RASHID power electronics handbook

POWER ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net Academic Press Series in Engineering J David Irwin, Auburn University, Series Editor This is a series that will include handbooks, textbooks, and professional reference books on cutting-edge areas of engineering Also included in this series will be single-authored professional books on state-of-the-art techniques and methods in engineering Its objective is to meet the needs of academic, industrial, and governmental engineers, as well as to provide instructional material for teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate level The series editor, J David Irwin, is one of the best-known engineering educators in the world Irwin has been chairman of the electrical engineering department at Auburn University for 27 years Published books in the series: Control of Induction Motors, 2001, A Trzynadlowski Embedded Microcontroller Interfacing for McoR Systems, 2000, G J Lipovski Soft Computing & Intelligent Systems, 2000, N K Sinha, M M Gupta Introduction to Microcontrollers, 1999, G J Lipovski Industrial Controls and Manufacturing, 1999, E Kamen DSP Integrated Circuits, 1999, L Wanhammar Time Domain Electromagnetics, 1999, S M Rao Single- and Multi-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing, 1999, G J Lipovski Control in Robotics and Automation, 1999, B K Ghosh, N Xi, and T J Tarn www.elsolucionario.net POWER ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MUHAMMAD H RASHID Ph.D., Fellow IEE, Fellow IEEE Professor and Director University of FloridaaUniversity of West Florida Joint Program and Computer Engineering University of West Florida Pensacola, Florida SAN DIEGO a SAN FRANCISCO a NEW YORK a BOSTON a LONDON a SYDNEY a TOKYO www.elsolucionario.net This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright # 2001 by ACADEMIC PRESS All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two ®gures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scienti®c or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http:aawww.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK http:aawww.academicpress.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-2001088199 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-581650-2 Printed in Canada 01 02 03 04 05 06 FR www.elsolucionario.net Contents Preface List of Contributors Introduction Philip Krein 1.1 Power Electronics De®ned 1.2 Key Characteristics 1.3 Trends in Power Supplies 1.4 Conversion Examples 1.5 Tools For Analysis and Design 1.6 Summary The 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Thyristors Jerry Hudgins, Enrico Santi, Antonio Caiafa, Katherine Lengel, and Patrick 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basic Structure and Operation 3.3 Static Characteristics 3.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics 3.5 Thyristor Parameters 3.6 Types of Thyristors 3.7 Gate Drive Requirements 3.8 PSpice Model 3.9 Applications Gate Turn-Off Thyristors Muhammad H Rashid 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basic Structure and Operation 4.3 GTO Thyristor Models 4.4 Static Characteristics 4.5 Switching Phases 4.6 SPICE GTO Model 4.7 Applications Power Diode Ali I Maswood Diode as a Switch Some Properties of PN Junction Common Diode Types Typical Diode Ratings Snubber Circuits for Diode Series and Parallel Connection of Power Typical Applications of Diodes Standard Datasheet for Diode Selection xi xiii 1 12 Diodes 15 15 15 17 17 19 19 23 23 R Palmer 27 27 28 30 33 37 38 45 47 50 55 55 55 57 57 59 60 61 v www.elsolucionario.net vi Contents Power Bipolar Transistors Marcelo Godoy SimoÄes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic Structure and Operation 5.3 Static Characteristics 5.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics 5.5 Transistor Base Drive Applications 5.6 SPICE Simulation of Bipolar Junction Transistors 5.7 BJT Applications The 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor S Abedinpour 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basic Structure and Operation 7.3 Static Characteristics 7.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics 7.5 IGBT Performance Parameters 7.6 Gate-Drive Requirements 7.7 Circuit Models 7.8 Applications MOS Controlled Thyristors (MCTs) S Yuvarajan 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Equivalent Circuit and Switching Characteristics 8.3 Comparison of MCT and Other Power Devices 8.4 Gate Drive for MCTs 8.5 Protection of MCTs 8.6 Simulation Model of an MCT 8.7 Generation-1 and Generation-2 MCTs 8.8 N-channel MCT 8.9 Base Resistance-Controlled Thyristor [14] 8.10 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor [15] 8.11 Applications of PMCT 8.12 Conclusions 8.13 Appendix Static Induction Devices Bogdan M Wilamowski 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Theory of Static Induction Devices 9.3 Characteristics of Static Induction Transistor 9.4 Bipolar Mode Operation of SI Devices (BSIT) 9.5 Emitters for Static Induction Devices 9.6 Static Induction Diode (SID) 9.7 Lateral Punch-Through Transistor (LPTT) 9.8 Static Induction Transistor Logic (SITL) 9.9 BJT Saturation Protected by SIT 9.10 Static Induction MOS Transistor (SIMOS) 63 63 64 65 68 69 71 72 Power MOSFET Issa Batarseh Introduction The Need for Switching in Power Electronic Circuits General Switching Characteristics The Power MOSFET MOSFET Structure MOSFET Regions of Operation MOSFET PSPICE Model Comparison of Power Devices Future Trends in Power Devices 75 75 76 78 80 81 83 93 96 98 and K Shenai 101 101 102 104 105 107 109 111 113 117 117 118 119 120 120 121 121 121 121 122 122 124 124 127 127 127 128 130 130 131 132 132 132 133 www.elsolucionario.net vii Contents 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 Space-Charge Limiting Load (SCLL) Power MOS Transistors Static Induction Thyristor Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) 134 134 135 136 10 Diode Recti®ers Yim-Shu Lee and Martin H L Chow 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Single-Phase Diode Recti®ers 10.3 Three-Phase Diode Recti®ers 10.4 Poly-Phase Diode Recti®ers 10.5 Filtering Systems in Recti®er Circuits 10.6 High-Frequency Diode Recti®er Circuits 139 139 139 144 148 150 154 11 Single-Phase Controlled Recti®ers Jose RodrıÂguez and Alejandro Weinstein 11.1 Line Commutated Single-Phase Controlled Recti®ers 11.2 Unity Power Factor Single-Phase Recti®ers 169 169 175 12 Three-Phase Controlled Recti®ers Juan W Dixon 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Line-Commutated Controlled Recti®ers 12.3 Force-Commutated Three-Phase Controlled Recti®ers 183 183 183 196 13 DC-DC Converters Dariusz Czarkowski 13.1 Introduction 13.2 DC Choppers 13.3 Step-Down (Buck) Converter 13.4 Step-Up (Boost) Converter 13.5 Buck-Boost Converter 13.6 CÁuk Converter 13.7 Effects of Parasitics 13.8 Synchronous and Bidirectional Converters 13.9 Control Principles 13.10 Applications of DC-DC Converters 211 211 212 213 215 216 218 218 220 221 223 14 Inverters Jose R Espinoza 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 14.3 