The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems
The Industrial Electronics Handbook
The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series
The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems
Contents
Preface
Preambles
Preamble to Part I: T echnical Principles
Preamble to Part II: A pplication-Specific Areas
Preamble to Part III: T echnologies
Introduction
Group 3.1: Classical Fieldbus Systems
Group 3.2: Industrial Ethernet
Group 3.3: Building Automation Networks
Group 3.4: A utomotive Networks
Group 3.5: Safety
Group 3.6: Wireless Networks
Group 3.7: Industrial Internet
Preamble to Part IV: Internet Programming
Preamble to Part V: Outlook
Acknowledgments
Editorial Board
Editors
Contributors
Part 1 Technical Principles
Chapter 1 ISO/OSI Model
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Open Standard
1.3 Vertical and Horizontal Communication
1.4 Dynamic Behavior of Services and Protocols
1.5 Extensions, Benefits, and Discussion
References
Chapter 2 Media
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wired Links
2.2.1 Physical Properties
2.2.2 Cable Types and Operational Characteristics
2.2.3 Single- Ended and Differential Transmission
2.2.4 Simplex and Duplex Communication
2.2.5 Bit Encoding
2.2.6 Standards
2.2.7 Data Transmission Utilizing Existing Cable Infrastructure
2.3 Optical Links
2.3.1 Physical Properties
2.3.2 Types and Media Access
2.3.3 Transmitters and Receivers
2.3.4 Multiplexing
2.3.5 Implementations and Standards
2.4 Wireless Links
2.4.1 Physical Properties
2.4.1.1 Wavelength
2.4.1.2 Thermal Noise
2.4.1.3 Channel Capacity
2.4.1.4 Free- Space Path Loss, Fresnel Zone
2.4.1.5 Antennas
2.4.1.6 Non– Line of Sight Channels and Moving Antennas/ Objects
2.4.1.7 Link Budget
2.4.2 Types and Media Access
2.4.3 Modulation
2.4.4 Bit Coding, Multiplexing
2.4.4.1 Bit Coding
2.4.4.2 Multiplexing
2.4.5 Realizations and Standards
References
Chapter 3 Media Access Methods
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Full- Duplex Media Access
3.3 Synchronous Access Arbitration Concepts
3.4 Statistic Access Arbitration Concepts
3.4.1 Aloha Mechanisms
3.4.2 Pure Aloha
3.4.3 Slotted Aloha
3.5 Carrier Sense Mechanisms with Exponential Backoff
3.6 Other Media Access Issues
3.6.1 Access Fairness
3.6.2 Access Priorities
3.6.3 Quality of Service
3.6.4 Hidden Stations
References
Chapter 4 Routing in Wireless Networks
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Routing Protocols and Classification
4.3 Routing Protocol Families for Ad Hoc Networks
4.4 Routing Protocol Families for Wireless Sensor Networks
4.4.1 Flat Routing Protocols
4.4.2 Hierarchical Routing Protocols
4.4.3 Location- Based Routing Protocols
4.5 Summary of the Main Routing Protocols in Wireless Networks
4.5.1 Optimized Link- State Routing Protocol
4.5.2 Topology Dissemination Based on Reverse Path Forwarding
4.5.3 Dynamic Source Routing Protocol
4.5.4 Ad Hoc On- Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol
4.5.5 Dynamic MANET On- Demand Routing Protocol
4.5.6 Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation
4.5.7 Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy
4.5.8 Geographic Adaptive Fidelity
4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 5 Profiles and Interoperability
5.1 Interoperating Components
5.2 Application of Profiles
5.2.1 Function Blocks of IEC 61499
5.2.2 Functional Profiles in LON
5.2.3 Logical Nodes of the IEC 61850
5.3 Achieving Interoperability
References
Chapter 6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
6.1 Applications
6.1.1 Factory Automation
6.1.2 Building Automation
6.1.3 Industrial Process Automation
6.1.4 Inventory Management
6.1.5 Utility Automation
6.1.6 A utomatic Meter Reading
6.2 Standardization Activities
6.3 Technical Challenges
6.4 Design Goals
6.5 Design Principles and Technical Approaches
6.5.1 Hardware Development
6.5.1.1 Low- Power and Low- Cost Sensor Node Development
