Tài liệu Developing writting skills 1 part 9 pptx

• one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. • a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea. Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because . • it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. • it helps you control the temptation to quote too much. • the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original. 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing 1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. 3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. 4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. 5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. 6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper. Some examples to compare. The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. 81 A legitamate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47) An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. Exercise. On a separate piece of paper, write a paraphrase of each of the following passages. Try not to look back at the original passage. 1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17. 2. The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25. 82 3. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three- fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school- age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348. 4. Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate" depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate. From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50. 5. While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15. Section 3. Writing Practice. Composition Writing. Exercise 1. Sounds of Silence Writers are told to "use all senses." Here's a different twist on using the senses. For this exercise, we're going to describe silence. The challenge is in describing something that is not there. In this exercise, you are not allowed to use words like "silence" or "quiet." Show the reader the silence through other details. To get started on this exercise, you might want to sit in silence. Listen. Take note of what you hear. You can also start this exercise by freewriting 83 for ten or fifteen minutes about silence in order to get warmed up. Then write a scene in which you describe silence. Use the setting to fit the tone and mood. It can be anything you want. Try to do at least a page. As always, have fun with it! Exercise 2. Using your imagination or drawing on your friends’ experience, complete the following story. Find a suitable title for your story. I woke up with a start and sat up, wondering for a moment where I was. There was nothing but the sea around me, and only in the distance could I make out the faint line of the coast. My skin was burning, but I felt chilly because of the fresh breeze which was blowing from the land. The breeze must have carried me out to sea while I lay asleep on my lilo (air mattress), I thought, feeling cold with fear. . 84 Lesson 9 Section 1. Spelling: Homophones Note: Homophones are words, which are pronounced in the same way, but spelled in a different way. Exercise. Copy the following homophones and look up their meanings in the dictionary. Insert in the blank spaces the appropriate word from following group of homophones: a) (air – heir / bare – bear / beach – beech / beat – beet / birth – berth / bean – been / berry – bury / brake – break) 1. He got up with an … of relief and yet reluctance. 2. For a moment I could not feel my heart. It had stopped … . 3. The classroom should be … during the break. 4. I saw the mother sitting at the table, her head … in her hand. 5. The garden looked … and deserted. 6. I suddenly pushed open the garden gate and stepped inside to pick some … from the nearest bush. 7. John was the only … to his uncle’s estate. 8. He knows how many … make five. Don’t try to fool him with that suggestion. 9. The upper … was occupied by a young man who never took part in our conversation. 10. Wait a bit. We’ll discuss it in the … . 11. While we were cutting up potatoes, carrots and …roots for the soup I looked up and suddenly burst out laughing. 12. The news that Mrs. Davis had given … to a daughter seemed to make no impression on her relatives. 13. Jerry was the first to … the silence. 14. The … has a massive body, coarse heavy fur and relatively short limbs. 15. I can’t … the way you treat that man. 16. We hired a boat and rowed along the coast until we found a beautiful secluded … . 17. A wood of mostly poplars and … and fringed with reeds stretched along one bank. 18. I’ve always … treated as a gentleman. 19. The driver put on the … and the car stopped. b) ( bow – bough / course – coarse / cell – sell / cent – sent – scent / current – currant / dear – deer / dew – due / die – dye) 85 1. The main … was steak with vegetables. 2. What a … little kitten! 