Tai lieu GDHN HS kho khan ve hoc tap

Tai lieu nay thOng nhat sit dung thuat ngit learning difficulties, chon cach chuyen dich la Kh6 khan ve hoc KKVH va khai niem sau: KKVH la roi loan trong mot hodc nhie‘u qua trinh tam it[r]

BO GIAO DIJC VA DAO TAO VU GIAO DUC TRUNG HOC CHLIONG TRINH PHAT TRIgN GIAO DUC TRUNG HOC TAI LIEU TAP RUIN CAN 116 QUIN LI, GIAO YIEH YE GIAO UUC HOA NOP TRONG THONG TRUNG NOC PHYONG PHAP HU'ONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN Vg HOC (Tai lieu lint hanh nOi boj HA NOI, THANG 11 NAM 2013 PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRg HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC MUC LUC Trang Mo-dun NHAN MET HOC SINH TRUNG HOC KHO KHAN VE DOC, VIET VA TINH TOAN 1.1 Nei dung 1: Khai niern kh6 khan ve doc, vier va tinh town 1.2 Nei dung 2: Nguyen nhan gay KKVH 1.3 Nei dung 3: Phan loai HS KKVH 1.4 Nei dung 4: Phat hien HS cap Trung hoc khO khan ve h9c 1.5 Nei dung 5: Dac diem HS kh6 khan ve hoc cap Trung hoc 15 16 23 28 MO-dun DAY HOC HIEU QUA CHO HOC SINH CAP TRUNG HOC KHO KHAN VE DOC, VIET VA TINH TOAN 39 2.1 Nei dung 1: Lira chon cac phuang phap day hoc 2.2 Nei dung 2: Dieu chinh chuang trinh day hoc 2.3 Nei dung 3: Thiet ka va tien hanh bai hoc c6 hieu qua 2.4 Nei dung 4: Day hoc hoa nhap cho HS kh6 khan ve hoc Mo-dun DANH GIA 'CET QUA HOC TAP CtJA HOC SINH TRUNG HOC KHO KHAN VE DOC, VIET, TINH TOAN 40 44 53 62 96 3.1 Nei dung 1: Nhimg van de chung ve danh gia 3.2 Nei dung 2: With gia ket qua hoc tap met so mon hoc 97 105 Mil-dun TO CHfiC CAC HOAT DONG HO TRO HOC SINH TRUNG HOC KHO KHAN DOC, KHO VIET, KHO TOAN HOC HOA NHAP 110 4.1 Nei dung 1: Quan 1116p hoc c6 kho khan ve hoc hoc hoa nhap 4.2 Nei dung 2: Gido duc ki nang sting cho HS 4.3 Nei dung 3: TO chirc cac hoat deng tap the day hoc hoa nhap 4.4 Nei dung 4: T6 chirc cac hoat deng ho trg ca nhan 4.5 Nei dung 5: Phi ket hap cac 1uc luong tham gia GDHN Mo-dun MOT SO TRIJONG HOP MINH HOA 5.1 Trithng hgp 5.2 Trueng hap 5.3 TnrOmg hap TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 111 119 124 125 - 126 131 131 140 157 159 TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO Dud HOA NHAP TRONG TM/ONG TRUNG HOC DANH MIX CAC CHt VA THUAT Ncrir VIET TAT •if nghia viet til ADHD Tang d6ng giam tap trung GD Gido duc GDHN Gido duc haa nhap GV Gido vien HN Hoa nhap HS Hoc sinh HV Hoc vien KS KhO doc KH Kh6 hoc KKVH Kh6 khan v6 hoc KTHT Khuy6t tat hoc tap KTT KhO tinh toan KTTT Khuye't tat tri tua KV KhO vie't THCS Trung hoc ca s& THPT Trung h9c ph6 thOng PHU'CYNG PHAP HIPO'NG DAN VA HO TRY HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC MI PHU'O'NG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TIRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC myc TIEU Kik thipc Phat bieu duvc bAng leyi v'e: > Tiou chi xac dinh HS KKVH > Phu'o'ng phap day hoc hoa nhap HS KKVH > Cach thOc danh gia ket qua hoc tap dm HS KKVH Ki hang > Phat hien dung HS KKVH > Xac dinh duvc kha nang va nhu cAu cOa HS KKVH > Xac dinh duvc kien thin va ki nang HS can có de Iva chon not dung va six dung cac phLrang phap, ki nang day hoc phu hop > Thiet ke, tin hanh bai hoc hieu qua lOp hoa nhasp CO HS KKVH > Ap dung hinh thin, phLrang phap danh gia ket qua gido duc va day hoc phi., hgp vcfyi kha nang cCia HS KKVH Thai dO > Tin twang vao kha nang hoc tap tin IN) dm HS KKVH GDHN ➢Ski sang tham gia hó tra HS KKVH hoc hoa nha'p NOI DUNG TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIN VE GIAO DVC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC Mo-dun NHAN BIET HOC SINH TRUNG HOC KHO KHAN VE DOC, VIET VA TiNH TOAN c-4111110 Kien thipc cw" Dien dat duvc cac tieu chi nhan clang va mot KKVH s6 dac diem not bat dm HS KT hang '2" Sir clung phieu sang loc de nhan clang duvc HS KKVH Xac dinh duvc kha nang va nhu ceu hoc t4 dm HS KKVH Thai co° Tin tudeng vao kha nang va sly phat then cua HS KKVH mit NOI DUNG 1.1 Khai niem kb:5 doc, viet, tinh town —Dinh nghia —Phan biet thu4 ngit 1.2 Nguyen nhan gay kh6 doc, viet, tinh town 1.3 Dac diem HS kho doc, vi6t, tinh town —Dac diem nh4n thirc —Dac diem xa h6i va cam xtic —Hoat dOng hoc tap PHU'CYNG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 1.4 Phat hien HS kho doc, viet, tinh toan —Phieu sang loc —Sir dung phiL sang loc 1.5 Phan loai kho doc, viet, tinh toan —Kho doc —Kho viet —Kho tinh toan CHUAN 131 —May projecter; video clip hinh anh I-IS KKVH —Gidy A0, A4, but dau nhi'eu mau, bang dinh gidy HOAT HONG 1.1 Noi dung 1: Khai niem kho khan v4 doc, viet va tinh toan > Nhie'm vu 1: Tim hieii nie:m KK VII —Ca nhan dOng nao: The nao la KKVH? —Thao luan nhOrn: Chia se quan diem va cho vi du minh hoa Thong tin phin hoi Thuat ngii "kho khan ves hoc — learning disabilities" • Tren the gioi Cho den tren the gith chua có su th6ng nhAt ve thuat ngit de cap tai van de kilo khan lie hoc Theo Trung tam Phan loai benh quac to va nhiing van dj lien quan d62 s&c khoe phien ban 10 (ICD — 10) (37) sir dung thuat ngit "R6i loan phat tri'en cac ki nang hoc tap cu the" (Specific developmental disorders of TAI LO TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VI EN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP THONG TRU'elNG TRUNG HOC a scholastic skills) m6 to nhung r6i loan phat trien nhung ki nang hoc tap din tir giai doan cIA.0 dm HS Nguyen nhan caa r6i loan khong don gian la hau qua cita viec thieu ca h6i hoc tap, cham phat trien tri tue, hay bat ki hinh thirc chan thuang ve nao S6 tay Chan doan va thong ke nhung rai nhieu tam than IV (DSM — IV) (29) dung thuat ngir Rai logn hoc tap (Learning Disorders) va Rai logn ki nang hoc &song (Academic Skills Disorders) Hai thuat ngir hien dugc nhieu nha tam 11 va bac sy tam than sir' dung Tuy nhien, ban du thao cu6i cong DSM — V, cong 1)6 vao thang nam 2013 lai sir dung thuat ngit Khuyet tat hoc tap (learning disabilities) thay cho Rdi loan hoc tap va de cap den nhung khiem khuyet ve d9c, viet va hoc toan loai khuyet tat (40) Nhu vay, ngoai thuat ngcr Rai logn phcit trien cac ki ming hoc tap cu the va Rai loan hoc tap c6 hai thuat ngir khac dugc sir dung Ong rai tren the gioi la: Khuyet tat hoc tap (Learning disabilities) va Kho khan ve hoc (Learning difficulties) Tuy nhi'en, not ham caa cac khai niem dugc sir dung & nhung nu& khac nen c6 nhirng diem khac biet Nam 1968, NACHC (The National Advisory Committee on Handicapped Chi KKVHren) sir dung thuat ngit Tre khuyet tat hoc tap ctjc thet (chi KKVHren with special learning disabilities) de chi nhung HS c6 bieu hien r6i loan mot hay nhieu quy trinh tam 11 ca ban nhu qua trinh nhan bie't, qua trinh sir dung ngon ngir not va vi6t HS bi mac nhirng chirng dugc goi 1a thieu nang tri giac, ton thuang nao, c6 rOi loan nh6 chirc nang cua nao, kho dgc, kh6ng co kha nang sir dung ngon nga NM-Mg chimg tat khong bao g6m cac nguyen nhan khiem thinh, khiem thi hay r6i nhiL cam xlic, hoac moi truemg hoc tap khong phii hap (45) Khai niem died dugc nhieu nha khoa hoc img 116 va sau dugc sir dung r6ng rai Khai niem da dugc ghi lai Dao luat cong cong 94 — 142 (42) Dao luat clang Id lien bang 1977/IDEA, dua nhiing quy dinh vi'ec xac dinh HS kho hoc theo dieu luat 94 — 142 Nhang dieu luat khien cho dinh nghia cua USOE giemg het dinh nghia cua NACHC nhung c6 thay d6i thuat ngir Chic/7g khuyet tgt hoc tap cuc 1).6 (specific learning disabilities) (44) PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TFig HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC Vao nam 1981, cac dai bieu cua U)) ban lien ket queic gia ve van de dinh nghia chirng khuyet tat hoc tap (NJ KKVH — National joint Committee on learning disabilities Definition) da di den thong nhat mot dinh nghia moi Thuat ngir dugc sir dung la Kh104t kit hoc tap (learning disabilities) (27) Dinh nghia cua NJC KKVH da han the dugc nhung nhugc diem dm thuat ngfr Ccic quy trinh tam li co ban, thira nhan sU c6 mat dia chung khuyet tat hoc tap xuat hien a moi lda tuei, tap trung vao nhung dac diem mai phdt sinh cua cluing tat va nhan manh vao mo hinh rei loan ve sinh hoc Sau do, nam 1988, NJC KKVH thay dei dinh nghia dau tien Dinh nghia mai the hien six ke thira nhung c6 cap nhat nhung phat hien moi nghien ciru nhom tre Dinh nghia dugc dieu chinh nhu sau: "Nhi:trig rOi loan c6 the xdy bat dr hic nao cuOc doi cua mot ngue.i va cac van de ve to dieu chinh hanh vi, tri giac xa 116i va sit Wong tac xed hoi c6 the ding dOng thoi ton tai ding yeti chirng KKVH nhung ban than chung khong the gay chirng benh nay" (42) Nam 1990, Luat Cong Ong 94 — 142 da dugc sira doi va mo rOng Hien tai dirge g9i la Luat Giao due nguoi khuyet tat (IDEA), Luat Cong Ong 101 — 476, IDEA da chinh 11 va sir dung thuat ngil Specific learning disabilities (Khuyet tat hoc tap dac tilt) dugc viet tat la KKVH (27) Thuat ngir bao gOm nhitng van de nhu khuyet tat ve nhan thirc, khong hieu chit viet, chirng mat ngOn ngir phat trien, Thuat ngu khong bao Om HS co nhirng van de ye hoc khuyet tat thi giac, thinh giac hoc van d6ng, khuyet tat tri tue, rei nhieu cam xtic, hay sit bat lai ve moi truang, van hod hoac kinh to (44) Dinh nghia clang khang dinh dugc huong va se khong dugc htrang quyen to nhung dich vu gido duc dac biet danh rieng cho HS khuyet tat hoc tap Ke tir den nay, thuat ngir KKVH dugc dung thong nhat tren toan nu& Mi Hien nay, mot so nuac tren the giai cling sir dung thuat ngit va dinh nghia KKVH cua Mi nhu Canada, Mehico, Nhat (29) cac nha khoa hoc sir dung thuat ngir Learning difficulties NOi dung thuat nga de cap den nhung HS bi han the ve tich hoc tap va suy giarn chirc nang nhan thirc (IQ to 65 — 85) (30) O I-ta-li-a kh6ng c6 dinh nghia chinh thirc Thuat ngir Kho hoc hay KhuOt tog hoc Op dugc dung de chi cac van de ve doc, viet, town, ngOn ngir, van d(ing, mieu to dac diem bang cac thuat ngu y ta TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO Dyc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC Hien nay, Anh la nu6c nhat tren the giOi sir dung thuat ngit Khuyet tat hoc tap thay cho thuat ngfr Khuyet tat tinh than (mental handicap) dung de chi cac ca nhan c6: khiarn khuyat ve tri tue, suy giam kha nang tim hiau thong tin, — Tat xuat hien truck tuei tn.rang va anh huang lau dai den phat trian cua ca nhan Trong khi, phan lin cac nuarc tren the giai da thong nhat s* dung thuat ngfr Khuyet tat hoc tap Trong qua trInh thu huang cac dich vu, nhiau nguei khuyat tat hoc tap Anh kh6ng thich thuat ngit va muon thay dei cho phit hap voi xu the chung cua the gi6i (31) Thuc ta, cac van ban hanh chinh linh vuc y to va phlic lgi xa hei cua nook Anh hai thuat ngir co the hoan doi cho Thuat ngit Kho khan ye hoc lai bao gem ca HS khuyat tat tri tue nhe (IQ = 55 — 70) va nhitng nguoi c6 kho khan hoc tap cuc be (chimg kho doc, kho viat, kho toan ) • Tai Viet Nam Van de nghien ciru HS co dau hiau khO khan hoc tap dugc bat dau tir dau nhitng nam 80 dm the ki thu 20 Trung tam Nghien thu Tam sinh li tre em (goi tat la N — T) sir' dung thuat ngir Hoc kilo de chi HS co