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 14.4 Current Source Inverters 14.5 Closed-Loop Operation of Inverters 14.6 Regeneration in Inverters 14.7 Multistage Inverters 14.8 Acknowledgments 225 225 227 235 241 250 256 260 267 15 Resonant and Soft-Switching Converters S Y (Ron) Hui and 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Classi®cation 15.3 Resonant Switch 15.4 Quasi-Resonant Converters 15.5 ZVS in High-Frequency Applications 15.6 Multiresonant Converters (MRC) 15.7 Zero-Voltage-Transition (ZVT) Converters 15.8 Nondissipative Active Clamp Network 15.9 Load Resonant Converters 15.10 Control Circuits for Resonant Converters 15.11 Extended-Period Quasi-Resonant (EP-QR) Converters 15.12 Soft-Switching and EMI Suppression 15.13 Snubbers and Soft-Switching for High Power Devices Henry S H Chung 271 271 272 272 273 275 280 282 283 284 287 289 293 293 www.elsolucionario.net viii Contents 15.14 Soft-Switching DC-AC Power Inverters 294 16 AC-AC Converters Ajit K Chattopadhyay 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Single-Phase ACaAC Voltage Controller 16.3 Three-Phase ACaAC Voltage Controllers 16.4 Cycloconverters 16.5 Matrix Converter 16.6 Applications of ACaAC Converters 17 DCaDC Conversion Technique and Nine Series LUO-Converters and Muhammad H Rashid 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Positive Ouput Luo-Converters 17.3 Negative Ouput Luo-Converters 17.4 Double Output Luo-Converters 17.5 Multiple-Quadrant Operating Luo-Converters 17.6 Switched-Capacitor Multiquadrant Luo-Converters 17.7 Switched-Inductor Multiquadrant Luo-Converters 17.8 Multiquadrant ZCS Quasi-Resonant Luo-Converters 17.9 Multiquadrant ZVS Quasi-Resonant Luo-Converters 17.10 Synchronous Recti®er DCaDC Luo-Converters 17.11 Gate Control, Luo-Resonator 17.12 Applications 18 Gate 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 307 307 307 312 316 327 331 Fang Lin Luo, Hong Ye, 335 335 337 353 359 372 377 386 390 394 397 401 402 407 407 407 409 410 422 427 19 Control Methods for Power Converters J Fernando Silva 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Power Converter Control using State-Space Averaged Models 19.3 Sliding-Mode Control of Power Converters 19.4 Fuzzy Logic Control of Power Converters 19.5 Conclusions 431 431 432 450 481 484 20 Power Supplies Y M Lai 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Linear Series Voltage Regulator 20.3 Linear Shunt Voltage Regulator 20.4 Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulators 20.5 Switching Regulators 487 487 488 491 492 494 21 Electronic Ballasts J Marcos Alonso 21.1 Introduction 21.2 High-Frequency Supply of Discharge Lamps 21.3 Discharge Lamp Modeling 21.4 Resonant Inverters for Electronic Ballasts 21.5 High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballasts 21.6 Applications 507 507 513 516 519 527 529 22 Power Electronics in Capacitor Charging Applications R Mark Nelms 22.1 Introduction 22.2 High-Voltage dc Power Supply with Charging Resistor 533 533 533 Drive Circuits M Syed J Asghar Introduction Thyristor Gate Requirements Trigger Circuits for Thyristors Simple Gate Trigger Circuits for Thyristors Drivers for Gate Commutation Switches Some Practical Driver Circuits www.elsolucionario.net ix Contents 22.3 22.4 Resonance Charging Switching Converters 534 535 23 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources C V Nayar, S M 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Power Electronics for Photovoltaic Power Systems 23.3 Power Electronics for Wind Power Systems Islam, and Hari Sharma 539 539 540 562 24 HVDC Transmission Vijay K Sood 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Main Components of HVDC Converter Station 24.3 Analysis of Converter Bridges 24.4 Controls and Protection 24.5 MTDC Operation 24.6 Applications 24.7 Modern Trends 24.8 DC System Simulation Techniques 24.9 Conclusion 575 575 580 583 583 589 591 592 595 596 25 Multilevel Converters and VAR Compensation Azeddine Draou, Mustapha Benghanem, and Ali Tahri 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Reactive Power Phenomena and Their Compensation 25.3 Modeling and Analysis of an Advanced Static VAR Compensator 25.4 Static VAR Compensator for the Improvement of Stability of a Turbo Alternator 25.5 Multilevel Inverters 25.6 The Harmonics Elimination Method for a Three-Level Inverter 25.7 Three-Level ASVC Structure Connected to the Network 599 599 600 603 612 615 619 622 26 Drive 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 629 629 633 636 641 644 650 657 660 27 Motor Drives M F Rahman, D Patterson, A Cheok, and R Betts 27.1 Introduction 27.2 DC Motor Drives 27.3 Induction Motor Drives 27.4 Synchronous Motor Drives 27.5 Permanent Magnet ac Synchronous Motor Drives 27.6 Permanent-Magnet Brushless dc (BLDC) Motor Drives 27.7 Servo Drives 27.8 Stepper Motor Drives 27.9 Switched-Reluctance Motor Drives 27.10 Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives 663 664 665 670 681 689 694 704 710 717 727 28 Sensorless Vector and Direct-Torque-Controlled Drives Peter Vas and Pekka Tiitinen 28.1 General 28.2 Basic Types of Torque-Controlled Drive Schemes: Vector Drives, Direct-Torque-Controlled Drives 28.3 Motion Control DSPS by Texas Instruments 735 736 766 Arti®cial-Intelligence-Based Drives Peter Vas 29.1 General Aspects of the Application of AI-Based Techniques 29.2 AI-Based Techniques 769 769 770 29 Types and Speci®cations Yahya Shakweh Overview Drive Requirements and Speci®cations Drive Classi®cations and Characteristics Load Pro®les and Characteristics Variable-Speed Drive Topologies PWM VSI Drive Applications Summary www.elsolucionario.net 35 881 Packaging and Smart Power Systems 14 12 Leaded auto/10 comp Relative cost 10 Power chip&wire/10 comp Substr/sq.in SMD/10comp Hot Embossing FR4 Cu(4 layer) FR4 Cu(2x35um) TTF IMS(1 layer on Al) CuPC(2 layer) DBC(0.63 Al2O3) Substrate Technologies TF multilayer FIGURE 35.9 Substrate costs (1999) Reprinted with permission, JB Jacobsen and DC Hopkins, Optimally selecting packaging technologies and circuit partitions based on cost and performance, Applied Power Electronics Conference, New Orleans, LA, February 6±10 2000, #2000, IEEE, New York At this stage there are usually new requirements added for cross-product reuse This application requires 125 C baseplate temperature 35.7.5 Optimization within Partitions Optimization requires choosing optimum technologies to meet cost and performance requirements In Figure 35.9 relative cost of various substrates is shown together with the cost of suitable production technologies Note that the substrate cost is for equal substrate area but different performance For example IMS requires more space for control circuitry than TF multilayer because IMS has only one conductor layer Figure 35.9 should be used together with Fig 35.1, which shows that the module includes both power chip & wire (PC&W) and low power control circuitry (SMT) DBC, IMS, TTF and CuPC can accommodate the PC&W FR4, IMS, TF multilayer and CuPC can accommodate ®ne line SMT This should initially lead to the conclusion that DBC, IMS or TTF should