3. The front part of the ship is called the … . 4. ‘To expire’ is a synonym for ‘to …’ 5. A … is the hundredth part of the US dollar 6. The meeting is … to begin at 4 o’clock. 7. His hands were … and roughened by years of hard work. 8. The … is a structural unit of plant and animal life. 9. He climbed onto the huge … of a pine. 10. He was not a young man any longer; age had … his head. 11. The grass and leaves of the trees were covered with … . 12. Two dollars! That was too … for such a trifle. 13. Don’t … this book, you may need it in future. 14. He could … trouble the moment he stopped onto the porch. 15. The doctor was … for immediately. 16. We had reached the bridge over the river and stood there, gazing down at its strong … . 17. Her hair had been … to exactly the same beautiful shade as Sophie’s. 18. I opened the gate and saw some … bushes and a line of white flowers fringing the path. 19. A man can … but once. 20. An adult male … is called a stag. c) ( fare – fair / flower – flour / for – four – fore / fir – fur / feet – feat / gate – gait / great – grate / grown – groan / hair – hare) 1. She liked violets more than any other … . 2. The wounded man … when they tried to lift him. 3. The … of the four soldiers was highly praised by everyone. 4. I have a … desire to spend a fortnight in the country. 5. At the … I met a strangely familiar man dressed in black. 6. … is the finely ground meal of grain. 7. What he saw there made his … stand on end. 8. The part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist is called the … arm. 9. We were decorating the …-tree when our guests came. 10. He was met by a …-skinned young girl with a beautiful crown of black hair. 11. He walked with an awkward, stooping … which was due to nervousness. 12. Her singing … on my ear. 13. First catch your … , then cook it. 14. What is the … from here to Moscow? 15. There were apples, peanuts, and milk on the table, but never enough of even this primitive … . 16. Put your shoes on the … , they are wet. 17. He is …-up and must be responsible for his actions. 18. Hastily she grabbed her … coat and ran out. 19. These are good pills … a cough, but you must not take more than … pills at a time. 20. The dog followed the hunter at his … . 86 d) (h eal – heel / hoarse – horse / hole – whole / key – quay / lain – lane / lead – led / meat – meet / made – maid / mail – male) 1. He ate three … oranges. 2. Though he worked hard he had difficulty in making both ends … . 3. I often met this man wandering in the … late in the evening, looking at the boats. 4. It could be Tina! You must have been … astray by her strong resemblance to Sophie! 5. Don’t look a gift … in the mouth. 6. He had … motionless on the ground for an hour or so before he heard steps. 7. One man’s … is another man’s poison. 8. If you want the letter to get there quickly, send it by air … . 9. The landlady showed him upstairs and gave him a … to his room. 10. Don’t worry! It’s just a scratch; it’ll soon … . 11. They talked themselves … , but never came to an agreement. 12. … animals are often larger than the females. 13. The symphony is in a major … . 14. I like to stand on the … and watch the steamers make their landing. 15. She likes shoes with high … . 16. The … in the ground was covered with some fir branches. 17. She … up her mind not to interfere. 18. The … pencil does not, and never did, contain any … . 19. The door was opened by the … , who told me that the master was out. e) ( main – mane / miner – minor / night – knight / pain – pane / prey – pray / pear – pair – pare / pail – pale / piece – peace) 1. He tore the letter into … and burned them in the fireplace. 2. The horse’s … was decorated with paper flowers and ribbons for the occasion. 3. The rain beat at the window … .4. By way of a … psychological experience she decided to spend the night at a hotel. 5. That … I never thought of sleeping. 6. These worries … upon his mind. 7. He turned … when I told him we had found the gun near the house. 8. May he rest in … , poor soul! 9. His father worked as a … in that town. 10. In the Middle Ages a mounted soldier serving under a feudal superior was called a … . 11. He never took … to get a proper education. 12. She knelt down and began to … . 13. Very soon he was forced to … down his expenses. 14. Take some water from the … and wash your face. 15. Drive along the … road and then take the second turning to the left. 16.The woman carried a basket 87 full of huge golden … . 17. A … pipe is a pipe smoked by the North American Indians as a token of … . 18. Now she found herself putting on a … of small pearl earrings and a single row of pearls. f) ( plain – plane / rain – reign – rein / root – route / road – rode – rowed / sale – sail / sheer – shear / sole – soul) 1. He jumped on his horse and … away. 2. She was red as a beet-… . 3. She kept a tight … on her husband. 4. There are … brown curtains at the window of my bedroom. 