The answer is B, realizes. The past perfect structures in the other clauses indicate that present tense cannot be used. The correct answer is realized. Q. The boy stopped crying when he realized his parents will arrive shortly. The answer is D, will. The other verbs in the sentence are past, so will must be in the past, also (would). Q. George was among the few students who are going to be chosen to lead the commencement exercise. The answer is A, was among. The verb must be present, is, to match the time se- quence of the other clause. Q. It is normal for students to be nervous when they were preparing for a new school year. The answer is D, were. The sentence is speaking of a custom, which is stated with a present tense verb, is. Thus, answer D should be are. Hope and Wish The words hope and wish have similar meanings, but special rules apply to the use of wish in a sentence that has two or more verb phrases. If the verb hope appears in a sentence with two or more verbs, the other verb(s) can be in any tense (as long as the tense is logical). The following examples illus- trate this fact. Bob hopes that he will get the job. (future tense) She hopes that her mother is comfortable in her new house. (present tense) The teacher hopes that he did not forget to make copies of the exam. (past tense) If the verb wish appears in a sentence with two or more verbs, the other verb(s) can- not be in the present tense. The tense of the other verb(s) must be one step further in the past than the tense of wish. Also, was can never appear as the other verb form in the sentence, because the idea conveyed is contrary to fact (like an unreal condition). She wishes that the book were interesting. Wishes is present tense, and were is past tense. This means that the book is not interesting. She wishes that her parents had arrived last night. Wishes is present tense, and had arrived is past tense. This means that her parents did not arrive last night. 120 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested A B CD A BC D A BCD For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Subjunctive Sentences In sentences with two or more verbs, if certain verbs appear first, then the other verb(s) must appear in simple form. A subjunctive sentence indicates that one person or group requires another person or group to take an action. The word that must always appear in subjunctive sentences. (If it is omitted, the infinitive form of the verb can be used with some of the verbs, but then the sentence is not in subjunctive form.) We urge that he take immediate action. (subjunctive) We urge him to take immediate action. (infinitive) Verbs that use the subjunctive include: 121 Structure advise ask command decree demand insist move order prefer propose recommend request require stipulate suggest urge The construction for a subjunctive sentence is as follows: Subject one + verb that uses the subjunctive + that + subject two + verb in simple form + remainder of sentence. The doctor suggested that the patient lose weight. The judge insisted that the jury return to deliberate further. She intends to move that the group adjourn. The simple form of the verb is also used after certain expressions beginning with it. The adjectives that signal the need for the simple form of the verb include the following: advised imperative important mandatory necessary obligatory proposed recommended required suggested urgent The construction of this type of sentence is as follows: It + a form of be in any tense + adjective that requires the subjunctive + that + subject + verb in sim- ple form + remainder of sentence. It has been suggested that we change the location of the meeting. It is important that you arrive immediately. For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Verbs Used as Complements Often the complement of a verb is another verb. The main verb may control the type of verb structure used in the complement, or an adjective may control it. Some verbs regularly appear with prepositions, and that structure itself directs the structure of the other verb. Verbs Complementing Verbs This section reviews verbs that take other verbs as their complements. The verb functioning as the complement may appear in the infinitive form (to + verb) or in the gerund form (verb+ing), depending upon the verb that it follows. The following verbs are always followed by the infinitive when they are followed by a verb acting as a complement. 122 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested agree attempt claim decide demand desire determine expect fail forget hesitate hope intend learn need offer plan prepare pretend refuse seem strive tend want wish The board decided to schedule another meeting. Congress will attempt to increase the estate tax exemption. The following verbs are always followed by a gerund when they are followed by a verb acting as a complement. admit appreciate avoid can’t help consider delay deny enjoy finish mind miss postpone practice quit recall report resent resist resume risk suggest John admitted sneaking out of class. The officers should not risk climbing the ladder. For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Verbs that are followed by an infinitive or gerund acting as a complement are made negative by adding the negative particle not before the infinitive or gerund. Tracy determined not to look for a job. We regretted not preparing for the test. The following verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund as a complement with no change in meaning. 