6.5.1.2 R adio Technologies
6.5.1.3 Energy- Harvesting Techniques
6.5.2 Software Development
6.5.2.1 A pplication Programming Interface
6.5.2.2 Operating System and Middleware Design
6.5.2.3 System Installation and Commissioning
6.5.3 System Architecture and Protocol Design
6.5.3.1 Network Architecture
6.5.3.2 Data Aggregation and Fusion
6.5.3.3 Cross- Layer Design
6.6 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Chapter 7 Ad Hoc Networks
Chapter 8 Radio Frequency Identification
8.1 Prologue
8.2 Bar Code System
8.3 Magnetic Stripes
8.4 Smart Card
8.5 Proximity Card
8.6 HF RFID
8.7 Electronic Cash
8.8 Personal Identity
8.9 Innovation verus Hi- Tech
8.10 Active RFID
8.11 Wake- Up Technology
8.12 Semi- Active RFID
8.13 Backscattering
8.14 Initialization
8.15 Vicinity Card
8.16 Frequency Selection
8.17 UHF RFID
8.18 Supply Chain Management
8.19 International Standard
8.20 Promiscuity
8.21 National Standards
8.22 Hands- Free Bar Code System
8.23 Bar Code Mentality
8.24 Affordable Tag
8.25 Ubiquity of RFID
8.26 Role Reversal
8.27 Historical Development
8.28 Privacy Infringement
8.29 Recent Developments
8.30 Dual Authentication
8.31 Trace- and- Track
8.32 Innovative Applications
8.33 Nonionization Radiation
8.34 Era of Artificial Perception
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 9 RFID Technology and Its Industrial Applications
Chapter 10 Ultralow-Power Wireless Communication
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hardware Approaches
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 Energy Harvesting
10.3 Communication Protocol Approaches
10.4 Application Layer Approaches
10.5 Conclusion and Open Topics
References
Chapter 11 Industrial Strength Wireless Multimedia Sensor NetworkTechnology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Wireless Sensor Network
11.3 WMSN Architecture
11.3.1 Single- Tier Flat Architecture
11.3.2 Single- Tier Clustered Architecture
11.3.3 Multitier Architecture
11.4 WMSN Hardware
11.4.1 Low- Resolution WMSN Motes
11.4.2 Medium- Resolution WMSN Motes
11.4.3 High- Resolution WMSN Motes
11.5 Applications of WMSNs
11.5.1 Surveillance
11.5.2 Traffic Monitoring
11.5.3 Personal and Health Care
11.5.4 Habitat Monitoring
11.5.5 Target Tracking
11.6 WMSNs' Technical Challenges
11.6.1 WMSN Application- Specific QoS Requirement
11.6.2 Scalable and Flexible Architectures and Protocols to Support Heterogeneous Applications
11.6.3 High Bandwidth
11.6.4 Localized Processing and Data Fusion
11.6.5 Energy- Efficient Design
11.6.6 Reliability and Fault Tolerance
11.6.7 Multimedia Coverage
11.6.8 Integration with IP and Various Other Wireless Technologies
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 A Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Wireless Sensor Network Basics
12.3 Motivation and Drivers for Wireless Instrumentation
12.4 Industrial Applications and Requirements
12.4.1 Standardized Solutions
12.4.2 R eliable Network Performance
12.4.3 Battery Lifetime
12.4.4 Friendly Coexistence with Wireless Local Area Networks
12.4.5 Security
12.4.6 Operation in Harsh and Hazardous Environments
12.5 Technology Survey and Evaluation
12.6 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 13 Vertical Integration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Historical Background
13.3 Network Interconnections
13.4 Application View
13.5 Security Aspects in Vertical Integration
13.6 Trends in Vertical Integration
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 14 Multimedia Service Convergence
Chapter 15 Virtual Automation Networks
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Virtual Automation Network: Basics
15.3 Name- Based Addressing and Routing, Runtime Tunnel Establishment
15.4 Maintenance of the Runtime Tunnel Based on Quality- of- Service Monitoring and Provider Switching
15.5 VAN Telecontrol Profile
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 16 Industrial Agent Technology
