e.g In his famous and influential work On_ the Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream work" (page) According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (pages)
How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries? Practice summarizing the following essay, using paraphrases and quotations as you go It might be helpful to follow these steps:
e Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas e Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of
the essay is
e Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay
e Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly
There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence Longer quotations can stand alone Remember that quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so Exercise A sample essay for summarising, paraphrasing, and quoting So That Nobody Has To Go School If They Don’t Want To by Roger Sipher
A decline in standardized test scores is but the most recent indicator that American education is 1n trouble
Trang 2that neither they nor more highly motivated students receive the quality education that is the birthright of every American
The solution to this problem is simple: Abolish compulsory- attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend
This will not end public education Contrary to conventional belief, legislators enacted compulsory-attendance laws to legalize what already existed William Landes and Lewis Solomon, economists, found little evidence that mandatory-attendance laws increased the number of children in school They found, too, that school systems have never effectively enforced such laws, usually because of the expense involved
There is no contradiction between the assertion that compulsory attendance has had little effect on the number of children attending school and the argument that repeal would be a positive step toward improving education Most parents want a high school education for their children Unfortunately, compulsory attendance hampers the ability of public school officials to enforce legitimate educational and disciplinary policies and thereby make the education a good one Private schools have no such problem They can fail or dismiss students, knowing such students can attend public school Without compulsory attendance, public schools would be freer to oust students whose academic or personal behavior undermines the educational mission of the institution
Has not the noble experiment of a formal education for everyone failed? While we pay homage to the homily, "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink," we have pretended it is not true in education
Trang 3First, 1t would alert everyone that school is a serious place where one goes to learn Schools are neither day-care centers nor indoor street comers Young people who resist learning should stay away; indeed, an end to compulsory schooling would require them to stay away Second, students opposed to learning would not be able to pollute the educational atmosphere for those who want to learn Teachers could stop policing recalcitrant students and start educating
Third, grades would show what they are supposed to: how well a student is learning Parents could again read report cards and know if their children were making progress
Fourth, public esteem for schools would increase People would stop regarding them as way stations for adolescents and start thinking of them as institutions for educating America’s youth
Fifth, elementary schools would change because students would find out early they had better learn something or risk flunking out later Elementary teachers would no longer have to pass their failures on to junior high and high school
Sixth, the cost of enforcing compulsory education would be eliminated Despite enforcement efforts, nearly 15 percent of the school-age children in our largest cities are almost permanently absent from school
Communities could use these savings to support institutions to deal with young people not in school If, in the long run, these institutions prove more costly, at least we would not confuse their mission with that of schools
Schools should be for education At present, they are only tangentially so They have attempted to serve an all-encompassing social function, trying to be all things to all people In the process they have failed miserably at what they were originally formed to accomplish
Section 3 Writing Practice Composition Writing
Exercise 1 Happy New Year
Trang 4go of past regrets, making new resolutions For others it merely means changing the calendar Not this year All of us are going to celebrate We’re going to start the New Year with a party
Spend ten to fifteen minutes filling out the blanks below Don’t worry about complete sentences, grammar, or spelling If money, location, time, etc., were no object, what would your ideal New Year party be like?
Describe the Place/location: (where would you throw the
party?)
Theme: (formal, casual, costume, beach theme, oldies, etc.) Decorations: (Do not use adjectives Describe specific decorations)
Lighting:
Food and drink: (list specific foods and drinks as well as whether it’s buffet style, sit-down, etc
Music/Entertainment: (what type of music? Is it live or recorded? Do you have any other performers/acts? )
Describe what you are wearing: Who is at your party?
Now list three reasons for your party Usually parties are thrown with a purpose in mind Be more specific than “celebrating a new year.” Is it to make a specific resolution? Is it to say good-bye to someone or something? Is it to forgive? To one-up someone? Or whatever else
Now that you’ve set the scene for your party, you’re going to attend it Spend fifteen minutes freewriting about the party, using what you’ve listed above Describe yourself making a grand entrance and go from there Somewhere in the scene, you will lift up a glass (of whatever) and make a toast The rest of the scene is up to you Again, don’t worry about spelling or grammar Do not edit No crossing out Use all senses Be specific Take a deep breath and go!
Exercise 2 No Plot
Trang 5and so on We are taught to avoid writing stories where the character sits and thinks about things But now it’s time to break the rules Jerome Stern said, “Great art is formed from the broken rule.”