5. In slow and clumsy fashion I … about half a mile up the river, Sophie doing the steering with a short scull. 6. He is the … of humour. 7. To … means to remove wool from sheep with large scissors, or … . 8. … geometry deals with figures whose parts all lie in one … . 9. He used to come to our place every Sunday, … or shine. 10. Which … did he take? 11. She turned on to a narrow country … and went on faster. 12. She … into the room and stopped to be admired. 13. That building was designed during the … of Queen Victoria. 14. Be sure to buy this book: it is on … now. 15. Would you like … for your lunch? – Oh, I don’t like fish. Can I have some meat, please? 16. Does this boat … , or has it got an engine? 17. Ladies wore gaiters made of their old wool shawls and cut up carpets; the … of their shoes were made of wood. 18. The … reason for my staying here at all is your poor state of health. 19. She was wearing stockings of … silk. 20. They had hardly enough food to keep body and … together. g) ( steel – steal / stare – stair / steak – stake / sight – site / seen – scene / sew – sow / through – threw / tale – tail) 1. I know that I can … and hem much better than my Aunty Em. 2. My grandmother doesn’t read much now. Her … is failing. 3. She managed to … a glance at the man. 4. Jane … the apple away because it was rotten right … . 5. Don’t … at the poor girl. She is embarrassed as it is. 6. I’d like a nice … for my dinner. 7. We can’t agree on this point, but please don’t make a … . 8. … the wind and reap the whirlwind. 9. She managed to… a glance at the man. 10. A long flight of … led down to the sea. 11. A … is a thick sharpened stick used to support a tent for young trees or plants. 12. Soames 88 found a beautiful … for his new house. He had never been … since that day. 13. Children like fairy- … , but when they grow older, they prefer … of adventure.14. By the time I got to the churchyard I began to feel as if someone had tied a … knot across my brain. 15. To … one’s wild oats means to live immorally, usually when young. 16. As a man … , so shall he reap. 17. If you mix iron with carbon and make it hard and strong by heating you will get … . 18. There were distressing … when the earthquake occurred. 19. I could not make head or … of what he had told me. h) ( vein – vain – vane / whether – weather / which – witch / where – wear – ware / write – right – rite / wait – weight / weigh – way / waist – waste) 1. There is too much … in this house. 2. After you pass the … house, turn to the … . 3. It was in … that the old lady asked her if she was aware she was speaking to Miss Pinkerton. 4. In England apples are sold by … and oranges at so much a piece. 5. How often do you … yourself? – Twice a week. But it does not seem to help. I’m not getting any thinner. – That is not the … to lose … . You should diet. 6. She was so thin that … stood out against her pale skin. 7. … we go or … we stay, the result is the same. 8. A … is a person who professes or is supposed to practise magic, especially black magic. 9. You are old enough to know the difference between … and wrong. 10. She was not really bad, just … and thoughtless. 11. I don’t know … way we must take. 12. The … … on top of the town hall pointed east. 13. Joseph Seddley was as vain as a girl. He had dozens of … coats, a special one for every occasion. 14. … can I find shoes for everyday …? 15. … a minute. Will you stand on the scales, please? I must put down your … . 16. Don’t … your time reading this book. 17. He used to keep a hard … shop. 18. He behaved in a strange … , as if performing some peculiar … . 19. There are all kinds of silver … for sale here. 20. … to me as often as you can, please. 89 Section 2. Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing? These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing. • Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. • Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. • Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries? Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to . . . • provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing • refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing • give examples of several points of view on a subject • call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with, highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original • distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own • expand the breadth or depth of your writing Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases: 90 . break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 10 2 Supplemental Guide ( 19 89) : 25. 82 3. Of the more than 10 00 bicycling deaths each year, three- fourths. "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 19 90): 15 . Section 3. Writing Practice. Composition Writing. Exercise 1. Sounds of Silence Writers are told to