biau hien kho khan ye doc, kho khan va viat, kha nang chti y kern, khong himg thit hoc tap va kat qua hoc tap yau [1] Nam 1996, PGS Tran Trong Thu va cac cong su cua minh bao cao de tai cap Be, "Day hoc chinh tri cho tre kho khan va hoc" sir dung thuat ngir Kho khan ye hoc la nhttng HS cham phat trian tri tue, nhung HS co chi s6 IQ nam khoang tir 70 — 90 va gap nhiau kho khan hog deng hoc tap (25) Giai doan nhang nam 90 dm the ki 20 hang log cac nghien ciru cita Trung tam gido duc Tre khuyat tat, Vien Khoa hoc Gido duc, Be' GD&DT d6i phuc vu cho cong tac thi diem trian khai gido duc hoa nhap HS khuyat tat thi that ngit Kho khan ye hoc dugc dung de chi dei tuong HS khuyat tat tri tue (cham ph& trian tinh than, thiau nang tri tue) nham giam bat s* mac cam va to ti cita cac em tham gia gido duc hoa nhap T* nam 2004 thuat ngit Kho khan hoc tap dugc sir dung thong nhat khuon kho du an hap tac giita truerng DHSP TP 116 Chi Minh v6i hai truong DH Lidre, Brussels va DH Thien clida Gido Luovain — Vuang Quec Bi, duai su tai trq cua tJ' y ban Phat trian dg hoc (CUD) (16) Trong Ki yau hei thao khoa hoc quec t — Nhitng kilo khan hoc tap ngon ngit va toan dm HS tiau hoc (TP Ho Chi Minh 21 — 22/06 nam 2007) thuat ng* Kho khan hoc tap dung de chi nhom dei tuomg khac nhau: PHU'ONG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TRQ' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 11 Thu nhdt, dung de chi HS khuyet tat not chung Co bai: 1) Phan QuOc Bao, NguyJn Xuan LOc; Ngo Quang Linh — Hien trcmg gido duc hoa nhdp cho tre chdm phcit trien tri tue tai cac truang tieu hoc cad Ninh Hoa; 2) DO Hanh Nga — Phcit hien som mat tneang hop kh6 hoc; 3) Nguyen Thi Nhu Mai — HS khuyet tat va nhung kh6 khan hoc tap ngon a Thir hai, dung chi nh6m HS kho doc, kho vier, khO toan Co bai:1) Nguygn Thi Thanh Binh — Hien tu'org kho hoc a tre phcit trien tri tue binh thworg; Thu ba, de cap den nhom HS hoc kern cac Nguyen nhan tir ben ngoai Co hai bai viet: 1) Nguy6n Him ChuST — Tre em gdp kilo khan ve hoc truirng pha thong; 2) Dinh Xuan Hao — Nhang kh6 khan viec hoc tieng Viet did HS Tieu hoc Thanh pha Ha Chi Minh ) Nam 2008, Luan van thac sT chuyen nganh Giao duc hoc dm Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, "Xay dung quy trinh danh gia &du vao HS kilo khan ve hoc cap THCS" (11) tac gia quan niem HS kilo khan ve hoc la HS khuy& tat tri tue hoac HS co kho khan dac biet hoc tap cac mon hoc nha tnreng phO thOng HS kilo co the tham gia hoc chuang trinh quik gia neu khong c6 su dieu chinh cac hog ciOng day hoc Nam 2010, Dkr an Gido duc Tieu hoc cho tre co hoan canh kho khan (PEDC), BO GD&DT da xudt ban cuOn "Day hoc hoa nhap HS kilo khan hoc tap" (21) deu sir dung thuat ngft HS kho khan ve hoc de chi nhang HS hoc kern hurl cac ban ding (10 tu6i tit mot den vai nam Nguyen nhan cua hoc kern c6 the khuyet tat; moi truemg song khong thuan han the ve sue khoe an den HS khong theo kip chuang trinh phO thong Trong tai lieu de cap den dOi Wong HS Khuyet tat hoc tap (children with learning disabilities) Tai lieu co doan viet 'Day 1a mot thuat ngit moi chi d'Oi tuong HS khong thuOc d6i tuong teen, nhien HS van gap rat nhi'eu khO khan hoc tap Ira ket qua hoc tap rat chenh lech vdri kha nang hien co" Thuat ngit Khuyet tat hoc tap duck Nguy6n Thi Kim Hoa tiep tuc phan tich va ma rOng horn Tap chi Khoa hoc gido duc, SO 5, thang 7/2010 — M'Ot so bien phdp ho tra tre em khuyet tat hoc tap hoc hoa nhap a tieu hoc va Nguygn Thi Cdm HuOng, EDA Yusuke, NguyJn Thi Hoang Yen — Sir dung nghien cieu ve ddc diem phan phai loi chic viet cad HS tieu hoc (14) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEW VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUbINIG TRUNG HQC 12 Co the n6i, hien gang ton tai nhang cach goi khac ve dOi twang HS c6 kilo khan ve doc, viet va toan ma nguyen nhan khong phai cac khuyet tat khac hay bat lai ve clieu kien chant Ric, gido duc, ngon ngit nai HS a Da di den mot thuat ngir thOng nhdt, dam bao cac tieu chi khoa hoc, nhan van, pith hop voi xu the quac te, de sit dung can c6 sir nghien dru sau ve van de nay, su dOng thuan ciia cac nha khoa hoc, lung hO cita cac to chuc va ca nhan Tai lieu thOng nhat sit dung thuat ngit learning difficulties, chon cach chuyen dich la Kh6 khan ve hoc (KKVH) va khai niem sau: KKVH la roi loan mot hodc nhie‘u qua trinh tam it' co ban lien quan den viec hie:u hodc sit dung ngon ngir, n6i va viet, ma c6 the 12ie'u to kha nang nghe, suy nghi, noi, clOc, viec, ckinh van hodc tinh town khong hoan chinh Nhimg I-1S KKVH co nhfing bieu hien dac tnmg,sau: —Chenh lech giira tri thong minh thuc t6 (ki nang song) va tri thong minh hoc tap (lc& qua hoc tap tai tnrang) — Kho khan doc, viet, hoac kho khan hoc toan Ket qua hoc tap ve mon Toan hoac mon NO van thdp hon han so vai cac ban ding lap tir mot den vai nam —Kat qua hoc tap thdp khong phai luai biting hay bi cac khuyet tat khac nhu khiem thinh; khiem thi, khuyet tat tri tue, khuyet tat van dOng; mac cac rOi loan cam xtic hoac it c6 co hOi hoc tap — HS thtrang thieu to tin, it throng thti vai hoat dOng hoc tap ➢NhFe'm vu 2: Phdn Net nic thug t /wit lieu quail Thao Juan nhom: hay phan biet thuat ngit sau: Kho khan ve hoc, Khuyet tat tri tue va Kh6 hoc? Vi du minh hoa? Thong tin phan hOi Ngay nay, quan niem ye cac thuat ngit khuyet tat tri tue (KTTT), kh6 khan ve doc, viet va toan (KKVH) va HS MI6 hoc (HSKH) van nhieu tranh luan Trong thvc tin day hoc va gido duc, nhieu GV, can 1)0 quart li giao duc nham fan cac HS vai Thvc chat ba nhOm id& tuang c6 nhting su khac co ban nhu sau: PHIICYNG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC KHO.HOC• KHUYET TAT TRI TUE._ - HS cO ket qua hpc tap kern, HS KTTT la HS xuat hien khong det chuan mot hoac di, ba dac diem sau: mot so cCia mon h-0C, lap c, ho Chi so tri tue dual trung cep hoc binh (IQ70) (kat qua danh - Kat qua hoc tap kern cCia gia bang thang chi so tri HS có the nhiau nguyen tue da du,ac chuan hod) KHO KHAN VE HOC • HS KKVH la HS có biau hien: -Chenh lech giCra tri th6ng minh thy° to (ki nang song) va tri thong minh hoc tap (k6t qua hoc tap tai tru,ong) -Gap khO khan doc, yiet nhan khac nhu: HS bi _ Han ch6 it nhat 2/10 nhom tieng Viet, hoac thu'c hien cac khuyet tat (KTTT, khiarn thinh, hanh vi thich Ong xa hOi: giao phep Ur-1h Wan Kat qua hoc khiam thi, khuyet tat van tiep, NI, cham sOc, song tai gia tap ve mon Toan hoac mon d6ng, khuyet tat ngOn ng0,; dinh, cac ki nang xa hOi/lien NO, Van xep loci kern (thap hoac khuy6t tat hoc tap; HS ca nhan, sO' dung cac phu,ang hon Ilan so vol cac ben ding ngheo doi, thi6u nu,o,c sech ti en giao thOng, to' dinh lap to' mot dan vai nam) khOng có di6u kien d6 hoc huang, ki nang hpc threyng tap; HS Om yeu, nghi hoc lau lam viec, giai tri, sO'c khoe va' j-Nguyen nhan HS hoc kern khong phai HS lu,O,i kh6ng theo kip cac ban; an toan biting; bi cac khuy6t tat khac HS dan t0c gap khO khan nhu, khrem thinh; khiarn, thi, WO nhan va di6n dat ngOn KTTT xu'et hien tuft 18 tuOi khuyet tat tri tue, khuyet tat ngu, ph6 thong Nhu, vay, moi HS KTTT d6u van d6ng; mac cac roi loan Do dO, HS KH khong nhat hen the ye kha nang nhan cam x0c hoac it CO co' hoi hoc thiat c6 tri tue dual mirc trung thin va kT nary,) song tap binh, giao trep kern va hen CO the nhan HS KTTT diya / x 4-Kho qua co the nhan HS KKVH ch6 ye ki nang song vao ye b6 ngoai bat thu,o'ng ye b6 ngoai cua HS Da phan biet ro hon ba nhom d6i ttrong HS nay, cac nha khoa hoc tren the gioi cid nghien ciru va dtra nhfing minh chirng khac Vi du, Farrel (1997) cho rang HS KKVH bao gam tat ce cac HS c6 chi so tri tue duari 70, khiem khuyet tix hai finh vuc hanh vi thich ling tra• len va mac tat chin tai 18 tuai Dieu c6 nghia la c6 six clang nhet gift hai khai niam KM khan 12e; hoc va Khu)4t tat tri tue (theo nhu dinh nghia ve khuyet tat tri tue cua DSM — IV) Trong do, cling linh vuc nay, HS KKVH dec thu (specific learning difficulties) nhu kho doc (dyslexia), kilo viet (dygraphia), kh6 town (dyscalculia) lai khong nh'et thiet CO cac dec diem ging nhu Farrel (1997) mo te Them chi, nhieu ngtroi so lai c6 tich hoc tap tato nhitng link vuc khong gap khOkhan va doi ho tr.& ngueri nai tieng (27) TAI Lieu TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, CIAO VIEN \It GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC tuang HS KKVH, khong nhat thiet cac em có chi s6 IQ thap han 70 Hai nha nghien dru Williams va Gruber nam 1961 da dua ket qua nghien dru tren 155 HS KKVH cac truang chuyen biet Theo do, có tad 45% so HS em co chi s6 IQ > 70, tharn chi 10% co IQ > 80 Hai muai nam sau, nam 1981, Marra ding dua s6 tho'ng ke cho thdy g'an 50% tong s6 369 HS KKVH tai cac tnx6ng chuyen biet CO chi s6 IQ > 70 Dieu cho thdy rang chi s6 IQ thdp khong phai la tieu chi nhat danh gia KKVH dm HS Ma kilo khan co the nhieu nguyen nhan khac gay nen (33) Nhu vay HS KKVH la mot nhom dm HS KH Ngoai HS KKVH, HS KH bao gom nhieu nhom HS khac nhu HS dan tOc hoc kern, HS sik khoe yeti khong theo kip chuong trinh hoc tap, HS cac dang khuyet tat khac (khiern thinh, khiern thi, KTTT ) có ket qua hoc tap kern Ve hai khai niem KTTT va KKVH, co mot so su khac cap ban la HS KTTT han the tat ca cac linh vixc (ngon ngu, to duy, tri nha, ki nang giao tiep, ki Nhin hinh clang ben ngoai dm HS KTTT ngu6i to co the de nang ttx plipc dang dirgc nhan bed net mat kha dai, hanh vi bat thuong Trong do, the chat dm HS KKVH phat trienbinh thug _g ye the chat va HS chit)" han the ve mot hay nhieu linh ltrc doc, yiet hoac tinh town hoc tap V/ du minh hog vd' HS N.P.T: Ho va ten: N.P.T Dia chi: Lap 11A5 — THPT a Bac Can Dac diem: —Sinh binh thu'o'ng Khi tuOi em bi tai nan (me lai em bang xe dap di len d6c; khong may chiec ghe bi tut va em bi nga khoi xe); —Ve be ngoai: sang sua, lanh lai —Sac dram kho doc: duac goi len doc bai thi mat, tac phong rat cham; dt:Fng khong nghiem tuc; gai du, gai tai Toc doc cham; bo tic Ian tU'; thay tCy bang ti' khac; doc nhu'ng khong hieu nal dung ma minh doc (Th6ng tin GV tinh Ric Can cung cap Bqt tap hua'n 8/2012) PHLFO'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRcY HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC Mac du nhan doge str hO try thuarng xuyen cua GV, gia dinh va ban be nhung ket qua hoc tap cua em HS KKVH khong doge cai thien clang ke Thay, co, bO me va ban than em khOng khong 11 giai doge nguyen nhan tren thi mo to dac diem nhan thirc cua mot so dang HS khuyet tat: 1.2 Ni dung 2: Nguyen nhan gay KKVH ➢Nhiem Tim He'll Nguyen nhan gdy KX VII —Thuyet trinh ve nguyen nhan gay KKVH? —Giai dap thac mac dm hoc vien ve nguyen nhan gay KKVH? Th8ng tin phan hoi j tinh Nguyen nhan gay nen kith doc, viet, Gang nhu nhieu khuyat tat khac, hien nay, khoa hoc van chua the xac dinh nguyen nhan cu the gay cac KKVH Ve thei diem phat sinh, KKVH c6 the cac van de xay trtr6c sinh, qua trinh ngueei me mang thai, ctac biet la ba thang dau cua thai ki Ngoai ra, KKVH c6 the xuat phat qua trinh sinh, vi du nhu tre bi