The electrical engineering handbook
Steadman, J.W. “Section III – Electronics” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 The Cheetah disc drive is produced by Seagate Technology, Scotts Valley, California, and has been dubbed the industry’s fastest disc drive. The Cheetah is the world’s first-announced drive to utilize 10,000-rpm technology. The increased rotational remarkably increases data transfer rates to 15 Mbytes/sec which is 40% greater than that of 7,200-rpm drives. The 10,000-rpm rotational rate also significantly reduces the seek time. Seagate’s pioneering of the 10,000-rpm technology enables OEMs, VARs, and system integrators to take advan- tage of performance levels that were previously unattainable. Seagate has developed and manufactured some of the industry’s highest-performance disc drives which not only enable users to achieve higher levels of system performance, but will also introduce exciting new electronic applications. (Photo courtesy of Seagate Technology.) © 2000 by CRC Press LLC © 2000 by CRC Press LLC III Electronics 22 Semiconductors G.S. Gildenblat, B. Gelmont, M. Milkovic, A. Elshabini-Riad, F.W. Stephenson, I.A. Bhutta, D.C. Look Physical Properties • Diodes • Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models and Device Simulators for Semiconductor Devices • Electrical Characterization of Semiconductors 23 Semiconductor Manufacturing H.G. Parks, W. Needham, S. Rajaram, C. Rafferty Processes • Testing • Electrical Characterization of Interconnections • Process Modeling and Simulation 24 Transistors S. Soclof, J. Watson, J.R. Brews Junction Field-Effect Transistors • Bipolar Transistors • The Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field- Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 25 Integrated Circuits J.E. Brewer, M.R. Zargham, S. Tragoudas, S. Tewksbury Integrated Circuit Technology • Layout, Placement, and Routing • Application-Specific Integrated Circuits 26 Surface Mount Technology G.R. Blackwell Definition and Considerations • SMT Design, Assembly, and Test Overview • Surface Mount Device (SMD) Definitions • Substrate Design Guidelines • Thermal Design Considerations • Adhesives • Solder Paste and Joint Formation • Parts Inspection and Placement • Reflow Soldering • Cleaning • Prototype Systems 27 Operational Amplifiers E.J. Kennedy, J.V. Wait Ideal and Practical Models • Applications 28 Amplifiers G.L. Carpenter, J. Choma, Jr . Large Signal Analysis • Small Signal Analysis 29 Active Filters R.E. Massara, J.W. Steadman, B.M. Wilamowski, J.A. Svoboda Synthesis of Low-Pass Forms • Realization • Generalized Impedance Converters and Simulated Impedances 30 Power Electronics K. Rajashekara, A.K.S. Bhat, B.K. Bose Power Semiconductor Devices • Power Conversion • Power Supplies • Converter Control of Machines 31 Optoelectronics J. Hecht, L.S. Watkins, R.A. Becker Lasers • Sources and Detectors • Circuits 32 D/A and A/D Converters S.A.R. Garrod D/A and A/D Circuits 33 Thermal Management of Electronics A. Bar-Cohen Heat Transfer Fundamentals • Chip Module Thermal Resistance 34 Digital and Analog Electronic Design Automation A. Dewey Design Entry • Synthesis • Verification • Physical Design • Test © 2000 by CRC Press LLC John W. Steadman University of Wyoming HE TRULY INCREDIBLE CHANGES in the technology associated with electronics over the past three decades have certainly been the driving force for most of the growth in the field of electrical engineering. Recall that 30 years ago the transistor was a novel device and that the majority of electronic systems still used vacuum tubes. Then look at the section headings in the following chapters and appreciate the range of ways that electronics has impacted electrical engineering. Amplifiers, integrated circuits, filters, power electronics, and optoelectronics are examples of how electronics transformed the practice of electrical engi- neering in such diverse fields as power generation and distribution, communications, signal processing, and computers. The various contributors to this section have done an outstanding job of providing concise and practical coverage of this immense field. By necessity, the content ranges from rather theoretical considerations, such as physical principles of semiconductors, to quite practical issues such as printed circuit board technology and circuits for active filter realizations. There are areas of overlap with other chapters in the Handbook , such as those covering electrical effects and devices, biomedical electronics, digital devices, and computers. The con- tributors to this section, however, have maintained a focus on providing practical and useful information directly related to electronics as needed by a practicing electrical engineer. The author(s) of each chapter was given the task of providing broad coverage of the field while being restricted to only a few pages of text. As a result, the information content is quite high and tends to treat the main principles or most useful topics in each area without giving the details or extensions of the subject. This practice, followed throughout the Handbook , is what makes it a valuable new work in electrical engineering. In most cases the information here will be complete enough. When this is not the case, the references will point the way to whatever added information is necessary. Nomenclature Symbol Quantity Unit A area m 2 A i current gain A v terminal voltage gain a i ionization coefficient B bandwidth Hz C velocity of light in 2.998 ´ 10 8 m/s vacuum C specific heat W/kg K C c coupling capacitor C E emitter bypass capacitor C j junction capacitance F E energy J ⑀ o permittivity constant 8.85 ´ 10 –12 F/m f focal length m F luminous flux lumen F radiational factor f pn-junction contact V potential g m transconductance S h Planck’s constant 6.626 ´ 10 –34 J·s h heat transfer coefficient h FE common-emitter direct current gain Symbol Quantity Unit h re small-signal current gain h quantum efficiency i b incremental base current A I illuminance lumen/cm I B direct base current A I D diode forward current A I E direct emitter current A I s reverse saturation A current J current density A/m 2 k Boltzmann constant 1.38 ´ 10 –23 J/K k wavenumber rad/m k wave vector k attenuation k thermal conductivity W/m K l carrier mean free path m l wavelength m m magnetic permeability H/m m viscosity kg/ms m n electron mobility n electron density electrons/cm 3 n refractive index n light frequency Hz T © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Symbol Quantity Unit p hole density holes/cm 3 Pr Prandtl number y bk Bloch wave function q electronic charge 1.6 ´ 10 –19 C q heat flow W R B base resistor Re Reynolds number R g generator internal W resistance R G total resistance W s conductivity S s Stefan-Boltzmann 5.67 ´ 10 –8 constant W/m 2 K 4 Symbol Quantity Unit T absolute temperature K t momentum relaxation s time q volumetric flow rate m 3 /s v electron velocity m/s V BE direct base-emitter V voltage V CC direct voltage supply V V T thermal voltage mV V Z Zener voltage V W power W Z o characteristic impedance W . over the past three decades have certainly been the driving force for most of the growth in the field of electrical engineering. Recall that 30 years ago the. extensions of the subject. This practice, followed throughout the Handbook , is what makes it a valuable new work in electrical engineering. In most cases the information