Beginning Analog Electronics Through Projects Second Edition This Page Intentionally Left Blank Beginning Analog Electronics Through Projects Second Edition Andrew Singmin Boston Oxford Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth–Heinemann. Copyright © 2001 by Butterworth–Heinemann A member of the Reed Elsevier group All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth–Heinemann prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Butterworth-Heinemann supports the efforts of American Forests and the Global ReLeaf program in its campaign for the betterment of trees, forests, and our environment. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Singmin, Andrew, 1945– Beginning analog electronics through projects / Andrew Singmin.—2nd ed. p. cm. New ed. of: Beginning electronics through projects / Andrew Singmin. c1997. Includes index. ISBN 0-7506-7283-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Electronics—Amateurs’ manuals. 2. Analog electronic systems—Amateurs’ manuals. I. Singmin, Andrew, 1945– Beginning electronics through projects. II. Title. TK9965 .S544 2000 621.381—dc21 00-063805 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Butterworth–Heinemann 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Newnes publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.newnespress.com 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America For a special someone This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents Preface ix Introduction xi 1 Overview of Analog and Digital Electronics 1 2 Resistors 7 3 Potentiometers 11 4 Multimeters 13 5 Ohm’s Law 15 6 Light-Emitting Diodes 17 7 Switches 19 8 Capacitors 21 9 Integrated Circuits 23 10 Tools 25 11 Soldering 27 12 Basic Electronics Theory 29 13 Reading Schematics 31 vii 14 Assembly Techniques 33 15 Handling Components 37 16 The SINGMIN PCB Circuit Assembly Board 39 17 Construction Details for 10 Simple Projects 43 Project #1: Fixed Low-Frequency LED Flasher 43 Project #2: Variable Low-Frequency LED Flasher/Driver 52 Project #3: Fixed Low-Gain Audio Power Amplifier 59 Project #4: Fixed-Frequency Audio Tone Generator 65 Project #5: Variable-Gain Audio Power Amplifier 71 Project #6: Fixed-Gain Audio Preamplifier 77 Project #7: Guitar Headphone Amplifier 83 Project #8: Visual Electronic Metronome 89 Project #9: Variable-Gain, Hi/Lo Response Audio Preamplifier 94 Project #10: Dual-Gain Electret Microphone Audio Preamplifier 101 18 Troubleshooting Test Equipment 109 Project #11: Signal Injector 109 Project #12: Signal Monitor 114 Index 119 viii BEGINNING ANALOG ELECTRONICS THROUGH PROJECTS Preface Much has transpired between the release of my first edition of Beginning Electronics Through Projects, published in 1997, and this second edition, Beginning Analog Electronics Through Projects. For the most part, I’ve been busy developing several new books, including Practical Audio Amplifier Circuit Projects and Beginning Digital Electronics Through Projects. You’ll find many significant differences between the first edition of this book and the current edition, many of which you’ll need to know to proceed with the projects. Please refer to the introduction for a list of the key changes. There will no doubt always be a succession of new-generation enthusiasts embarking on their first introduction to electronics (be it for fun or work), and on the lookout for easy-to-understand introductory books on the subject. For those beginner enthusiasts and hobbyists, my books are suited to your needs. Have fun building the projects and, at the same time, increasing your working knowledge of electronics. I had fun working with you, Candy! Andrew Singmin, 2000 ix