ngat sinh Doi khi, KKVH c6 the nhung nguyen nhan xay sau sinh nhu tre bi tai nan gay ton thuang eau true nao, hay mac cac benh ve nao sau dieu tri van 6' lai di chimg VE TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN GIAO ovc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC Ngay nay, voi sv phat trien cua cac nganh khoa hoc, khoa HS hoc da nghien tiro va giai thich duct cac nguyen nhan gay KKVH er HS Theo do, nao nguari vOi hai ben ban cau nao trai va nao phai hog dOng gong deu, ph6i hop nhip nhang vai ifac biet, moi trung khu than kinh tren ban cau nao dam nhan nhung chirc nang khac de dieu khien hog dOng dm ngtroi Ban call nao phai thien ve nhung linh vvc nghe thuat, tuOng Wong, am nhac cen ban cau nao trai thi thien ve dam nhan cac chirc nang lien quan den nhan thirc nhu logic, ngon ngir, sau chuOi V6i HS KKVH, mot so viing a tren ban cau nao trai khong hog dOng (hoac hog &Ong rat kern) cac vimg khac v"an hog Ong binh thuong Vi the, thvc t6 chting to thdy CO nhting HS KKVH hoc rat kern mon nhung nhirng mon khac thl hoc kha tot BAN cAu NAO BAN cAu NAo TR 'Al PHAI Scy d6 cau trot nao ngly6ei (39) 1.3 NOi dung 3: Phan loai HS KKVH > Nhiem vu 1: iVghien thy &wows- hap alien hinh? — Cung cap cac tn.thmg hop HS KKVH cap trung hoc PHU'O'NG PHAP HUONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 17 Vi du: P.T.D la HS nam dang theo hoc I6,p 10D tru'o'ng ph6 thOng Dan lap P.N So vol cac ban dung tuoi TB nho be hurl nhieu Em cao khoang 1.5m, nang 40 can Tuy nhien T.D kh6ng xem la hen the cue minh Trai lai em cam they la mot Liu the cua ban than Khi hoc cep hai, khOng thich hoc mon Ng0, van nen co em thu,o,ng tron &Jai gem ban 0' gOc Iap Cac ban lepp thu,Ong bao the cho em UPI neu CO bai kiem tra thi T.D chinh la ngi.poi se gio' tai lieu va doc de cho cac em chop Ben canh do, T.D lai la HS nang no, thich giup dEp cac ban vi vey cac ban Iap kha thong cam vol kho khan ma em gap 04 CO chu nhiem (day Toan) la ngutyi thuVng xuyen giam sat va you ceu em khOng duvc chui xu6ng gem ban Tuy nhien co cung vo ding tran trey vai T.D Co khong the Ii giai duvc tai mot HS hoc town xuet sec va ngoan ngoan nhu' vey lai khong chiu hoc van va co hanh Ong len tranh hoc Ngu' van ki guai nhu' vay Nam hoc chuyen tir lOp len lop 9, ca chu nhiem sinh em be va nghi m61 thiPi gian Thai gian dO T.D da len tranh "thanh cung" viec hoc NO, van (do mot co giao mai day) Tren thy'c te, TB rat có kha nang hoc town va tin hoc Em 'Lion la HS nem nhom HS den du 6, hai mon h9c Them chi kien thin va kinang tin hoc cua em hurl hen cac ban cung lipa tu6i (danh may bang 10 deu ngOn tay khong nhin vac man hinh; thao tac vai van ban nhanh va linh hog tim kiem tai lieu tren mang chinh xac ) Tuy nhien, T.D lai gap nhieu kh6 khan viec hoc mon NO van Em khOng chop lai duvc nhirng thOng tin ma co gido dang giang T6c d6 chop bai ciaa em chem Ngoai ra, T.D co nhu'ng kilo khan ye doc nhu': doc chem, doc 106 tip, doc nhem dOng, doc khOng hieu duvc not dung van ban (Thong tin GV tinh Ha Nam cung cap tap hua'n 8/2012) — Nhom thao Juan phan tich cac cti&n ding truing hop va de xttt phan nhom HS KKVH Thong tin Wan hOi Theo "Se tay thong ke Ira chan down nhitng rei nhieu tam than V" (DSM — V) (29) cila Hiep hei Tam thin Hoa Ki thi KKVH phan nhom chinh: kho doc (dyslexia), kilo viet (dysgraphia) va kho tinh town (dyscalculia) Met HS KKVH có the mac met, hai hoac ca ba dang kilo khan tren Moi HS kho doc deu hen the It nhieu ve kha nang viet va tinh town Rat It HS có kilo khan don thuan ve viet Met so em gap kilo khan ve tinh town TAI Lieu TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VE GIAO D ,UC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC ➢Nhqm vu Tim hi& khe doe - GV Giei thi'eu ve chung kho doc - Nhorn nghien cult 01 tnrerrig hop kho doc, phan tich; neu cac dac diem ntii bat dm HS KD VI du: Ho va ten: P.V.M (1997) Dia chi: Yen Bai Dac diem: - Hinh thivc: cao, to, nhanh nhen, sang sua - Dac diem kho doc: khong doc duvc cher Khi doc em bleu hiOn da mat cang ra/ nhan lei; mom meo x e- ch; m6 hoi va - Tuy nhien, M lei nhAm lAn) rat mot so Idieu hien nhu' co kha nang viec di thu no' 110 me (khong quen, khong (Thong tin GV tinh Yen Bei cung cap clot Op hua'n 8/2012) Thong tin phin hoi Kho doc (dyslexia) Kho doc (KB) la mot nhiing dang KKVH ph9" bien nhat Theo ket qua lieu tra cua Vin Nghi8n ciru Sire khoe QuO'c gia Hoa KI, HS KI) chiem khoang 80 - 85% tong s6 HS nhan cac dich vu gido duc clac biet KD thrgc (lac tnrng bad nhimg kilo khan viec din dat hoac tie') nhan ngon no not hoac viet mac du tri thong minh va kha hang tri tu8 dm HS a muc teen trung binh HS KD chi thrgc nhan din nhung kho khan hoat clOng doc, viet cua chting khong the gial kha nang tri tu8 kern, hoat dOng giang day thich duqc bang cac nguyen nhan khong hi8u qua hoac khiem khuyet giac quan nhu khiem thinh, khiem thi KD anh huarng tnroc het den kha nang doc, viet va nhieu Firth vuc hoat dOng khac cua HS VI the, mot HS KD op rat nhieu kilo khan tham gia hoc tieu hoc neu khong dtrgc phat hi8n sem va nhan dtrov nhang ho tr9 pith hop PHU'O'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO TRQ' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 19 Nhitng bieu hien dm kho doc: Ba tieu chi quan nhat danh gia kr nang doc bao gam: 1) t6c coo doc tien_g_cham, 2) so loi doc sai va 3) han the kha nang hieu van ban Th6ng thuOng, mot HS &roc xac dinh la KD t6c d6 doc tieng thdp han chudn t6i thiau it nhdt — nem, s6 i doc sai nhiau va kha nang hieu van ban han che HS KD có mot s6 biau hien nhtr: Khong doc dugc (mu doe); Doc vet (bdt chtrac lei mgt cach may moc cach doc bai dia co va ban ma khong nhin vao chit); Doc dtrgc nhung c6 nhtsing han che nhtr: T6c d6 doc cham han lidn so I/6i cac ban ding ldp; Mac nhiau loi sai doc (khong doc dirgc dung cac tir bai doc; them tir, bat tir, thay tir, deo tir; 136 dong, lap lei clang doc; khong Met ngdt hoi a dL phdy va nghi hoi a dau chdm; hieu rat it hoac khong hieu not dung bai doc); khong torn tat dtrgc not dung cda bai doc Trong lich sir, c6 nhiau ngtroi not tieng da tirng la nhfing HS kh6 doc tiled ki di hoc Vi du Tai tir dien anh Tom Cruise, anh gap nhiau kho khan qua trinh hoc doc tham gia hoc tap a trtrOng hoc KhO khan ca ban cua anh la kho khan viec doc Truk do, danh hoa Picasso la mot HS c6 kilo khan dinh hudeng khOng gian qua trinh doc, vi the Ong kh6ng theo kip dtrgc chtrang trinh ph6 thong Vi du di62 hinh ve mot truong hop Mo doc: Ho va ten: H.V.D Dia chi: Thai Nguyen Dac diem: — Hinh thin: Chieu cao, can nang du chuen — Hoat dOng be not tot (tham gia cac hoat dOng van nghe tap the nhu' "Lien hoan tieng hat dan ca toan tinh") — Tinh cach: ngoan ngoan; Co jr thirc tot rnoi quan h0 vo'i they co va cac ban lap; Tham gia soi not cac hoat dOng tap the — Dac diem kho ddc: Doc alp Ong, lap tir; n4u có ban ben canh nhec thi cung An khong doc duvc Khi doc thi mat len, rn6 hOi va (du la trai nOng hay trai lanh) (Thong tin GV tinh Thai Nguyen cung cap dat tap huain 8/2012) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DVC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC > Nhiem vu Tim hieiI khd rib —GV Gioi thieu ve chirng kho vitt —Nh6m nghien cuu trugng hgp kh6 vitt, phan Lich; neu cac lac diem not bat dm HS kh6 vitt Thong tin phin hoi Kith vitt (dysgraphia) Kh6 vitt (KV) la loci khiern khuyet hoc tap lien quan den cach the hien nhung suy nghi bang chit vitt va bieu Wang Nhang HS thuang bi roi lop ye bieu tugng hinh anh vi the khOng vitt duqc chit hoac chit vitt meo m6 khong dung kIch Nhang bieu hien chinh cua kho vitt: HS not duqc nhung kh6ng vitt dugc; Chfr vitt xdu, rat kho doc; Viet dugc nhung kern han han so vol cac ban ding lop ve: t6c dO, cach trinh bay, so 16i chinh ta, 18i sir dung cac ddu chdm cau va sir dung khOng dung cac quy tac ngir phap; Han che viec hoan cac bai tap lam van nhu: Khong din dat dugc nhfing suy nghi cua minh bang ng6n ngit vitt; Viet dugc nhung sir dung rat It tir ngir, tit ngft khOng linh hoat, khong bit van dung cac bien phap de hoan bai tap lam van hieu qua VI du v'e truerng hop dien hinh H9 va ten: N.T.N Lop: 12 BO me deu la GV day gioi town cua mot truOng THPT chuyen Em N hoc tot cac mon tit' nhien Vic thi vao dai hoc bo me khOng lo bang thi tot nghiap BO me rat so' em khong d6 tot nghiap vi mon Van Ngay tit nam hoc lop 1, gia dinh nhan they minh gap kh6 khan vtri mon Tieng VIOL Em doc rat cham, sai nhieu I6i chinh ta va bo dOng, bo chCr doc Tuy nhien, ki nang be) me lo rang cho em hurl ca la kr nang vitt Cho, vitt cua em Au, kho doc, sai nhiau 16i chinh ta Kha nang din dat bang ngOn ngCr vitt cua em rat kern BO me luon nh0 cac ban dOng nghiap cua minh phy deo riot-1g cho N 12 nam Dan thoi diem chuan bi thi tot nghiap THTH nhCrng bai van cua em cOng chi dai khoang — 10 cau, cau trOc kh6ng logic, r6 rang Em N han the kha nang din dat y nghi ban than qua ng6n ngo PHIJO'NG PHAP HLIONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC 21 H9 va ten: N.V.Q Lop: Tien sCr: Ngat sinh (khi sinh em ca me va em deu a tinh tang nguy kich; moi ngireyi tap trung vao ciru me vi nghT em khong qua khOi Tuy nhien sau em van he:4 Iai) Be ngoai: sang sila/ hoa &wig Sa thich: Chan nu6i de ban I6y tin tieu Hoc tap: Chaco chi/ tich cvc/ chu y lang nghe co gido huong den KhO khan: Doc cham; vi6t cham; vi6t sai cac ch0, b/d; p/q (Th6ng tin GV tinh Yen Bei cung cep clat tap huen 8/2012) vu Tim hda HS the tinh Iodn —GV Gi6i thieu ve chung khO tinh toan —Nhom nghien call truemg hop kilo tinh toan, phan tich; neu cac dac diem not bat oh HS KTT ThOng tin Olin htii Klu5 tinIi Wan (dyscalculia) Kho toan (KT) la twit loai KKVH lien quan den viec hoc toan Thuat ngt thuong duvc ang de chi nhang HS gap kh6 khan ve van de trot lucing khong gian, thOri gian, luong va dive hien cac phep tinh s6 hoc, kilo khan viec linh hOi khai niem trim tuong ve so sanh so lucing (29) Nhang dau hieu cua KTT: HS rat kh6 khan viec tie") nhan cac kien thifc Khong the chimg minh ducic nhang van mai (nhirng khai niem mai, dinh de ca ban nhat toan hoc; KM khan viec nhan biet va chuyen doi cac don vi do; Kho khan viec chuyen doi va giai cac phuang trinh; Kho khan TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DVC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC tinh toan, thuc hien pile') tinh Ve hinh hoc — Kho khan viec nhan dien, xac dinh diem, doan thang; KhO khan viec nhan dien va phan biet cac goc, phan biet cac yeti to hinh hoc khac va dp dung cong th*c de tinh dien tich va the tich cac hinh (hinh h6p chit nhat, hinh Fang tru dung, hinh chop deu va hinh chop cut deu ); Kh6 hinh dung va tao m6i lien he gifra yeu cAu cua bai toan vOi viec giai bai nen rat kh6 khan viec giai cac bai toan MOt s6 HS kh6ng hieu y nghia cua cac cum tit toan hoc (vi du: tap hgp, phAn tit, bieu thirc, MOt s6 khac to qua nhay cam vai tieng on, anh sang va khong c6 kha Wang dieu khien hanh vi chiu tac dOng cua nhfing tac nhan gay nhiL Twang hop nghiem HS cam they sg