Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 11 docx

The relative clause that connect to the Internet is required. If it were omitted, the sentence would have a different meaning. It would mean that all palm-sized com- puters are becoming popular, which is different from what the sentence says now. The clause is restrictive because it restricts the meaning of the noun phrase Palm- sized computers. Nonrestrictive clause: Seabreeze High School, which is on the beachside, is the rival of Mainland High School. In this case, you can omit the relative clause which is on the beachside, and the sentence means the same thing: Seabreeze High School is the rival of Mainland High School. The location of Seabreeze High School is provided as additional in- formation and doesn’t define the school, so it is nonrestrictive. Who, Whom, and Whose Who and whom are also used in different ways, but either word can be used in re- strictive and nonrestrictive sentences. The difference between these two relative pronouns is that one is used to replace the subject of a sentence, and one is used to replace the complement. Who is used to replace a noun phrase in the subject of the sentence. Whom is used to replace a noun phrase in the complement. The TOEFL test probably won’t test the distinction between these two words be- cause even native English speakers often use them incorrectly. T he athletes have scored the most points. subject The athletes will play on the all-star team. The athletes who have scored the most points will play on the all-star team. Professor Allen is the only instructor. She has consulted Pr ofessor Allen about the project. complement Professor Allen is the only instructor whom she has consulted about the project. Note: If the noun in question could be replaced by the pronoun him, her, or them, then you need to use the relative pronoun whom. Just as the complement form of a pronoun always appears after a preposition, so does whom. The officers are tired. The woman is talking to the of ficers. object of preposition The officers to whom the woman is talking are tired. 80 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Whose is the relative pronoun that indicates possession. The team consisted of several players. T he players’ talent was incredible. possessive The team consisted of several players whose talent was incredible. The TOEFL test generally contains more complicated sentences, in which you may find it difficult to locate the relative clause. This is one of the ways in which the TOEFL tests your knowledge of sentence structure. If the relative pronoun is missing, if a regular pronoun appears after the relative pronoun, or if a verb or subject is missing, the sentence will be incomplete. The relative clauses must each contain a subject and conjugated verb. If you’re unsure, remove the relative pro- noun and make sure that the two clauses can be complete sentences if they stand alone. Samples Q. Instructors who __________ teaching ability are prevalent at this university because publishing is one of the major criteria for tenure. A. lack B. without C. do not D. no have The answer is A, lack, because that choice is the only conjugated verb. The main sentence, Instructors are prevalent . . . has a subject and verb, but the relative clause does not have one, unless you add lack. Clause 1: Instructors are prevalent at this university because publishing is one of the major criteria for tenure. Clause 2: Instructors lack teaching ability. Q. Not all textbooks that have been written on this subject __________ as detailed as this one. A. with B. to C. be D. are 81 Structure For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org The answer is D, are. The sentence contains a relative clause — that have been written on this subject. Thus, the independent clause is Not all textbooks __________ as detailed as this one. The word detailed functions as an adjective, not a verb, in this sentence. Therefore, a conjugated verb is missing, and are is the only choice. Choice A contains no verb, and choices B and C are not conjugated verbs. Clause 1: Not all textbooks are as detailed as this one. Clause 2: Textbooks have been written on this subject. Q. The oldest tree in this part of the world is the redwood, __________ thousands of years old. A. which may be B. its age C. and which D. it is The answer is A, which may be. The part of the sentence preceding the comma is an independent clause. The dependent clause following the comma must be pre- ceded by a relative pronoun and verb to make sense. Choices B and C are incor- rect because they lack a relative pronoun. Choice D is incorrect because it uses a regular pronoun (it) instead of a relative pronoun. Clause 1: The oldest tree in this part of the world is the redwood. Clause 2: The redwood is thousands of years old. Reduced Relative (Adjective) Clauses A reduced relative clause is a restrictive relative (or adjective) clause with the rela- tive pronoun and the verb be omitted. Even though these words are removed, the re- duced clause has the same meaning as the restrictive relative clause it comes from. Before progressive (continuous) verb structures in active voice: The nurse w ho is completing the charts is Donna Edwards. relative clause The nurse completing the charts is Donna Edwards. reduced relative clause Before passive voice: The figure tha t was obtained from this formula is incorrect. relative clause The figure obtained from this formula is incorrect. reduced relative clause 82 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org The contractor has completed construction on a home that is equipped with a safe room. relative clause The contractor has completed construction on a home equipped with a safe room. reduced relative clause Before prepositional phrases: The car that is