be used for power, excluding CuPC due to cost; and FR4 for control, excluding the others due to cost Are all cost issues taken into account and all requirements met? Not necessarily Packaging approaches in¯uences component cost Power sense resistors, which are typically in SMT form, can be integrated in TF multilayer at near-zero incremental cost Also, less expensive integrated circuits can be chosen when the packaging approach allows active trimming of associated components Besides cost, technical issues limit packaging choices for certain circuit partitions Reliability and temperature requirement (125 C) rule out FR4 FIGURE 35.10 Final module combining several packaging approaches Reprinted with permission, JB Jacobsen and DC Hopkins, Optimally selecting packaging technologies and circuit partitions based on cost and performance, Applied Power Electronics Conference, New Orleans, LA, February 6±10 2000, #2000, IEEE, New York There are fewer and fewer choices If power die were available as known good die, then power and control could be combined on one substrate with IMS or CuPC The IMS has drawbacks, such as lower power cycling capability due to a high TCE and is only a one-layer technology, which means more area and less noise immunity CuPC has neither of these problems, but due to lack of known good power die was not chosen Also, CuPC does not allow component integration at the cost indicated in Fig 35.9 A two-substrate solution was needed Power DBC was chosen as the obvious highest performing technology among comparable low cost power substrates The DBC is soldered onto a low cost copper base for thermal management and extends to form a mounting base for the control substrate Multilayer thick ®lm was chosen for control circuitry despite the apparently high substrate cost In the motor module, this substrate is the optimum cost choice because of high component integration, such as the three buried power current-sense resistors and many printed resistors for accurate active trimming of functions associated with the integrated circuits Partitioning cost is minimized by combining interconnections of substrates with interconnection to IaO terminals in one technologyÐheavy wire bonding This has been possible by designing an MID interconnection component with terminals that are wire bondable on one end and solderable on the other The resulting module is shown in Fig 35.10 Other components, both SMT and leaded, were not best accommodated in the module Therefore, a two-layer FR4 is chosen as the lowest cost technology suitable for both delivery www.elsolucionario.net 882 D C Hopkins forms and used for the module and components Mechanical stability and cooling is achieved by using a patented structure of extruded aluminum pro®les Using bare die, higher cost substrates and partitioning with different technologies allows the product to surpass cost targets The partitioning in packaging Levels-1 and -2 address optimization of product business cost as de®ned in Section 35.5 Designing the module building block as a component for reuse across other products increases volume and reduces cost More importantly, relative low volume products can bene®t from the building block by faster development cycles, lower development cost, lower Level-3 packaging cost and lower maintenance cost The building block value addresses optimization of company business cost Acknowledgment The author wishes to thank Mr John B Jacobsen, Technical Manager, Electronic Engineering and Packaging Department of Grundfos AaS, Denmark, for supplying all of the application data and module design References M Meinhardt et al., (1999) STATPEP-current status of power electronics packaging for power supplies – methodology, Proc 14th Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, March 14–18, 1999, IEEE, New York, pp 16–22 D C Hopkins et al (1998) A framework for developing power electronics packaging, Proc 14th Annual Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, February 15–19, 1998, IEEE, New York, pp 9–15 R R Tummala and E J Rymaszewski (1989) Microelectronics Packaging Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York B J Baliga (ed.), (1988) High Voltage Integrated Circuits, IEEE Press, New York J B Jacobsen and D C Hopkins (2000) Optimally selecting packaging technologies and circuit partitions based on cost and performance, Applied Power Electronics Conference, New Orleans, LA, February 6±10, 2000, IEEE, New York www.elsolucionario.net INDEX ac-ac converters 307, 317 applications 331–3 ac induction machines, simulations 860–2 ac-thyratron type trigger circuit 414–15 ac voltage controllers, applications 331 active-clamped resonant dc link inverter 296–7 active ®lters 204, 829–51 actuators 649 adjustable positive and negative linear voltage regulators 493 adjustable speed drives (ASDs) 225–7 air conditioner 800 ANN-based speed estimators 774–5 antilock breaking system (ABS) 797 antisaturation diodes 69 application speci®c integrated circuits (ASICs) 222 arti®cial intelligence (AI) 764, 769–77 applications 773 arti®cial neural networks (ANNs) 770–5 ASVC 600 controller design 609 main operating priciples 603–5 mathematical models 611–12, 622 modeling 605–6 proposed control block diagram 610–11 proposed control strategy 612–13 simulation results 613–14 steady state 606 three-level structure 620–5 transient state 606–7 audio susceptibility 222 automotive applications 791–816 dual/high-voltage 808–12 environmental considerations 796–7 lighting 530 static voltage ranges 792–3 voltage speci®cations 810 auxiliary resonant commutated pole inverter 303–4 axial-airgap machines 808 ballasts see electronic ballasts base resistance-controlled thyristor (BRT) 121–2 battery charging 541–5, 564–5 battery-powered electric vehicles 812 bidirectional control thyristor (BCT) 44–5 bidirectional converter 220–1 bi®lar-type inverter circuit 719 bi®lar wound motors 715 biphase half-wave recti®er 170 bipolar drive circuits 715 bipolar junction transistor (BJT) applications 72–4 basic structure 64–5 buck chopper 72 circuits 71 current-voltage characteristic curves 66 Darlington-connected 66 operation 64–5 recommended base current 69 saturation protected by SIT 132–3 SPICE simulation 71–2 static characteristics 65–7 switching characteristics 68–9 bipolar mode of operation of SIT 130 bipolar PWM technique 232 bipolar transistors 3, 63–74 boost converter 337 control-to-output transfer function 223 breakdown voltage 15 bridge circuit 50 bridge recti®er 23 brushless dc motor (BDCM) drive 647–8, 784 brushless dc motor (BLDC) drive, hardware system 788–9 brushless dc operation of CSI driven motor 685–6 buck-boost converter 216–18, 337 buck converter 213, 337 transformer versions 214–15 buffer circuits for thyristors 419–21 cables 582–3, 653 capacitive-input dc ®lters 152–4 capacitor charging power supply (CCPS) 533–7 883 www.elsolucionario.net 884 Index capacitors 601 see also speci®c types carrier-based pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technique 227–9 cascaded-type multilevel inverter 617 chopper-fed dc drive 74 chopping-mode control 725 clamped