hai va bi am anh ben mon toan nen tir ch6i hoc toan VI du trtrbng hop di61 hinh Ho va ten: L.C.A HS IOID tai tru,eyng THCS tai thi ten Van Dien Tai lOp, A thiremg xuyen ngu guc hoc ngbi viet, ye lung tung, kh6ng not chuyen, khOng tham gia chaff vai cac ban, kh6ng co hirng thu hoc tap d5c biet la mon toan Ket qua h9c tap tir tieu hoc toi cho they, A co nang khieu viec viet van (nhO,ng bai van cua em rat co xac cam, cach dung tit' va lo6 cac bai van ch5t che) Tuy nhien, em lai op rat nhieu kh6 khan viec hoc Toan (diem tong ke't mon Toan nem lap cua A chi dat 1.0)._Em cam they khOng thich hoc mon Toan tit' em dang h9c tieu h9c; em sgn sang Iva chon viec phai lam mot cong viec vo cong At va hen la phai hoc Toan (vi du: di d9n ye sinh, thu don rac ); gio, Toan em thu,eyng lam mot viec nao nhu' nem ngu, ve ; em cam they viec hoc Toan ten lap "rat phien toai, nham than, tang nhang, ra"c r6i, kho khan, kho khan ; Em kh6ng có cam tinh vai cac they/ co giao day Toan vi ho thu,Ong "meng, mai phy huynh" de trach phat em Kha nang hoc Toan cua A rat hen che Cu the, trinh d6 cue em chi twang &rang vai mot HS tieu hoc (Thong tin Phang Thcpc nghiOm GDDB — Vin KHGDVN cung cap) O cap Trung hoc, HS phai hoc nhieu mon vOi nhang GV khac HS c6 the hoc tot mon nhang lai gap kilo khan & mon khac Vi the rat kilo xac dinh chinh xac HS KKVH neu chi thOng qua quan sat hinh thuc ben ngoai NEu they HS c6 ket qua hoc tap kern va xuat hien nhang bieu hien dugc het kE a ten GV can tiep tuc nhang bien phap can thiep quan sat va ghi chep chi tier cach hoc dm HS de hi 'eu qua PHLTO'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRC/ HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 23 1.4 Nei dung 4: Phat hien HS cap Trung hoc khO khan v4 hoc vu Tim hdu quy trinh phat hien HS KKVH —Liet ke mot so dau hieu not bat clia HS KKVH cap Trung hoc —Thao Juan ve quy trinh nhan dien HS KKVH Thong tin phin hOi Phcit hien HS kilo khan vd hoc cap Trung hoc: Len tai lap moi HS KKVH deu da có It nhieu ki nang hoc tap Trai qua nam hoc dell hoc kho khan, em nao ding có kinh nghiem the dau nhiing han the dm ban than Cac em luon c6 gang de phu hgp, ging vii cac ban ding lap Nhieu nghien ciru cho thay nhang HS KKVH cap Trung hoc khong nhang có ket qua hoc tap kern ma gap no khan viec thik lap va tri moi quan he vii GV va cac ban lop Neu khong nhan dugc nhang 118 trq gido duc dac biet phi' hop nhieu em se kh6ng the tip tuc hoc len THPT (27) O cac nu& pita trim, viec chin doan danh gia dugc thuc hien ben nhang chuyen gia dugc dao tao linh vtrc He chuan doan KKVH ngueri to sir dung cac trac nghiem tamligido cluc nhu: 1) Trac nghiem cto chi so thong minh (IQ) cila ca nhan Nhang HS có ket qua IQ cluai hoac bang 70 se dugc tiep tic danh gia nhang trac nghiem danh rieng cho tre khuy'et tat tri tue 2) Trac nghiem tich hoc tap cd nhan: V6i nhitng tre có chi s6 thong minh tren 70 se dugc tham gia danh gia bang cac trac nghiem Hien nay, b6 cong cu dugc sir dung nhieu han ca la: Trac nghiem tich ca nhan Peabody — Da chinh sira/cap nhat quy chuan Trac nghiem tich hang loaf —Phien ban 3, phan tich ciia Bo cong cu tam li gicio dyc Woodcock — Johnson — Da chinh situ, va Trac nghiem tich ca nhan Wechsler TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC MOt s6 tric nghiem tich cá nhan CAC LIM WC MON HOC DUVC DANH GIA Ten (.10c gia) BRIGANCE B5n tom tat chua'n loan tong hop cac ki nang co' ban -Da" chinh siva (Brigance, 1999) BO cong cu chua'n doan tich (Xua't ban ran 2) (Newco - mer, 1990) Trac nghiOm chua'n down tich cho thieu nien (Xua't ban ran 2)(Newcomer & Bryant, Do tu6i hoc cap l&P Doc Than VAn chinh to N on ng0, viel TiAn mAu giao tai lop * TuOi - tai 13 - TuOi - tai 14 - 11 TuOi 12 - tai * 18 - 11 1993) Trac ngh15m tich cla nang Hammill (Hammill, Hresko, Ammer, Cronin & TuOi - to'i 17 - 11 Quinby, 1998) TrAc nghie:m tich giao duc Kauf - man/ cap nha t quy chu6n (Kaufman va Kaufman, TuOi - tai 18 - 11 * * * * * * 1998) Trac nghiOmthanh tich ca nhan Peabody Da" chinh sCra/cap nhat quy chua'n (Mark - wardt, 1998) Trac nghiPnthanh tich ca nhan Wechsler (1992) Mon hcc not dung Tuoi - tai 22 - 11 * Lop m6u gido tai 12 tuOi - tai 19 - 11 * * * PHU'O'NG PHAP HWYNG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC Ten (tae os) Trac nghiam thank tick hang lag — Phien ban (Wilkinson, 1993) BO cung cy tam If giao duc Woodcock — Johnson —D5 chinh sCra (Woodcock va John — son, 1989) BO cong cy tam II giao duc Woodcock — Johnson —DJ chinh sCra (Woodcock va John — son, 1989) DO tu6i ho0c cAp lap 25 floc TuOi tir — tai 74 — 11 Than , Van chinh to * * NgOn rig& vitt : Mon hoc not dung TuOi tai 90+ LO'p Mgu giao tai 12 va chuyen nghiOp TuOi tai 90+ Lap M51.1 gido teYi 12 va chuyen nghiOp Tuy vay, a mot s6 nuot nhu Anh, Nhat Ban, HS KKVH thuang clugc phat hien bai GV (31) Theo ho, hoat dOng hoc tap chinh la mai twang thich hgp nhat cho viec phat hien va danh gia kha nang nhu cau dm HS KKVH VI the, neu GV thay mot HS lop minh phu trach xuat hien It nhat nhang dau hieu sau day, GV can sam trao d6i vai BGH nha tnzang va tham khdo kien cila can b6 phu trach gido duc hoa nhap dia phuong: Thuang lang tranh nhi'em vu doc, viet, tinh toan Kh6 khan gap nhiem vu tom tat va khai quat th6ng tin Danh qua it hoac qua nhieu tiled gian cho nhang van de tieu ti6t Lam bai vai t6c d6 fat cham Kho khan phai d6i mat vai su thay d6i mai truerng Mid nang ghi nha kern va kho chi each de ghi nha Kho tra led nhang cau hoi dang me hoac thi6u cau true Bai vi6t luon sai qua nhieu loi chinh KM nang doc hieu khong tot Thuang hieu sai not dung van ban vira doc 10.Kh6 khan viec hieu nhitng khai niem trim tugng TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 26 Vai HS Trung hoc c6 nhitng dac diem nhu tren can tien hanh danh gia d'au vao theo quy trinh sau (11): Birov Phdt hi"O nhan to loci trir HS thu6c dien hoc kern It nhat mot nam can dugc hoi ding su pham nha truing lap danh sach va tien hanh tim hieu nguyen nhan Neu tre hoc kern cac nguyen nhan: khuyet tat (khiem thinh, khiem thi, KTTT, ), bo hoc thuong xuyen, dieu kien cham soc gido duc bat lgi thi mac du co nhu cAu gido duc dac biet nhung khong throe xep vao dien KKVH GV can sir dung bang kiem ve kho khan doc, viet, tinh Wan cua Trung tam quocc gia ye KKVH — Hoa Ki (Phu lig so 1) Neu tre hoc kern khong nhung nguyen nhan dugc liet ke ten dugc tiep tuc danh gia d buck Learning D'sabilities Checklist Domains and Behaviors 17,1‘111.111ti.tlint :porn e tnot nag! 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Mali' it C00,1,1k011) H., dirsontookh oit tonloi 00m:titan, na, &fluky ilrokoirAtio3rov pi,mr, froloirosowrO ond tir,liwor6 11k0,oget Ha, INIINV.11.14 reallSti■ 104i41 ph us a r<4.t.d PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO IRO HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC 27 Bu* 2: Dcinh gici chi so tri ddnh gid chi s6 tri tue GV va gia Dinh gia dva troll WISC — IV dinh can dtra HS den ca quan chuyen mon (Khoa tam than benh vien cap Tinh tra len, Phong Nghien ciru irng dung Khoa hoc Gido duc Dac biet — Vien Khoa hoc Gido duc Viet Nam, Trung tam 118 trg gido duc hoa nhap cap tinh tra len (neu co), cdc phong khdm tam 11 có chirc nang xdc dinh mirc de khuyet tat ) tien hanh chin dodn bang trAc nghiem Buoy nen sir dung Trac nghiOn tt'ch ca nhan Wechsler — IV Trac nghiem da (kw Viet hod va cdc chuyen gia danh gid dugc cap pile') sir dung a Viet Nam Neu HS den chin dodn co chi se tri tue duai 70 tre se nghi nge la HS KTTT, loai khoi danh sach HS KKVH Trong truerng hgp HS cc-) chi so tri tue tren 70 se tiep tuc dugc tham gia ddnh gid a cdc btroc sau Biror Ranh gia itch hoc Op Hien nay, Viet Nam chtra có be cong cu rieng danh cho hog deng ddnh gid tich hoc tap dm HS KKVH Tuy nhien, GV có the nghien ciru va to thiet ke cdc bai kiem tra dua tren chtrang trinh (assessement base — curriculume) tirng khei 16p va tham khao mh mot so bo cong cu sau: 1)Be trac nghiem ddnh gid kha nang ngon ngu va kha nang tinh town cua tre to den tuei (6) 2) B6 cong cu ddnh gia kha nang gido duc dm HS tieu hoc có kilo khan ve hoc (10) ➢Nhieln vu Su dung Bang kiem eta ph& hip HS KKVH —Nhom to nghien ciru Bang kiem phat hien kilo khan doc, viet, tinh town cua Trung tam quee gia ve KKVH — Hoa Ki (Phu luc se 1) —GV giai ddp thac mac —Thuc hanh: Sir dung bang kiem de phdt hien I-1S KKVH TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN GIAO VIEN VE GIAO oyc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC dcu Thong tin phan hOi Phu luc Bang kinz pilot hi01 - HS kho khan ve) doc, viect va tinh tocin 1.5 Ni 6: dung 5: floc diem HS kh6 khan v6 hoc cep Trung hoc ➢Nhiem vu Doc ddm nhan thirc —Nhom cho vi du mot HS KKVH —M6 to da"c diem nhan thirc HS —D'ac diem nhan thirc dm HS KKVH Thong tin phan hoi De day hoc hoa nhap cong chting to can nhin nhan: moi HS KKVH deu mang mgt ac diem rieng, c6 the nhugc diem dm HS linh vuc lai la uu the dm HS linh vuc khac VI vay, viec xac dinh nhiing ac diem, bieu hien KKVH doi h6i GV phai danh nhieu thed gian va cong sirc Trong thuc te, rat nhieu tnrOng hgp HS binh thuorng nhung mot khoang tiled gian dai lai xuat hien nhung bieu hien ben ngoai rat ging nhung HS KKVH (VD Tinh hieu d6ng thai qua, bi kich d6ng ) Sau day la mot s6 (lac diem dm nhfing HS a • Doc ddm nhim thfir: Dew dint y'd kha nang ghi nha HS KKVH not chung va HS KKVH cap Trung hoc nOi rieng c6 mgt s6 dac diem ve kha Wang ghi nhar nhu sau: —CO bieu hien rai loan ve tri nher VI du, HS thugng quen sau da doc van ban, kh6ng nh6 ten, not dung, tac pham, tac gia; Khong nh6 nhung khai niem, dinh nghia, dinh 11 toan hoc hoac cach giai, cach chung minh bai toan, mac du tiet hoc tnx6c HS a c6 the thuc hien thao —Khong chu d6ng sir dung dugc nhfing thu thuat ghi nha ma nhung HS binh thugng hay sir dung VI du, de hoc thuc cac thong tin dm mot bai hoc, nhung HS khac se chil d6ng dua cac thu thuat gitip minh nha tot hurl nhu: xep chting vao mgt nhorn, at nhiing diem m'6c quan trong, gan ket no voi nhung (lac diem rieng PHU'O'NG PHAP HUIfiNG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 29 Khi hoc mot danh sach cac tir, HS binh thugng hay nhac lai cac tir dO hay nhorn chtIng vAo cac nhom CO dac diem chung la vat dung, Ong vat, thuc vat thi HS KKVH khOng lam dugc nhu vay — Gap kilo khan viec ghi nh6 cac su kien: HS KKVH kh6 c6 the nh6 dugc ay du cac thong tin nett cac thong tin &roc cung cap chi bang mot kenh IA ngon ngft noi Viec xir 11 am cham han khong cho phep cac HS KKVH c6 du theei gian de nap nhftng thong tin vao bO nha ngan han Do do, hall het nhftng gi &rot trinh bAy au& ngtreii hoc se bi mat di, khong dugc Itru gift 130 nha ngan han va cung khong thrgc truyen tai tai bo nha dai han Khiern khuyet lien quan tai cac dang KKVH dugng nhu din bO nh6 nem ngft va anh hugng tai kha nang gial ma, xep loci va goi lai thong tin da dugc truyen De tang cugng kha 'tang ghi nha dm HS KKVH, GV can thuc hien mot s6 goi sau: MOt so ggi y tang cuong kha 'tang ghi