Cách sử dụng: - Nhìn chung, về cơ bản, thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn giống với thì hiện tại hoàn thành, đều dùng để diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu diễn ra trong quá khứ và vẫn còn xảy[r]
(1)TỔNG HỢP NGỮ PHÁP LUYỆN THI TOEIC Tổng hợp thì a Hiện đơn và Hiện tiếp diễn * Form HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN S + V(s/es) He plays tennis S + am/is/are + Ving The children are playing football now S + not/ does not + Vinf She doesn't play tennis S + am/is/are + not + Ving The children are not playing football now Do/Does + S + Vinf? Do you play tennis? * Usages HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN Am/Is/Are + S + Ving? Are the children playing football now? Diễn tả thói quen, hành động xảy thường xuyên lặp lặp lại Ex: - He watches TV every night - What you every day? - I go to school by bicycle Diễn tả chân lý, thật hiển nhiên Ex: - The sun rises in the East - Tom comes from England - I am a student Diễn tả lịch trình có sẵn, thời khóa biểu, chương trình Ex: The plane leaves for London at 12.30pm Dùng sau các cụm từ thời gian when, as soon asvà câu điều kiện loại Ex: - We will not believe you unlesswe see it ourselves - If she asks you, tell her that you not know - Often, usually, frequently - Always, constantly - Sometimes, occasionally - Seldom, rarely - Every day/ week/ month * Spelling HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN Diễn tả hành động xảy tại Ex: - The children are playing football now - What are you doing at the moment? Dùng theo sau câu đề nghị, mệnh lệnh Ex: - Look! The child is crying - Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the next room Thì này còn dùng để diễn tả hành động xảy (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI GẦN) Ex: - He is coming tomorrow - My parents are planting trees tomorrow Lưu ý: Không dùng thì tiếp diễn với các động từ nhận thức, tri giác như: to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, realize, seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe Với các động từ này, ta thay thì HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN GIẢN Ex: - I am tired now - She wants to go for a walk at the moment - Now - Right now - At the moment - At present - Look! Listen! (2) HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN - Ta thêm S để hình thành ngôi số ít hầu hết các động từ Nhưng ta thêm ES động từ có tận cùng là o, sh, s, ch, x, z Ex: He teaches French - Nếu động từ tận cùng là y và đứng trước nó là phụ âm, thì ta đổi y thành i trước thêm es Ex: - He tries to help her - She studies at China HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN - Nếu động từ tận cùng là e đơn thì bỏ e này trước thêm ing (trừ các động từ : to age (già đi), to dye (nhuộm), to singe (cháy xém) và các động từ tận từ là ee Ex: come > coming - Động từ tận cùng là nguyên âm phụ âm thì nhân đôi phụ âm cuối lên thêm ing Ex: run > running begin > beginning - Nếu động từ tận cùng là ie thì đổi thành y thêm ing Ex: lie > lying - Nếu động từ tận cùng là l mà trước nó là nguyên âm đơn thì ta nhân đôi l đó lên thêm ing Ex: travel > travelling b Hiện hoàn thành và Hiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn * Present Perfect (thì hoàn thành) Form (+) S + has/have + PII (–) S + has/have + not + PII (?) Has/Have + S + PII? Yes, S + has/have No, S + has/have + not Usages 2.1 Diễn đạt hành động xảy thời điểm không xác định quá khứ - Không có thời gian xác định John has traveled around the world (We don’t know when) Have you passed your driving test? - Hoặc với các từ: just, recently, already, yet,… - Hành động lặp lại nhiều lần thời điểm I have watched “Iron Man” several times - Sau cấu trúc so sánh ta dùng thì hoàn thành It is the most borning book that I have ever read - Sau cấu trúc: This/It is the first/second… times, phải dùng thì hoàn thành This is the first time he has driven a car It’s the second times he has lost his passport 2.2 Diễn tả hành động bắt đầu diễn quá khứ và còn - Có các từ thời gian cùng như: since, for, ever, never, up to now, so far,… Jonh has lived in that house for 20 years (He still live there) =John has lived in that house since 1989 (Hiện là 2012) Các từ với thì hoàn thành - Since + thời điểm quá khứ: since 1982, since Junuary….: kể từ For + khoảng thời gian: for three days, for ten minutes, ….: vòng I haven’t heard from her for months He hasn’t met her since she was a little girl - Already: đã - Yet: chưa - Just: vừa (3) - Recently, Lately: gần đây - So far: bây - Up to now, up to the present, up to this moment, until now, until this time: đến tận bây - Ever: đã chưa - Never… before: chưa - In/Over/During/For + the + past/last + time: thời gian qua Phân biệt “gone to” và “been to” - gone to: chưa Ann is on holiday She has gone to Paris - been to: Ann is back to English now She has been to Paris * Present Perfect Progressive (thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn) Cấu trúc: (+) S + has/have + been + Ving (–) S + has/have + not + been + Ving (?) Has/Have + S + been + Ving? Yes, S + has/have No, S + has/have + not Cách sử dụng: - Nhìn chung, bản, thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn giống với thì hoàn thành, dùng để diễn tả hành động bắt đầu diễn quá khứ và còn xảy Tuy nhiên, thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh thời gian hành động (How long), còn thì hoàn thành quan tâm đến kết hành động - Thường dùng với giới từ “since” “for” I have been learning English since early morning - Các dấu hiệu khác để nhận biết thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn: all day, all her/his lifetime, all day long, all the morning/afternoon c Thì quá khứ đơn và Qúa khứ tiếp diễn * Form THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN To be: S + was/were + Adj/ Noun - I, he, she, it , N(số ít) + Was - You, we, they, N(số nhiều) + Were Verbs: S + V quá khứ * Usages THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN Diễn tả hành động xảy và chấm dứt hoàn toàn quá khứ Ex: - Tom went to Paris last summer - My mother left this city two years ago - He died in 1980 THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN S + was/were + V-ing THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN Diễn tả hành