inductive load current 108 clamping diode in ¯yback converter 161–7 closed-loop control input-output decoupled form 452 closed-loop dc-dc converters 222 closed-loop observer-based ¯ux and speed estimation 751–4 coef®cient of thermal expansion (CTE) 33 collector-emitter blocking voltage 107 collector-emitter leakage current 108 collector-emitter saturation voltage 108 commutation 79, 188–90 company business cost 878, 881 component characterization map 873, 880 component grouping 880 computer analysis 596 computer simulation see simulation constant frequency power supplies 332 constant-voltage constant-frequency inverter (UPS) 114 constraints 880 continuous collector current 107 continuous conduction mode (CCM) 213, 219 continuous-mode ¯yback regulators 496–8 control circuits 504–5 resonant converters 287–9 control law, sliding surface 451–2 control-to-output transfer function 222 boost converter 223 forward converter 222–3 converter bridges 583 converter transfer functions 435–8 converter transformer 581 converters 50 classi®cation 272–3 dc drives 667–70 dc static 638 direct ac/ac 638 high-current applications 51 topologies 639 types 637–41 see also speci®c converters costs 877–81 example 879–81 high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission 575–7 partitioning 878 product business 878 production 877–8 CSIs 52, 225, 241–50, 638, 683–5 carrier-based PWM techniques 243–4 dc link voltage in three-phase 248–50 feedback techniques 254–6 feedforward techniques 252 regenerative operating mode in three-phase 259–60 selective harmonic elimination in three-phase 245–7 space-vector-based modulating techniques 247 space-vector transformation 247–8 square-wave operation of three-phase 244–5 Cu plated on ceramic (CuPC) 875 CÁuk converter 218 cuk-converter 339, 343 current-ampli®cation technique 378 current-controlled PWM recti®er 199 current control loop 839 current-fed resonant ballasts 514–15 current limiting 490–1 current-mode control 221 current ratings 18 current sensing 703–4 current source inverters see CSIs current/torque control 699–700 current waveform 18, 22 cycloconverters 195, 316–26, 571, 638, 675 applications 331–3 circulating current-free operation 324 circulating-current operation 324–5 control scheme 321–4 effect of source impedance 325 forced-commutated 326 harmonics 324–5 input current waveform 324–5 input displacement/power factor 325 simulation analysis of performance 325 dc-ac utility inverters 50–1 dc cables 582–3 dc capacitor 840–1 dc choppers 212 dc-dc converters 211–24, 335–406 applications 223–4, 402 control principles 221–3 topology 223 see also speci®c types dc drives, converters 667–9 dc link current 231, 234–5 three-phase VSIs 239 dc link voltage control 199 dc machine torque control 736 dc motor drives 644–5, 665–70 dc ripple reinjection technique 191–2 dc smoothing reactor 582 dc switchgear 582 dead time 701–2 defuzzi®cation 483–4, 784 delta-connected R-load 315 depletion-mode thyristor (DMT) 42 www.elsolucionario.net 885 Index Diac trigger circuit 413–14 digital time control (DTC) 301–3 diode applications 23 as switch 15 selection 23–4 types 17 see also speci®c types diode operation 20 circuit operation 21 mathematical analysis 21 diode parameters ac 16 dc 15 diode ratings 17–19 diode recti®ers 139–65 current rating 168 low-voltage applications 168 reverse breakdown-voltage rating 168 with ®nite source inductance 147–8 see also speci®c types direct bonded copper (DBC) 876 direct switch matrix circuits direct torque-controlled drives 743–5 direct transfer function (DTF) 329 direct vector control with airgap ¯ux sensing 680–1 discharge lamps 507–11 design issues 525–7 high-frequency supply 513–16 high-intensity 797 modeling 516–19 discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) 214, 219 discontinuous-mode ¯yback regulators 495–6 DMOS transistor 134 double current synchronous recti®er dc/dc Luo-converter with active clamp circuit 398–9 double output Luo-converter 339, 359–72 double output Luo elementary circuit 359–60 double output Luo quadruple-lift circuit 363 double output Luo re-lift circuit 360 double output Luo self-lift circuit 360 double output Luo triple-lift circuit 360–3 double star recti®er with interphase connection 186 drive characteristics 636–41 drive circuits 714–15 drive classi®cations 636–41 drive features 640 drive system integration 669–70 drive types and speci®cations 629–61 see also motor drives driver circuits practical issues 427–9 thyristors 419–21 drivers for gate commutation switches 422 dual converters 194–5 dynamic braking energy 643–4 Ebers-Moll transistor model 72 eccentricity 756 electric drives, fuzzy logic 779–90 electric machines alternative 805–6 computer simulation 857–60 electric power conversion electric vehicles 812–13 electromagnetic actuators 799–800 electromagnetic ballasts 511–13 electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 654, 793–4 electromagnetic interference 794–6 electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) 596 electromechanical engine valves 799–800 electromechanical power conversion 803–8 electronic ballasts 507–32 active solutions 528–9 applications 529–31 classi®cation 514–16 general block diagram 513–14 high-power-factor 527–9 passive solutions 528 resonant inverters 519 electronic commutation 696–8 embedded converters EMC/insulation/earthing 653–4 emergency lighting 530 EMI emission 293 EMI suppression 293 emitter-collector blocking voltage 107 emitter-switched thyristor (EST) 42 encoderless schemes 764 energy balance method 5–7 enhanced self-lift converter 344 extended-period quasi-resonant (EP-QR) converters 289–92 fall time 108 feedback techniques CSIs 254–6 VSIs 252 feedforward techniques CSIs 252 VSIs 250–2 ®eld controlled thyristor (FCTh) 28, 43–4 ®eld oriented (vector) control (FOC) 860 ®eld weakening operation 685–6, 694 ®lter component design 292 ®ltering systems 150–4 harmonics of input current 152 ripple factor 151–2 ®lters 581–2 see also speci®c types ®xed positive and negative linear voltage regulators 492–3 www.elsolucionario.net 886 Index ¯at transformer synchronous recti®er dc/dc Luo-converter 398 ¯exible ac transmission systems (FACTS) 596 ¯yback converter 72, 217–18, 339–40 basic circuit 166 clamping diode in 161–7 discontinuous-mode operation 166, 167 practical circuit 166 ¯yback diodes 701–2 ¯yback recti®er diode 161–7 ¯ying capacitors 617 ¯ywheel diode 154–61 force-commutated inverter (FCI) 638–40 force-commutated recti®ers new technologies and applications 204–9 series connection system with 206 force-commutated three-phase controlled recti®ers 196–209 basic topologies and characteristics 196 forward-bias safe operating area (FBSOA) 67, 108 forward conducting reverse-blocking restricted switch 10 forward converter 74, 341 basic circuit 155 circuit diagram 214 continuous-mode operation 156, 164 control-to-output transfer function 222–3 discontinuous-mode operation 165 practical circuit 161 with practical transformer 157–61, 160 with snubber circuit 161–3 forward recovery time 16 forward recti®er diode 154–61 forward transconductance 108 forward voltage 15 four-quadrant