nha cac chi an —Chia chi an tong phAn nho han —Chi an rang, ngan gon va dAy —Ghi lai cac chi an cua minh bang cach ghi am —Ket hgp chi an bang leri vgi sir dung cac dO dung truc quan —Cho nhieu vi du vgi mOi chi an —Nhac di nhac lai chi an nhieu tan —Yeu cAu HS nhac lai chi dAn —Cho HS ngOi gAn mot HS hoc kha va c6 kha nang hgp tac tot —Theo dell va dieu chinh suOt qua trinh HS thuc hien theo chi dAn MOt so ggi y tang cung kha nang ghi nh6 cac tai lieu hay bai tap —Huong an HS cach sir dung va de ghi, cher) —Hu6ng dAn HS sir dung cac ttii khac de dung Lk lieu cho tirng mon hoc —Kiem tra vo HS mot cach thuong xuyen —Viet cac bAi tap len bang a HS co the nhin va chep lai 30 TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUG HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC —Luon có cac tai lieu du trtt de phat them cho HS nhang trueeng hop can thiet —Phat them phieu bai tap dm HS cho cha, me hoac nguiyi cham sac chit-1h de ho tiep tic h8 HS tai gia dinh —Khen thuang HS mang day du sach vO va dung hoc tap den lap —Tra HS flitting bai tap da duoc sda chtia can than Dac diem v''d kha nang tap trung cha y va hoan nhiem vu He dat dvoc ding a tnrOng, mai HS deu phai no 11.rc hoan mot so luong bai tap nhat dinh Ngoai ra, HS phai có kha nang chuyen sg tap trung cua minh tir mot doi tuong sang mot doi tuong khdc duoc yeu cau Tuy nhien, cdc tac nhan cu va kha nhang HS KKVH lai thuOng bi chi phei rat nhieu chuyen huang su cha y cua minh den cdc tdc nhan mai; chi có the tap trung tat ca nhang hoat dOng o xung quanh theri gian ngan, clang hay bi chi phi Nhieu HS qua hieu dOng, xuat hien nhang hanh vi van dOng khong mvc dich (sa ngon tay ngon chan, hoi lien tier) ding mot cau hai, khong the dUng hoac ngOsi yen) Day la nguyen nhan chit-1h khien HS thuetng quen bat dau nhiem vv, bO da ho4c khong hoan nhiem vu climg died han He gitip HS hoan tot nhiem vv, GV can thvc hien mot so goi y sau: Mot so goi y gitip HS bat dau nhiem vu —Han the luong cong viec giao cho HS —Lap danh sach cdc nhiem vg HS can dux hien —Cho HS thai gian de thgc hien nhiem vu —Cung cap cho HS tat ca cdc loai tai lieu, a dung va sach va can thiet —Huang dan thgc hien nhiem vi mot cach ki cang de HS có the hieu duoc cdc buoy can tin hanh —Ggi y cho HS bat dau thgc hien tir nhiem vu de nhat —Dua nhang ggi y d6 HS biet da den ltic phai bat dau nhiem vv —Sir dung mot HS khdc cung lua tuei de gitlp HS bat dau nhiem vi PHU'O'NG PHAP HUI:YNG DAN VA HO TRIO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC —CUng ca tich cvc sau HS bat dan nhiem vv —Kim tra thu6ng xuyen sv tian 1)0 dm HS nhang phut dau tien thirc hien nhiem vu MO't so goi )5 ho HS HS tri thur hien nhiem vu —Chia nho nhiem vu tirng phan nhO va cung cap cac bang danh mvc cac bugc thuc hien nhiem vu cho HS —Girn han tiled gian cho tirng bugc thirc hien nhiem vv —Giam tai da cac you to gay nhieu —Tang cuOng cac hinh thirc cung c6 va khen thuOng su6t qua trinh HS thvc hien nhiem vu —Han the sir dung bin phap phat tach rieng HS kh6i hog &Ong thoi gian ngan thirc sir can thiat — Cho HS hgp tac vgi cac HS khac de hoan nhiem vv MOt so goi y hj HS hoan nhiem vu dung thoi han —Cling HS lap Ica hoach thvc hien nhiem vv —Thiat ka mot goc hoc rieng lop nhiem vv duvc nhanh han a HS c6 the tap trung tai da va hoan —Giam kh6i luvng nhiem vv cho HS —Cho HS them thoi gian da hoar' nhiem vv —Cung cap them nhang ggi y cho HS bang nhieu hinh thirc —Yeu cau cha me h6 HS cac gi6 to hoc & nha Djc diem ve kha nang hoc tap HS KKVH kho khan viac the hien cac ki nang ca ban nlnr: doc hiau, viat, lam toan va suy Juan logic HS thuong c6 cac bieu hien sau: —Hau hat nhang HS KKVH u dO tu6i thiau nien thugng CO kat qua hoc tap rat kern, dac bit la diem so thu6ng rat thap doc hieu, lam van va lam toan —Cac ki nang ye hoc van d nhang HS cang bi mai mot di nhat la vao nhang nam cuai cap, nau khong dixoc hoc tap mot mOi tnreng phi' hop VI du TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIN VE GIAO Dyc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 32 nhang HS KKVH o 16p c6 trinh d8 viec chi bang cac HS lop thi den lap ket qua thi kern Wong &rang vai lap — PhAn lan HS KKVH c18 tu8i thuang khOng c6 kha nang hoc cac mon hoc sir dung nhieu Id nang hoc tap HS thixerng rat kern viec tra lai van dap, ghi chep, nghe hieu, doc Itrat, phat hien va chila 18i sai 3./ Khci tieing ctoc Doc duoc xem la mot nhang Id nang hoc throng co ban va quan nhAt cac ki nang hoc tap Neu HS kh8ng doc tot thi se gap rat nhieu kho khan hoc tap cac mon hoc khac Nhang nghien ciru tai nhieu nuOc tren the giai, cir 100 HS KKVH thi c6 tad hon 80 HS duoc xac dinh la suy gia'm kha nang doc (kh6 doc) (39) Nhang (IL hieu HS KD thuang xuAt hien tir rat sOm (truorc tuai), den tu8i tieu hoc HS da bieu hien rO net cac mirc kho doc khac nhau, tix kho doc den mu doc HS thuang nhAm Fan viec phan tich cac am, cac van; cac chit cai gan giong nhau; doc cham va sai nhieu so voi ban cang hoc Tuy nhien, nhieu HS lai c6 kha nang viec giai quyet nhang van de ve qua kenh hinh anh, khong gian HS KKVH gap rat nhieu MI6 khan hoc doc, neu c6 chucmg trinh gido duc phii hop; duqc bat dam tir sOm va tri h8 HS ca nhan clinh ki thi nhieu HS van cai thien duoc kha nang doc M8t dieu quan khac la c6 gang giam thieu cac yeu to gay cho HS nhang cam nhan ve sit yeu kern dm ban than nhung c6 the khien HS xuat hien nhang hanh vi xdu va y mu6n tr6n hoc 3.2 Kith nang viec HS gap kilo khan viec viet chit HS viet vai teic rat cham; chit xAu; sai nhieu 18i chinh Ca; sir dung khong dung cac d'au chAm cau Nhieu HS KKVH rat yeti ki nang viet chit Cac bai van ciia HS clang tir kh6ng phong phu, thieu hinh anh Cau trtic bai viet thieu chat che, not dung khong sinh Ong va clang cau sai quy tac nga PHLYO'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC gg phap HS khOng Net van dung cac thin thuat de to chic viet bai tap lam van hieu qua 3.3 Khci Wang tinh toan HS luon can nhieu de diing truc quan de thao tac tren mai c6 the thuc hien dugc cac phep tinh Ong, trier don gian Cac phep tinh thuc hien vai se thap phan va phan se duang nhu la qua kh6 khan vai HS Phan lan HS kh6 khan ve toan a cap Trung hoc c6 trinh de mon toan chi nhu HS lap — (27) Nhieu HS chua the thuc hien cac phep tinh co ban vai se thap phan va phan se khong thuc hien dugc bai toan giai phuung trinh nhieu an se va ve de thi ham se > Nhiem vu Doc diem lien xa" hrii va cam xtic cfia HS Kite khan ve hoc cap Trung hoc Nhom phat hien met se da'c diem ve lien xa hei va cam xiic cila HS KKVH? Li giai nguyen nhan va de xuat bien phap can thiep Thong tin phan hili Difc diem ve xa h0i va cam xac Nha truang, gia dinh va ban than HS deu mong clai c6 met ket qua hoc tap tot Viec thu dugc ket qua ngugc lai nhiing mong doi thuang khian cac HS bun chan, thieu deng co hoc tap va xuat hien nhieu hanh vi c6 van de Nhieu HS du cid co gang, nhung ket qua hoc tap kh6ng dugc cai thien ma dm c6 xu huang tei di khien HS tra nen bei rei, mat niem tin vao ban than va nguai khac Nhieu HS sinh tam li to ti, coi that bai dm minh la dieu bat kha khong, ma nguyen nhan la ban than thieu kha nang ve nhieu mat HS KKVH thuang xuat hien nhirng rei loan cam xlic xa hei phat trier' to cap de nhe tai nghiem Hau het HS KKVHkhong dat dugc rthc de thich nghi tam li on dinh Tuy nhien, thuc to cho thay, khong c6 met dac diem hay cong thirc chung nao cho cac bieu hien ve tinh cach, su thich nghi ve mat tam 11, nang luc xa hei, kha nang to hieu minh hoac cac chi so the hien chirc nang tam li xa hei khac a HS KKVH TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN I30 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN Ve GIAO oyc HOA NHAP THONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC Khoang 70% HS KKVH to danh gia minh that) nhan thirc hoc tap (27) Hiu het cac HS KKVH thuerng kh6ng dat duqc ket qua hoc tap tot Cac GV deu cho rang nhfing MI6 khan hoc tap cua cac HS kh6ng phai thieu no luc hay tri tue Xac dinh va can thiep sour cac clang c6 KKVH c6 the lam &in nhirng khiem khuyet mang tinh xa h6i M6t s6 HS KKVH gap that bai viec hoc tap lai xuat hien hanh vi gdy g6 va mang tam 11 to ti Thay vi c6 gang hoc va hoan nhfing bai tap can lam, HS KKVH lai thuerng c6 lam nhung gi ma minh khong the lam n6i Viec khong xac dinh kha nang oh ban than thuoing khien cho HS cam thay bi quan han, mat ni&n tin vao chinh minh va danh mat luon ca long to Tren thuc t6, nhieu HS KKVH co ket qua hoc tap kern nhung 10 khong thua kern ban be ding trang lira cac linh vuc khac nhu cac m6i quan he gia dinh, the chdt va xa h6i M6t s6 goii 57 de tang cuerng sg to tin cho HS —Tao cho HS cam thdy minh la mot nhan cach rieng, dac biet va c6 gia tri bang cach danh gia cao, quan tam, danh nhieu thai gian va c6 thai tich cuc vai chung khac han nhung ban khac —Hudrng din HS nhfing Id Wang giai quy& van de va dua quyat dinh Thay bang viec giai quy& thay cho HS nhung tinh kh6 khan, GV can gitip HS dOng nao, tim cac cach giai quy& khac va lueng truoc he qua dm nhirng quy& dinh khac —Tranh khuyen khich theo kieu dOng vien strong Thuc chit moi HS KKVH deu da c6 gang nhising IC& qua hoc tap 10 khong theo y muon Vi th6, GV hay gqi cho HS tim kiem nhung thir thuat mai de hoc tap dieu khien HS cam nhan ro net ca h6i ding —D6ng cam \fad nhung nhu ciu va mirc d6 MI6 khan hoc tap dm HS —Kh6ng so sanh diem yeti dm HS KKVH vai nhung HS khac —Tap trung vao cac diem manh ciia HS nhu: am nhac, nghe thuat, the due the thao, hoac là nhiing diem tot ve nhan cach nhu: tot bung, that tha, nhay cam, nhiet tinh, hay gitip da nguoi khac —Tao co h6i cho HS gilip ngued khac Co ca h6i giUp dO nguari khac, HS se cam nhan thdy minh la mot vien thuc su oh tap the HS thueyng rat thich thti PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 35 dugc to nguyen tham gia vao cac hog dQng voi ban be va gia dinh Gidp dy ngtrgi khdc lam HS cam nhan ro gia tri dm ban than, tang ctrong al-1h to tin cda HS Xay dung muc tieu phi' hop voi HS Neu chting to xay dung mot ki vong thgc to ve kha Wang dm HS clieu se gitip cho HS ddri phat trien tinh to tin ➢Nh*n vu Ddc dint hoat d'Ong cfia HS Kith khan vd hoc cap Trung hoc DOng nao ca nhan ve: Dac diem hoat Ong hoc tap cap Trung hoc va nhung yeti c'au ca ban Oi voi m6i HS trung hoc? HS KKVH se gap phai nhung kh6 khan gi tham gia hoc trung hoc? Thong tin phin hoi Hoat &Ong hoc Op cfia HS kho khan v'd hoc Trung hoc HS KKVH thuarng bi thAt bai hoat Ong hoc tap va giao tiep Neu bi ban be coi thugng va thy co sg xu thieu to nhi khien HS KKVH mang tam 11 to ti, mac cam, ngai ma( r'Qng lien he voi the gigi xung quanh Day la nhung nguyen nhan clan den HS hoan toan khong thdy thd Oi voi hoat dQng hoc tap Thgc t.6 cho thdy, nhieu HS du da co gang danh rat nhieu tiled gian cong sirc nhung ket qua hoc tap van khong cao Dieu khien HS tir chi!, c6 trach nhiem doi voi hoc tap chuyen sang thdi chdn nan, they a vo trach nhiem Hieu biet cua cdc HS ve nhieu mat han che, b6 gen chuong trinh hoc tap, suy