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Lecture – Quantitative research methods Process of Quantitative Research Process of Quantitative Research Concepts and the measurement of concept: •Concepts are the building blocks of theory and represent the points around which business research is conducted •E.g: structure, agency, deskilling, organizational size, technology, charismatic leadership, followers, TQM, functional subcultures, knowledge, managerial identity, motivation to work, moral awareness, productivity, stress management, employment relations, organizational development, competitive success, etc Process of Quantitative Research Concepts and the measurement of concept: • Bulmer (1984: 43) succinctly puts it, concepts ‘are categories for the organization of ideas and observations’ •E.g: IQ is not a concept! It is a measure of a concept—namely, intelligence •The concept of intelligence has arisen as a result of noticing that some people are very clever, some are quite clever, and still others are not at all bright •These variations, we have come to call the concept of ‘intelligence’ seem important, because we might try to construct theories to explain these variations Process of Quantitative Research Concepts and the measurement of concept: •If a concept is to be employed in quantitative research, it will have to be measured •Once they are measured, concepts can be in the form of independent or dependent variables •In other words, concepts may provide an explanation of a certain aspect of the social world, or they may stand for things we want to explain Process of Quantitative Research Concepts and the measurement of concept: •A concept of organizational performance • may be used in either capacity: for example, as a possible explanation of culture (are there differences between highly commercially successful organizations and others, in terms of the cultural values, norms, and beliefs held by organizational members?) • or as something to be explained (what are the causes of variation in organizational performance?) •The concept of worker quality, job satisfaction, etc Process of Quantitative Research Why measure the concepts? There are 03 main reasons for measurement in quantitative research 1.Measurement allows us to delineate fine differences between people in terms of the characteristic in question 2.Measurement gives us a consistent device or yardstick for making such distinctions 3.Measurement provides the basis for more precise estimates of the degree of relationship between concepts (for example: correlation analysis) Process of Quantitative Research Why measure the concepts? E.g: Thus, if we measure both job satisfaction and the things with which it might be related, such as stressrelated illness, we will be able to produce more precise estimates of how closely they are related than if we had not proceeded in this way Process of Quantitative Research Indicators v measure: •Measure refer to things that can be relatively unambiguously counted: At an individual level: personal salary, age, or years of service; at an organizational level: annual turnover or number of employees => Measures, in other words, are quantities •Indicators are used to tap concepts that are less directly quantifiable eg job satisfaction need indicators that stand for the concept Process of Quantitative Research Indicators: In order to provide a measure of a concept (often referred to as an operational definition, a term deriving from the idea of operationalization), it is necessary to have an indicator or indicators that will stand for the concept e.g: using litmus paper to measure pH level © Ngơ Vi Dũng 4 May 2018 Quantitative [ ] RANKING QUESTIONS Please number each of the factors listed below order of importance to you in choosing a in car Number the most important 1, the next new so on If a factor has no importance at all, please and leave blank Facto C r arbon dioxide Boot emissions Depreciati size Pric on e Importan ce [ [ ] ] [ ] [ ] (Saunders et al., 2009) © Ngô Vi Dũng 4 May 2018 Quantitative [ ] RATING QUESTIONS 10 For the following statement please tick the box that matches your view most closely Agree I feel employees’ views have influenced the decisions taken by management Tend to agree Tend to disagree Disagree (Saunders et al., 2009) © Ngơ Vi Dũng May 2018 Quantitative [ ] QUANTITY QUESTIONS What is your year of birth? 14 (For example, for 1988 write:) 8 (Saunders et al., 2009) © Ngơ Vi Dũng Quantitative [ ] MATRIX QUESTIONS May 2018 © Ngô Vi Dũng May 2018 Quantitative [ ] Type of Questionnaire for quantitative interview: Structured/standardized questionnaires: based on a predetermined and „standardized‟ or identical set of questions (mainly closed questions) and their order © Ngơ Vi Dũng May 2018 Quantitative Methods of interview with structured [ ] 🞇 questionnaire (Saunders et al., 2009) © Ngơ Vi Dũng Quantitative Constructing structured questionnaires [ ] May 2018 🞇 oStep Clarify your variables (function): Deciding what data need to be collected • Dependent variable(s): changes in response to changes in other variables; • Independent variable(s): causes changes in a dependent variable; • Extraneous variable(s): might also cause changes in a dependent variable, thereby providing an alternative explanation to your independent variable or variables © Ngơ Vi Dũng May 2018 Quantitative Constructing and administering [ ] questionnaires 🞇 oStep Clarify your variables (dimension): Deciding what data need to be collected • Opinion variable(s): record how respondents feel about something or what they think or believe is true or false; • Behaviour variable(s): contain data on what people (or their organizations) did in the past, now or will in the future; • Attribute variable(s): what respondents and are or data about the respondents‟ characteristics © Ngơ Vi Dũng May 2018 Quantitative Constructing and administering [ ] questionnaires 🞇 oStep Clarify your variables: Deciding what data need to be collected • Using existing instruments/questions suggested by prior research, theory, experience, or experts • If questions are in foreign languages, need to pay attention to translation techniques: • Direct translation, • Back-translation • Parallel translation • Mixed translation © Ngô Vi Dũng 3 Quantitative Constructing and administering [ ] questionnaires 🞇 oStep Writing questions • Avoid Confusing Phrasing; • Avoid Vagueness; • Avoid Negative Words and Double Negatives; • Avoid Negative Words and Double Negatives; May 2018 © Ngơ Vi Dũng 4 May 2018 Quantitative Constructing and administering [ ] questionnaires 🞇 oStep • • The order and flow of questions The order of questionnaires should be logical to the respondent (and interviewer) rather than follow the order in your data requirements table Using filter questions to assist the flow of the survey (Schutt, 2015) © Ngơ Vi Dũng 5 Quantitative Constructing and administering [ ] questionnaires 🞇 oStep The layout of questionnaires • Attractive: neat, clear, clean, and spacious; • Not appearing too long (4-8 pages for selfadministered; 01-1,5 hours for telephone); • Using software‟s template; • Colored paper-based; • Structure: • Cover letter • Introduction • Closing May 2018 © Ngơ Vi Dũng May 2018 Quantitative Constructing and administering [ ] questionnaires 🞇 oStep Pilot test • Purpose: Refine the questionnaire so that respondents will have no problems in answering the questions and there will be no problems in recording the data; Steps: • Experts‟ comments: content validity; • Testing with a group as similar as possible to the final population in your sample (about 10): face validity; • © Ngô Vi Dũng Quantitative Constructing and administering [ ] questionnaires 🞇 oStep • • • • • Administering the questionnaire Internet- and intranet-mediated questionnaires; Postal questionnaires; Delivery and collection questionnaires; Telephone questionnaires; Structured interviews May 2018 © Ngơ Vi Dũng May 2018 Quantitative Constructing and administering [ ] questionnaires 🞇 Step Administering the questionnaire o (Schutt, 2015) ... preferential treatment; - passing blame for errors to an innocent co-worker; Process of Quantitative Research Indicators: Likert scale ( 1-5 ; 1-7 ) -divulging confidential information; - calling in sick... http://www.custominsight.com/article s/rand om-sample-calculator.asp https://www surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm May 20 18 © Ngơ Vi Dũng May 20 18 Quantitative [ ] Sampling method - Simple random oNumber each of... activities and their frequency Process of Quantitative Research The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers: •Both quantitative and qualitative research can be viewed as exhibiting a set