Tài liệu Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT part 14 doc

Integrated Essay - 119 Block style is another way to organize your integrated essay. In the following example, notice how the reading is summarized first followed by the lecture. If you use block style, use step-by-step transitions and a transition of contrast to connect the reading and the lecture. Which method of organization is best, point-by-point or block style? Neither. They are simply two ways to organize an integrated essay. Some test-takers prefer point-by-point. Some prefer block. Only by practicing will you know which style you prefer. The reading says that downloading music off the internet without paying for it is not a crime. First, the reading says that the internet was originally invented to be a source of free information. Downloading music without paying for it is an example of this democratic ideal in action. Next, the reading states that downloading music from a friend’s computer is not stealing. It is peer-to-peer file sharing. File sharing, he says, is not a crime. Finally, the author says that what he does in the privacy of his own home is no business of the government or the record companies. The US is a democracy not a dictatorship. In sum, the reading states that downloading music off the internet without paying for it is not a crime. The real criminals are the government and the record companies trying to take away people’s freedom and privacy. However, the lecturer believes that not paying for downloaded music is a crime. First, the lecturer states that copyright laws protect music. If you don’t pay for U2’s latest album, you’re breaking the law. Next, the lecturer says that musicians should get paid. For example, Napster, a P2P site, didn’t pay musicians. Napster said that file sharing wasn’t a crime. The court disagreed and fined Napster for not paying. Finally, the lecturer believes that if you steal music, you are a thief therefore you have no privacy. The law is black and white. You can’t have your cake and eat it too. In conclusion, the lecturer asserts that ripping music off the web is a crime. Organization: Block Style reading block lecture block Q A 120 - Integrated Essay y TASK: Go back to page 118 and check the point-by-point internet music essay for coherence using the proficiency checklist. Does this essay demonstrate organization? The writer demonstrates organization by using point-by-point style. Yes √ No _ Does this essay demonstrate progression? Because the writer is using point-by-point style, the points in the reading and in the lecture progress in parallel from general to specific. This demonstrates progression. Yes √ No _ a. Do the introductions demonstrate development-summarization? The writer has proficiently summarized the main point (the opinion) in the reading and in the lecture with no points left out. This demonstrates introduction development-summarization. Yes √ No _ b. Do the bodies demonstrate development-summarization? The writer has proficiently summarized the main points (the supporting illustrations) in the reading and in the lecture with no points left out. This demonstrates body development-summarization. Yes √ No _ c. Do the conclusions demonstrate development-summarization? The writer has proficiently summarized the main point (the restated opinion in the conclusion) in the reading and in the lecture with no points left out. This demonstrates conclusion development-summarization. Yes √ No _ Organization • point-by-point or block style Progression • general-specific or specific-general Development-Summarization • introduction, body, conclusion Unity-Synthesis • topical and grammatical Language Use-Paraphrasing • word choice, idioms, sentence variety O P D U L Coherent Integrated Essay C Check your first draft for Coherence using OPDUL=C. Step #4 O P D Integrated Essay - 121 a. Does this essay demonstrate topical unity-synthesis? Using point-by-point style, the writer demonstrates how each point in the reading and in the lecture is topically united. Because of topical unity, each point in the lecture “casts doubt on” each corresponding point in the reading. There are no topical digressions. This demonstrates topical unity- synthesis. Yes √ No _ b. Does this essay demonstrate grammatical unity-synthesis? There are no mistakes in syntax, word choice or spelling. The transitions of contrast are correct. These elements combined demonstrate grammatical unity-synthesis. Yes √ No _ Does this essay demonstrate proficient language use-paraphrasing? The writer uses synonyms to restate the main points in the lecture. This demonstrates proficient language-use paraphrasing. Yes √ No _ Does this essay (argument) demonstrate coherence? Because of Organization, Progression, Development-summarization, Unity- synthesis and L anguage-Use-paraphrasing, the writer has proficiently “summarized the points in the lecture” and shown how they “cast doubt on the points in the reading.” This demonstrates coherence (OPDUL=C ). Yes √ No _ According to the Integrated Essay Rating Guide (page 316), this first draft will score in the 4.0-5.0 range. 