in the garage has a flat tire. relative clause The car in the garage has a flat tire. reduced relative clause Before noun phrases with nonrestrictive clauses: Tracy Stafford, w ho is a paralegal, is considering enrolling in law school. relative clause Tracy Stafford, a paralegal, is considering enrolling in law school. reduced relative clause Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is another type of subordinate clause, which is identified by cer- tain connector words that vary depending on the function of the clause. Just like adjective clauses, adverb clauses connect two independent clauses into a more complex sentence. Adverb connectors used to indicate concession include although, even though, even if, though, whereas, and while. Concession means that some- thing is true (or false) in spite of the fact that another thing is true (or false). For example, consider the following two sentences: She studied every day. She didn’t grasp the concepts presented. These two sentences can be combined by using one of the connector words listed above to create an adverb clause. T hough she studied every day, she didn’t grasp the concepts presented. connector She didn’t grasp the concepts presented though she studied every day. connector This means that it is true that she studied everyday, but even so she still did not grasp the concepts. 83 Structure For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Adverb connectors that indicate time include after, before, once, while, since, until, and when. Consider the following example: The students took the exam. The professor graded papers. If these two events are taking place at the same time, you can use an adverb clause to show the relationship between them. W hile the students took the exam, the professor graded papers. connector The professor graded papers while the students took the exam. connector Keep in mind that the words listed in this section do not always signal the use of an adverb clause. These connectors can also be used with noun phrases. Since the accident, he hasn’t been himself. In this sentence, Since is used with the noun phrase the accident rather than with an adverb clause. Since he was in an accident, he hasn’t been himself. This example indicates how Since can be used to create an adverb clause. Adverb clause connectors that represent cause and effect are as, because, and since. Because her children are ill, she had to miss work today. She had to miss work today because her children are ill. Reduced Adverb Clauses Just as you can reduce an adjective clause, you can reduce an adverb clause by re- moving the auxiliary words. If there isn’t an auxiliary, the verb must be converted to a verb+ing form, and the subject of both clauses must be the same. Following are several examples. Active Verb When they drive cars, teenagers need to remember their lack of experience. When driving cars, teenagers need to remember their lack of experience. 84 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org While she was reviewing the materials, she was also trying to watch television. While reviewing the materials, she was also trying to watch television. Passive Verb Although it had been completed, the report was not turned in on time. Although completed, the report was not turned in on time. Adjective Although she was exhausted, she continued to work on the project. Although exhausted, she continued to work on the project. Structure Quiz 2 Directions: The first type of question consists of incomplete sentences, with a blank line showing where information is to be filled in. Choose the word or phrase that most correctly completes the sentence. The second type of question consists of sentences with four underlined words or phrases. Choose the one word or phrase that is incorrect in standard written English. Mark your answers on this page or on a separate piece of paper. 1. The oncologist studied the results of the biopsy and decided __________ additional tests. A. should order B. to order C. he should ordering D. ordering 2. That carcinogenic substances __________ in many common household items is well-known. A. are contained B. contained C. containing D. are containing 85 Structure For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org 3. If the man had transported to the hospital sooner than he was, he could have survived the electrocution. 4. Porpoises, which __________ actually mammals because they breathe air through an orifice in their heads, are playful and intelligent. A. is B. be C. being D. are 5. Florida’s timberlands suffered considerable damage from the wildfires of 1998, resulted from insufficient rainfall. 6. Whereas Internet proponents say that someday all computer programs and data will reside on an Internet server instead of individual computers, many individuals __________ afraid to lose control over their own documents. A. are B. being C. also D. very much 7. After __________ suspended for misbehavior, the student requested reconsideration. A. having been B. having C. have D. was 8. Why so many people die from this illness __________ unknown, but researchers have learned much about the source of the problem. A. is B. are C. widely D. has 86 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested A AB CB D DC For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org 9. The doctors have not been able to determine when __________ to lose her mental capacity. A. did the woman begin B. the woman began C. began the woman D. the woman was begun 10 . The results must have already be received by the examining committee because the members seem to be continuing their determinations. 