Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm "Viết bài nghiên cứu khoa học"

Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm "Viết bài nghiên cứu khoa học"

Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm " Viết bài nghiên cứu khoa học " Writing Scientific Research Articles Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_1_pretoc Final Proof page 1 13.1.2009 12:23pm Compositor Name: KKavitha Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_1_pretoc Final Proof page 2 13.1.2009 12:23pm Compositor Name: KKavitha Writing Scientific Research Articles Strategy and Steps Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor Margaret Cargill BA, DipEd, MEd (TESOL) Adjunct Senior Lecturer School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia Patrick O’Connor BSc, PhD Visiting Research Fellow School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_1_pretoc Final Proof page 3 13.1.2009 12:23pm Compositor Name: KKavitha This edition first published 2009, # 2009 by Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley. com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Cargill, Margaret. Writing scientific research articles : strategy and steps / Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8619-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-9335-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Technical writing. 2. Research. 3. Science news. I. O’Connor, Patrick, 1967– II. Title. T11.C327 2009 808’.0666–dc22 2008042543 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10.5/13pt Janson by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Singapore 01 2009 Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_1_pretoc Final Proof page 4 13.1.2009 12:23pm Compositor Name: KKavitha Contents Preface ix Section 1 A framework for success 1 1 How the book is organized, and why 3 1.1 Getting started with writing for international publication 3 1.2 Publishing in the international literature 4 1.3 Aims of this book 6 1.4 How the book is structured 7 2 Research article structures 9 2.1 Conventional article structure: AIMRaD (Abstract, Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, and Discussion) and its variations 9 3 Referees’ criteria for evaluating manuscripts 15 3.1 Titles as content sign posts 16 Section 2 When and how to write each article section 19 4 Results as a ‘‘story’’: the key driver of an article 21 5 Results: turning data into knowledge 23 5.1 Figure, table, or text? 24 5.2 Designing figures 24 5.3 Designing tables 27 5.4 Figure legends and table titles 29 6 Writing about results 31 6.1 Functions of results sentences 31 6.2 Verb tense in Results sections 32 7 The Methods section 35 7.1 Purpose of the Methods section 35 Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_2_toc Final Proof page 5 13.1.2009 1:18pm Compositor Name: KKavitha 7.2 Organizing Methods sections 35 7.3 Use of passive and active verbs 36 8 The Introduction 41 8.1 Five stages to a compelling Introduction 41 8.2 Stage 1: Locating your project within an existing field of scientific research 43 8.3 Using references in Stages 2 and 3 44 8.4 Avoiding plagiarism when using others’ work 48 8.5 Indicating the gap or research niche 49 8.6 Stage 4: The statement of purpose or main activity 49 8.7 Suggested process for drafting an Introduction 50 8.8 Editing for logical flow 51 9 The Discussion section 55 9.1 Important structural issues 55 9.2 Information elements to highlight the key messages 56 9.3 Negotiating the strength of claims 57 10 The title 61 10.1 Strategy 1: Provide as much relevant information as possible, but be concise 61 10.2 Strategy 2: Use keywords prominently 61 10.3 Strategy 3: Choose strategically: noun phrase, statement, or question? 62 10.4 Strategy 4: Avoid ambiguity in noun phrases 63 11 The Abstract 65 11.1 Why Abstracts are so important 65 11.2 Selecting additional keywords 65 11.3 Abstracts: typical information elements 65 Section 3 Getting your manuscript published 67 12 Considerations when selecting a target journal 69 12.1 The scope and aims of the journal 69 12.2 The audience for the journal 69 12.3 Journal impact 70 12.4 Using indices of journal quality 70 12.5 Time to publication 71 12.6 Page charges or Open Access costs 71 13 Submitting a manuscript 73 13.1 Five practices of successful authors 73 13.2 Understanding the peer-review process 73 13.3 Understanding the editor’s role 74 13.4 The contributor’s covering letter 75 13.5 Understanding the reviewer’s role 76 13.6 Understanding the editor’s role (continued) 78 14 How to respond to editors and referees 79 14.1 Rules of thumb 79 Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_2_toc Final Proof page 6 13.1.2009 1:18pm Compositor Name: KKavitha vi Contents 14.2 How to deal with manuscript rejection 79 14.3 How to deal with ‘‘conditional acceptance’’ or ‘‘revise and resubmit’’ 81 15 A process for preparing a manuscript 89 15.1 Initial preparation steps 89 15.2 Editing procedures 90 15.3 A pre-review checklist 92 Section 4 Developing your publication skills further 95 16 Skill-development strategies for groups and individuals 97 16.1 Journal clubs 97 16.2 Writing groups 98 16.3 Selecting feedback strategies for different purposes 98 16.4 Training for responding to reviewers 100 17 Developing discipline-specific English skills 103 17.1 Introduction 103 17.2 What kinds of English errors matter most? 103 17.3 Strategic (and acceptable!) language re-use: sentence templates 105 17.4 More about noun phrases 108 17.5 Concordancing: a tool for developing your discipline-specific English 109 17.6 Using the English articles (a/an, the) appropriately in science writing 112 17.7 Using which and that 116 Section 5 Provided example articles 119 18 Provided example article 1: Kaiser et al. (2003) 121 19 Provided example article 2: Britton-Simmons and Abbott (2008) 133 Answer pages 145 References 167 Index 169 Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_2_toc Final Proof page 7 13.1.2009 1:18pm Compositor Name: KKavitha vii Contents Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_2_toc Final Proof page 8 13.1.2009 1:18pm Compositor Name: KKavitha