientist to: Review the necessary electromagnetic theory. Gain an appreciation for the key electromagnetic terms and parameters. Learn how to apply the theory to formulate engineering problems. Obtain guidance to the specialized literature for additional details. Scope Because Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics is intended to be useful to engineers engaged in electromagnetic applications in a variety of professional settings, the coverage of topics is correspondingly broad, including Maxwell equations, static fields, electromagnetic induction, waves, transmission lines, waveguides, antennas, and ix © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC electromagnetic compat ibility. Pertinent data in the form of tables and graphs has been brief compilations of important electromagnetic constants and units , respectively. Finally, as a convenient tutorial on vector analysis and coordinate systems. x Preface © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC provided within the context of the subject matter. In addition, Appendices A and B are intendedCAppendix is Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank all the contributors, whose hard work is reflected in the pages of this volume. My editors at Taylor & Francis, specially Mr. Taisuke Soda, have provided valuable help and advice throughout the project. I would like to thank I would like to express my gratitude to my family for their unfailing support and encouragement. xi © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Mr. Anthony Palladino for his help in preparing the manuscript of Appendix C. Finally, Editor Rajeev Bansal received his Ph.D. in Applied Physics from Harvard University in 1981. Since then he has taught and conducted research in the area of applied electromagnetics at the University of Connecticut, where he is currently a professor of electrical engineering. His technical contributions include the edited volume Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics (2004), two coauthored book chapters on submarine antennas (2005) and semiconductor dipole antennas (1986), two patents (1989 and 1993), and over 75 journal/conference papers. Dr. Bansal has served on the editorial boards of Int. J. of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Radio Science, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,andIEEE Microwave Magazine. He is a member of the Electromagnetics Academy and the Technical Coordinating Committee of the IEEE Microwave Theory & Techniques Society. He has served as a consultant to the Naval Undersea W arfare Center, Newport, RI. xiii © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors Christo Christopoulos University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England Kenneth R. Demarest The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas Mark N. Horenstein Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts David R. Jackson University of Houston, Houston, Texas Mohammad Kolbehdari Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon Branko D. Popovic ´ y University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Milica Popovic ´ McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Zoya Popovic ´ University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado N. Narayana Rao University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois Matthew N. O. Sadiku Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas David Thiel Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia Andreas Weisshaar Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon Jeffrey T. Williams University of Houston, Houston, Texas Donald R. Wilton University of Houston, Houston, Texas y Deceased. xv © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents 1. Fundam entals of Engineering Electromagnetics Revisited 1 N. Narayana Rao 2. Applied Electrostatics 53 Mark N. Horenstein 3. Magnetostatics 89 Milica Popovic ´ , Branko D. Popovic ´ y , and Zoya Popovic ´ 4. Electromagnetic Induction 123 Milica Popovic ´ , Branko D. Popovic ´ y , and Zoya Popovic ´ 5. Wave Propagation 163 Mohammad Kolbehdari and Matthew N. O. Sadiku 6. Transmission Lines 185 Andreas Weisshaar 7. Waveguides and Resonators 227 Kenneth R. Demarest 8. Antennas: Fundamentals 255 David Thiel 9. Antennas: Representative Types 277 David R. Jackson, Jeffery T. Williams, and Donald R. Wilton 10. Electromagnetic Compatibility 347 Christos Christopoulos Appendix A: Some Useful Constants 377 Appendix B: Some Units and Conversions 379 Appendix C: Review of Vector Analysis and Coordinate Systems 381 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]... can be summarized as an 3 ðE1 À E2 Þ ¼ 0 1: 44aÞ an 3 ðH1 À H2 Þ ¼ JS 1: 44bÞ an EðD1 À D2 Þ ¼ &S 1: 44cÞ an EðB1 À B2 Þ ¼ 0 1: 44dÞ © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 16 Rao Figure 1. 