động xảy thời điểm quá khứ Ex: What were you doing at 8:30 last night? Diễn tả hành động xảy (ở quá khứ) thì có hành động khác xem vào (Hành động xảy dùng QK tiếp diễn, hành động xen vào dùng QK đơn) Ex: - When I came yesterday, he was sleeping - What was she doing when you saw her? (4) THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN Last night/ year/month… • yesterday • ago • in + năm (vd: 1999) THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN Diễn tả hành động xảy song song cùng lúc quá khứ Ex: Yesteday, I was cooking while my sister was washing the dishes d Thì quá khứ hoàn thành và Qua khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn * Form QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN To be: S + had been + Adj/ noun Ex: She had been a good dancer when she met a car accident Công thức chung: S + had been+ V-ing Ex: She had been carrying a heavy bags Verb: S + had + Pii (past participle) Ex: We had lived in Hue before 1975 * Usage QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH Diễn đạt hành động xảy trước hành động khác quá khứ (Hành động xảy trước dùng QKHT - xảy sau dùng QKĐ) Ex: When I got up this morning, my father had already left Dùng để mô tả hành động trước thời gian xác định quá khứ Ex: We had lived in Hue before 1975 QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN Diễn đạt hành động xảy trước hành động khác Quá khứ (nhấn mạnh tính tiếp diễn) Ex: I had been thinking about that before you mentioned it Diễn đạt hành động đã xảy ra, kéo dài liên tục đến hành động thứ xảy (Hành động dùng QKĐ) Thường thường khoảng thời gian kéo dài nêu rõ câu Dùng câu điều kiện loại Ex: The men had been playing cards for hours before I Ex: If I had known that you were there, I would came have written you letter Dùng câu ước muốn trái với Quá khứ Ex: I wish I had time to study e Thì tương lai hoàn thành và TL Hoàn thành tiếp diễn TL HOÀN THÀNH TL HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN Form Form S + will have + PP S + will have been + Ving Usage - Diễn tả hành động hoàn tất vào thời điểm cho trước tương lai Cách sử dụng: - Diễn tả hành động quá khứ và kéo dài đến thời điểm cho trước tương lai (5) TL HOÀN THÀNH TL HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN Ex: + I'll have finished my work by noon + They'll have built that house by July next year + When you come back, I'll have written this letter Ex: + By November, we'll have been living in this house for 10 years + By March 15th, I'll have been working for this company for years Dấu hiệu nhận biết: Các cụm từ thời gian kèm: - By + mốc thời gian (by the end of, by tomorrow) - By then - By the time Dấu hiệu nhận biết: Các cụm từ thời gian kèm: - By for (+ khoảng thời gian) - By then - By the time f Thì TL đơn và TL tiếp diễn * Form TL ĐƠN (+) S + will/shall + V-inf (-) S + will/shall + not + V-inf (?) Will/Shall + S + V-inf? Yes, S + will/shall No, S + will/shall + not V-inf: động từ nguyên thể không "to" - I/ We + shall - I/ We/ You/ He/ She + will - will/shall = 'll - will not = won't - shall not = shan't Ex: - She will be a good mother - We will go to England next year TL TIẾP DIỄN S + will + be + V-ing Ex: - Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? - Don't phone me between and We'll be having dinner then TL GẦN Dự định làm gì S + am/is/are + going to + V-inf Ex: Where are you going to spend your holiday? Sắp sửa làm gì S + am/is/are + V-ing Ex: My father is retiring * Usage TL ĐƠN Diễn đạt định thời điểm nói Ex: Oh, I've left the door open I will go and shut it Diễn đạt lời dự đoán không có Ex: - People won’t go to Jupiter before the 22nd century - Who you think will get the job? TL TIẾP DIỄN Diễn đạt hành động xảy thời điểm xác định tương lai Ex: - At 10 o'clock tomorrow morning he will be working - I will be watching TV at o'clock tonight Diễn đạt hành động xảy tương lai thì có hành động khác xảy TL GẦN Diễn đạt kế hoạch, dự định Ex: - I have won $1,000 I am going to buy a new TV - When are you going to go on holiday? Diễn đạt lời dự đoán dựa vào chứng Ex: - The sky is very black It is going to snow (6) TL ĐƠN Dùng câu đề nghị Ex: - Will you shut the door? - Shall I open the window? - Shall we dance? TL TIẾP DIỄN Ex: - I will be studying when you return this evening - They will be travelling in Italy by the time you arrive here Câu hứa hẹn Ex: I promise I will call you as soon as i arrive III Phân biệt TL đơn – TL gần TL ĐƠN - Ta dùng will định làm điều gì đó vào lúc nói, không định trước Ex: Tom: My bicycle has a flat tyre Can you repair it for me? Father: Okay, but I can't it right now I will repair it tomorrow TL GẦN - I crashed the company car My boss isn’t going to bevery happy! TL GẦN - Ta dùng be going to đã định làm điều gì đó rồi, lên lịch sẵn để làm Ex: Mother: Can you repair Tom's bicycle? It has a flat type Father: Yes, I know He told me I'm going to repair it tomorrow I …….Louisiana state University A-am attending B-attend C-was attending He has been selling motorcycles…………… A-ten years ago B-since ten years C-for ten years ago Columbus…….America more then 400 years ago A-discovered B-has discovered C-had discovered He fell down when he ……towards the church A-run B-runs C-was running We …….there when our father died A-still lived B-lived still C-was still living They …….pingpong when their father comes back home A- will play B-will be playing C-play By Christmas, I…… for you for months A-Shall have been working B-shall work C-have been working I…….in the room now A-am being B-was being C-have been being I…… to New york three times this year A-have been B-was C-were 10 I will come and see you before I…… for America A-leave B-will leave C-have left 11 The little girl asked what… to her friend A-has happened B-happened C-had happened 12 John ……a book when I saw him A-is reading B-read C-was reading 13 He said he…….return later A-will B-would C-can 14 Jack … the door A-has just opened B-open C-will have opened D-attended D-for ten years D-he has gone D-had run D-were still living D-would play D-shall be working D-am D-had been D-shall leave D-would have been happened D-reading D-would be D-opening (7) 15 I have been waiting for you……… A-since early morning B-since a.m C-for two hours D-all are correct 16 My sister…….for