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Agents and Multi- Agent Systems
16.2.1 Intelligent Agents Definition
16.2.2 Multi- Agent Systems
16.2.3 Ontologies
16.2.4 Self- Organization and Emergence
16.2.5 The Holonic Paradigm
16.2.6 Holonic Multi- Agent Systems
16.2.7 How Agents Can Be Implemented
16.3 Agents and Multi- Agent Systems in Industry
16.4 Application Areas
16.5 Agents and Multi- Agent Systems in Industry: Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 17 Real-Time Systems
17.1 Introduction on Real- Time Systems
17.1.1 Definition
17.1.2 Real- Time Constraints Characterization
17.1.3 Typical Application Domains
17.1.4 Real- Time Scheduling and Relevant Metrics
17.2 Real- Time Communication
17.2.1 Deterministic vs. Statistical Communication
17.2.2 Best Effort vs. Guaranteed Service
17.2.3 Performance Metrics
17.2.4 Analytical Methods to Assess Performance of Real- Time Networks
17.3 Design Paradigms for Real- Time Systems
17.3.1 Centralized vs. Distributed Architectures
17.3.2 Composability and Scalability
17.3.3 Time- Triggered vs. Event- Triggered Systems
17.3.4 Comparison of the Real- Time Support Provided by Notable Approaches
17.4 Design Challenges in Real- Time Industrial Communication Systems
17.4.1 Real- Time and Security
17.4.2 Real- Time and Flexibility
17.4.3 Offering Real- Time Support to Wireless Communication
References
Chapter 18 Clock Synchronization in Distributed Systems
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Precision Time Protocol
18.3 IEEE 1588 System Model
18.4 Service Access Points
18.5 Ordinary Clocks
18.6 Boundary Clocks
18.7 Precision Time Protocol, IEEE 1588– 2008 ( PTPv2)
18.8 Network Time Protocol
18.9 Network Time Protocol Strata
18.10 Architecture, Protocol, and Algorithms
18.11 NTP Clock Synchronization Hardware Requirements
18.12 Synchronization Algorithms of NTP
References
Chapter 19 Quality of Service
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Relationship with Information Security Topics
19.3 Quality of Service for IP Networks
19.3.1 Integrated Services ( IntServ) Model
19.3.2 Differentiated Services ( DiffServ) Model
19.3.3 Classification and Marking
19.3.4 Queuing and Congestion Management
19.4 Special Considerations for Managing the Quality of Service
References
Chapter 20 Network-Based Control
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Mutual Concepts in Control and in Communications
20.3 A rchitecture of Networked- Based Control
20.4 Network Effects in Control Performance
20.5 Design in NBC
20.5.1 Design Constraints in the Network Side
20.5.2 Design Constraints in the Control Side
20.5.3 Network and Control Co- Design
20.6 Summary
References
Chapter 21 Functional Safety
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Meaning of Safety
21.3 Safety Standards
21.4 The Safety Lifecycle and Safety Methods
21.5 Safety Approach for Industrial Communication System
21.5.1 Overview of Safety- Related Systems
21.5.2 Hazard and Risk Analysis
21.5.3 Failure Mitigation
Acronyms
References
Chapter 22 Security in Industrial Communication Systems
22.1 Introduction to Security in Industrial Communication
22.2 Planned Approach to Security: Defense in Depth
22.3 Security Measures to Counteract Network Attacks
22.4 Security Measures to Counteract Device Attacks
22.5 State of the Art in Automation Systems
22.5.1 Security in Building Automation Systems
22.5.2 Security in Industrial Communication
22.5.3 Security in IP- Based Networks
22.5.4 Security in Wireless Communication Systems
22.6 Outlook and Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 23 Secure Communication Using Chaos Synchronization
Part 2 Application-Specific Areas
Chapter 24 Embedded Networks in Civilian Aircraft Avionics Systems
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Avionics Systems Evolution and AR INC Context
24.3 Classic Avionics and AR INC 429
24.4 Integrated Modular Avionics