Here’s the exercise:
Trang 6Supplementary Material on Writing Practice Exercisel Read the following passage and work at the assignments given below:
One Sunday morning in winter I went for a walk along the sea- shore It was a cold day and the beach was deserted At the end of the beach I sat down to rest A small white dog suddenly appeared and lay down at my feet I stroked its head and it licked my hand When I started to walk home it followed me and I couldn’t get rid of it It had a collar on, but there was no name on it, so when I got home I rang up the nearest police-station I told the sergeant in charge that I had found a small white dog, and that I would keep it until its owner claimed it I gave him my name and address Two days later a lady came to my home to claim the dog She said she had lost it because it hated riding in cars, and on that Sunday it had jumped out of the open window of her car without her noticing She offered me ten shillings, but of course I refused to take the money She called the dog “Scotty” and it followed her as obediently as it had followed me I was quite sorry to lose such a friendly little animal
Assignment 1 Relate this incident as it might be told by the dog’s owner Assignment 2 Imagine the conversation between the man who found the dog and the police sergeant Write about ten lines of dialogue
Exercise 2 (a) First read the following passage:
Trang 7(b) Retell this incident as it might be told by Dorothy Begin like this: Jim, my husband, always arrives home from work at 6 p.m One evening I had to go out unexpectedly
Exercise 3 Complete the following passage using the key words and phrases provided or inventing something of your own Pay attention to the use of articles Find a suitable title for your story
Douglas and Robert were camping One evening they broke their lantern, and made another putting a candle inside a cigarette tin and tying the tin to one of the tent-poles
(suddenly tent fell down; candle had burnt tent-pole; tent caught fire; night in open air; end of camping holiday)
Exercise 4 Complete the following passage making a story Find a suitable title for your story
I was leaving the cinema late one night when I slipped on the stone stairs and broke my leg
Exercise 5 Write a one-paragraph story of about 100-120 words, using the pair of sentences given below (You have been given the first and last sentences of your paragraph and should supply those, which come between.) Find a suitable title for your story
1 “It’s your last chance,” said a voice Someone had forgotten to turn the radio off
2 “I don’t like this hat either,” said the lady The floor was covered with hats
3 A bird flew down the tree and rested on the fence Sensing danger, the bird flew away just as the cat was ready to spring
Exercise 6 Using your imagination or drawing on your friends’ experience, complete the following story Find a suitable title for your story
Trang 8fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said: “I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw
2 “I have never yet lost my way in the forest,” said Alexander defensively when the path which was supposed to take them to the station had petered away to nothing “Well, you seem to have this time,” Jane observed caustically, putting down her heavy basket full of mushrooms “And the last train leaves in less than an hour Whatever shall we do?” she added after a short pause
Exercise 7 Write a descriptive sketch of any of the following Aim at making your portrait natural and life-like
Your oldest or youngest relative;
An interesting character whom you know; Your neighbour;
Your fellow-student
oe
Exercise 8 Write something you remember that sums up the important feelings you have about your grandfather (grandmother)
You might want to start off with a list, listing everything about your grandfather that comes to mind If an image keeps surfacing, focus on it and freewrite for fifteen minutes Write for fifteen minutes even if your thoughts jump around and don't force yourself back on track If you can't remember something exactly push through it You can make it up if you need to When the fifteen minutes is up, read your piece aloud This is an exercise you can return to again and again
Here are some prompts to get you started: * Thinking about my grandfather
* T remember when my grandfather * The last time I saw my grandfather * Here are the facts about my grandfather
Trang 9Exercise 9 Good-bye Scene
For this exercise, you’re going to create a good-bye scene You may approach this in any way you want You may use it as an extension of the New Year writing exercise, where good-bye might mean saying good-bye to the previous year, old hurts, or whatever else Or you may write a good-bye scene that has happened to you personally in your life You are not restricted to writing it exactly as happened You may change the events to fit the scene Another option is to write a good-bye scene between two characters of a story you’re working on To focus on what you’re going to write, freewrite for ten or fifteen minutes with the keyword, “good-bye.” When you're warmed up, write the scene
Here are the requirements for the scene: e The scene must be at least 200 words
e The conflict should be apparent to the reader through the action, description, and dialogue
e The scene should have a beginning, middle, and ending e You must use dialogue in the scene
e Use concrete words and images Focus on using strong verbs and specific nouns Avoid modifiers
Exercise 10 The aim of this exercise is to help students to write
compositions by going over corresponding language notes These notes will give them constructive guidance on composition writing, providing them with possible alternatives, useful phrases, language accuracy and structural harmony
What I Would Do If I Were Rich Useful phrases and sentences:
A Everyone has dreams [I, too, have dreams] - work hard to make money
- can become rich if I become a
Trang 10etc |
I would give it all to needy people
I don’t ever want to be rich but if one day I I’m poor but happy
I would give money to
I would buy everything I have ever wanted [computer, video, Only with a lot of money — would I be able to // could I // can you
I would travel the world [overseas, abroad, exotic countries | I'd have a big house with a swimming pool
I would give money so that a new theatre (school, art gallery, museum .) could be built in my town
shop]
- live in luxury
I would give money to promising young artists - help young people to be successful in their career - would go on wild spending sprees [buy everything in the It often brings problems
I don’t think money brings happiness Money brings too many worries
- not spend it all at once leaving me with nothing for the rest of my life
- can make your old friends your enemies People might only like you because you are rich You will be envied [people will envy you] You must be careful
- hope I’Il be rich one day
- won’t be long before I become rich - try to win the football pools Money will make life comfortable
I will start my own business when I leave school - well off (well-to-do)
I can’t think of any way I can become rich If I become rich, it will be by accident
I’m pretty sure that I have no chance of becoming wealthy - hope I will win a lot of money — on the football pools // in a lottery — some day
Trang 11I wait in hope to see what the future brings Points to think about:
How do you think you might become rich? a) by working hard
b) your own business c) lottery — football pools
What would you buy if you were rich? a) property — house — holiday house b) clothes — luxury items
c) car, etc
Would you save some money? Why? What would you enjoy most?
Would you give any money away? Why? — Why not? Who would you give it to? Why?
What are the disadvantages of being rich?
How important is money in helping you find happines in your life?
Do you really need a lot of money?
Trang 12Sources
Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab (OWL) /Purdue University — Indianapolis, Indiana, 2003
Writing Power! Nancy White — published by Kaplan Educational Centers And Simon & Schuster, New York, 1997
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