you since yesterday A- is looking B-was looking C-has been looking D-looked 17 Jack……the door A-has just painted B-paint C-will have painted D-painting 18 The train ………half an hour A-has been leaving B-left C-has lelt D-had lelt 19 We ………Doris since last Sunday A-don’t see B-haven’t seen C-didn’t see D-hadn’t seen 20 When I last saw him, he…….in London A-has lived B-is living C-was living D-has been living 21 After I………lunch, I looked for my bag A-had B-had had C-have has D-have had 22 By the end of next year, Geoge………English for years A- will have learned B-will learn C-has learned D-would learn 23 The man got out the car ,………round to the back and opened the boot A-walking B-walked C-walks D-walk 24 For several years his ambition………to be a pilot a-is B-has been C-was D-had been 25 Henry ………into the restaurant when the writer was having dinner A-was going B-went C-has gone D-did go 26 He will take the dog out for a walk as soon as he …….dinner A-finish B-finishes C-will finish D-shall have finished 27 Before you asked, the letter……… A- was written B-had been written C-had written D-has been written 28 Ask her to come and see me when she ………her work A-finish B-has finished C-finished D-finishing 29 Oil ……if you pour it on water A-floated B-floats C-will be floated D-float 30 The dancing club…… north of the city A-lays B-lies C-located D-lain 31 Almost everyone……for home by the time we arrived A-leave B-left C-leaves D-had left 32 By the age of 25, he …….two famous novels A- wrote B-writes C-has written D-had written 33 While her husband was in the army, Janet …… to him twice a week A-was writing B-wrote C-was written D-had written 34 I couldn’t cut the grass because the machine…… a few days previously A-broke down B-has been broken C-had broken down D-breaks down 35 According to this newspaper, John is said………a new record for the long jump A-to have established B-establishing C-to establish D-established 36 I have never played badminton before.This is the first time I…… to play A-try B-tried C-have tried D-am trying 37 Since……,I have heard nothing from him A-he had left B-he left C-he has left D-he was left 38 I like looking at these pictures, but I…… enough by lunch time A-should have B-will have C-will have had D-have 39 I don’t understand this sentence.What…………………….? A-does mean this word B-have this word mean C-means this word D-does this word mean 40 John…… tennis once or twice a week A-usually play B-is usually playing C-usually plays D-have usually played 41 It was noisy next door Our neighbors…… a party (8) A-had B-were havingC-had had D-have had 42 It…… dark.Shall I turn on the light? A-is getting B-get C-got D-has got 43 I …….for Christine Do you know where she is? A-look B-looked C-am looking D-looks 44 At o’clock yesterday evening, I………my clothes A-am ironing B-have ironed C-ironed D-was ironing 45 “Are you ready ,Ann?” “Yes,I……………” A-am coming B-come C-came D-have came 46 Why …… at me like that?What’s the matter? A-do you look B-have you looked C-did you look D-are you looking 47 I…… along the street when I suddenly heard footsteps behind me A-was walking B-am walking C-walk D-walked 48 She …… German for two years A-has learnt B-is learning C-learn D-learns 49 I usually …….away at weekends A-have gone B-goes C-am going D-go 50 The earth……… round the sun A-go B-has gone C-went D-goes 51 I come from Canada.Where …… you …… from? A-do/come B-did/ come C-are coming D-have/come 52 When I last………Jane,she …… to find a job A-see/was trying B-saw/was trying C-have seen/tried D-saw/tried 53 I……….at o’clock every morning A-was getting up B-got up C-is getting up D-get up 54 ……… you go to the dentist? A-how often are B-how often C-how often does D-how are 55 Ann…… tea very often A-doesn’t drink B-don’t drink C-didn’t drink D-hasn’t drunken 56 The sun……….in the East A- is rising B-rose C-has risen D-rises 57 It is a nice day.I ……….we go out for a walk A-suggested B-suggest C-is suggesting D-are suggesting 58 Tim was tired.He ……….hard all day A-has been studying B-studies C-studied D-had been studying 59 Bad driving often…….many accidents A-caused B-had caused C-causes D-has cause 60 The Olympic Games…….every four years A-take place B-takes place C-took place D-is taking place GERUND AND INFINITIVE (9) GERUND Cách sử dụng • Là chủ ngữ câu: dancing bored him • Bổ ngữ động từ: her hobby is painting • Là bổ ngữ: Seeing is believing • Sau giới từ: He was accused of smuggling • Sau vài động từ: avoid, mind, enjoy, Một số cách dùng đặc biệt + Những động từ sau theo sau V-ing: admit, avoid, delay, enjoy, excuse, consider, deny, finish, imagine, forgive, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resist, risk, propose, detest, dread, resent, pardon, try, fancy Ex: - He admitted taking the money - Would you consider selling the property? - He kept complaining - He didn't want to risk getting wet + Verbs + prepositions: apologize for, accuse of, insist on, feel like, congratulate on, suspect of, look forward to, dream of, succeed in, object to, approve/disapprove of + Gerund theo sau cụm từ như: - It's no use / It's no good - There's no point ( in) - It's ( not) worth - Have difficult ( in) - It's a waste of time/ money - Spend/ waste time/money - Be/ get used to - Be/ get accustomed to - Do/ Would you mind ? - be busy doing something - What about ? How about ? - Go + V-ing ( go shopping, go swimming ) TO-INFINITIVE Cách dùng To-infinitive: Verb + to V Những động từ sau theo sau trực tiếp to-infinitive: agree, appear, arrange, attempt, ask, decide, determine, fail, endeavour, happen, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, try, volunteer, expect, want, Ex: - She agreed to pay $50 - Two men failed to return from the expedition - The remnants refused to leave - She volunteered to help the disabled - He learnt to look after himself Verb + how/ what/ when/ where/ which/ why + to V Những động từ sử dụng công thức này là: ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, show, think, understand, want to know, wonder Ex: - He discovered how to open the safe - I found out where to buy fruit cheaply - She couldn't think what to say - I showed her which button to press Verb + Object + to V Những động từ theo công thức này là: advise, allow, enable, encourage, forbid, force, hear, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, request, remind, train, urge, want, tempt Ex: - These glasses will enable you to see in the dark - She encouraged me to try again - They forbade her to leave the house - They persuaded us to go with them * Note: Stop V-ing: dừng làm gì (dừng hẳn) Stop to V: dừng lại để làm việc gì Ex:- Stop smoking: dừng hút thuốc - Stop to smoke: dừng lại để hút thuốc Remember/forget/regret to V: nhớ/quên/tiếc phải làm gì (ở – tương lai) Remember/forget/regret V-ing: nhớ/quên/tiếc đã làm gì (ở quá khứ) Ex:- Remember to send this letter - Don’t forget to buy flowers - I regret to inform you that the train was cancelled - I paid her $2 I still remember that I still remember paying her $2 - She will never forget meeting the Queen (10) - He regrets leaving school early It is the biggest mistake in his life Try to V: cố gắng làm gì Try V-ing: thử làm gì Ex:- I try to pass the exam - You should try unlocking the door with this key Like V-ing: Thích làm gì vì nó thú vị, hay, hút, làm để thường thức Like to do: làm việc đó vì nó là tốt và cần thiết Ex:- I like watching TV - I want to have this job I like to learn English Prefer V-ing to V-ing Prefer + to V + rather than (V) Ex:- I prefer driving to traveling by train - I prefer to drive rather than travel by train Mean to V: Có ý định làm gì Mean V-ing: Có nghĩa là gì Ex:- He doesn’t mean to prevent you from doing that - This sign means not going into Need to V: cần làm gì Need V-ing: cần làm gì (= need to be done) Ex:- I need to go to school today - Your hair needs cutting (= your hair needs to be cut) Used to V: đã từng/thường làm gì quá khứ (bây không làm nữa) Be/Get used to V-ing: quen với việc gì (ở tại) Ex: - I used to get up early when I was young - I’m used to getting up early Advise/allow/permit/recommend + Object + to V: khuyên/cho phép/ đề nghị làm gì Advise/allow/permit/recommend + V-ing: khuyên/cho phép, đề nghị làm gì Ex:- He advised me to apply at once - He advised applying at once - They don’t allow us to park here - They don’t allow parking here See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V-ing: cấu trúc này sử dụng người nói chứng kiến phần hành động See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V: cấu trúc này sử dụng người nói chứng kiến toàn hành động Ex:- I see him passing my house everyday - She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising - We saw him leave the house - I heard him make arrangements for his journey * V + V-inf: let, make, would rather, had better, modal verbs (can, may, will…)… Ex: Let me see, I’ll help you with your homework Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive) (11) I am looking forward to (see) you He dreads (have) to retire I arranged (meet) them here He urged us (work) faster I wish (see) the manager It's no use (wait) He warned her (not touch) the wire Don't forget (lock) .the door before (go) to bed My mother told me (not speak) to anyone about it 10 I can't understand her (behave) .like that 11 He tried (explain) but she refused (listen) 12 At dinner she annoyed me by (smoke) between the courses 13 You are expected (know) .the safety regulations of the college 14 He decided (disguise) himself by (dress) as a woman 15 Lam prepared (wait) here all night if necessary 16 Would you mind (show) me how (work) .the lift? 17 After (walk) for three hours we stopped to let the others (catch) with us 18 I am beginning (understand) what you mean 19 He was fined for (exceed) the speed limit 20 The boys like (play) games but hate (do) lessons 21 I regret (inform) you that your application has been refused 22 I couldn't help (overhear) what you said 23 Mrs Jones: I don't allow (smoke) in my drawing-room Mrs Smith: I don't allow my family (smoke) at all 24 He surprised us all by (go) away without (say) 'Good-bye' 25 Please go on (write) ; I don't mind (wait) 26 He wore dark glasses (avoid) (be) recognized 27 Before (give) .evidence you must swear (speak) the truth 28 I tried (persuade) him (agree) with your proposal 29 Your windows need (clean) ; would you like me (do) them for you? 30 Would you mind (shut) the window? I hate (sit) in a draught 31 I can't help (sneeze) .; I caught a cold yesterday from (sit) in a draught 32 Do stop (talk) : I am trying (finish) a letter 33 His doctor advised him (give up) (jog) 34 My watch keeps (stop) ~ That's because you keep (forget) (wind) it 35 Without (realize) it he hindered us instead of (help) us 36 People used (make) fire by (rub) two sticks together 37 Would you mind (lend) me Ј5? I forgot (cash) a cheque 38 After (discuss) the matter for an hour the committee adjourned without (have reached) .any decision 39 It's not much use (have) a bicycle if you don't know how (ride) it 40 He didn't dare (leave) the house because he was afraid of (meet) someone who might (recognize) him MODAL VERBS I CAN – COULD (12) A CAN CAN và COULD có nghĩa là “có thể”, diễn tả khả (ability) Can you swim? She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old Trong văn nói (colloquial speech), CAN dùng thay cho MAY để diễn tả cho phép (permission) và thể phủ định CANNOT dùng để diễn tả cấm đoán (prohibition) In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you can’t smoke downstairs CAN diễn tả điều có thể xảy đến (possibility) Trong câu hỏi và câu cảm thán CAN có nghĩa là ‘Is it possible…?’ Can it be true? It surely can’t be four o’clock already! CANNOT dùng để diễn tả điều khó có thể xảy (virtual impossibility) He can’t have missed the way I explained the route carefully Khi dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) CAN cho ý nghĩa tương đương với thì Tiếp diễn (Continuous Tense) Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea (không dùng I am hearing) B COULD COULD là thì quá khứ đơn CAN She could swim when she was five COULD còn dùng câu điều kiện If you tried, you could that work Trong cách nói thân mật, COULD xem nhiều tính chất lịch CAN Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please? Could you tell me the right time, please? COULD dùng để diển tả ngờ vực hay lời phản kháng nhẹ nhàng His story could be true, but I hardly think it is I could the job today, but I’d rather put it off until tomorrow COULD – WAS/WERE ABLE TO - Nếu hành động diễn tả khả năng, kiến thức, COULD dùng thường WAS/WERE ABLE TO He hurt his foot, and he couldn’t play in the match The door was locked, and I couldn’t open it - Nếu câu nói hàm ý thành công việc thực hành động (succeeded in doing) thì WAS/WERE ABLE TO sử dụng không phải COULD I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends II MAY – MIGHT MAY và dạng quá khứ MIGHT diễn tả xin phép, cho phép (permission) May I take this book? – Yes, you may She asked if she might go to the party MAY/MIGHT dùng diễn tả khả có thể xảy hay không thể xảy It may rain He admitted that the news might be true Dùng câu cảm thán, MAY/MIGHT diễn tả lời cầu chúc May all your dreams come true! Trong cách dùng này có thể xem MAY loại Bàng Thái cách (Subjunctive) MAY/MIGHT dùng mệnh đề theo sau các động từ hope (hy vọng) và trust (tin tưởng) I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction MAY/MIGHT dùng thay cho mệnh đề trạng ngữ nhượng (adverb clauses of concession) He may be poor, but he is honest (Though he is poor…) Try as he may, he will not pass the examination (Though he tries hard…) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination (Though he tried hard…) MAY/MIGHT thường dùng mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích (adverb clauses of purpose) Trong trường hợp này người ta thường dùng CANCOULD để thay cho MAY/MIGHT (13) She was studying so /that she might read English books MIGHT (không dùng MAY) đôi dùng câu để diễn tả lời trách mắng có tính hờn dỗi (petulant reproach) You might listen when I am talking to you (Làm ơn ráng mà lắng nghe tôi nói) You might try to be a little more helpful (Làm ơn ráng mà tỏ có ích chút) III MUST MUST có nghĩa là “phải” diễn tả mệnh lệnh hay bắt buộc You must drive on the left in London MUST dùng câu suy luận logic Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired MUST NOT (MUSTN’T) diễn tả lệnh cấm You mustn’t walk on the grass Khi muốn diễn tả thể phủ định MUST với ý nghĩa “không cần thiết” người ta sử dụng NEED NOT (NEEDN’T) Must I it now? – No, you needn’t Tomorrow will be soon enough MUST và HAVE TO - HAVE TO dùng thay cho MUST hình thức mà MUST không có We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve o’clock train - HAVE TO không thể thay MUST câu suy luận logic He must be mad (I personally thought that he was mad) - MUST và HAVE TO có thể dùng để diễn tả cưỡng bách, bắt buộc (compulsion) Tuy nhiên MUST mang ý nghĩa cưỡng bách đến từ người nói HAVE TO mang ý nghĩa cưỡng bách đến từ hoàn cảnh bên ngoài (external circumstances) You must what I tell you Passengers must cross the line by the bridge (Lệnh Cục Đường Sắt) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge (Vì không còn đường nào khác) IV SHALL – SHOULD SHALL: Được dùng trường hợp sau: - Dùng cấu trúc thì Tương lai (Simple Future) ngôi thứ I shall what I like - Diễn tả lời hứa (promise), (determination) hay mối đe dọa (threat) If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you (threat) These people want to buy my house, but they shan’t have it (determination) SHOULD Được dùng trường hợp sau: - Dùng câu khuyên đó nên làm gì, và tương đương với ought to You should what the teacher tells you People who live in glass houses should not throw stones (proverb) - Dùng thay cho must không muốn diễn tả ý nghĩa quá bắt buộc đó phải làm gì Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary V WILL – WOULD WILL: - Được dùng thì Tương lai (simple future), diễn tả kế hoạch (plan), mong muốn (willingness), lời hứa (promise) hay (determination) All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask (willingness) I won’t forget little Margaret’s birthday I will send her a present (promise) - Dùng câu đề nghị Will you shut the door? (14) Shall I open the window? WOULD: - Dùng để hình thành thì Tương lai quá khứ (future in the past) hay các thì câu điều kiện He said he would send it to me, but he didn’t If she were here, she would help us He would have been very happy if he had known about it - Diễn tả thói quen quá khứ Với nghĩa này, WOULD có thể dùng thay cho used to Every day he would get up at six o’clock and light the fire VI OUGHT TO – DARE – NEED OUGHT TO OUGHT TO có nghĩa là “nên”, gần giống với should Trong hầu hết các trường hợp OUGHT TO có thể thay should They ought to (should) pay the money He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself - OUGHT TO dùng để diễn tả gần đúng, có thể đúng (strong probability) If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now - OUGHT TO có thể dùng tương lai với các từ xác định thời gian tương lai tomorrow, next Tuesday… Our team ought to win the match tomorrow - OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle diễn tả không tán đồng hành động đã làm quá khứ You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing DARE - DARE có nghĩa là “dám, gan” có thể xem động từ khuyết lẫn động từ thường Khi là động từ khuyết thiếu, nó có đầy đủ đặc tính loại động từ này Dare he go and speak to her? (động từ khuyết thiếu) You daren’t climb that tree, dare you? (động từ khuyết thiếu) He doesn’t dare to answer my letter (động từ thường) She didn’t dare to say a word, did she? (động từ thường) - Thành ngữ “I dare say” có nghĩa là “có thể, có lẽ” đồng nghĩa với các từ “perhaps”, “it is probable” Thành ngữ này thường không dùng với chủ từ nào khác ngoài ngôi thứ He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later NEED - Có hai động từ NEED: động từ thường và động từ khuyết thiếu Khi là động từ khuyết thiếu NEED có hình thức Hiện và có đầy đủ đặc tính động từ khuyết thiếu Nó có nghĩa là “cần phải”, tương tự have to Vì nó xem là loại phủ định must Need he work so hard? You needn’t go yet, need you? - Có điều cần nhớ là động từ khuyết thiếu NEED không dùng thể xác định Nó dùng thể phủ định và nghi vấn Khi dùng thể xác định nó phải dùng với từ ngữ phủ định You needn’t see him, but I must I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday VII USED TO - USED TO là hình thức động từ đặc biệt Nó có thể xem động từ thường hay động từ khuyết thiếu việc hình thành thể phủ định và thể nghi vấn You used to live in London, usedn’t you? He usedn’t to smoke as much as he does now He didn’t use to smoke as much as he does now Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden? - Ngày người ta có khuynh hướng dùng did và didn’t để lập thể phủ định và thể nghi vấn cho USED TO Trong nhiều trường hợp thể phủ định có thể hình thành cách sử dụng never Cách dùng usedn’t to gặp vì cách viết hay nhầm lẫn và khó đọc You never used to make that mistake USED TO dùng để hành động liên tục, kéo dài, lặp lặp lại quá khứ mà không còn (15) People used to think that the earth was flat Với thì Quá khứ đơn người ta biết hành động đã xảy Với USED TO người ta thấy tính chất kéo dài hành động He was my classmate (không rõ thời gian bao lâu) He used to be my classmate (trong thời gian khá lâu) Phân biệt USED TO và số hình thức khác - USED TO + infinitive: hành động liên tục quá khứ - (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen với việc gì - (get) USED TO + V.ing: làm quen với việc gì He used to work six days a week (Now he doesn’t) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night Now he’s used to it COMPARATIVES a Equallity (16) S + V (NOT) + AS/SO + ADJ/ADV + AS + … - Nếu là cấu trúc phủ định “as” thứ có thể thay “so“ Ex: He is not so tall as his father Peter is as tall as me You are as old as her My book is as interesting as yours Tính từ His car runs as fast as a race car My house is as high as his My house is the same height as his Notes: - The same as >< different from : My nationality is different from hers - “From” có thể thay to These trees are the same as those He speaks the same language as her Their teacher is different from ours b Comparatives - Tính từ ngắn là tính từ có âm tiết, ví dụ: nice, great, cool, hot, short, poor, warm, clean, …) - Tính từ dài là tính từ có từ hai ấm tiết trở lên, ví dụ: tired, sleepy, nervous, crowded, anxious, wonderful, exquisite, exorbitant, Ex: big – bigger red – redder hot – hotter - Những tính từ có tận cùng bán nguyên âm phải đổi thành ier (y – ier) Ex happy – happier friendly – friendlier (hoặc more friendly than) - Trường hợp ngoại lệ: strong – stronger - Đối với tất các phó từ và tính từ dài dùng MORE (nếu hơn) và dùng LESS ( kém) Ex more beautiful, more important, more believable John’s grades are higher than his sister’s Today is hotter than yesterday This chair is more comfortable than the other He speaks Spanish more fluently than I He visits his family less frequently than she does This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s - Để nhấn mạnh cho tính từ và phó từ so sánh người ta dùng “far” “much“trước so sánh Ex Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mine That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon She dances much more artistically than her predecessor He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish His car is far better than yours - So sánh với N Ex: I have more books than she does February has fewer days than March He earns as much money as his brother They have as few class as us (17) Their job allows them less freedom than ours Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother Các dạng so sánh đặc biệt Bảng đây là số dạng so sánh đặc biệt tính từ và phó từ Trong đó lưu ý “farther” dùng cho khoảng cách, “further” dùng cho thông tin và vấn đề trừu tượng khác Tính từ và phó từ So sánh kém So sánh far little much/ many good/ well bad/ badly Farther/further less more better worse the farthest/the furthest the least the most the best the worst Ví dụ: I feel much better today than I did last week The university is farther than the mall He has less time now than he had before Marjorie has more books than Sue Lưu ý: further = more Ví dụ: The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine He will come to the US for further education next year So sánh bội số This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year Lưu ý: - Khi dùng so sánh loại này phải xác định rõ danh từ đó là đếm hay không đếm vì đằng trước chúng có “much” và “many” - Các cấu trúc: twice that much/ many (gấp đôi số đó) dùng văn nói, tuyệt đối không dùng văn viết Ví dụ: We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up (văn nói) We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that number showed up (văn viết) So sánh kép (càng ….thì càng) The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt The bigger they are, the harder they fall The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination The more you study, the smarter you will become The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got The more he slept, the more irritable he became C Superlatives John is the tallest boy in the family Deana is the shortest of the three sisters These shoes are the least expensive of all Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest Lưu ý: (18) - Sau thành ngữ “one of the + superlative“, danh từ phải để dạng số nhiều và động từ chia ngôi số ít Ex: One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world - Các phó từ không kèm “-er“ “-est“ Mà thay vì đó, dùng câu so sánh chúng cùng “more” “less“ cấp so sánh hơn, và với“most“ “least“ để thành lập nên dạng so sánh Ex: Sal drove more cautiously than Bob Joe dances more gracefully than his partner That child behaves the most carelessly of all Irene plays the most recklessly of all 1.The movie was ( interest) than the one on TV 2.We`ve got ( little) time than I thought This shirt is too small I need a ( large) one Lan is ( clever) and ( pretty) than Lien You are standing too near the camera Can you move a bit ( far) away? Could you speak a bit ( slow) , please? Health and happiness are ( important) than money You look ( thin) Have you lost weight? This was the ( big) farm I`ve ever visited 10 Who between the two workers is the ( good) ? 11 This old machine is (power) than we thought 12 The farmers have never had a (rich) harvest than that 13 Which is ( difficult) , English or Math? 14 The lessons are ( interest ) and ( bore) than some years ago 15 It is the ( expensive) of the two cars 16 My sister drives ( fast) but ( care ) than I 17 Which is the ( expensive ) of these two coats? 