1. If you have time, paraphrase the reading passage. This will demonstrate greater language use-paraphrasing (OPDUL =C). To paraphrase means to restate using synonyms. When you paraphrase, write objectively. Use third person singular and the present tense, for example: 1. original The author of the reading states that downloading music off the internet without paying for it is not a crime. paraphrase The reading says that it is not a crime to download music off the web and not pay for it. U L C Revision Checklist: What do I need to revise? Paraphrasing Revise your first draft using your revision checklist. Step #5 122 - Integrated Essay y 2. original First, the reading says that the internet was originally invented to be a source of free information. Downloading music without paying for it is an example of this democratic ideal in action. paraphrase First, the reading states that the internet is a democracy. Therefore, everything on the internet is free, including music. 3. original Next, the reading states that downloading music from a friend’s computer is not stealing. It is peer-to-peer file sharing. File sharing, he says, is not a crime. paraphrase Next, the reading claims that P2P file sharing isn’t a crime. You’re simply sharing what you love: music. 4. original Finally, the author says that what he does in the privacy of his own home is no business of the government or the record companies. The US is a democracy not a dictatorship. paraphrase Finally, the author of the reading believes that this is a privacy issue. Record companies and the government can’t tell him what he can or can’t do. 5. original In sum, the reading states that downloading music off the internet without paying for it is not a crime. The real criminals are the government and record companies trying to take away people’s freedom and privacy. paraphrase In conclusion, the reading claims that downloading internet music without paying for it isn’t a crime. The true criminals are the government and the music industry taking away people’s right to freedom and privacy. Integrated Essay - 123 After you revise your essay, submit it. Look at the submitted essay below. Note the space between each point. This makes it easier to read and rate. Note also that the reading has been paraphrased. The reading says that it is not a crime to download music off the web and not pay for it. However, the lecturer believes it’s a crime. First, the reading states that the internet is a democracy. Therefore, everything on the internet is free, including music. In contrast, the lecturer states that copyright laws protect music. If you don’t pay for U2’s latest album, you’re breaking the law. Next, the reading claims that P2P file sharing isn’t a crime. You’re simply sharing what you love: music. However, the lecturer says that musicians should get paid. For example, Napster, a P2P site, didn’t pay musicians. Napster said file sharing wasn’t a crime. The court disagreed and fined Napster for not paying. Finally, the author of the reading believes that this is a privacy issue. Record companies and the government can’t tell him what to do. In contrast, the lecturer believes that if you steal music, you are a thief therefore you have no privacy. The law is black and white. You can’t have your cake and eat it too. In conclusion, the reading claims that downloading internet music without paying for it isn’t a crime. The true criminals are the government and the music industry taking away people’s right to freedom and privacy. However, the lecturer asserts that ripping music off the web is a crime. Submit your essay. Step #6 124 - Integrated Essay y Mapped out, you can see how G+3TiC=C gives the writing raters what they are trained to look for: a coherent integrated essay that demonstrates OPDUL=C . Note: Transitions (T) are in bold, supporting illustrations (i) in italics, the opinions (G) and the conclusions (C) underlined . G = general = The reading says that it is not a crime to download music off the web and not pay for it. However, the lecturer believes it’s a crime. TiC = specific = First, the reading states that the internet is a democracy. Therefore, everything on the internet is free, including music. In contrast, the lecturer states that copyright laws protect music. If you don’t pay for U2’s latest album, you’re breaking the law. TiC = specific = Next, the reading claims that P2P file sharing isn’t a crime. You’re simply sharing what you love: music. However, the lecturer says that musicians should get paid. For example, Napster, a P2P site, didn’t pay musicians. Napster said file sharing wasn’t a crime. The court disagreed and fined Napster for not paying. TiC = specific = Finally, the author of the reading says that this is a privacy issue. Record companies and the government can’t tell him what to do. In contrast, the lecturer believes that if you steal music, you are a thief therefore you have no privacy. The law is black and white. You can’t have your cake and eat it too. C = general = In conclusion, the reading claims that downloading internet music without paying for it isn’t a crime. The true criminals are the government and the music industry taking away people’s right to freedom and privacy. However, the lecturer asserts that ripping music off the web is a crime. How long should my integrated essay be? ETS says: “An effective [integrated essay] would be 150-225 words.” How many words is the internet music integrated essay above? 