24.5 ARINC 629 Multiplexed Data Bus
24.5.1 Basic Protocol
24.5.2 Combined Protocol
24.6 AR INC 664: Avionics Full- Duplex Ethernet
24.6.1 Full- Duplex Switched Ethernet
24.6.2 The AR INC 664 Standard
24.6.3 Virtual Link Paradigm
24.6.4 Virtual Link Properties
24.6.4.1 VL Bandwidth Guarantee
24.6.4.2 VL Latency Guarantee
24.6.4.3 VL Jitter Issues
24.6.5 Network Redundancy for Safety and Fault Tolerance
24.7 AFDX End- to- End Delay Analysis
24.8 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 25 Process Automation
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Structures and Models of Batch Manufacturing Systems
25.2.1 Process Model
25.2.2 Physical Model
25.2.3 Procedural Control Model
25.2.4 Equipment Entities
25.2.5 Recipes
25.2.6 Classification of Process Cells
25.2.7 Tasks and Functions of a Batch Management and Operation System
25.2.8 Integration of Batch Management and Operation System with Other Information Systems
25.3 Currently Applied Communication Systems
25.4 Upcoming Requirements of Distributed Process Automation
25.5 Industrial Ethernet as the " Silver Bullet" for Future Process Automation Communication Needs
References
Chapter 26 Building and Home Automation
Chapter 27 Industrial Multimedia
Chapter 28 Industrial Wireless Communications Security (IWCS)/C42
Chapter 29 Protocols in Power Generation
Chapter 30 Communications in Medical Applications
Part 3 Technologies
Chapter 31 Controller Area Network
Chapter 32 Profibus
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Physical Transmissions
32.3 Fieldbus Data Link
32.3.1 Services
32.3.2 Framing
32.3.3 Media Access
32.4 DP System
32.4.1 DP- Master Class 1: Controllers
32.4.2 DP- Master Class 2: Engineering Stations
32.4.3 DP- Slaves: Field- Devices
32.4.4 A pplication Relations
32.5 Cyclic Data Exchange: MS0— Relation
32.5.1 Device Model
32.5.2 Initialization and Supervision of the Relation
32.5.3 Status of the Controller and Fail- Safe Functionality
32.5.4 Diagnostics of the Field- Device
32.5.5 Distributed Database
32.5.6 Synchronization of the Applications
32.6 Acyclic Data Exchange: MS1/ MS2 Relations
32.7 Application Profiles
References
Chapter 33 INTERBUS
Chapter 34 WorldFip
Chapter 35 Foundation Fieldbus
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Foundation Fieldbus Overview
35.3 Topology
35.4 Drivers ( DD, EDDL, and FDT/ DTM)
35.5 Cables
35.6 Segment Design
35.7 FFPS— Fieldbus Power Supplies
35.8 Installation of Segment in Safe Areas
35.9 Installation of Segments in Classified Areas
35.10 Project Documentation
35.11 Installations and Commissioning
35.12 Maintenance
References
Chapter 36 Modbus
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Modbus Interaction and Data Models
36.3 Modbus Protocol Architecture
36.4 Modbus Application Layer
36.5 Modbus Serial
36.5.1 Frames
36.5.2 RT U Mode
36.5.3 A SCII Mode
36.5.4 Error Detection
36.5.5 Physical Layer
36.6 Modbus TCP
36.7 Example
Acronyms
References
Chapter 37 Industrial Ethernet
Chapter 38 EtherCAT
Chapter 39 Ethernet POWERLINK
Chapter 40 PROFINET
40.1 Introduction
40.2 PROFINET IO Basics
40.2.1 Device Model
40.2.2 Address Resolution
40.2.3 Cyclic Data Traffic
40.2.4 Acyclic Data Traffic
40.2.5 Diagnostics
40.3 IRT Communication in PROFINET IO
40.3.1 Flexible Communication Based on RT _ CLASS_ 2 ( Orange Interval)
40.3.2 Communication Based on RT _ CLASS_ 3 ( Red Interval)
40.3.3 Cycle Duration and Constrains
40.4 Engineering and Commissioning
40.5 Integration of Fieldbus Systems and Web Applications
Acronyms
Bibliography
Chapter 41 LonWorks
41.1 Introduction
41.2 System Components
41.3 LonTalk Protocol
41.4 The Application Layer Programming Model
41.5 Function Block- Based Design and System Integration
41.6 Network Design Tools
41.7 Automatic Design Approaches
References
Chapter 42 KNX
42.1 Introduction and Overview
42.2 Medium- Independent Layers
42.3 Medium- Dependent Layers
42.4 Runtime Interworking
42.5 Devices
