P RACTICAL E LECTRONICS H ANDBOOK This page intentionally left blank P RACTICAL E LECTRONICS H ANDBOOK S IXTH E DITION I AN R. S INCLAIR AND J OHN D UNTON AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford, OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803 First edition 1980 Reprinted 1982, 1983 (with revisions), 1987 Second edition 1988 Reprinted 1990 Third edition 1992 Fourth edition 1994 Reprinted 1997, 1998, 1999 Fifth edition 2000 Reprinted 2001 Sixth edition 2007 Copyright © 1980, 1988, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2007, Ian R. Sinclair and John Dunton. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Ian R. Sinclair and John Dunton to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permission may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Cover photo by Thomas Scarborough, reproduced by permission of Everyday Practical Electronics. www.epemag.co.uk ISBN 13: 978-0-75-068071-4 ISBN 10: 0-75-068071-7 For information on all Newnes publications visit our web site at books.elsevier.com Typeset by Cepha Ltd Printed and bound in Great Britain 0708091011 10987654321 Contents v C ONTENTS Preface xiii Introduction: Mathematical Conventions xv C HAPTER 1 Resistors 1 Passive components 1 Resistors 2 Resistivity 3 Resistivity calculations 4 Resistor construction 7 Tolerances and E-series 9 Resistance value coding 10 Surface mounted resistors 13 Resistor characteristics 13 Dissipation and temperature rise 17 Variables and laws 18 Resistors in circuit 19 Kirchoff’s laws 20 The superposition theorem 21 Thevenin’s theorem 23 Thermistors 24 Variation of resistance with temperature 26 C HAPTER 2 Capacitors 29 Capacitance 29 The parallel-plate capacitor 29 Construction 31 Other capacitor characteristics 36 Energy and charge storage 39 Time constants 39 Reactance 43 CR circuits 45 C HAPTER 3 Inductive and Tuned Circuit Components 47 Inductors 47 Transformers 51 vi Contents Signal-matching transformers 54 Mains transformers 57 Other transformer types 61 Surface-mounted inductors 62 Inductance calculations 64 Untuned transformers 67 Inductive reactance 68 LCR circuits 68 Coupled tuned circuits 73 Quartz crystals 76 Temperature effects 79 Wave filters 79 C HAPTER 4 Chemical Cells and Batteries 83 Introduction 83 Primary and secondary cells 84 Battery connections 85 Simple cell 87 The Leclanché cell 89 The alkaline primary cells 92 Miniature (button) cells 94 Lithium cells 95 Secondary cells 99 Nickel–cadmium cells 104 Lithium-ion rechargeable cells 107 C HAPTER 5 Active Discrete Components 111 Diodes 111 Varactor diodes 115 Schottky diodes 116 LEDs 116 Photodiodes 117 Transient voltage suppressors (TVS) 120 Typical diode circuits 122 Transistors 122 Bias for linear amplifiers 128 Transistor parameters and linear amplifier gain 132 Transistor packaging 136 Noise 137 Voltage gain 137 Contents vii Other bipolar transistor types 138 Darlington pair circuit 139 Field-effect transistors 139 FET handling problems 143 Negative feedback 144 Heatsinks 148 Switching circuits 150 Other switching devices 154 Diode and transistor coding 160 C HAPTER 6 Linear ICs 163 Overview 163 The 741 op-amp 165 Gain and bandwidth 165 Offset 166 Bias methods 167 Basic circuits 168 General notes on op-amp circuits 171 Modern op-amps 172 Other operational amplifier circuits 173 Current differencing amplifiers 176 Other linear amplifier ICs 176 Phase-locked loops 180 Waveform generators 183 Active and switched capacitor filters 185 Voltage regulator ICs 189 Adjustable regulator circuits 191 The 555 timer 193 C HAPTER 7 Familiar Linear Circuits 197 Overview 197 Discrete transistor circuits 197 Audio circuits 202 Simple active filters 204 Circuits for audio output stages 207 Class D amplifiers 211 Wideband voltage amplification circuits 214 Sine wave and other oscillator circuits 216 Other crystal oscillators 217 Astable, monostable and bistable circuits 223 Radio-frequency circuits 226 Modulation circuits 230 viii Contents Optical circuits 232 Linear power supply circuits 233 Switch-mode power supplies 236 C HAPTER 8 Sensors and Transducers 243 Introduction 243 Strain and pressure 244 Direction and motion 246 Light, UV and IR radiation 251 Temperature 255 Sound 260 C HAPTER 9 Digital Logic 265 Introduction 265 Logic families 269 Other logic families 273 Combinational logic 274 Number bases 276 Sequential logic 277 Counters and dividers 283 C HAPTER 10 Programmable Devices 289 Memory 289 Read-only memory (ROM) 290 Programmable read-only memory (PROM) 291 Volatile memory (RAM) 294 Programmable logic 296 Complex programmable logic devices (CPLD) 299 Field programmable gate array (FPGA) 300 Hardware description language (HDL) 301 Other programmable devices 302 Other applications of memory devices 303 Useful websites 305 C HAPTER 11 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 307 Introduction 307 Binary stored program computers 308 Von Neumann and Harvard architecture 311 Microprocessor systems 314 Power-up reset and program execution 317 Contents ix Programming 318 The ARM processor 320 Developing microprocessor hardware 322 Electromagnetic compatibility 325 Microcontroller manufacturers 325 C HAPTER 12 Microprocessor Interfacing 327 Output circuits 327 Display devices 327 Light-emitting diode (LED) displays 327 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 332 Input circuits 338 Switches 338 C HAPTER 13 Data Converters 343 Introduction 343 Digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) 344 Digital potentiometer 345 Binary weighted resistor converter 345 The R2R ladder 347 Charge distribution DAC 348 Pulse width modulator 349 Reconstruction filter 350 Analogue-to-digital converters 351 Resolution and quantization 352 Sampling 356 Aliasing 356 Successive approximation analogue-to-digital converter 358 Sigma–delta ADC (over sampling or bitstream converter) 360 Dual-slope ADC 361 Voltage references for analogue-to-digital converters 362 PCB layout 363 Connecting a serial ADC to a PC 363 Useful websites 367 C HAPTER 14 Transferring Digital Data 369 Introduction 369 Parallel transfer 370 IEEE 1284 Centronics printer interface 371 . simple practical electronics have been included so that the reader has access to information on the advanced technology that permeates so much of modern electronics. . Cover photo by Thomas Scarborough, reproduced by permission of Everyday Practical Electronics. www.epemag.co.uk ISBN 13: 978-0-75-068071-4 ISBN 10: 0-75-068071-7