123 Structure begin continue dread forget hate like love prefer regret remember start stop He started to study Spanish. He started studying Spanish. Jill hates to drive at night. Jill hates driving at night. The verbs stop, remember, and forget can also be followed by either an infinitive or gerund, but their meaning changes depending on their location. She remembered to contact the man. (She did not forget to contact him.) She remembered contacting the man. (She had a recollection of contacting him.) He had been playing football, but he stopped to study. (He discontinued playing football in order to study.) He stopped studying when she arrived. (He was studying, but he discontinued studying.) Verbs Following Prepositions When a verb + preposition, an adjective + preposition, a noun + preposition, or a preposition alone is followed by a verb, the verb will appear as a gerund (verb+ing). Following is a list of commonly used verbs + prepositions that would be followed by gerunds: approve of count on depend on give up insist on keep on put off rely on succeed in think about think of worry about We don’t approve of his choosing to attend that college. Note that when there is a noun or pronoun before a gerund, it is in the possessive form, such as his. Although I have not provided a list of adjectives or nouns that commonly use prepositions, the rule is the same: If a verb appears after the preposition, it should be in the gerund form. For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Verbs Following Adjectives The following adjectives are generally followed by the infinitive form of a verb: 124 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested anxious common dangerous difficult eager easy important normal pleased strange unusual usual It is unusual to see the sun at this time of day. It is important to study every day. Q. The police officer attempted to learning the suspect’s identity. The answer is A. Learning is incorrect because the infinitive is formed with to + verb in simple form, to learn. Q. The children were eager seeing their father after his long absence from the house because he had been working in another country. The answer is A, seeing. After eager, the correct form of the verb is the infinitive, to see. Q. The young boy had spent hours working on the airplane model, but finally he gave up to try and decided to go outside and play. The answer is C, to try. After the verb plus preposition, gave up, the gerund (verb+ing) must be used, trying. Q. Although her friends tried to convince her to apply for the job at the factory, Christine resisted to make an application. The answer is D, to make. The other infinitives in the sentence in answers B and C are correct, but answer D is not because after resist a gerund is needed, making. Verbs Used as Adjectives The present or past participle form of a verb can sometimes be used as an adjec- tive. That is, some adjectives come from root words where there is a noun, a verb, and an adjective form for the same word. Others do not. Swim, for example, can be used as a verb but not an adjective in the simple verb form. If you need to use it as an adjective, you have to use the verb+ing form, swimming. A B CD A B C D A B C D A B C D For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org The children like to swim. verb The children are in the swimming pool. adjective The word consent is either a noun or a verb and has an adjective form, consen- sual, as well. Depending on the meaning, either consensual or consenting can serve as an adjective. We need your parents’ consent before you can attend the outing. noun Do you think your parents will consent to your going on the outing? verb A mortgage is a consensual agreement placing a lien on a piece of property. adjective Only students with consenting parents can go on the outing. adjective The present participle (verb+ing) is used as an adjective when the noun it modi- fies performs or is responsible for an action. The verb is usually intransitive (meaning it takes no object), and the verb form of the sentence appears in the pro- gressive. The woman heard a crying baby. (The baby was crying.) The man was awakened by a barking dog. (The dog was barking.) The past participle appears as an adjective when the noun it modifies is the re- ceiver of the action. The sentence is generally structured in the passive voice. The sorted mail was delivered. (The mail had been sorted.) Frozen food must be kept in the freezer. (The food had been frozen.) Some verbs, such as interest, bore, excite, and frighten, may appear as adjectives in either the present participle or past participle form, but they have different meanings in each form. The verb+ing form is used when the noun causes the ac- tion, and the verb+ed form is used when it receives the action. The boring professor caused the students to yawn. The bored students yawned while listening to the boring professor. The child saw a frightening movie. The frightened child asked for his mother. 125 Structure For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Nouns Used as Adjectives Nouns can also function as adjectives when they appear before other nouns. For example, we can talk about a wool coat, a gold watch, and a history teacher. The first noun of the combination functions as an adjective describing the second noun. The nouns that function as adjectives are always singular, even when they modify plural nouns. This is true because adjectives do not show number. Combinations of number words and nouns functioning as adjectives are hyphenated. He took a course that lasted five weeks. (Weeks functions as a noun in this sentence.) He took a five-week course. (Five-week functions as an adjective in this sentence.) That student wrote a thesis that was eighty pages long. That student wrote an eighty-page thesis. Structure Quiz 4 Directions: This section measures your ability to recognize language appropriate for standard written English. The first type of question consists of incomplete sen- tences, with a blank showing where information is to be filled in. Choose the word or phrase that most correctly completes the sentence. The second type of question consists of sentences with four underlined words or phrases. Choose the one word or phrase that is incorrect in standard written English. Mark correct an- swer on this page or write it on a separate piece of paper. 