42.6 Configuration
42.7 Conclusion and Outlook
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 43 Protocols of the Time-Triggered Architecture: TTP, TTEthernet, TTP/A
43.1 Introduction
43.2 The Time- Triggered Paradigm
43.3 Time- Triggered Communication
43.4 Time- Triggered Protocol ( TT P)
43.5 Time- Triggered Ethernet
43.5.1 Principles of Operation
43.5.2 Time Format
43.5.3 Periods
43.5.4 Fault- Tolerant TT Ethernet Configuration
43.5.5 Clock Synchronization
43.6 TT P/ A
43.6.1 Interface File System
43.6.2 The Three Interfaces of a Smart Transducer
43.6.3 Principles of Operation
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 44 FlexRay
Chapter 45 LIN-Bus
45.1 LIN Background
45.2 LIN History and Versions
45.3 Communication Concept
45.4 Physical Layer
45.5 LIN Message Frames
45.6 Network and Status Management
45.7 Transport Layer Protocol
45.8 Configuration
45.9 R elationship between SAE J2602 and LIN2.0
45.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 46 Profisafe
Chapter 47 SafetyLon
47.1 Introduction
47.2 The General SafetyLon Concept
47.3 The Safety- Related Lifecycle
47.4 The Hardware
47.5 The Safety- Related Firmware
47.6 The SafetyLon Tools
Acronyms
References
Chapter 48 Wireless Local Area Networks
Chapter 49 Bluetooth
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Bluetooth Core Architecture Blocks
49.2.1 Channel Manager
49.2.2 L2CAP Resource Manager
49.2.3 Device Manager
49.2.4 Link Manager
49.2.5 Baseband Resource Manager
49.2.6 Link Controller
49.2.7 R adio Frequency
49.2.8 Bluetooth Networks
49.2.8.1 Piconet
49.2.8.2 Scatternet
49.2.9 Bluetooth Security
49.3 Bluetooth Protocol Stack
49.4 Bluetooth Profiles
49.5 Competitive Technologies
49.6 Future of the Bluetooth Technology: Challenges
References
Chapter 50 ZigBee
50.1 Introduction
50.2 ZigBee and Mesh Networks
50.3 ZigBee in the Context of Other Wireless Networks
50.4 ZigBee Stack
50.5 IEEE 802.15.4
50.5.1 Physical Layer
50.5.2 MAC Layer
50.5.2.1 Unslotted Mode
50.5.2.2 Slotted Mode
50.5.3 Network Layer
50.5.4 Application Layer
50.6 Development and Industrial Applications
50.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor Networks and Smart Cooperating Objects
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Why IP in WSN and For Smart Cooperating Objects?
51.2.1 IP as Open Standard Protocol Instead of Proprietary Protocols
51.2.2 IP Routers Instead of Complex Gateways
51.2.3 Use of Already Existing Protocols, Tools, and Applications
51.2.4 New Architectural Styles like Service- Oriented Architectures
51.2.5 IP Support in Operating Systems
51.2.6 Lessons Learned From Maintaining the Internet
51.3 Introduction in 802.15.4
51.4 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN
51.5 6LoWPAN
51.5.1 Address Autoconfiguration
51.5.2 Frame Types and Fragmentation
51.5.3 Mesh Frame Type
51.5.4 Broadcast and Multicast Address Mapping
51.5.5 Header Compression
51.5.6 Scopes
51.5.7 Summary of Frame Types and Compression Schemes
51.5.8 Security
51.6 Summary
References
Chapter 52 WiMAX in Industry
52.1 Introduction
52.2 The WiMAX Broadband Technology
52.3 WiMAX Architecture
52.4 The WiMAX Forum and Working Groups
52.5 Integration with Other Networks
52.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 53 Wireless HART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI
Chapter 54 Wireless Communication Standards
Chapter 55 Communication Aspects of IEC 61499 Architecture
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Illustrative Example
55.3 Logic Encapsulated in Basic FB
55.4 Extension
55.5 Distribution
55.6 Communication FBs
55.7 Communication Using Services of Internet Protocol Suite
55.8 A dding Distribution and Communication to the Sample System
55.9 Internals of Communication FBs: Modbus
55.10 Communication via the CIP
55.11 Impact of Communication Semantics on Application Behavior
55.12 Failures in Distributed Applications