giam dQng co hoc tap Nguy hiem han, nhieu HS hoan toan thieu nhung ki nang lam viec d'Qc lap, ding khong CO nhu cdu de hinh va ding co nhung ki nang lira tu61 vi& tiep thu kien thirc nhieu vuot khoi gigi han cua nha tnrgng, ngoai chuang trinh hoc, mang tinh Oc lap va co muc dich hon Khd nhieu HS da bieu to xu hugng on dinh voi hoat dQng tri tu8 va khat vong muon ndm vong tri thirc va ki nang mai, co thd ben -yang voi nhung mon hoc nhdt dinh lien quan voi mot nganh khoa hoc, ki thuat tuang Ung Ngugc lai, a nhom HS KKVH nhUng han che ve kien thirc hoc dugng, ki nang va thoi quen hoc tap lai cang bQc to 115 han nen cdc HS cang y thirc ye six yeti kern dm minh, lang tranh hoat dOng hoc tap Gingnhu cdc HS khdc, nhieu HS KKVH cap Trung hoc ciing co Ong co hoat Ong hoc tap lien quan den dg dinh nghe nghi'ep tuang lai Tuy nhien, ket qua TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DYC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC hoc tap yau kern nen HS cam thay thut six khong hai 'Ong vai ban than va rat bai roi viec dua cdc nhiem vu nix& mat va lau dui Han rift, cdch thdc day va hoc O trutmg Trung hoc khac can ban vai tnrang fiat' hoc Thay cho mot GV day tat ca cdc mon hoc, gia day mot HS c6 the phai hoc vai — GV khdc a cdc mon hoc Moi GV lai day voi mot phong cdch, trinh dO tri thirc, each giao tip rieng Quan he qua lai giira GV va HS khong gan b6, gar' gui nhu O cap tiau hoc ma mai quan he thuang xa cach hon Cdc mon hoc da dang, tai lieu hoc tap cang phirc tap hon Dieu gay kilo khAn nghiem cho HS KKVH, (lac biet vai nhung HS dau cap (lop hoac lap 10) HS KKVH thuOng kh6ng the thich nghi vai hinh thirc day hoc mai nay, nhieu HS muan bo hoc Tuy nhien, nau GV ca thdi dO ton trong, clang cam, cdch irng xir binh clang, cong bang, t6 nhi va Nat cdch giai thich tai lieu hay, d6 hieu, phan c6ng nhiem vu phii hop v6i kha nang dm HS thi HS KKVH thich di hoc hon Cach nhin nhan, su ddnh gia cua cdc GV IDO mon nhieu 1a yau to quyat dinh dai vai hUng thu hoc tap dm HS Khong It HS mac du kat qua hoc tap mot mon nao thap nhung van thich mon hoc vi thay, c6 day hay, hap dun Cdch day hoc dugc phan hod theo tUng mon cling la co sor de HS tdch mon "hay" va "khong hay", nhimg fiat hoc "can thiat" va "killing can thiat", nhung tri thirc "can" va "khong can" Viec phan hod nhu vay dai vai hoc tap thuemg duot quyat dinh bai chat luting day hoc, bai thA hoc tap va kat qua hoc tap dm thiau nien KKVH Viec hoc tap a cdc lop Trung hoc doi hal, HS phai nghien cdu va linh hOi cdc mon hoc khdc HS phai num yang mot luting tri thirc len VI du, he thong cong thdc, ki hieu town hoc, vat 11 hoc, ngon ngir hoc Nth:mg mon hoc mai de nhung yeu cau mai, pinrang thirc link hOi mai nham phdt trim tri tue a trinh cao hon DO la to 11 luan, tu phan tich, tu truc quan hinh anh Loai to thuong bat (tau phdt trien ltic 11, 12 thdng tuai va &rot hoan thien vao hic 17, 18 thang tuai Piaget goi day la giai doan cua tri tue thao tdc hinh thirc Kieu to c6 dac diem: dua vao nhung clAc diem co tinh tircing trong, dua vao mot he thong ki hieu quy trot nhu ngon ngir, cdc ki hieu town hoc, vat 11 hoc de" suy luan, phan tich rut kat luan Trinh dO tri tue dei hOi cdch lap luan, kat luan deu din to bang loi, thodt khoi mai lien he truc tip vai vat that hoac mo hinh thay PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'&NG DAN VA HO TRY HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC the Tuy nhien, thirc to nhieu HS KKVH a lira tu6i bi han the kha nang tu duy, nhat la viec sir dung tu tir ngil logic va tu trim tugng, do gap that bai hoc tap va kh6ng the theo hoc chung vgi cac ban neu khong c6 su dieu chinh hop li moi hoat dOng day hoc Khi vao hoc cac lap Tr.H, cac mon hoc dugc tach nh6m ca ban: khoa hoc tu nhien va khoa hoc xa hOi Nhin chung, HS KKVH deu gap kilo khan viec linh hOi tri thirc cua ca hai nhom Vii nhom cac mon khoa hoc tu nhien (Toan, Li, Hod ), HS khOng biet cach bien d6i nhang du kien cua mot bai toan, khong "nhin" cac m6i lien he cda cac dinh luat, dinh Ii, quy tac Chang han mu6n finh hOi mot dinh li cda hinh hoc, HS phai c6 ki nang nhin hinh ve, doc hinh ye, ghi nh6 va biet tai tao no, mat khac phal rut nhang m6i lien he gifra cat tuyan va hai throng song song HS phal tri su chi) tri gide, twang tugng va tu cao, cac HS KKVH throng thong met mOi nen thuang hoc rat kern va phat huy 16i hoc vet mot cach hinh thirc cac mon khoa hoc tu nhien de d6i Cac mon KHXH (Van, Sir, Dia ), voi cach giang day hien nay, HS thuOng c6 xu hugng ghi nher tai lieu hoc tap chug hied day du theo kieu hoc thuOc long, bang each lap di lap lai bai hoc nhieu lan Dieu khOng c6 tac dung tot d6i with su phat trien tri tue: HS khong hinh dugc su Oat trien tri nh6 theo hu6ng tri tue hoa, cac thao tac tu triru tugng (tu logic) rat non kern, anh huemg den toan 1)0 qua trinh hoc tap cac mon Viec hoc tap & cap Trung hoc se dat ke't qua cao han neu nhu HS CO the sir dung nhom ki nang nhan thirc ca ban sau day: 1.HS có dugc nhang ki nang, phuang phap va nhang ngu6n tai lieu can thiet de hoan bai tap mot cach hieu qua HS c6 kha nang tu dieu chinh hoat dOng hoc tap cda minh nhu: dieu chinh ke hoach truong hop can thiet, tu danh gia mirc dO hieu qua dm nhiing viec dang tin hanh, no luc giai guy& nhfing nhiem vu kho khan, de dam bao thuc hien ding viec can giai quyet mot cach c6 hieu qua Nhu vay, nen chdng to khong dieu chinh cac phuang phap day hoc dap ung nhu cau dm HS thi nhang HS KKVH cang du6i, su khac biet v6i cac ban cang tang len va nguy ca 136 hoc la kh6ng the tranh kh6i Dieu li giai tai se) lugng HS KKVH cang len cao a cap Trung hoc cang giam TAI LI E U TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO Duc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC De co the tien hanh gido due HS KKVH cap Trung hoc cong, GV can co quan diem nhin nhan va tac dOng den cac HS nhu sau: Ngoai bieu hien not bat cita HS KKVH la han the ket qua hoc tap tai truang ph6 th6ng, GV phai coi m6i HS la mot chit the rieng biet vai nhang hanh vi nhan thirc va tinh cam rieng biet GV phai nhin nhan khong có HS KKVH ging het nhau, do cac bien phap can thiep va gido duc phai tuY thu6c vao tUng deii Wong Khi phat hien nhang bieu hien cila HS KKVH, GV phai tap trung vao nhang diem manh dm HS, xay dung mpc lieu hoc tap phis hqp voi kha nang va nhu cau cila m6i HS PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA H6 TRC7 HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC Mo-dun DAY HOC HIEU QUA CHO HOC SINH CAP TRUNG HOC KHO KHAN VE DOC, VIET VA TiNH TOAN Kik thCpc Phat bleu duvc bang ye: €31 - c diem cac phiyong phap day hoc hieu qua c" Phiyang phap dieu chinh chin:mg trinh day hoc ®' Phan loai va dac diem cu the dm HS kho doc, vi4t, tinh town cap THCS KT hang cz° Thi6t k6, tin hanh bai hoc hieu qua lap hoa nhap có HS KKVH cz° Dieu chinh chuang trinh day hoc (giam quy mO chLrang trinh hoac six dung pht.rang phap day hoc tich ccpc) Day hoc cho HS kho doc, kho vi6t, kho tinh toan cap trung hoc Thai '0° Tin tai -1g vao kha nang va scr phat then cua HS KKVH NOI DUNG 2.1 Lya chon cac phumg phap day hoc 2.2 Di&i chinh chuang trinh day hoc —Giam quy mo chuang trinh —Sir dung cac phuang phap day hoc tich cvc TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BQ QUAN Lf, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DVC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HQC 2.3 Thiet ke bai hoc có hieu qua 2.4 Day hoc hoa nhap HS kho doc, viet, tinh toan — Day hoc cho HS kho doc — Day hoc cho HS kilo viet — Day hoc cho HS kho toan CHUAN 131 —May projecter; video clip hinh anh HS KKVH —Gidy AO, A4, but ddu nhieu mdu, bang dinh gidy HOAT HONG 2.1 Ni dung 1: Lu'a chon cac phwang phap day hoc vu: Quan diem lya chon cac phtrang phcip day hoc 16p co HS KKVH hoc hoa nhap Quan sat tranh va tra cdu hoi: DUng trtrac mot HS ma GV biet em se gap kho khan hay khong the thuc hien duac mot log nhiem vu dinh giao cho ca lap thi, la thdy/co se lua chon phtrang an nao? Tai thdy/co lai lua chon phuang an do? Tie:p tyc thz,rc hien nhu khong co dieu gi xay Giao cho HS nhi& vu khdc Day HS cac phan chInh cita nhi& vu dinh giao Thong tin phan hoi Lau chon cac phu'ong phap day hoc hoa nhap Nhang kilo khan va thdt bai hoc tap lien tuc CO nhang tac dOng ti'eu cuc tai niem tin vao kha nang hoc tap cac em K6t qua la HS khong c6 gang, GV chan nan cha me thi6u no htc ho trg em minh VI 11 nay, nhi'eu HS KKVH khong the hoan tranh chuong trinh trung hoc, 1)6 hoc gifra chirng PHU'O'NG PHAP HIPO'NG DAN VA H6 TRO HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC el Trong thuc t6, nett c6 nhirng Nen phap h8 trg phi' hop thi cac kh6 khan va that bai hoc tap c6 the ngan chan hoac giam thieu dugc Dirng tnr6c mot HS ma GV biet em se gap kilo khan hay khong the thuc hien dugc mot boat nhiem vu dinh giao cho ca lop thong among GV c6 sir hp chon sau: Tier') tyc thuc hien nhzr khong co di eu ' gi xay Giao cho HS nhiem vu khdc Day HS cac phlin chInh ctia nhiem vu dinh giao Trong nhung mon hoc quan nhu Ngir Van va Toan, lua chon thin luon la lua chon t& nhat GV khong nen Iva chon phuang An thin vi dieu se an HS den that bai lien tuc Lua chon thir ding la lua chon khong t& vi lua chon khong thuc su giup HS lien b9 Tuy nhien, lua chon thin co the la lua clip thing an GV c6 It thoi gian hoac nhiem vu ma GV dinh giao cho HS khong quan Lua clip thin c6 ten goi la tao cac co h9i an den cong a Co It nhat hai each tao cac co hc5i cho HS KKVH dat dugc cong Cach thir nhdt — hieu qua nhat la kiem tra va xem xet cac nhiem vu (qua trinh dugc goi la phan tich nhiem vu) ma HS se thuc hien va day tnr6c cac kr nang chinh can c6 cac nhiem vu Cach tiep can bao dam HS co nhung co hOi hoc tap t& nhat c6 the va thuc hien nhung nhiem vu mei Phan tich nhiem vu: M9t nhiem vu hoac mot boat nhiem vu CO the don gian cr6i voi ngueri c6 the tr6 ph*c tap va kh6 khan d6i vgi ngued khac Dieu phu thu"6c vao kha nang va kinh nghiem thuc hien nhiem vu dm timg ngu9i MO nhiem vu deu dugc tao tit cac nhiem vu nho hon ma m& ngueri c6 the thuc hien dugc neu nhu muL hoan toan 139' nhiem vu Trong day hoc, GV phai biet xac dinh nhung nhiem vu ma HS co the thuc hien va dam bag tong HS c6 the thuc hien dugc cling nhu h9c each thuc hien toan bsti nhiem vu Dieu dac biet quan clei voi HS co kilo khan hoc tap De dam bao tat ca HS co the h9c nhiem vu nay, GV phai phan tich nhiem vu nhu sau: TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC I Xac ctinh nhiem vu: dam bao Wing HS hieu nhiem vu cleat giao Kiem tra nhiem vu va liet ke tang buoy ctia nhiem vy Xem xet tang beat: Aloi HS chew yeu eau lam gi? Kien thicc nao yeu cau HS can có? Xem xet ding HS gap kho khan hoc tap va cac em co the that hien timg bicac nhu the nao? Neu mot HS gap nhi'eu kilo khan dive hien nhiem vu, can thiet chia nhiem vy cac buoy nho de day Neu HS gap kho khan tong bteerc thirc hien nho, can thiet chia beat ay cac buck nho hon Ngay sau chia mot nhiem vu cac buck nho hon va don gian