1. As the result of regularly inspections, the restaurants in this county have improved their sanitation practices. 2. Erosion is a seriousness problem along the beaches whenever strong storms enter from the sea. 3. The man was in __________ health that the family began to consider whether he could continue to live in his home. A. such bad B. so bad C. such worse D. so badly 126 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested A B C D A B C D For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org 4. The owner of the sailboat did not accurately calculate the high of the bridge. 5. Although this car appears to be manufactured by a different company, it has the same body style, size, and perform as that one. 6. The environmental damage caused by the oil spill will likely last __________. A. to severals year B. for several years C. severally years D. year several 7. The engineer drew the blueprints and delivered it to the architect. 8. The researcher mixed the two ingredients, poured the mixture into a petri dish, draw out a measured amount, and carefully applied it to another dish. 9. The actress, having worked for many hours without interruption, __________ it difficult to remember her lines. A. find B. was finding C. was found D. were finding 10 . The boat rose and fell slow as the huge sea swells moved towards shore. 11. This is the first time Janet has taken so difficult class, but she plans to complete it. 12 . The woman wished she __________ such drastic action when the stock market seemed volatile. A. had not taken B. did not taken C. not take D. no had taken 127 Structure A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 4 1. B: regularly. It modifies a noun and therefore must be an adjective, regular. 2. A: seriousness. It should be an adjective because it is modifying the noun prob- lem. But the –ness suffix indicates that it is a noun. 3. A: such bad. The rule is such + adjective + non-count noun. 4. D: high. High is an adjective (a high bridge). The noun is height. 5. D: perform. Perform is a verb. The parallel structure consists of a list of nouns, style, size, and performance. 6. B: for several years. Several is an adjective so it cannot be plural. 7. C: It. The antecedent of the pronoun is blueprints so the pronoun should be them. 8. C: draw. This is a parallel structure question. All the verbs in the sentence are in the past tense, so draw must be drew. 9. B: was finding. The subject is actress, which is singular. It is an active sentence so the only possible choice is past progressive. 10 . A: slow. It must be an adverb because it modifies the verbs rose and fell. The ad- verb form is slowly. 11. C: so difficult. The order is so + adjective + a + singular noun (so difficult a class) or such + a + adjective + singular noun (such a difficult class). 12 . A: had not taken. The past perfect is formed by had + verb in past participle. Word Choice The Word Choice type of question in the Structure section tests your knowledge of idiomatic expressions, your understanding of when to use certain prepositions with certain words, your recognition of problem words that are easily confused, and similar matters. Idiomatic Expressions There are many, many idiomatic expressions in English. An idiomatic expression is a combination of words that have a particular meaning when used together that may not be an exact translation of the individual words. It does little good to study lists of idiomatic expressions. You learn them by reading and listening to English as much as possible, paying particular attention to new expressions that you en- counter. 128 Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org For example, the expression check out means to inspect something or to remove something that is registered (like from a library). These definitions have nothing to do with the meaning of the word check or the word out. Therefore, check out is considered an idiomatic expression. A TOEFL test question might look like the following: Q. Languages such for French are known as romance languages. The answer is B. For is incorrect because the correct idiomatic expression is such as. Q. She was unable to figure on the mathematical formula. The answer is C. The idiomatic expression that would make sense in this sentence is figure out. Q. Redwood trees are among the tallest in world. The answer is D, because the correct idiomatic expression is in the world. Completing a Construction In addition to idiomatic expressions, the English language also has many common sentence constructions. This means that when you see certain words or phrases in a sentence, you know that other words or phrases should also appear in that sen- tence. Again, common constructions are best learned by experiencing English through reading and listening, not by memorizing lists. A typical TOEFL test question on this subject might look like this: Q. Professor Benton has more experience in this type of procedure from Professor Edwards. The answer is D, because from does not complete the sentence construction here. The common construction is more + adjective . . . than, so than should appear in- stead of from. Not Only . . . But Also The expression not only . . . but also means “in addition to.” (Other constructions and phrases, such as both . . . and and as well as, have the same meaning.) When you see a sentence with this expression, keep in mind that the words following the two separate phrases, not only and but also, must be the same part of speech. If 129 Structure A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D For more material and information, please visit TaiLieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org . condition). She wishes that the book were interesting. Wishes is present tense, and were is past tense. This means that the book is not interesting. She wishes. excite, and frighten, may appear as adjectives in either the present participle or past participle form, but they have different meanings in each form. The