55.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 56 Industrial Internet
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Application of Internet Technologies in Industry
56.3 Technologies
56.3.1 Transport and Communication Related Technologies
56.3.1.1 HyperText Transfer Protocol
56.3.1.2 Simple Network Management Protocol
56.3.1.3 Web Services Using Simple Object Access Protocol
56.3.2 Technologies for Information Description and Presentation
56.3.3 Technologies for Server- Side and Client- Side Functions
56.4 Application Examples
56.4.1 Description Technologies
56.4.2 Browser- Based Applications
56.4.3 Machine– Machine Communication Using Web Services
56.5 Conclusions and Outlook
Acronyms
References
Chapter 57 OPC UA
57.1 Introduction
57.2 Overview of OPC UA System Architecture
57.3 Overview of UA AddressSpace
57.4 Overview of UA Services
57.4.1 General Services
57.4.2 Discovery Service Set
57.4.3 SecureChannel Service Set
57.4.4 Session Service Set
57.4.5 NodeManagement Service Set
57.4.6 View Service Set
57.4.7 Query Service Set
57.4.8 A ttribute Service Set
57.4.9 Method Service Set
57.4.10 MonitoredItem Service Set
57.4.11 Subscription Service Set
57.5 Implementations and Products
57.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 58 DNP3 and IEC 60870-5
58.1 Requirements for SCADA Data Collection in Electric Power and Other Industries
58.2 Features Common to IEC 60870- 5 and DNP3: Data Typing, Report by Exception, Error Recovery
58.3 Differentiation between IEC 60870- 5 and DNP3 Operating Philosophy, Message Formatting, Efficiency, TCP/ IP Transport
References
Chapter 59 IEC 61850 for Distributed Energy Resources
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Basic Concept
59.3 Modeling the Automation Functions
59.4 Communication Services
59.4.1 Client/ Server Communication
59.4.2 GOOSE
59.4.3 Transmission of Sampled Analog Values
59.4.4 Clock Synchronization
59.5 Modeling with System Configuration Language
59.6 Different Types of DER
References
Part 4 Internet Programming
Chapter 60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Protocol Operation
60.3 Programming Samples
References
Chapter 61 Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Protocol Operation
61.2.1 TCP Segment
61.2.2 Port Number Assignments
61.2.3 Connection Establishment
61.2.4 Maintaining the Open Connection
61.2.5 Flow Control and Sliding Window Protocol
61.2.6 Improving Flow Control
61.2.7 Error Control
61.2.8 Congestion Control
61.2.9 Connection Termination
61.3 State Diagram
61.4 Programming Samples
References
Chapter 62 Development of Interactive Web Pages
Chapter 63 Interactive WebSite Design Using Python Script
Chapter 64 Running Software over Internet
Chapter 65 Semantic Web Services for Manufacturing Industry
65.1 Background
65.2 Aims
65.3 Approach
65.3.1 Ontology- Driven Architecture
65.3.2 Multisite Issues and Rapid Reconfigurability
65.3.3 Customizations of Product and Materials Flow Monitoring
65.3.4 Optimization
65.3.5 Data, Process and Timing Consistency and Conformance
65.3.6 Customer- Centered Design through the Concept of Customer Value
65.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 66 Automatic Data Mining on Internet by Using PERL Scripting Language
Part 5
Outlook
Chapter 67 Trends and Challenges for Industrial Communication Systems
67.1 Introduction
67.2 Ubiquitous Global Connectivity and Digital Identity
67.3 Vertical Integration
67.4 Hybrid Local Networks and Quality of Service
67.5 M2M Communication
67.6 Scalability in Hardware and Software
References
b10603-70
Chapter 68 Processing Data in Complex Communication Systems
68.1 Introduction
68.2 An Archetype for Future Automation
68.3 Bottom- Up versus Top- Down Design: Behavioristic Model versus Functional Model
68.4 Automated Methods for Sensor and Actuator Systems
68.5 The Diagnostic System
68.6 Intelligent Surveillance Systems
68.7 The Human Mind as an Archetype for Cognitive Automation
References