18 What is the (long ) river in Viet nam? PASSIVE VOICE (19) Chinese is learnt at school A book was bought Active : Subject + Verb + Object Pasive: Subject +(To Be) + Past Participle+ BY + Object Ex The farmer drinks tea everyday -> Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday Notes Khi ngoại động từ chủ động có hai tân ngữ, trực tiếp và gián tiếp (nhóm tặng biếu), có thể chuyển thành hai câu bị động Ex I gave him an apple An apple was given to him He was given an apple Một số câu đặc biệt phải dịch là “Người ta” Ex It is said that = people say that ; (Người ta nói rằng) It was said that = people said that (Người ta nói rằng) Một số động từ dùng trên: believe, say, suggest, expect, … Sau động từ: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause hay động từ giác quan cảm tính, ta dùng Past Participle bao hàm nghĩa bị động: Ex: We had our photos taken We heard the song sung We got tired after having walked for long Một số Trường hợp đặc biệt khác: Một số động từ đặc biệt: remember; want; try; like, hate … Ex: I remember them taking me to the zoo (active) I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive) - She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(active) She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister (passive) -She likes her boyfriend telling the truth (active) She likes being told the truth by her boyfriend (passive) Một số Trường hợp đặc biệt nguyên mẫu có TO: “Suppose”; ” see”; “make”; Ex You are supposed to learn English now (passive) = It is your duty to learn English now (active) = You should learn English now (active) - His father makes him learn hard (active) He is made to learn hard (passive) - You should be working now.(active) You are supposed to be working now.(passive) - People believed that he was waiting for his friend (active) He was believed to have been waiting for his friend.(passive) You should open the wine about three hours before you use it Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice (20) Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit We use this room only on special occasions You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission In some districts farmer use pig to find truffles Someone switched on a light and opened the door Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife No one can solve this problem 10 Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in? 11 The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots 12 They feed the seals at the zoo twice a day 13 They make these artificial flowers of silk 14 The students are writing the lessons now 15 He has to this job at once 16 Do they teach English here? 17 Will you invite her to your wedding party? 18 Did the teacher give some exercises? 19 Is she going to write a poem? 20 Have they changed the window of the laboratory? 21 Why didn’t they help him? 22 How many games has the team played? 23 Where people speak English? 24 Who are they keeping in the kitchen? 25 How can they open this safe? 26 What books are people reading this year? 27 The teacher gave each of us two exercise books 28 Someone will tell him that news 29 They had sent enough money to these poor boys 30 People believe that 13 is an unlucky number 31 They rumored that man was still living 32 They declared that she won the competition 33 They know that English is an international language 34 People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure 35 They say that John is the brightest student in class 36 We’ll continue to use this computer 37 They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations 38 People can continue to enjoy natural resources 39 People will continue to drink coca-cola in the 21st century 40 American people begin to love football SUBJECTS AND VERB AGREEMENTS (21) The boys in the room are playing chess The study of languages is very interesting Serveral theories on this subject have been proposed The view of these disciplines varies from time to time The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly Bread and butter is all he asked for Mary, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight Mr Robbins, accompanied by her wife and children, is arriving tonight Mary and her manager are going to a party tonight Mary or her manager is going to answer the press interview Everybody who wants to buy a ticket should be in this line Something is in my eye Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk Neither of his pens is able to be used If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work No problem is harder than this one Nobody works harder than John does None of the counterfeit money has been found None of the students have finished the exam yet No example is relevant to this case No examples are relevant to this case Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today Either John or his friends are going to the beach today Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before Either John or Bill is going to the beach today Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet Learning English is not easy Not studying has caused him many problems Washing with special cream is recommended for scalp infection Being cordial is one of his greatest assets Writing many letters makes her happy To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book * Các danh từ tập thể Đó là các danh từ bảng sau dùng để nhóm người tổ chức trên thực tế chúng là danh từ số ít, các đại từ và động từ theo sau chúng ngôi thứ số ít (22) Congress Organization family team group army committee club class crowd The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal The family was elated by the news The crowd was wild with excitement Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation The organization has lost many members this year Our team is going to win the game Government jury majority* minority public Tuy nhiên các thành viên nhóm hoạt động riêng rẽ, động từ chia ngôi thứ số nhiều: Congress votes for the bill (Quốc hội bỏ phiếu cho dự luật, gồm tất người) Congress are discussing about the bill (Quốc hội tranh luận dự luật, tức là số tán thành, số phản đối) * Danh từ “majority” dùng tuỳ theo thành phần sau nó để chia động từ The majority + singular verb The majority of the + plural noun + plural verb The majority believes that we are in no danger The majority of the students believe him to be innocent · The police/the sheep/the fish + plural verb The sheep are breaking away