225 words. Q A Q A Integrated Essay - 125 When you write your integrated essay, you will see a word counter on your computer screen. Ignore it. You are not counting words. You are writing an integrated essay that demonstrates how the lecture counter argues the reading. Do so using G+3TiC=C and OPDUL=C. Let’s work through another argument-counter argument integrated essay using G+3TiC=C and the six steps to demonstrate OPDUL=C in your essay. When the writing instructions end, the reading passage will appear on your computer screen. You will have 3 minutes to read and summarize it. Next, read the passage on the next page to get an understanding of the author’s argument. Reading Lecture G G however Ti first Ti however C C Ti next Ti however C C Ti finally Ti however C C C In sum C however The Word Counter Argument-Counter Argument: Step-by-Step 2. Read the Passage Make an G+3TiC=C note map; summarize the reading. Step #1 126 - Integrated Essay y In this reading passage, notice how the author does not state an opinion at the start or in the conclusion. There are simply three body paragraphs. Isn’t the first sentence an opinion? No. The author is simply announcing the topic he/she will talk about, specifically teleconferencing. This is a fact therefore not arguable. The reading passage does not always state a direct opinion in the introduction or in the conclusion. A direct opinion is stated in writing. Often, the opinion/conclusion is implied (not direct/not written), as it is in this passage. In this article, I will take a closer look at teleconferencing. For starters, perhaps the greatest benefit of teleconferencing is convenience. No longer do business people have to fly around the world to meet face-to-face with customers or colleagues. Now they can simply dial into a conference line or click open a web cam and they’re ready to do business. Not only that, but with teleconferencing you can schedule meetings all day long from the comfort of your office or home. Never has there been a more convenient way to do business. Another big advantage is the savings. These days, with the average business class airline ticket costing well over four thousand dollars—not to mention the cost of hotels, meals and transportation—the cost saving advantages of teleconferencing are enormous. According to Economy Magazine, the average blue chip company saved over $40 million dollars last year by cutting back on travel costs. Now ask yourself: What’s better, spending time and money getting from point A to point B—and feeling exhausted in the process—or simply picking up the phone and using same-time email? The choice is obvious. Teleconferencing also allows business people from a wide variety of cultures to come together to solve time-sensitive problems. For example, if you’re working towards a deadline, and you don’t have a solution to your problem, one of your colleagues in Brazil or Spain might have the solution you are looking for. By sharing experiences, business people can, via teleconferencing, offer insights and solutions to problems by simply picking up the phone or turning on a web cam. Summarize the Opinion (G) Q A Remember! Integrated Essay - 127 What if there is no opinion in the introduction or in the conclusion? How do I know what the author’s opinion is? Look at the graphic below. Notice how the author describes one advantage of teleconferencing in each body paragraph. From the advantages, you can infer (conclude) what the author’s opinion is. author believes teleconferencing has advantages After you identify the opinion, summarize it beside G under Reading. Write it as a cause-and-effect relationship. When summarizing the body, start by looking for signals words that identify the start of each body paragraph. When you identify each body paragraph, summarize it. Remember to state the cause-and-effect relationship in the concluding sentences of each of your body paragraphs (TiC ). problem solving Reading G the reading says teleconferencing has advantages Q A paragraph #1 paragraph #2 paragraph #3 convenience cost savings advantage #1 advantage #2 advantage #3 advantage #1 advantage #2 advantage #3 inferred opinion Summarize the Body (3TiC) 128 - Integrated Essay y When summarizing the conclusion, look for the author’s restated opinion. This reading passage does not have a conclusion. What should I do? Restate the author’s inferred opinion. You now have a complete note map for the reading passage. Ti first, convenience, example meetings, no need to travel use phone, web cam instead C teleconferencing means no more meetings Ti next save $$$, example Economy Magazine says companies saved $40 million in travel costs C teleconferencing means you can save $$$ Ti finally, problem solving, example you have a problem, call colleagues around world, share experience/solutions C teleconferencing is good for solving time-sensitive problems C the reading says teleconferencing has advantages Reading G the reading says teleconferencing has advantages Ti first, convenience, example meetings, no need to travel use phone, web cam instead C teleconferencing means no more meetings Ti next savings, example Economy Magazine says companies saved $40 million travel costs C teleconferencing means you can save $$$ Ti finally, problem solving, example you have a problem, call colleagues around world, share experience/solutions C teleconferencing is good for solving time sensitive problems C the reading says teleconferencing has advantages Summarize the Conclusion (C) Q A . Unity- synthesis and L anguage-Use-paraphrasing, the writer has proficiently “summarized the points in the lecture” and shown how they “cast doubt on the points. Do the introductions demonstrate development-summarization? The writer has proficiently summarized the main point (the opinion) in the reading and in the