12 For deriving the boundary conditions at the interface between two arbitrary media or in scalar form, Et1 À Et2 ¼ 0 1: 45aÞ Ht1 À Ht2 ¼ JS Dn1 À Dn2 ¼ &S 1: 45bÞ 1: 45cÞ Bn1 À Bn2 ¼ 0 1: 45dÞ In words, the boundary... effect of magnetization For linear isotropic magnetic materials, M is proportional to H in the manner M ¼ 1m H 1: 12Þ where 1m, a dimensionless quantity, is the magnetic susceptibility, a parameter that signifies the ability of the material to get magnetized Combining Eqs (1. 11) and 1. 12), © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 6 Rao we have B "0 1 þ 1m Þ B ¼ " 0 "r B ¼ " H¼ 1: 13Þ where "r ( ¼ 1 þ 1m)... considerations of energy conservation, an appropriate choice of the coordinate system can be made such that some or all of the nondiagonal elements are zero For a particular choice, all of the nondiagonal elements can be made zero so that 2 "1 ½" ¼ 4 0 0 0 "2 0 3 0 05 "3 1: 16Þ Then Dx0 ¼ "1 Ex0 1: 17aÞ Dy0 ¼ "2 Ey0 1: 17bÞ © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Fundamentals Revisited Dz0 ¼ "3 Ez0 7 1: 17cÞ... Francis Group, LLC 1: 22Þ 10 Rao Figure 1. 9 Right-hand-screw-rule convention There are certain procedures and observations of interest pertinent to Eqs (1. 18)– (1. 22), as follows 1 2 3 4 The direction of the infinitesimal surface vector d S in Figs 1. 5 and 1. 6 denotes that the magnetic flux and the displacement flux, respectively, are to be evaluated in accordance with the right-hand screw rule (RHS... the constitutive relation is given by 2 3 2 Dx "11 4 Dy 5 ¼ 4 " 21 Dz " 31 "12 "22 "32 32 3 "13 Ex "23 5 4 Ey 5 "33 Ez 1: 14Þ or, simply by ½D ¼ ½"½E 1: 15Þ where [D] and [E] are the column matrices consisting of the components of D and E, respectively, and ["] is the permittivity matrix (tensor of rank 2) containing the elements "ij, i ¼ 1, 2, 3 and j ¼ 1, 2, 3 Similar relationships hold for anisotropic... @D @t 1: 27Þ 1: 28Þ JED ¼ & 1: 29Þ JEB ¼ 0 1: 30Þ corresponding to the integral forms Eqs (1. 18)– (1. 21) , respectively These differential equations state that at any point in a given medium, the curl of the electric field intensity is equal to the time rate of decrease of the magnetic flux density, and the curl of the magnetic field intensity is equal to the sum of the current density due to flow of charges... directly by using Eqs (1. 65b) and (1. 65d) © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 26 Rao Figure 1. 14 Magnetostatic field in a parallel-plate arrangement A simple example is that of the parallel-plate arrangement of Fig 1. 13a with the plates connected by another conductor at the end z ¼ 0 and driven by a source of direct current I0 at the end z ¼ Àl, as shown in Fig 1. 14a If fringing of the field due to the.. .1 Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics Revisited N Narayana Rao University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois In this chapter, we present in a nutshell the fundamental aspects of engineering electromagnetics from the view of looking back in a reflective fashion at what has already been learned in undergraduate electromagnetics courses as a novice... EEðJ 3 HÞ 1: 55Þ and make use of Maxwell’s curl equations, Eqs (1. 27) and (1. 28), to write JEðE 3 HÞ ¼ ÀEEJ À EE @D @B À HE @t @t 1: 56Þ Allowing for conductivity of a material medium by denoting J ¼ J0 þ Jc, where J0 is that part of J that can be attributed to a source, and using the constitutive relations (1. 5), (1. 6), © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Fundamentals Revisited 19 and (1. 10), we obtain... that Eq (1. 30) is not independent of Eq (1. 27), and Eq (1. 29) is not independent of Eq (1. 28) in view of Eq (1. 31) Maxwell’s equations in differential form lend themselves well for a qualitative discussion of the interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic fields giving rise to the phenomenon of electromagnetic wave propagation Recognizing that the operations of curl and divergence involve partial . that ½"¼ " 1 00 0 " 2 0 00" 3 2 4 3 5 1: 16Þ Then D x 0 ¼ " 1 E x 0 1: 17aÞ D y 0 ¼ " 2 E y 0 1: 17bÞ 6 Rao © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC D z 0 ¼ " 3 E z 0 1: 17cÞ so. Standard Book Number -1 0 : 0-8 49 3-7 36 0-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number -1 3 : 97 8-0 -8 49 3-7 36 0-2 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 20050582 01 This book contains information. infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bansal, Rajeev. Fundamentals of engineering electromagnetics / Rajeev Bansal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8 49 3-7 36 0-3