phương pháp nghiên cứu khoa học
Trang 1Lecture 1 –
Introduction to research
Trang 2What is research?
• The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.• Searching it again and again means Re-search Research is
defined as human activity based on intellectual application in the investigation of matter.
• The primary purpose for applied research is discovering,
interpreting, and the development of methods and systems
for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety
Trang 3Elements of good research?
1 Clearly defined Purpose
•The problem to be studied should be stated clearly and unambiguously.
•The statement of the problem (usually 1-2
pages) should include its scope, and the precise
Trang 12The Research Process?1 Define the research problem
– Formulate and clarify the research topic.– Develop research objectives & questions.– Identify scope and significance of the study.
2 Critically review the literature
– Review concepts and theories.– Review previous study findings.
Trang 13The Research Process?3 Formulate your research design
– Understand your philosophy and approach.– Develop data collection and sampling design.– Develop instrument and pilot-test it.
4 Collect data
– Negotiate access.
Trang 14The Research Process?5 Analyse and interpret the data
– Prepare data for analysis.
– Apply appropriate analytical techniques.– Use suitable data presentation formats.
6 Report-writing and presentation
– Address your research questions.
– Relate your results/findings to the literature (theories and previous studies).
Trang 151 Defining the research problem
• A research problem can be defined as any situation where a
gap exists between the actual and desired ideal states.• It could be a management dilemma or difficulty which a
researcher identifies in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution or
explanation for the same.
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• This is followed by exploration of relevant published sources
on the subject.
• An analytical review of existing literature helps the researcher to clarify the overall research question or research purpose
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Examples
1 The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the
factors that affect the performance of women entrepreneurs in Mekong delta.
2 The objective of the study was to establish the talent
retention strategies of Generation Z employees in the Viettel company.
Trang 181 Defining the research problem
The problem statement:
•The problem statement introduces the key problem that is addressed in the research study It is a clear, precise and
succinct statement of the specific issue that a researcher wishes to investigate.
•In addition, is it relevant, feasible and interesting?E.g:
Trang 191 Defining the research problem
Research objectives and questions:
•The objectives constitute the subcomponents which together constitute the overall research question/research purpose.
•In developing research questions, consider:
Trang 201 Defining the research problem
Research objectives and questions:
Example:
Research Purpose: The objective of the study is to determine talent
retention strategies of Generation Z employees in the Viettel company.
Research objectives:
1 To identify and analyze the retention factors as perceived by Generation Z employees.
2 To analyze the retention strategies used by mobile operator employers in Viettel for Gen Z employees.
Trang 211 Defining the research problem
Research objectives:
The formulation of objectives will help you to:– Focus the study
– Avoid the collection of unnecessary data
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Research objectives:
Note:
•In the examination of your research project, the results will be evaluated by the objectives Clear objectives therefore greatly enhance the successful evaluation of your research project.
Trang 231 Defining the research problem
Examples:
•Research Objective 1: To establish the retention rate of Generation Z employees in the Viettel company.
• Research Question 1: What is the retention rate of Generation Z employees in Viettel?
•Research Objective 2: To identify and analyze the retention factors as perceived by Generation Z employees.
• Research Question 2: What are the factors affecting retention as perceived by Generation Z employees? How do they affect the retention of Gen Z
Trang 241 Defining the research problem
Examples:
• Research Objective 3: To analyze the retention strategies used by Viettel for Gen Z employees.
Trang 252 Critically review the literature
Why doing the literature review?
– Review concepts and theories.– Review previous study findings.
Trang 262 Critically review the literature
Why is theory important?
•Theory informs practice It may also inform your research question (Why questions).
Trang 272 Critically review the literature
Why is theory important?
• If you adopt a clear theoretical position that you will test through the formulation of hypotheses, your
research project will be theory-driven and you will be using a deductive (diễn dịch/suy diễn) approach.
• If you wish to explore the data collected and develop a theoretical explanation, you will be adopting an
Trang 282 Critically review the literature
Why is theory important?
• It is crucial to be able to explain how variables or concepts are related and why they are related (This
distinguishes research reports from consultancy reports).
