Tài liệu Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT part 13 docx

Integrated Essay - 109 Some body paragraphs will not start with a transition. In this case, use formatting to identify them. For example, look at the following body paragraphs. Notice how the first sentence of each body paragraph is indented (moved in from the margin). This formatting style signals the start of a new body paragraph when there is no transition. A new body paragraph signals the start of another supporting example (TiC), or the conclusion. Notice how the last indentation signals the start of the conclusion. This, in turn, signals a restating of the author’s opinion. Note : Body paragraphs can also be separated by a space. Finally, and this point I really want to stress: What I do in the privacy of my home is nobody’s business but my own. Period. I don’t need the government telling me what I can or can’t do with my computer. The United States is a democracy not a dictatorship. To sum up, just because I refuse to pay for downloaded music does not make me a felon. The real criminals are those in government and business determined to deny music-loving individuals their right to freedom and privacy. If you’re like me, you love to share music with your friends by downloading it from their computers. This is not stealing music. Hardly. My friends and I are simply sharing songs. In fact, I share music with people all over the world, people I don’t know and will never meet. This process is called P2P or peer-to-peer file sharing. Now think: Is sharing something that you love a crime? I don’t think so. I really want to stress this point: what I do in the privacy of my home is nobody’s business but my own. Period. I don’t need the government telling me what I can or can’t do with my computer. The United States is a democracy not a dictatorship. Just because I refuse to pay for downloaded music does not make me a felon. The real criminals are those in government and business determined to deny music-loving individuals their right to freedom and privacy. indent indent indent 110 - Integrated Essay y After you identify the body paragraphs, summarize them as follows: Use the third person singular and the present tense (He says…She says…It says…) Note: When taking notes, don’t worry about grammar and spelling, etc. Just write. Summarize the topic of each body paragraph after the transition (T). Next, identify the supporting illustration (i) and summarize it. Ti first reading says internet is a democracy; downloading music example of internet democracy C because internet is democracy music is free Ti next friends just sharing music example P2P C sharing love for music not stealing, not a crime Ti finally author talks about privacy, example his home C what he does in home no business of government or music companies Write objectively. 1 Ti first reading says internet is a democracy; downloading music example of internet democracy C because internet is democracy music is free Ti next friends just sharing music example P2P C sharing love for music not stealing, not a crime Ti finally author talks about privacy, example his home C what he does in home no business of government or music companies Identify the topic in each body paragraph. 2 Integrated Essay - 111 The cause-and-effect relationship in each body paragraph is the reason (main point) that supports the author’s argument. Write each reason beside C . Often the author will restate his/her opinion in the conclusion. Opinions in the conclusion are restated using synonyms. opinion restated opinion Music. We all love it. In fact, I’m listening to music right now, music I downloaded off the internet without paying for it. That’s right. I didn’t pay a nickel. Not one red cent. And for that, many would call me a criminal. Well, go right ahead. As far as I’m concerned, downloading music off the internet without paying for it is not a crime. Why not? body paragraphs To sum up, just because I refuse to pay for downloaded music does not make me a felon. The real criminals are those in government and business determined to deny music-loving individuals their right to freedom and privacy. Identify the cause-and-effect relationship. 3 Ti first reading says internet is a democracy; downloading music example of internet democracy C because internet is democracy, music is free Ti next friends just sharing music example P2P C sharing love for music not stealing, not a crime Ti finally author talks about privacy, example his home C what he does in home no business of government or music companies Summarize the Conclusion (C) 112 - Integrated Essay y Next, summarize the main point in the conclusion. The main point is the author’s restated opinion expressed in a cause-and-effect relationship. Write it beside C . Use third person singular and the present tense. You now have a completed note map summarizing the main points in the reading. Why do I need a note map for the reading if the prompt says I only have to “summarize the points made in the lecture”? For three reasons. 1) You must demonstrate to the raters that you understand the argument in the reading. 2) In your essay, you will demonstrate how each point in the lecture counter argues each point in the reading. 