hon de tat ca HS có the hoc toan b0, can xem xet: —Lieu tat ca HS có thgc su lam throe nhiem vu khong? —Met vai HS can ce 118 trg gi de that hien met se buck? Timg buefc cua phan tich nhiem vu clugc de cap 6, teen la met quy trinh clan gian &roc chia nh6 met loat cac buoy theo thin tu HS c n hoc each that hien tong buOc de ce the that hien toan b6 nhiem vu Tren that te, HS ce the thueng xuyen thgc hien met vai buOc met each dee lap, do GV khong can day HS each thuc hien tat ca cac buck GV nen chti vao nhung buerc ma HS khong the thuc hien &roc hoac se khong the that hien dee lap dugc a Khi chia met nhiem vu cac buOt rieng biet, GV phai quyat dinh day nhiem vu nhu the nao Dieu bao gem viec clanh gia HS có the that hien tong nhiem vu dec lap nhu the nao va mire de huang an ma GV can cung cap cho HS Trong met vai tru,:mg hop, có the ce met buOc that hien nhiem vu ma HS dac biet gap kho khan Neu GV tiep tuc day vai by vong HS có the that hien nhiem vu truZyng hop thi chat than HS se gap thdt bai Vi GV khong muen HS thdt bai, GV nen day truo.c buck de den Med diem HS hoc toan be nhiem vu, HS ce the that hien ki nang chInh, do HS se khong th'At bai Thay vi de HS cam thdy bei rei that hien nhiem vu, GV can cung cap hugng an de 118 tro HS tnx6c yeu c'au HS dec lap hoan Qua trinh duoc goi la day truck cac ki nang tien quyet PHU'O'NG PHAP HtfeYNG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 43 CO the chap nhan viec doi HS khong the thuc hien nhiem vu, nhung HS thuong xuyen kh6ng thuc hien cong thi se mat niem tin va nghi luc hoc hoi nei dung mai Khi xem xet nhiem vu hoac kT nang can day cho HS, GV can nhan dinh nhung kT nang HS có the thuc hanh dugc, kien thirc HS có the hieu dugc, tir gidp HS tiep thu dugc kT nang cong GV can xem xet cac phan chinh va kiL thirc can tin& d6i vai HS có kilo khan hoc tap Neu GV tin rang HS kh6ng the thuc hien mot vai buck chinh cua nhiem vu, hoac HS khong nam dugc kiL thirc chinh, thi GV can day HS cac btr6c chinh va kien thirc quan tux& day HS thuc hien toan b6 nhiem vu hoac HS c6 gang hoan nhiem vu a a Phan tich nhiem vu la mot phuong phap tot de xac dinh cac bu6c va ki nang chinh VI du gi6 tap doc GV can xac dinh nhung tir mad, tir kho bai doc, day cho HS truck yeu cau HS doc toan b6 van ban CO the day tir mai bang nhieu cach don gian nhu: viet chting len gidy, bia (the tir) hoac huong an HS thuc hanh mot vai Ian Sau do, GV de nghi mot HS khac 118 trg em hang ngay, hoac giao bai tap ve nha cho HS de HS luyen tap hoc tir vai b6 me T6 chdc cho HS tham gia tro choi vai nhiing the chit la mot hoat d6ng hieu qua va thd vi Theo cach nay, den thoi diem HS doc dugc mot chuyen mai, HS co the xac dinh dugc nhieu tir Neu HS gap kho khan viec doc toan b6 cau chuy6n, thi HS hoc dugc kinh nghiem ye cong doc tirng tix quen thu6c HS se tier) can v6i nhung ca 116i cong qua trinh hoc M6t ki thuat khac cling rat him Ich la sap xep mot s6 hoat deng mot hoc cho HS GV chi aux hien kT thuat chac chan cu6i cling HS se Cong NH-mg nhiem vu có the la nhung nhiem vu rat clan gian, mot vai trueng hap chung có the la nhitng nhiem Iry ma HS co kha nang dac biet rat thd HL het HS deu có nhiing kha nang va sa thich rieng biet Tuy nhien, dieu khong có nghia GV chi ltra chon nhirng nhiem vu qua de dang Bed vi, chi hohn canh can ted sir c6 gang, no luc, vuot qua nhung nhiem vu chlra dung thach thIrc mai gitip HS xay dung dugc su to tin Nth nang cao lOng to Ngay HS biet minh co the trai qua kinh nghiem conga truOng hoc, HS se san sang no luc thuc hien nhung nhiem vu khac Bang cach nay, HS cam nhan dugc tnrOng hoc khong chi la noi có nhung trai nghiem that bai, tam trang nang ne, lo au hoc tap ma chda dung nhieu co h6i cong TM LO TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO Dyc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 2.2 Noi dung 2: Di4u chinh chuvng trinh day hoc > Nhiem vu Tim hi&t hoot d'Ong di'du chinh chtrong trinh day hoc hoa nhCip Thao luan nh6m: Khi lOp hoa nhap oda thAy/co co nhiau nhdt HS KKVH va GV khong bi qua tai cong viec Da HS KKVH co the cong hoc tap theo thAy/ co can co nhang bien phap nao? Thong tin phan hSi 2.2.1 Di'du chinh chirong trinh day hoc hoa nit(tp Nhang thdt bai ma HS trai qua o truang la khong the tranh dugc Nhang thAt bai coy nglila quan trong viec gitip HS hoc each vugt qua kilo khan va no lire han naa Day dugc coi 1a nhang bai hoc quan trong cu6c song Tuy nhien, nau HS thdt bai thuang xuyen va lien tuc thi can giam thiau nhang tac nhan Han the thAt bai cila HS dat dugc thong qua dp dung cac phuang phap day hoc cong nhu phan tich nhiem vu, day tnxac cac ki nang chinh va met s6 nhiem vu don gian có "ti le cong cao" (nhu dugc m6 too tren) — day la nhang phuang phap rat hieu qua Tuy nhien, mot vai truang hop, sir dung nhang phucmg phap thoi thi chua du Met se HS can hoc theo mot chuang trinh dugc sira phi' hop vai cac em Dieu chinh chuang trinh co the dugc thirc hien theo cac huang sau: —Giam quy m6 chuong trinh, danh them thed gian cho phAn 16n not dung quan vai HS —Sir dung cac phuong phap day hoc hieu qua dei vai HS KKVH Dieu chi dugc thgc hien lap hoa nhap CO nhiau nhdt HS KKVH va GV khong bi qua tai cong viec Neu có diau kien can tach HS khoi m6t se) hoat d6ng dm lap hoc thong thu6ng (bai vi GV khong the luon san co cac hoat deng thay the), a HS tham gia vao mot vai hoat 016ng khac Moi ngay, HS co met se hoat deng thay the Moi den tnxerng HS dau dugc trai nghi'em dugc cam giac ding va hoc dugc cac ki nang quan nhAt 2.2.1.1 Didu chinh chuang trinh Trong hAu het cac twang hop, HS trai qua cac kilo khan hoc tap a truang, cac kh6 khan có the vugt qua dugc vai sg gitlp dO cua GV a lop, nhan PHU'O'NG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TRY HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HQC vien ho trg tai phong dac biet, 116 trg cua phu huynh a nha Trong nhung tnrang hop nay, kh6ng can diau chinh chuang trinh — HS c6 the hoc theo chuang trinh thong thuarng vai su 116 trg ciia GV va phu huynh Tuy nhien, nhfing truang hop HS thuang xuyen nghi hoc hay khong tham du bu6i hoc gap kilo khan hoc tap, dac biat nhirng HS c6 kilo khan hoc tap lien tuc thi viac diau chinh chuang trinh la can thiat HS KKVH thuOng xuyen kh6ng c6 du then gian de hoc hat not dung bai hoc Nhitng HS luon phai c6 gang & nhirng nam dau dm bac tiL hoc de c6 the theo duqc chuang trinh Day la nhiam vu qua sirc d6i vai HS KKVH, cuing la qua tai d6i vai GV phai c6 gang day d6i Wong toan ba not dung chuang trinh hoc Thuc t6 c6 rat nhiau HS KKVH khong tham du dugc bu6i hoc thuotig xuyen Trong nhfing truerng hap nay, can quyet dinh va nhang not dung tam, hiru Ich nham clap drig nhu cau dm HS han la nhang not dung It coy nghia quan dai vai HS Nai dung chuang trinh can thiat nham dap img nhu cau tucmg lai dm HS dugc goi la chuang trinh chi:cc nang Nai dung chuang trinh bao gam cac ki nang co' ban nhat can co cuac song hang Nhirng Id 'tang la: Id nang giao ti6p, ki nang doc — viat, ki nang lam Toan va ki nang song (an town, va sinh, dinh duE'r'ng va cac not dung can thiat cho cuac song hang ngay) HS KKVH can tan dung thOi gian a truOng de nhan dugc su h6 trg cua GV hoac chuyen gia GDDB de hoan not dung bai hoc ma It clugc tham gia cac hoat clang vui choi khac cua tap the 16p Ltra chon chuang trinh cintc nang cho mat HS KKVH la qua trinh ma GV can phai hop vai hiau tnrang va phu huynh HS Nhang nguai lien quan can quyat dinh not dung nao thuac chuang trinh thong thuOng gitip Ich cho HS nhiau nhat va not dung nao c6 the 1)6 qua Cau h6i ca ban hiru Ich qua trinh thuang la: HS co can hoc not dung de len lap tren khong? Ni dung ducyc lug chon tra chuang trinh chirc nang dm HS GV se chtl day HS not dung cac phan not dung chuang trinh khac GV co the tap trung It han 2.2.2.2 Ste dung cdc phtrang phdp day hoc tich czfc Phuang phap hiau qua nhat de day HS KKVH la phucrng phap phan tich not dung se' day tip theo va day tn.rac cac phan not dung can thiat de HS CO the dat TAI LIEU 1-4,p HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO Dix HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC dugc mot so cong tilt& tier, thu not dung mai Neu not dung HS hoc la mot nhiem vu hoac quy trinh thi phan tich nhiem vu là cach tot de chia not dung cac phan nhO c6 the day dugc Xac dinh cac buac nhO va GV co the tier) tuc day HS nhitng buck va ho trg HS can thiet Tuy nhien, phan 16n not dung day hoc vugt tren quy mo cua phan tich nhiem vu VI du, doc la mot nhiem vu kho ma khong the chia cac buck theo thu tit DOi vai not dung chuang trinh kieu nay, GV can phai tien hanh mot qua trinh twang to nhu phan tich nhiem vu c6 ten goi la phan tich not dung Theo nguyen tac, phan tich not dung hoan toan dan gian, qua trinh bao genn cac buac sau: Kiem tra cac not dung chuang trinh can day (VI du, mot cau chuyen doc, mot bai tha, mot ki nang can hoc) Xac dinh kien thirc tam ma mot HS phai c6 de c6 the hoc dugc not dung mai Xac dinh cac ki nang chinh ma mot HS phai co de co the hoc dugc ncjt dung mai So sanh kien thirc va ki nang can thiet thirc va ki nang ma HS da CO a tiep thu not dung mai so vai kien Lua chon kien thirc HS phai hoc truac HS CO the hoc tap cong not dung mai Lua chon cac ki nang ma HS phai hoc truck HS c6 the hoc tap cong not dung mai Day HS cac kien thirc va ki nang truck giai thieu toan bo not dung mai Vi du v'e phan tich not dung "Doc mot cau chuyen dan gian" Xac dinh 10 tit mot cau chuyen (hoac mot chuang SGK) quen thuOc vai HS (cac tit ma HS c6 the doc dugc) Xac dinh 10 tit mot cau chuyen (hoac mOt chuang SGK) ma HS chua biet (co gang chon cac tit xuat hien lien tuc cau chuyen) Tao the chit cho mot tit thui)c 10 tit ma HS da biet va moi tit thuOc 10 tit mai vai HS (40 the tit) PHU'ONG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TRY HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC Giai thiau cac hog d6ng ghep mau va trO cho'i the chit de HS lam quen vai 10 tir mai va nhac HS nha 10 tir HS da Nat Sir dung hog d6ng lua chon ngau nhien de bao dam HS Mat chac chan 10 tir mai va 10 tir quen thu6c Hoat d6ng c6 the thuc hien bai GV, HS khac a lap hoac phu huynh a nha Can thiat thuc hanh hog dOng nhiau lan mot hoac mot vai phut Ngay HS Nat dugc it nhAt 20 tir cau chuyan (hoac mot chuong cua SGK), thi c6 the mong dgi HS doc dugc toan bo cau chuyan (hoac mot chuong cua SGK) HS van can dugc gidp dor Mac du HS Nat it nhdt 20 tir thi van gap kho khan cac phan nOi dung khac, do khong nen de HS thdt bai flap can vai nhang day HS cac tir not dung DOC cho HS cac phan va chudn bi cac the nhu a tren Tip tic cach flap can cho den HS c6 the doc dugc town b6 cau chuyan hoac m6t chuong SGK ma khong mac 18i nita a Tom lai: Phan tich nhiam vu va not dung chuong trinh ma HS phai hoc Mang lai gan tao cho GV ca hOi xac dinh cac ki nang dac biat va not dung khac ma HS c6 the gap kh6 khan Phan tich gitip GV lua chon olive ki nang va kin thuc can day truck cho HS truck huang an HS nOi dung mai Bang cach nay, HS