dc/dc Luo-converter 376–7 four-quadrant switched-capacitor dc/dc Luo converter 380–6 four-quadrant switched-inductor dc/dc Luo-converter 389–90 four-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter 393–4 four-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant dc/dc Luo-converter 397 freewheeling diode 20 frequency link systems 204–5 fuel ef®ciency 809–10 full-bridge converter 215, 219 full-bridge regulators 502–4 full-bridge VSI 231–5 full cost 878 full-wave recti®er with capacitor-input dc ®lter 153 with inductor-input dc ®lter 151 fully controlled three-phase three-wire ac voltage controller 313–16 functional integration 872–4 fuzzi®cation 482, 780–2 fuzzy inference engine 482, 783 fuzzy inference system (FIS) 780 fuzzy logic 771–2 electric drives 779–90 microprocessor controller 785 position controller 787 power converters 481–4 speed controller 785–6 fuzzy logic controller (FLC) 784 synthesis 482–4 fuzzy–neural, neural–fuzzy systems 772 fuzzy sets 482 gate commutation switches, drivers for 422 gate control Luo-resonator 401–2 gate drive circuits 407–29 GTO 427 gate drive circuits for power MOSFETs 422–5 gate-emitter threshold voltage 108 gate-emitter voltage 107 gate trigger circuits for thyristors 410–27 gate turn-off (GTO) thyristor 28, 55–61, 117, 136 see also GTOs applications 61 asymmetrical 55 basic structure 55 four-transistor model 60 gate triggering characteristics 58 models 57 off-state characteristics 58 off-state period 60 on-state 59 on-state characteristics 57–8 one-dimensional two-transistor model 57 operation 55 rate of rise of off-state voltage 58 SPICE model 60 static characteristics 57–8 switch action 56 switching phases 59–60 symmetrical 55 genetic algorithms (GAs) 772–3 glass-epoxy with surface mount pads (FR-4, SMT) 875 Graetz bridge 187–8 grid connected photovoltaic systems 554–62 grid-connected wind energy systems 565–6 grounding 820–1 GTOs 30, 31, 34, 35, 38–41, 45, 48, 51–2 gate drive circuits 427 multicell model 49 turn-off mode 56, 59–60 turn-on mode 55–6, 59 two-transistor three-resistor model 48 V-I characteristics 58 half-bridge converter 215, 219, 340–1 half-bridge regulator 501–2 half-bridge VSI 227 www.elsolucionario.net 887 Index half-controlled bridge converter 188 half-wave recti®er Hall-effect switches 702–3 hard-switching pulsewidth modulated (PWM) converters 211 harmonic compensation 823 harmonic current limits 196 harmonic distortion 190–1, 196 harmonic elimination 245–7, 617–20 see also selective harmonic elimination harmonic ®lters 825–7 harmonic limiting standards 527–8 harmonic reduction 191–2 harmonic standards 195–6 harmonics 175–6, 324–5, 821, 823–7 H-bridge switching 700 high-frequency diode recti®er circuits 154–68 high-frequency magnetic saliency 757–9 high-power applications 205–7 high-voltage dc power supply with charging resistor 533–4 high-voltage dc transmission systems see HVDC transmission Hitachi drive 774 home lighting 530–1 Hong function 349 HVDC transmission 183, 575–97 applications 193–4, 579, 591–2 comparison with ac transmission 575–8 controls 583–9 converter station components 580–3 converter station design 592–5 costs 575–7 installations 576–7 monitoring of signals 588 protection 583–9 protection against overcurrents 588–9 protection against overvoltages 589 simulation techniques 595–6 technical considerations 578 transmission systems 50 types 579–80 hybrid electric vehicles 812–13 hybrid stepper motor 711–12 hybrid synchronous machines 807–8 hysteresis current control 252 IBM 1.8-V/200-A power supply 402–4 IEEE standards 827–8 IGBT 9, 41–3, 63, 75, 101–17 accuracy 113 applications 113–15 basic structure 102–4 circuit models 111, 113 components of on-state voltage drop 105 conventional gate drives 109 driver circuits 426 dynamic switching characteristics 105–7 equivalent circuits 104 fault protection 110–11 forward characteristics 103 gate-drive circuits 109–10 gate-drive requirements 109–11 implementing into circuit simulator 112–13 input characteristics 112 latch-up parasitic thyristor 107 lifetime control techniques 106 nonpunch-through (NPT) 103–4 on-state voltage drop 107 operation 102–4 output characteristics 112 overview 101–2 performance parameters 107–9 punch-through (PT) 103 safe operating area (SOA) 108–9 static characteristics 104–5 symmetric half cell 112 transfer characteristics 103 turn-off characteristics 106–7 turn-on characteristics 105–6 welder 114 IGBT-triggered thyristor (ITT) 42–3 indirect rotor ¯ux-oriented (IFOC) vector control 679–80 indirect switch matrix circuits indirect transfer function (ITF) 329 induction machines 806 vector control 736–9 induction motor drives 645–6, 670–81 inductive-input dc ®lters 150–1, 153 inductive load switching characteristics 68 industrial lighting 530–1 industrial processes 658 inference engine see fuzzy inference engine INFORM technique 757 inner current/torque loop 707 input capacitance 108 input power input-to-output (or line-to-output) voltage transfer function 222 inrush current 154 insulated gate bipolar transistor see IGBT insulated metal substrate-polymer on metal (MS-PM) 875 insulated metal substrate-steel corded (IMS-PS) 875–6 integral controller 708 integrated circuit voltage regulators 492–4 integrated motors 649–50 intelligent module 418 inverters 225–69 closed-loop operation 250–6 grid-connected applications 554–62 www.elsolucionario.net 888 Index stand-alone PV systems 545–7 topology types for SR motors 719 see also speci®c inverters inverting mode 173–4 junction temperature 108 Kirchhoff 's current law (KCL) 8–9 Kirchhoff 's voltage law (KVL) 5, 8–9 lag compensation 439 laminated bus-bar 876 lateral punch-through transistors (LPTT) 127, 132 lead compensation 439 leakage inductance, rotor dependency of 760 light-emitting diode (LED) 17 line-commutated controlled recti®ers 169–75, 183–5, 192–3 harmonics 175–6 line-commutated inverter 555–6 linear feedback design 439 linear IC voltage regulators 494 linear motors 648 linear series voltage regulator 488–91 linear shunt voltage regulator 491–2 linearized state-space averaged model 435 linguistic control rules 483 linguistic variables 482 load balancing 601 load-commutated inverter 638 load-phase voltages in three-phase VSIs 240–1 load pro®les and characteristics 641–4 load resonant converters (LRCs) 284–7 locomotive drives 181 lookup table construction 484 lossless ®lters 12 Lundell alternator 803 machine drives 192–3, 207 magnetic-reset clamping diode 154–61 marine industry 634, 659 material cost 877 MathCAD 853 mathematical models 611–12, 622, 746 matrix converter 7, 327–31, 638 applications 333 commutation and protection issues 330–1 operation and control methods 328–30 maximum allowable surge current 154 maximum power dissipation 108 maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) 544–5 maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) characteristic 693–4 MCTs 28, 41, 75, 117–25 comparison of other power devices 119–20 equivalent circuit 118–19 gate drive 120 generation-1 121 generation-2 121 N-channel 121 overcurrent protection 120 overview 117–18 paralleling 120 power circuit 122, 123 