The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank · A couple + singular verb A couple is walking on the path · The couple + plural verb The couple are racing their horses through the meadow · Các cụm từ nhóm sau nhóm động vật gia súc Cho dù sau giới từ“of“ là danh từ số nhiều thì động từ chia theo ngôi chủ ngữ chính – ngôi thứ số ít: flock of birds/ sheep, school of fish, herd of cattle, pride of lions, pack of dogs The flock of birds is circling overhead The herd of cattle is breaking away A school of fish is being attacked by sharks · Tất các danh từ tập thể thời gian, tiền bạc, số đo, … đề cập đến thể thống thì xem là danh từ số ít Do đó các động từ và đại từ theo sau chúng phải ngôi thứ số ít Twenty-five dollars is too much for the meal Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish this test Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that radio Two miles is too much to run in one day He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another fifty * Cách sử dụng “a number of, the number of”: A number of = “Một số …” A number of + plural noun + plural verb A number of students are going to the class picnic A number of applicants have already been interviewed The number of = “Số lượng …” (23) The number of + plural noun + singular verb The number of days in a week is seven The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small * Các danh từ luôn số nhiều Nếu muốn chúng thành ngôi số ít phải dùng a pair of… The pants are in the drawer A pair of pants is in the drawer These scissors are dull (Cái kéo này cùn Chú ý có cái kéo dùng với these) * There is, There are” There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars Threre is a storm approaching There was an accident last night There was water on the floor There have been a number of telephone calls today There were too many people at the party NOTE Các cấu trúc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be = chắn là có Ex: There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter (Chắc chắn là có rắc rối cô nhận thư anh ta) Do you think there is likely to be snow (Anh cho chắn có tuyết chứ) The number of schoolboys in my class (be) twenty A large number of the applicants (already/be interviewed) The secretary and accountant of the company (not come) yet So far everything (be) alright His family (be) rich? The crowd (be) wild with excitement Twenty five dollars (seem) to much to pay for this book There (be) the cattle in the field He looks sad because noone (unerstand and believe) him 10 Many teachers and students (be) at the lecture last night 11 To my opinion, living in happiness for 10 years (be) not a long time 12 Physics (study) mechanics, heat, light, sound and electricity 13 His silence (mean) that he agree with us 14 Their news (come) .to us once a year 15 The police (make) many enquiries about the murder up till now 16 All the equipment in this labotary (import) from Japan 17 His knowledge of butterflies (be) very wide 18 There (be) anybody at home? 19 One of the girls (go) to visit that old man every Sunday 20.Munps usually (cause) a mild fever 21 His family (sit) in the first row now 22 Everybody (try) to their best at present 23 Much progress (make) in the world of science 24 One of the girls who (work) in this department (be) my niece 25 The development of synthetic fabrics (bring) new challenges to chemical engineers 26 Furniture made in this workshop (be) expensive but very good 27 My homework (do) already 28 Vegetables will grow if there (be) enough water 29 The information that computer (give) us often (24) RELATIVE CLAUSES A woman answered the phone She told me you was busy They are singing a song I don’t know the song Do you know the girl ? Tom is talking to the girl A midwife is a woman She assists other women in childbirth They are the children Their team won the match The house is for sale It has the green shutters The music was gentle We listened to it last night Do you know the name of the hotel ? John is staying at the hotel The film is fantastic They are talking about it 10 The house has been built in the forest It doesn’t have electricity 11 The girl chatted with him yesterday She arrived here at : 30 12 Trang couldn’t come to the party This was pefectly true 13 My farther bought a motor bike The motorbike costs thousand dollars 14 Tuan speaks English very well He comes from Vietnam 15 They are the postcards I sent them from Australia 16 The man invited me to his party He was really polite 17 A lion is an animal This animal lives in Africa 18 I couldn’t understand the woman I talked to her on the phone 19 The bus is always crowded I take it to school every morning 20 I’m reading the book I bought it in London in 1996 21 Manchester is the largest city in England My brother lives there 22 I’ve recently gone back to the town I was born in the town 23 A man spoke to me He was very helpful 24 The market has refresh vegetables I usually go to it 25 We enjoy the city We spent our vacation there 26 We enjoy this city It has been renewed a lot after the war 27 4th June is the day I was born on that day 28 The bed was comfortable I slept in it last night 29 I never forget the park We met each other for the first time at this park 30 I met the people You told me about them 31 I want to tell you about the party I went to it last night 32 Alice likes the foreign family She is living with them 33 I not know the reason She left school for it 34 The man is over there I told you about him 35 Lung cancer is very dangerous Million of people died of it * Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn với phân từ - The man who is standing there is handsome The man standing there is handsome - The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him - The book which is written by Mr.A is interesting The book written by Mr.A is interesting - Danh từ mà mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho có các từ sau đây đứng trước: first, last, only, second… Ex: He is the only man who can solve this problem He is the only man to solve this problem - The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution The beaker on the counter contains a solution - The woman, who is very clever and beautiful is my aunt The woman, clever and beautiful is my aunt (25)