3) Greater argument-counter argument development (OPDUL=C) = greater coherence (OPDUL=C) = a higher score. C in sum author says not a felon if he doesn’t pay, government and music companies deny freedom and privacy, they are the criminals, US democracy not dictatorship Reading G reading says downloading music off web without paying is not a crime Ti first reading says internet is a democracy; downloading music is example of internet democracy C because internet is democracy, music is free Ti next friends just sharing music, example P2P C sharing love for music is not stealing, not a crime Ti finally author talks about privacy, example his home C what he does at home is no business of government or music companies C in sum author says he is not a felon if he doesn’t pay, govt and music companies deny freedom and privacy, they are the criminals, US democracy not dictatorship A Q Integrated Essay - 113 When the reading time is up, the reading passage will leave your computer screen. It will be replaced by the lecture. The lecture will be 2-3 minutes long. You cannot replay the lecture. That means you must take good notes. An important part of taking good lecture notes is being able to predict the counter argument in the lecture. The author in the sample reading argues that it is not a crime to download music and not pay for it. In contrast, the lecturer will argue the opposite (counter argue). She will say that it is a crime not to pay for downloaded music. Let’s call it the black-and-white rule. The black-and-white rule is simple: If the reading says “Black!”, the lecture will say the opposite, “White!” If the reading says “White!”, the lecture will say “Black!” Being able to predict the counter argument this way will help you anticipate the main points in the lecture and take notes more quickly and proficiently. reading lecture argument counter argument For many test-takers, the hardest part of the integrated writing task is the lecture. Why? Because there are a lot of new words. Moreover, you hear the lecture only once. What should you do to take effective notes as you listen? Do the following. 1. Look at the Lecture side of your note map. 2. Anticipate the counter argument using the black-and-white rule. 3. Listen for signals words that identify the opinion. 4. Listen for the cause-and-effect relationship in the opinion. Listen to the lecture. Step #2 Predicting the Counter-Argument in the Lecture The Black-and-White Rule black white Listening Strategies Topic 114 - Integrated Essay y 5. Listen for transition signal words that identify each body paragraph, its topic and supporting illustration. 6. Listen for the cause-and-effect relationship in each body paragraph. 7. Listen for transition signal words that identify the conclusion. 8. Listen for the cause-and-effect relationship in the conclusion. As you identify the main points in the lecture, note them under Lecture on your note map. For practice, read the following lecture as you listen to it. It happens every second of every day all over the world. One click and that new song—the one you didn’t pay for—is on your iPod. You may think it’s legal. After all, downloading music is fast and easy, right? Think again. It goes without saying that downloading music off the web without paying for it is a crime. I know. I know. Some will argue that “It’s my democratic right to download music without paying for it.” Nonsense. The internet might have started out with the intention of being a democracy but, believe me, those days are long gone. The internet these days is about two things: information and money. Big money. One of the biggest money makers on the web is music, and music is protected by law. If you download U2’s latest album, let’s say, and you don’t pay for it, then you are breaking the copyright law that says U2 owns that music. It is their property and you just stole it. If you want to listen to U2, you’ve got to buy it, no ifs, ands, or buts. Also, the artist has a legal right to get paid for his or her work no matter how or where it is downloaded. How would you like it if somebody were stealing your music? This is exactly what Napster was doing. Napster was the first peer-to-peer music sharing web site. Musicians, however, took Napster to court for not paying royalties, money owed each time a song was downloaded via Napster. Napster argued that it was just helping friends share music. The courts disagreed. Napster paid a big fine and is now a pay site. Moreover, illegally downloading music off the web is not a privacy issue. If you break the law by illegally downloading music, you are a criminal. I’m sorry, but you can’t have it both ways. You can’t break the law and hide behind the privacy issue. The law is clear. Criminals have no right to privacy. Period. It bears repeating that downloading music without paying for it is a crime no matter what anyone says about “the freedom of cyberspace.” Just because downloading music is fast and easy doesn’t mean you have the right to steal it. CD Track #2 Integrated Essay - 115 Next, look at the finished note map for the lecture. Notice the cause-and-effect relationships within each part of G+3TiC=C . Note also that the test-taker writes using third person singular and the present tense. Do I have to repeat “however” at the start of each body paragraph? No. When you write a first draft, use synonyms to demonstrate language use-paraphrasing. However, when taking notes, use one transition of contrast, such as however, to save time. Lecture G however lecture says downloading music without paying is a crime! Ti however lecture says web is not democracy, all info and money, example U2 C not pay for U2? break copyright law want new U2? you must pay Ti however lecture says musicians have right to get paid example Napster C Napster said P2P sharing okay, no crime court disagreed, if artist makes music court says musicians should get paid napster now pay site Ti however lecture says it is not a privacy issue C download without paying means you are a criminal criminals have no right to privacy you can’t have your cake and eat it too C however