protection 120 simulation model 121 snubbers 120 soft-switching 122–3 switching characteristics 118–19 turn-off 119, 123 turn-on 119, 123 membership functions 482–3 metal industry 635, 658–9 metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology 80 see also MCTs microprocessor-based lighting 531 microprocessor controller, fuzzy logic 785 microstepping 716 Miller theorem 85 mining industry 634, 657–8 MIT 42/14-V 3-kW dc/dc converter 402 molded interconnect device (MID) 876 monitored stator currents 756 monitored stator voltages 755–6 MOS-BJT technology integration 99 MOS controlled thyristors (MCTs) see MCTs MOS power transistors 134–5 MOS turn-off (MTO) thyristor 122 MOSFET 3, 4, 10, 28, 42, 63–4, 75–99, 117 capacitance parameters 94, 97 characteristics curve 84 drain-to-source current 91 driver circuits 425–6 equivalent circuit 86, 91, 92 equivalent representation 83 gate current 86, 88, 89 gate drive circuits 422–5 gate voltage 89 input transfer characteristics 84, 89 internal body diode 82 internal capacitors 82–3 large signal model 84, 94–6 limitations 85 off-state 87 on-state resistance 81–2 overview 80 parameters 95 parasitic capacitance 83 PSPICE model 93–6 regions of operation 83–93 www.elsolucionario.net 889 Index safe operation area (SOA) 92–3 simpli®ed representation 82 small signal equivalent circuit 85, 96 static model 93–4 structure 81–3 switching characteristics 85–6 turn-off characteristics 90–2 turn-on characteristics 86–90 turn-on switching waveforms 88, 90 vertical cross-sectional view 82 motion control DSPS 766 motor control 51–2 motor drives 663–733 motor insulation 654 motor speed control 800 MRAS-based ¯ux and speed estimation 754 multicell topologies 260–4 multilevel converters 599–627 output voltage control 477–9 multilevel inverters 614–17 on-line output current control 479–81 structures 615–17 with transformer 615 multilevel topologies, VSIs 264 multiple-quadrant operating Luo-converters 372–7 multiplexed load control 801–2 multiquadrant operation 643 multiquadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converters 390–4 multiquadrant ZCS/ZVS quasi-resonant converters (QRC) 336 multiquadrant ZVS quasi-resonant Luo-converters 394–7 multiresonant converters (MRC) 280–2, 287 multistack variable-reluctance stepper motor 711 multistage inverters 260–7 multiterminal dc systems (MTDC) 589–91 naturally commutated cycloconverter (NCC), interties between ac power systems 333 negative output Luo-converters 338, 353–9 negative output Luo elementary circuit 353–7 negative output Luo quadruple-lift circuit 357–8 negative output Luo self-lift converter 343 negative output Luo triple-lift circuit 355–7 neural-network-based speed estimators 774–5 neutral-point-clamped inverter 615–17 NMOSFET 118, 121 nondissipative active clamp network 283 nonresonant ballasts 514 normalized sampling frequency 239, 248 open-loop open-loop open-loop open-loop open-loop acceleration–deceleration pro®les 717 dc-dc converters 222 dynamic line regulation 222 dynamic load regulation 222 ¯ux estimators 746–9 open-loop input impedance 222 open-loop speed estimators 749–51 optically gated thyristors 44 optimization, partitioning 880–1 output capacitance 108 output line reactor 655 output power overcurrent protection 120 overload protection 490–1 overvoltages 19–20 packaging 871–82 continuum 871 levels 874–5 power diode 16 thyristors 32–3 parallel-loaded resonant circuit 523–4 parallel resonant converters (PRCs) 285–7 continuous conduction mode 285–7 discontinuous conduction mode 285 parasitic transistor 107 parasitics 218–20 partitioning 871–2 aids 878–9 constraints 880 cost 878 optimization 880–1 steps 873–4 technologies 874–7 passive ®lters 845 peak collector repetitive current 107 peak inverse voltage (PIV) 141 peak repetitive forward current 141 peak-to-peak ripple voltage 219 permanent-magnet ac machines 695 permanent-magnet ac synchronous motor drives 689–94 permanent-magnet BLDC machines 695 permanent-magnet BLDC motor drives 694–704 sensorless operation 691 permanent-magnet machines 740–3 permanent-magnet sine-wave motor 691–4 control 692–3 operating modes 693–4 permanent-magnet stepper motor 712 permanent-magnet synchronous machines 695, 739–43, 807–8 phase control 11 phase-controlled single-phase ac voltage controller 308–11 phase-controlled three-phase ac voltage controller 312–13 phase-shifted converter 278 phase-shifted ZVT FB circuit 287–9 photodiode 17 www.elsolucionario.net 890 photovoltaic-diesel hybrid energy systems 551–3 photovoltaic power systems 540–62 types 541–7 piezoelectric ultrasonic actuators 798–9 PMCT applications 122–4 speci®cations 124 PMOSFT 118 PMP voltage waveform 655–6 PN junction 15 polyphase diode recti®ers 148–50 polyphase recti®ers, critical inductance 151 portable lighting 529–30 position controller, fuzzy logic 787 position sensing 726–7 positive output Luo-converters 337–53, 345–9 positive output Luo elementary circuit 345 positive output Luo quadruple-lift circuit 346–7 positive output Luo self-lift circuit 345 positive output Luo self-lift converter 341–2 positive output Luo triple-lift circuit 346 power converters 481–4 constant-frequency operation 454 constant-frequency sliding-mode 460 continuous control inputs 454–81 control methods 431–86 examples 4–7 fuzzy logic control 481–4 output voltage control 458–9 sliding-mode control 450–81 state-space averaged models 432–50 steady-state error elimination 454–81 power devices, future trends 98–9 power diode 15–25 packaging 16 series and parallel connection 19 symbol 16 see also diode power electric control 805 power electronic circuits 2, 5, 96 classes power electronics 2, alternative 805–6 applications-driven de®ned 1–2 device comparison 96–8 device-driven ef®ciency objective 2–3 history key characteristics 2–3 reliability objective Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) 115 power factor 190 single-phase line-commutated recti®ers 175 Index power factor correction (PFC) 224, 600 power operational ampli®er ®xed frequency operation 459–60 short-circuit protection 459–60 power quality 817–28 monitoring and measurement 823 power steering systems 800 power supplies 487–506 trends 3–4 process industries 634–5 product business cost 878 product modularization 872 production cost 877–8 proportional controller 707 proportional-integral compensation 439 proportional-integral derivative (PID), plus high-frequency poles 439–50 protection requirements 120, 330–1, 490–1, 846–7 PSPICE model 47–50, 620, 853–7, 860, 862–7 MOSFET 93–6 PSPICE simulation 22, 139, 154, 161 waveforms 98 pulse density modulation (PDM) 124 pulse-width modulation see PWM punch-through emitter (PTE) 127 push-pull converter 215, 219 PWM 11, 177–8, 212, 504–5 ac choppers 312 audio ampli®er modeling 466 sigma delta controlled 467–9 audio power ampli®ers 465–6 boost recti®er, modeling 469–70 control for harmonics elimination 618–20 converter 111 drivers 222 incandescent lighting 798 inverter 52 phase-to-phase and phase-to-neutral voltages 198–9 programmed control 620 recti®er 470–4 sliding-mode control 470–4 switching converter drive 668–9 techniques 653 