11. Ms. Henry insisted that the results of the research be presented to the panel before __________. A. was held the vote B. was the vote C. voted D. the vote was held 12 . Knowing how to repair and install computer networks __________ Melissa a great advantage in her job, because she is the only person in the company with that knowledge. A. have given B. given C. giving D. has given Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 2 1. B: to order. After the verb decide, when the complement is a verb, it must be the infinitive. The word should would have been correct if a choice had stated “that he should order” or “he should order.” 2. A: are contained. The sentence is in the passive voice so the verb structure is a form of be + verb in past participle. It’s also a that clause structure, so there must be a subject and a verb in the that clause. 3. A: had transported. The sentence is obviously a passive voice concept. The man didn’t transport somebody else to the hospital; somebody transported him. Therefore, the structure must be had been transported. The sentence is also con- ditional, so the conjugated verb appears in the if clause and the modal structure appears in the other clause. 87 Structure D C BA For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org 4. D: are. The relative clause has the same understood subject as the base sentence, porpoises. Therefore, the verb must be a plural conjugated verb. 5. C: resulted. The first part of the sentence is an independent clause. It has a sub- ject, timberlands, and a conjugated verb, suffered, so the second clause must have a relative clause, a conjunction, or a reduced relative clause. The conjugated verb resulted makes no sense by itself. It would be correct, however, if it was which resulted, resulting, or having resulted. 6. A: are. The first clause is dependent because it begins with whereas, so there must be a regular conjugated verb in the second clause. 7. A: having been. It would also be correct if it said “after she was.” 8. A: is. The subject is a question word clause, so the verb must be singular, and it must be a conjugated verb. 9. B: the woman began. In an embedded question, the order is question word + subject + verb. 10 . A: be. The correct form for a present perfect passive with a modal is: modal + have been + verb in past participle. 11. D: the vote was held. The word before must be followed by a noun phrase (the vote), a subject + verb (they voted), or a verb+ing (voting). In this case, the verb is in the passive voice but follows the order subject + verb. Choices A and B are out of order and have no subject, and choice C is missing a subject or is in the wrong form. 12 . D: has given. The subject is knowing, a gerund, so it determines the verb, and the verb must be conjugated. Reverse Order Constructions Certain types of sentence constructions involve reversing the normal sentence or clause order. Reversed Conditional Construction One type of reversed order construction is the past unreal conditional. As de- scribed earlier in this chapter, this is the sentence that contains the word if and a tense that is one step in the past beyond the meaning. The typical sentence structure for a past unreal conditional sentence is as follows: If + subject + had (not) + verb in past participle + subject + modal + verb. A reversed conditional sentence construction for a past condition looks like the following: Had + subject + (not) + verb in past participle + subject + modal + verb. 88 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org If the team had played more aggressively, it could have won the tournament. (Past unreal conditional sentence) Had the team played more aggressively, it could have won the tournament. (Reversed conditional sentence) If she had not lost the ticket, she would have gone to the concert. Had she not lost the ticket, she would have gone to the concert. This same concept also applies to the verb be in a present time concept. It will be one step in the past — in the simple past for a present time concept. Remember that in an unreal condition, the verb be will always be were and never was. Also remember that positive and negative always appear to be the opposite. A negative clause means a positive idea and a positive clause means a negative idea. The typical sentence construction for a present unreal condition is as follows: If + subject + were (not) + verb in present participle + subject + modal + verb + {noun/adjective}. The reversed sentence construction for a present unreal condition looks like the following: Were + subject + (not) + verb in present participle + subject + modal + verb + {noun/adjective} If Rafael were studying, his television would not be so loud. Were Rafael studying, his television would not be so loud. This means that Rafael is not studying. If Brandon were not a point guard, he would be in the game now. Were Brandon not a point guard, he would be in the game now. This means that Brandon is a point guard. If Maria were tired, she would take a break. Were Maria tired, she would take a break. This means that Maria is not tired. Reversed Order Limiting Words Some expressions can be reversed in order to show emphasis. Most of the words in the list below are negative concepts. As always, if the normal construction does not have an auxiliary, you must use a form of do. Remember that auxiliaries are a form of be, a form of have, or a form of do. Be and have are part of the verb struc- ture, like is going or has gone. But in questions and negatives that do not have an auxiliary as part of the verb structure, do is inserted: 89 Structure For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org . Clause 1: Not all textbooks are as detailed as this one. Clause 2: Textbooks have been written on this subject. Q. The oldest tree in this part of the world. present perfect passive with a modal is: modal + have been + verb in past participle. 11. D: the vote was held. The word before must be followed by a noun phrase