lecture says that downloading music and not paying is easy but still a crime Q A 116 - Integrated Essay y Next, look at the two note maps side by side. Look at the arrows. Notice how the lecture counter-argues the reading point-by-point even in rough note form. Reading Lecture G reading says downloading G however lecture says music off web without paying downloading music without is not a crime paying is a crime Ti first reading says internet Ti however lecture says web is a democracy; down- is not democracy, loading music is example all info and money of internet democracy example U2 C because internet is C not pay for U2? break democracy music is free copyright law want new U2? you must pay Ti next friends just sharing Ti however lecture says music, example P2P musicians have right to get C sharing love for music is paid, example Napster not stealing, not a crime C Napster said P2P sharing okay, no crime court disagreed, if artist makes music court says musicians should get get paid, napster now pay site Ti finally author talks about Ti however lecture says not privacy, example his home a privacy issue C what he does at home is C download without paying no business of govt or music means you are a criminal, companies criminals have no right to privacy, you can’t have your cake and eat it too C in sum author says he is not a C however lecture says that felon if he doesn’t pay, downloading music and not government and record paying is easy but still a companies deny freedom and crime privacy, they are criminals, US democracy not dictatorship Integrated Essay - 117 When the lecture ends, the reading passage will return to your computer screen. The prompt will also appear. In the above prompt, summarize means identify and generally describe. The points are the main points: the opinions, the supporting illustrations and the conclusions. Cast doubt on means to counter argue. Translated, the prompt reads like this. When your note map is complete, you must take that information and organize it into an integrated essay that answers the prompt. One way to organize your essay is by using point-by-point style. The essay on the next page demonstrates point-by-point style. As you read, note the following. 1. A reading point (argument) comes first. It is followed by the corresponding lecture point (counter argument). This demonstrates organization and a progression of ideas (OP DUL=C). 2. The points in the lecture “cast doubt on the points in the reading” point- by-point. Point-by-point style demonstrates organization (O PDUL=C) which, in turn, demonstrates a progression of ideas (OP DUL=C). 3. The grammar is third person singular in the present tense (The reading says…The lecturer says….He says…She thinks…The author says…). This demonstrates grammatical unity (OPDU L=C). 4. Each point counter argued by the lecture begins with a transition of contrast. This demonstrates unity, both grammatical and topical (OPDU L=C). Prompt Summarize the points made in the lecture and show how they cast doubt on the points made in the reading. Prompt Identify and generally describe the opinion (G) and the supporting illustrations (3TiC) in the lecture and show how they counter argue the opinion (G) and the supporting illustrations (3TiC) in the reading. Read the prompt; write a first draft. Step #3 Organization: Point-by-Point Style 118 - Integrated Essay y In this essay, the test-taker does not paraphrase the reading. Don’t I have to paraphrase the reading? No. You simply have to summarize the structure of the argument in the reading. By doing so, you will identify the author’s position. Because the hardest part of this task is summarizing-paraphrasing the lecture, the raters will focus on it. A proficiently summarized and paraphrased lecture that proficiently counter argues the reading = coherence (OPDUL=C ) = a higher score. The reading says that downloading music off the internet without paying for it is not a crime. However, the lecturer believes it is a crime. First, the reading states that the internet was originally invented to be a source of free information. Downloading music without paying for it is an example of this democratic ideal in action. In contrast, the lecturer states that copyright laws protect music. If you don’t pay for U2’s latest album, you’re breaking the law. Next, the reading says that downloading music from a friend’s computer is not stealing. It is peer-to-peer file sharing. File sharing, he says, is not a crime. However, the lecturer says that musicians should get paid. For example, Napster, a P2P site, didn’t pay musicians. Napster said that file sharing wasn’t a crime. The court disagreed and fined Napster for not paying. Finally, the author says that what he does in the privacy of his own home is no business of the government or the record companies. The US is a democracy not a dictatorship. In contrast, the lecturer believes that if you steal music, you are a thief therefore you have no privacy. The law is black and white. You can’t have your cake and eat it too. In sum, the reading states that downloading music off the internet without paying for it isn’t a crime. The criminals are the government and record companies trying to take away people’s freedom and privacy. However, the lecturer asserts that ripping music off the web is a crime. point point point point point Q A Remember! . Listen for the cause -and- effect relationship in the opinion. Listen to the lecture. Step #2 Predicting the Counter-Argument in the Lecture The Black -and- White. made in the lecture and show how they cast doubt on the points made in the reading. Prompt Identify and generally describe the opinion (G) and the supporting