transfer functions 438–9 voltage waveform 653 voltage-source inverter 842–3 VSI converter 641 VSI drives 650–7 supply front end 656–7 waveform 653–4 quantization levels 482 quasi-resonant converters (QRCs) 123–4, 273–6, 287 www.elsolucionario.net 891 Index quasi-resonant soft-switched inverter 299–301 digital time control 301–3 R-load 317 RC trigger circuits 411–13 ac-type 411–12 full-wave type 412–13 half-wave type 412 reactive power 582, 599, 823 phenomena and their compensation 600–3 recti®cation 23 recti®er circuits, design considerations 167–8 recti®er diodes 24 regeneration inverters 256–60 regenerative braking 656–7 reluctance machines 806–7 renewable energy sources 539–73 resistance trigger circuits 410–11 resistive load dynamic response 68 resonance 824–5 resonance charging 534–5 resonant ballasts 514 resonant converters 123–4, 211 control circuits 287–9 resonant dc link inverter 295–6 low voltage stress 297–8 resonant pole inverter 303–4 resonant switch 272–3 restricted switches 9–10 types 11 reverse-bias safe operating area (RBSOA) 67, 108 reverse Cuk self-lift converter 341–2 reverse current 15 reverse positive output Luo self-lift converter 342 reverse recovery 19–20 reverse recovery time 16 reverse transfer capacitance 108 ripple factor, ®ltering systems 151–2 ripple ®lter 844 ripple voltage 219 rise time 108 RL-load 317–19 roller coaster 660 rotor position dependency of leakage inductance 760 rotor slot harmonics 755 safe operating area (SOA) 63, 67, 108–9 saliency effects 755–60 introduced by special rotor construction 759–60 saturation induced saliences 757 Schottky diodes 157, 159 SCRs 28, 30, 31, 35, 37–41, 117, 135–6 two-transistor three-resistor model 48 selective harmonic elimination 229–31, 232 technique 226 three-phase VSIs 237 self-commutated inverter 556–7 self-lift dc/dc converters 341–4 semiconductor devices development 75 semiconductor power integrated circuits 875–7 semiconductor switches 700 sensorless ac drives 745–66 series active power ®lters 841–50 series connection system with force-commutated recti®ers 206 series-loaded resonant circuit 522–3 series-parallel loaded resonant circuit 524–5 series-parallel resonant converter 287 series resonant converters (SRCs) 284 continuous conduction mode 284–5 discontinuous conduction mode 284 servo control-loop, design issues 707–10 servo drives 704–10 performance criteria 705 sensors 707 servo motors 705–7 shaft sensors 705–7 Shinkansen train 181 shunt active power ®lters 830–41 silicon controlled recti®er see SCRs silicon recti®er diode 17 simpli®ed double output Luo-converters 366–72 simpli®ed double output Luo quadruple-lift circuit 368–72 simpli®ed double output Luo re-lift circuit 366–8 simpli®ed double output Luo self-lift circuit 366 simpli®ed double output Luo triple-lift circuit 368 simpli®ed drive representations and control 708–10 simpli®ed positive output Luo-converters 350–3 simpli®ed positive output Luo quadruple-lift circuit 353 simpli®ed positive output Luo re-lift circuit 350 simpli®ed positive output Luo self-lift circuit 350 simpli®ed positive output Luo self-lift converter 342 simpli®ed positive output Luo triple-lift circuit 350 Simplorer 867–8 simulation 853–69 ac induction machines 860–2 electric machines 857–60 HVDC 595–6 power electronic circuits 857–60 sensorless vector control 862–7 tools 853–4 sine-wave ®lter 655 single-ended isolated ¯yback regulators 494–8 single-ended isolated forward regulators 498–500 single-phase acaac voltage controller 307–12 www.elsolucionario.net 892 Index ON/OFF control 311–12 single-phase boost recti®er 176–8, 180 single-phase bridge recti®er 170–1 input current analysis 171–2 power factor 172–3 single-phase controlled PWM recti®er, bridge connection 180–1 single-phase controlled recti®ers 50, 169–82 applications 174–5 see also speci®c types single-phase diode recti®ers 139–41 current relationships 142 design 144 form factor 142 harmonics 143 performance parameters 141–4 recti®cation ratio 142 ripple factor 142–3 transformer utilization factor 143 voltage relationships 141–2 single-phase full-wave recti®ers 140–1 critical inductance 151 single-phase half-wave recti®ers 139–40, 169–70 single-phase line-commutated recti®ers, power factor 175 single-phase multilevel converters output current control 476–7 output voltage control 475–6 single-phase PWM recti®er in bridge connection 179–80 single-phase/single-phase cycloconverter 316–18 single-phase voltage source inverters 227–35 single-pulse mode control 725–6 single-stack variable-reluctance stepper motor 710–11 single-switch circuits 4–5 single thyristor recti®er 170 sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) 202, 207, 226, 235–7 inverter drive 673–5 six-phase parallel bridge recti®er 149–50 six-phase series bridge recti®er 149 six-phase star recti®er 148–9 six-pulse (double star) recti®er 185 six-step switching 697–8 sliding-mode control existence condition 453 power converters 450–81 pulse width modulation audio power ampli®ers 465–6 PWM recti®er 470–4 reaching condition 453 robustness 453–4 stability 453 switching law 453, 474–5 sliding surface 451–2 slip power control 671–3 slip power recovery converter 640–1 slip-ring (wound-rotor) induction motor drive 646 small signal diode 17 smart power 418, 871–82 smoothing capacitor 702 snubber circuits 19, 45, 71, 120, 161–3, 168, 293–4, 580 soft-switching 293 converters 122–3, 211 dc-ac power inverters 294–304 high power devices 293–4 solar water pumping 547–51 solid-state ballasts see electronic ballasts space-charge limiting load (SCLL) 127, 134 space-vector modulating techniques 238–9 space-vector sequences 239, 248 space-vector technique 226 space-vector transformation 238–9 special motor drives 647 speed controller, fuzzy logic 785–6 SPICE model 60, 71 split dc suply inverter circuit 720 square-pulse current waveform 723–4 square-wave inverter 52 square-wave modulating technique 229 square-wave operation of three-phase VSIs 237 squirrel-cage induction motor 645–6 star-connected load with isolated neutral 313–16 state-space modeling 432–50 static induction devices 127–36 emitters 130–1 theory 127–8 static induction diodes 127, 131–2 static induction MOS transistors (SIMOS) 127, 133–4 static induction thyristor (SITh) 28, 43–4, 135–6 static induction transistor logic (SITL) 127, 132 static induction transistors (SIT) 127 BJT saturation protection 132–3 characteristics 128–9 logic circuit 133 potential distribution 128, 131 static VAR generation 332 stator voltage control 671 steady-state equivalent-circuit representation 681–2 steady-state voltage frequency and magnitude 818 step-down choppers 223 step-down dc-dc converters 213–15 step-up (boost) converter 215–16 stepper motors 648–9, 710–17 subsea separation and injection system 659 supersynchronous cascade 193, 195 surface-magnet synchronous motor 690 SVM method 329 switch matrix 7–8 hardware task www.elsolucionario.net 893 Index interface task software task switched-capacitor multiquadrant Luo-converters 377–86 switched-inductor multiquadrant Luo-converters 386–90 switched-reluctance motor drive 648, 717–27 control