• Research questions that encourage the production of
theoretical explanations are favoured over descriptive
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Trang 302 Critically review the literature
Conceptual Framework
•A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variables
and contexts It can be applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas Strong conceptual frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy to remember and apply.
•The theoretical and conceptual framework explains the path of a
research and grounds it firmly in theoretical constructs The overall aim of the two frameworks is to make research findings more meaningful, acceptable to the theoretical constructs in the research field and
Trang 312 Critically review the literature
Trang 323 Formulate your research design
Why do you need to formulate the research design?
Trang 333 Formulate your research design
• The Research Design is the blueprint for fulfilling objectives and answering questions.
• It involves asking questions such as:
– What type of data will be collected: Numerical figures or Words and images?
– What design is most appropriate: Experiment, Survey, Narrative Inquiry or Case Study?
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Other relevant questions:
– Should all relevant data be collected at one time
(cross-sectional) or at regular intervals over a period of time (longitudinal)?
– How will the data be analyzed?
Trang 353 Formulate your research design
Operationalizing variables:
• The conceptual framework identifies the variables for measurement.
• These variables need to be operationalized i.e
Trang 363 Formulate your research design
Trang 373 Formulate your research design
Sampling Design:
A sample is a part of the target population, carefully
selected to represent that population
– Who will be interviewed/ complete the questionnaire?
– How many people/ institutions will be involved?
Trang 383 Formulate your research design
Trang 393 Formulate your research design
Variable Measurement:
These questions are actually asked to respondents and appear in the questionnaire or interview guide.
Example: Under career management strategy
1 Provision of learning opportunities2 Job rotation for young employees3 Challenging assignments
Trang 404 Data Collection
What should you care about collecting data?
– Negotiate access.
Trang 414 Data Collection
Pilot testing
• Pilot testing is conducted to detect weaknesses in design and instrumentation and to provide proxy
data for selection of an appropriate sampling design.• It should draw subjects from the target population
and simulate procedures and protocols that have
Trang 424 Data Collection
Pilot testing
• Where the target population is small, pretesting may be conducted using colleagues or surrogate respondents (similar in profile but different from
actual respondents) to help refine the measuring
Trang 434 Data Collection
Data Collection:
•Data = the facts presented to the researcher from the study environment.
•In collecting data, consider the following:
– Data can be abstract: e.g., “Our staff productivity is
higher than industry average because our employees are highly motivated.”
Trang 444 Data Collection
Data Collection:
– Data should be verifiable: The research questions
should consistently produce similar results.
– Data capturing can be elusive due to the speed with
which events occur, the ability of respondents to remember facts and the reality that opinions,
Trang 454 Data Collection
Data Collection:
– If possible, the research study should draw from
recent occurrences, to minimize compromising
the reliability of the data due to inability to recall
Trang 465 Analyse and interpret the data
What should you do?
– Prepare data for analysis.
Trang 475 Analyse and interpret the data
Analysis and Discussion:
• Data analysis involves reducing accumulated data
to a manageable size, developing summaries and
applying statistical techniques.• The Discussion involves:
– answering the research questions.
– explaining any variations in the findings.
Trang 485 Analyse and interpret the data
Generalization and Interpretation:
• If there appears to be patterns and trends in the
results/findings, then generalizations can be made, which is the value of research
– In Quantitative research, we refer to statistical generalizations: extrapolating results from a sample to the population.
– In Qualitative research, analytical generalizations apply:
Trang 495 Analyse and interpret the data
Generalization and Interpretation:
• The researcher may seek to explain the
findings on the basis of some theory This is known as interpretation The process of
interpretation often triggers off new
Trang 506 Report-writing and presentation
What should you focus on?
– Address your research questions.
– Relate your results/findings to the literature (theories and previous studies).
Trang 516 Report-writing and presentation
1 Front Matter: An abstract, table of contents, declaration, acknowledgements, lists of
figures, list of tables.
2 Body of the report – Background, research problem, objectives and questions, literature review, research methodology, findings,
Trang 526 Report-writing and presentation
3 End matter – list of references, Appendices
(such as introduction letter, research