The electrical engineering handbook
Kersting, W.H. “Section VI – Energy” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 California’s Mojave Desert is the site of Solar Two, the world’s most technically advanced solar power plant. Solar Two uses an innovative molten salt technology to capture and store the sun’s energy. This technology vastly differs from other solar technologies because, for the first time, it allows the practical storage of solar energy during the day to generate electricity at night. Solar Two uses 1,926 heliostats (mirrors) located on a field in circular formation around a 300-ft tower to focus sunlight on a central receiver which generates a clean, inexhaustible supply of energy. The heliostats are equipped with two dual-axis electrical motors that position the mirrors to reflect the most sunlight onto the receiver via a computerized program. Scheduled for testing until 1998, Solar Two will demonstrate the technical and economical viability of an emission-free solar thermal power plant to produce virtually unlimited supplies of electricity. (Photo courtesy of Southern California Edison.) © 2000 by CRC Press LLC © 2000 by CRC Press LLC VI Energy 59 Conventional Power Generation G.G. Karady Fossil Power Plants • Nuclear Power Plants • Geothermal Power Plants • Hydroelectric Power Plants 60 Power Systems and Generation R. Ramakumar, A.M. Barnett, L.L. Kazmerski, J.P. Benner, T.J. Coutts Distributed Power Generation • Photovoltaic Solar Cells • Thermophotovoltaics 61 Transmission M.S. Chen, K.C. Lai, R.S. Thallam, M.E. El-Hawary, C. Gross, A.G. Phadke, R.B. Gungor, J.D. Glover Alternating Current Overhead: Line Parameters, Models, Standard Voltages, Insulators • Alternating Current Underground: Line Parameters, Models, Standard Voltages, Cables • High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission • Compensation • Fault Analysis in Power Systems • Protection • Transient Operation of Power Systems • Planning 62 Power Quality J. Arrillaga Power Quality Disturbances • Power Quality Monitoring • Power Quality Conditioning 63 Power Systems L.L. Grigsby, A.P. Hanson, R.A. Schlueter, N. Alemadi Power System Analysis • Voltage Instability 64 Power Transformers C.A. Gross Transformer Construction • Power Transformer Modeling • Transformer Performance • Transformers in Three-Phase Connections • Autotransformers 65 Energy Distribution G.G. Karady Primary Distribution System • Secondary Distribution System • Radial Distribution System • Secondary Networks • Load Characteristics • Voltage Regulation • Capacitors and Voltage Regulators 66 Electrical Machines C.C. Liu, K.T. Vu, Y. Yu, D. Galler, E.G. Strange, Chee-Mun Ong Generators • Motors • Small Electric Motors • Simulation of Electric Machinery 67 Energy Management K.N. Stanton, J.C. Giri, A.J. Bose Power System Data Acquisition and Control • Automatic Generation Control • Load Management • Energy Management • Security Control • Operator Training Simulator 68 Power System Analysis Software C.P. Arnold, N.R. Watson Early Analysis Programs • The Second Generation of Programs • Further Development of Programs William H. Kersting New Mexico State University HE GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION of electrical energy remains one of the most exciting and challenging areas of electrical engineering. Without a safe, reliable, and economic supply of electrical energy, all industry would come to a grinding halt. T © 2000 by CRC Press LLC This section will present chapters discussing the theory and methods for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. While the fundamentals have been around a long time, the application of the fundamentals will continue to take on many new forms. The great majority of electrical energy continues to be generated by large conventional power plants, which are discussed in Chapter 61. As Chapter 62 will explain, fuel cells, wind, and solar are becoming important components of the overall generation picture. The transmission of electrical energy over long distances and at increasingly higher voltages has become an ever more important component as “open access” of these facilities becomes a reality. Chapter 63 will present the theory of transmission, including alternating current and direct current transmission, both overhead and underground. In addition, the discussion will include the protection of these facilities, transient operation, and planning. A modern power system operates at many different voltage levels. Because of this, transformers play a key role. The theory is the same for all voltage levels and will be presented in Chapter 66. The chapter will also discuss application of the theory for different types of transformers commonly used. The final component in bringing electrical energy to the ultimate user is the distribution system. For many years the stepchild to the more costly generation and transmission components, distribution systems are now playing an important role in increasing reliability and service at a reduced cost. Chapter 67 presents an overview of this key component. Generators and motors are still the primary devices for converting energy from mechanical to electrical and vice versa. Chapter 68 is devoted to the theory of ac/dc motors and generators. The automatic control of the total power system is presented in Chapter 69. This is one area of power systems that has changed dramatically and continues to change on almost a daily basis. In many ways, the total field of electrical engineering is applied in the control of a modern power system. Nomenclature Symbol Quantity Unit D damping coefficient DF demand factor δ power angle degree δ torque angle degree f s slip frequency Hz φ core flux Wb φ f magnetic field flux Wb I ac rms ac current A I f field current A I r rotor current A J moment of inertia of rotor kg-m 2 /rad K a armature constant of a dc machine K t torque constant of a dc machine LSF loss factor λ magnetic flux linkages Wb/m n rotor speed rpm Symbol Quantity Unit n Steinmetz constant N number of turns N p number of stator pole pairs ω s slip frequency radian P real power W P e eddy current loss W P h hysteresis power loss W Q reactive power r radius of conductor m ρ resistivity of conductor Ω m s slip of an induction motor – S complex power T shaft torque N-m θ rotor angle degree θ power factor angle degree V a armature back emf V w shaft speed rad/s . Energy” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 California’s Mojave Desert is the site of Solar Two, the world’s. discussing the theory and methods for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. While the fundamentals have been around a long time, the