parameters 725 magnetic saturation and nonlinear model 724–5 operating theory 720–4 switches 2–3 examples hardware problem interface problem 12 software problem 10–12 see also speci®c types switching characteristics, bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 68–9 switching converters 6, 535–6 switching current, ideal 78 switching dc regulator 77 switching devices ef®ciency 76 general characteristics 78–80 ideal switch 78 need for 76–8 power handling rating practical switch 78–80 symbols 81 see also speci®c devices switching functions 10 switching law, sliding-mode control 453, 474–5 switching losses 700 switching regulators 494–505 switching trajectory 79 switching waveforms 78, 79 synchronous compensator 601 synchronous converter 220–1 synchronous link reactor 840 synchronous machines, cylindrical wound motor 806 synchronous motor drives 646–7, 681–9 operating modes 686–8 synchronous recti®er dc/dc Luo-converters 397–8 synchronous reluctance machine vector control 739–43 synchronous reluctance motor drives 727–33 system on chip (SOC) 871 system on package (SOP) 871 TEMPLATE 864, 868 thermal cycling 643 third harmonic booster diodes 804–5 thousand-volt insulation test bench 402 three-level inverter, harmonics elimination method 617–20 three-phase acaac voltage controllers 312–15 three-phase bridge recti®er 146–7, 151 three-phase controlled recti®ers 183–210 three-phase converters 50 three-phase cycloconverters circulating current-free mode operation 319–21 circulating-current mode operation 319–20 three-phase diode recti®ers 144–8 three-phase double-star recti®er with interphase transformer 146 three-phase full-wave recti®er 187–8 three-phase half-wave recti®er 183–5 three-phase inter-star recti®er circuit 145–6 three-phase star recti®ers 145–6 three-phase/three-pulse cycloconverter 319 three-phase voltage source inverters 235–41 thyristor-controlled inductor (TCI) 52 thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) 601–3 thyristor-controlled series compensation (TCSC) 600 thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) 52, 601 thyristors 27–54, 419–21, 580–1 advanced triggering circuits 418 amplifying gate 36 anode shorts 36 applications 50 basic structure 28–30 buffer circuits 419–21 cathode shorts 35–6 commutation 173 converter drive 667–8 current-voltage curves 30–1 driver circuits 419–21 dynamic switching characteristics 33–7 edge and surface terminations 31–2 gate circuits 45–6 gate current waveform 46 gate drive requirements 45–7 gate i±v curve 46 gate requirements 407–9 gate trigger circuits 410–27 high-powered 38 high-voltage 31 maximum ratings 37–8 multicell circuit model containing eight cells 49 operation 29 overview 27–8 packaging 32–3 parameters 37–40 snubber circuits 45 static characteristic i±v curve 30 static characteristics 30–3 switching behavior 29 temperature dependencies 37 trigger circuits 409–10 two-transistor behavioral model 29 types 28, 38–45 see also speci®c types www.elsolucionario.net 894 Index TMS320C241 766 TMS320C242 766 TMS320C24x 766 TMS320F240 766 TMS320F241 766 torque-controlled drives 736–66 torque production 712–13 total gate charge 108 total harmonic distortion (THD) 152, 196 transformer-isolated gate drive circuit 47 transformer utilization factor (TUF) 143 transients 596, 606–7, 793–4, 822 velocity feedback controller 707–8 transistor-base drive applications 69–71 transistor-base drive circuits 426–7 transistor dc regulator 77 trapezoidal-wave motor 690–1 trigger circuits resistive 410–11 thyristors 409–10 unijunction transistor-based 415–18 turbo altenator, VAR compensation 611–14 turn-off delay time 108 turn-on delay time 108 12-pulse parallel recti®er 461–5 two-quadrant dc-dc Luo-converter forward operation 372–4 reverse operation 374–6 two-quadrant switched-capacitor dc/dc Luo-converter 378–80 two-quadrant switched-inductor dc/dc Luo-converter forward operation 386–8 reverse operation 388–9 two-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter 402 forward operation 391–2 reverse operation 392–3 two-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant dc/dc Luo-converters forward operation 394–5 reverse operation 396–7 two-switch inverter circuit 720 ultra-fast diodes 157, 158 unijunction transistor-based trigger circuit 415–18 uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) 52, 53, 174, 180, 224 unipolar drive circuits 714–15 unipolar PWM technique 232 unity power factor recti®ers 175–82 applications 180–1 user requirements 873, 880 utility ac grid 223 VAR compensation 52, 599–627 analysis 603 modeling 603 static circuit 602–3 turbo altenator 611–14 variable-current–variable-frequency control 675–6 variable-frequency converter 51 variable-reluctance motor 712–13 variable-speed constant-frequency (VSCF) system 331, 332 variable-speed drives see VSDs variable-speed power generation 207–9 variable-voltage variable-frequency control 673–5 variable-voltage variable-frequency inverter 114 vector controls 676–7, 688–9, 837–9 vector drives 736–43 VMOS transistor 134 voltage clamping 23 voltage-controlled PWM recti®er 199 voltage divider dc regulator 76 voltage doubler PWM recti®er 177–8, 180 voltage doubler recti®er, control system 179 voltage-fed resonant ballasts 515–16 voltage-fed resonant inverters 521–5 voltage ¯icker 821–2 voltage ¯uctuations 821–2 voltage-lift technique 379 voltage-mode control 221 voltage multiplier 23 voltage ratings 17–18 voltage regulation 601 voltage ripple waveforms 219 voltage sags 818–19 voltage-source current-controlled PWM recti®er 199–201 voltage-source drive 682–3 voltage-source inverters see VSIs voltage-source load-controlled PWM recti®er 203–4 voltage-source recti®er 197–8 voltage-source voltage-controlled PWM recti®er 201–3 voltage waveform 22 VSDs 629, 735 ac 331–2 advantages 630–1 all-electric ship 659 applications 657–60 communication 651–3 disadvantages 631–3 drive requiremants 633–5 drive speci®cations 635 historical review 630 topologies 644–50 VSIs 225 feedback techniques 252 feedforward techniques 250–2 linear control 252–3 in rotating coordinates 254 motoring operating mode in three-phase 256–7 multilevel topologies 264 regenerative operating mode in three-phase 257–9 www.elsolucionario.net 895 Index space vector modulation in three-level 266–7 SPWM technique in three-level 264–6 valid switch states in three-level 264 wind–diesel hybrid systems 565 wind generators 564, 570–1 wind power systems 562–72 basics 562–3 types 564–6 wind turbines 563–4 charge controller 565 control 566–72 ®xed-speed 566–8 multiple 571–2 variable-speed 568–70 Yaskawa drive 774 ZC resonant switch 273 Zener breakdown 76 Zener dc regulator 76–7 Zener diode 17, 76, 488 i±v characteristics 77 zero average-current error (ZACE) control 301–3 zero-current switching (ZCS) 273, 275 synchronous recti®er dc/dc Luo-converter 399, 402–4 zero space-vector selection 239, 248 zero-voltage resonant switch 273 zero-voltage switching (ZVS) 273–5, 277–8 clamped voltage 277–8 high-frequency applications 275–8 synchronous recti®er dc/dc Luo-converter 399–401 zero-voltage transition (ZVT) 278 converters 282–3 www.elsolucionario.net