khong gap nhiau kilo khan hoc ricii dung mai cling ltic, nau khong HS se rat bi that bai Quan hail, HS hoc nOi dung mai va to tin vao kha nang cua minh thi hoc tap se tin b6 Tu tin la y6u to quan trong hoc tap Phan tich not dung doi hoi nhiau thoi gian va cong sic chudn bi cua GV nen GV phai rat tfurc t6 xac dinh nOi dung can day cho HS GV can lua chon phuang phap phii hop da day cac mon hoc quan cho HS Trong tnrOng hgp HS gap kh6 khan a nhiau nOi dung dm chuong trinh, GV ph6i hop vai phu huynh HS va guy& dinh n6i dung chuong trinh tam can day cho HS va nOi dung nao c6 the luat qua, vi kh6ng c6 nhiau thai gian de day toan bo not dung cho HS 2.2.2.3 Phtrong phdp ctitt chinh hogt d'Ong day hoc nghia cua cti:eu chinh day hoc hoa nh"dp HS KKVH la d6i tugng gap nhiau kho khan hoc hoa nhap Mire d6 nhan thirc dm HS KKVH thuang thdp hail so vai nhan thirc cua ban be cling d6 tu6i, chi cap d6 truc quan, cu the, kho linh hOi kin thirc doi hoi to logic, trim tam; LIEU TM TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO ouc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC hoac cac HS linh hOi theo mot cach thirc khac VI vay, hoat dOng day hoc can dugc thiet ke khong chi dam bao phi' hap vad nhan thuc cua cac HS binh thuong ma phai tao dieu kien cho HS KKVH hoc tap tot Dieu doi h6i GV phal tien hanh dieu chinh not dung, phuang phap day hoc cho phu hgp vai mot lap da d6i twang nh'am: —Tao cho HS thu va hoc tap c6 hieu qua tren ca so sir dung t6i da kien thirc va cac ki nang hien c6 de linh hoi nhang kien thirc va ki nang mai —Tranh dugc su bat cap giila kien thirc, ki nang,kinh nghiem song hien c6 cda HS va yeu cAu linh h'6i cua not dung day hoc ph6 thong —Nang cao tinh phi) hap gifra each hoc cila HS va phuang phap giang day cua GV —Phat tri'en nhung diem manh dm HS nhu chu &Ong kham pha, tinh than hoc tap hang say, d6ng th6i gido duc hanh vi t6t cho HS NOi dung di'du chinh Thai gian linh hoat (Cho phap mot so HS có them thiyi gian a hoanh nhiem vu) Phan hoa muc tiou h9c tap (Ha th ap, l thay el& muc tieu hoc tap cho phi hop doi tuvng) Sir dung cac phvang phap dieu chinh (D'ong loat, da trinh de), tri:Ing lap gido an, thay the) Cac chitin luvc dieu chinh GO y va cho phu'o'ng pap da dang de hoc cac kik thu'c, ki nang Dieu chinh tai lieu (BO sung them tai lieu va tao dieu kien cho hoc sinh lus chon) PHU'O'NG PHAP Htio'NG DAN VA HO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC TRcy 49 Thay ctoi ve thoi gian Cac HS khac can nhfing luting thai gian rat khac de nem yang ding mot chit de HS KKVH can khoang thai gian nhieu gap den ran so vai cac HS binh thuerng Cac GV xir 11 sit khac biet bang cach day theo nh6m, dua nhung bai rep chung cho tat ca HS va cho phep HS KKVH dugc them thai gian de hoan chon, nhieu He cong viec c6 hieu qua, GV phai dua dugc nhieu sit hog &Ong phong phu cho nhfing HS kha da hoan nhiem vu son hon cac ban 14i Cac hog &Ong c6 the bao g6m: —Doc tai lieu tu —Cac tre choi tri tue —Cac de tai nghien ciru ca nhan Phan hod muc tieu hoc Op Day là hinh thirc day hoc tie') the nhung van mang tinh ca the hod Phuong pita') tao di'eu kien cho HS KKVH voi trinh d6 kern hon yen c6 ca h6i de theo du6i muc tieu hoc tap rieng cua minh (de dugc trinh bay ki hart phan 1.1 Xcic dinh muc tieu) Dieu chinh tai lieu, phumg tien giang day GV cung c6 the thich irng nhung khac biet ca nhan dm HS bang cach thay d6i phuang tien, tai lieu giang day, chang hen sir dung cac bai khod dugc thiet ke cho nhung trinh dO khac Neu nhung bai khod khOng c6 san, GV c6 the cung cap them cho HS KKVH nhung ggi 17, xac dinh nhirng diem chinh, tam, hoec GV c6 the to chic nhung bu6i than Juan tap trung vao nhung khai niem chinh cua bai truarc HS bat dau bai doc M6t se) GV them chi khong sir dung cac bai doc san ma lay tu lieu to nhirrig bai bao, tap chi dinh ki oh HS D6i voi cac mon hoc khac, cac phuang phap nhu tro chai toan hoc hay nhung tam the ghi nha c6 the (iliac sir dung de HS KKVH c6 them nhieu six lira chon Da clang hoci cac hoat gong hoc tap Nhu chting to da biet, phong cach hoc tap cua m8i HS rat khac M6t se) em rat chiu kh6 lang nghe va fief) thu dugc nhieu kien thirc tix bai giang cita GV S6 HS kha 141 thich doc to hoc trao d6i y kien v6i ban be Nhung \Teri HS KKVH thuerng TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO OUAN Li, GIAO VIN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC gap rat nhieu kilo khan phai nghe giang lau va ghi cher, lai nhung th6ng tin chinh cua bai giang VI the, de thich img A/6i nhung kho khan cila HS, GV can ap dung nhieu phuang phap day khac M6t so la due nhieu lira chon ye cac hoat Ong hoc tap Sir clung cac pintang phcip di&t chinh NMI phan tren da trinh bay, tiet day dugc thiet ke va to chirc mot chd6i cac hog Ong Nhang hog Ong có m6i lien he gen ket vai nhau, hoat Ong tier, not hog d6ng det mot tong the th6ng nhat nhem dat dugc muc tieu tiet hoc D6ng thed m8i hog (16ng ding c6 tinh d6c lap twang dei, c6 nghia là ban than no ding co muc lieu nho MOt tiet day hoa nhep chi thuc su có hieu qua HS KKVH dugc tham gia tich clic vao tat ca cac hoat Ong He lam dugc dieu nay, ngued GV day hoa nhep 16p c6 HS KKVH nhat thiet phai sir dung mot b6n phuang phap dieu chinh sau v6i tirng hog d6ng: —Dieu chinh Ong boat: GV thay ded hinh thirc hoat d6ng hoc tap dia lop va, hoec vgi su h6 try HS nhat dinh tir GV va ban be, HS KKVH c6 nhu cau dec biet co the tham gia hog Ong nhu tat ca cac ban —Da trinh d6: HS KKVH se tham gia cling mot hog Ong, voi muc tieu chung, nhung mirc yeu cau khac vOi nhitng ban khac —Triing lap gido an: HS KKVH tham gia ding hog Ong bai hoc, nhung theo du6i muc tieu hoc tap khac ved muc tieu chung cua ca lop Cling mot ngit lieu, vet lieu not dung bai hoc, nhung HS c6 the hoc de dat dugc muc tieu dia mot bai tn.r6c do, them chi cila 16p truck —Thay the: HS KKVH thuc hien mot hog Ong khac vgi cac ban 16p, theo muc tieu gido duc ca nhan TuST theo kha nang, nhu cau va kieu hoc tap cila HS KKVH, GV c6 the lua chon ap dung mot vai hoc ca mirc d6 dieu chinh b rn6i bai hoc, cho CO the huy d6ng dugc su tham gia hoc tap dia moi HS lop 2.3.1 Y nghia cita viec hop the nhom lira tu6i THCS phan 16n cac HS van tham gia nhieu hoat d6ng hoc tap vdd co dugc su cong nhen cua GV, ban be va dugc xep loai tinh than canh tranh a PHU'CYNG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 51 tich cao VI the, nhang HS KKVH de dang nhan thay minh thiau kha nang, that bai nen HS chon cach tir chi tham gia cac hog dong mat cach mien cang Hop tac nhom coy nglfia sau: —Co nhiau ca hai cho HS voi nang luc khac ding ho trg HS KKVH va rang buac voi su cong cua minh voi ban khac —Moi ca nhan dau c6 tranh nhiem va dong gop vao tich chung cua ca nh6m —HS KKVH chi canh tranh voi nang luc the hien dm minh qua khir, chir khong canh tranh voi HS khac — HS KKVH c6 nhiau co hai dugc khen thuong vi su ca gang —Co nhiau diau kien de HS KKVH phat trian giao tiep va xay dung tinh cam, mai quan he than mat voi cac ban ciing lop Vi the, tham gia hoc hop tac, HS KKVH c6 ca hai cong nang luc c6 the khong bang cac ban Long to dm HS cang dugc tang len va cam thay minh ki'am soat dugc nhiau horn sir cong hog dong hoc tap cila ban than HS bat dau nhan mai lien he giira su cong voi nhang no luc cua minh Dieu lam co so tao nen dong co hoc tap cila HS Neu tnr6.c kia, nhang HS thuOng coi cong cua minh la may man that bai la duang nhien thi hoc tap hop tac se gitip thay dai 16i suy nghT tieu cuc Tuy nhien, to chirc hoc hop tac lop co HS KKVH GV thuOng phai d6i mat voi nhirng van de sau: —HS KKVH khong dugc cac ban to nguyen lua chon vac) nhom —HS KKVH kh6ng hieu thau dao nhiem vu cua nhom va ca nhan —HS KKVH thiau nhang kr nang va phuang phap de tham gia hoc hop tac hieu qua —HS KKVH kh6ng to tin voi nhung dong gOp cua minh nhom nen chon cach ngai im Yang, cach biet voi nhang HS khac De c6 the khac phuc dugc hien tugng tren, GV can thuc hien cac buoc hop tac nhOm c6 hieu qua TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO (WAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC 2.3.2 Clic burk thFc hien hop tac nhdm 2.3.2.1 S'13 xep HS vao cac nhom Khi to chirc hoc hop tac, GV c6 gang chia HS ca lOp cac nhom to den HS Trong HS KKVH dugc x6p vao nhom CO nhttng HS c6 tich cao, trung binh, thap va dugc can bang v6 gidri tinh GV nen chit Ong chia nh6m mot cach ngau nhieu, khong nen de HS tv chon vien cho nh6m minh 2.3.2.2 Lua chon not dung hop tac Cac nhie:rn vu hoc tap phai dugc cau trtic d6 &A hOi HS phai c6 sit hop tac va giao ti6p, dam bao HS KKVH c6 th6 tham gia (long Op gial quy6t Vi du: HS KKVH, tham gia vao hoat dOng hop tac nhom dugc GV va nhom phan cho nhi6m vu hop lied kha nang Vi du, HS Nam ng6i tren xe Fan va not fat kho khan dugc giao nhi6rn vu chuy6n dung cu cho ngtr6i m6 6ch O gig thtrc hanh 2.3.2.3 Giao nhiem vu —Thay vi chi m6 to don gian nhiing nhi6m vu dm HS bang 16i, GV nen ke't hop \Tad lam mau trvc ti6p Khi lam mau, GV can chon vi tri d6 HS KKVH a dang quan sat va bat chuck —Truoc chia HS nhiing nhom nho, GV can chac chan rang HS KKVH nam ro nhie:m vu cila minh —Dam No nguyen tac moi HS lop phai cu xir' vOi mot cach nha nhan va ton six Oat bi6u luan phien luon dugc thvc hi6n 2.4.2.4 Giam sat hoot dOng thao Juan —Sau HS da dugc chia nhOm, GV can giam sat cac nhom bang cach di \Tong quanh phong va gitip tong nhom Nhfing 16i khen ngoi cong khai la mot ding cu rat hi6u lvc d6 gill') nhang HS khac hi6u dugc nhfing hanh vi nhom hie:u qua va thich hop —Hay danh them thei gian va ho trq mot cach kin dao cho nhom c6 HS KKVH n6u did)/ can thi6t 2.4.2.5 Co lc' hogch hinh cho HS nhfing la nang hoc hop tac —Ki nang nghe Lang nghe 5/ kin cita va gitip nhang ban khac trinh bay 5/ kin dm minh PHIYO'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO TRC/ HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC 53 —Kiem tra sirnhan biet Yeu cau HS lam rO nhang cau tra l07 khong hoan chinh hockhong I'd rang — Cung cap nhirng phan h6i tich cvc cho nhirng cau tra loi dung —Kien tri lam viec Duy tri sv tap trung vao nhirng nhiern vu hoc tap cu the thvc hien —GV lam mall, va khuyen khich bang nhfing cach thich hgp de huong an day va tri nhirng ki nang 2.3 NO'i dung 3: Thi6t k6 va ti6n hanh bai hoc có hieu qua ➢Nhi'e'rn vu Tim hi'ju cach thik ki bai hoc Thao Juan nhom: Thay/co cho biet chang to can tier' hanh the nao de có dizgc mot thi6t 1(6 1(6 hoach bai hoc danh cho lap cif) HS KKVH? Thong tin phan hoi 2.3.1 Thie't ki va tdn hanh bai hoc c6 hieu qua De day hoc hoa nhap co hieu qua, tnrac het ngueri GV can phai xay dung ke hoach bai day (hay gido an) met cach chi tiet, cu the theo mau Sau day la htrang clan ca ban de" xay dung ke hoach bai day: Cach thiet ke bai hoc YeU to ' ChiPc hang , Ten bai day Xac dinh m6i quan hO giCra bai hoc vol cac bai khac cCia cht) de Myc tieu chung Xac dinh myc tieu chung cho HS ce lap Myc tieu rieng Xac dinh myc Wet., danh cho HS KKVH Phtrung tien va dung day hoc Xac dinh nhirng phu'ong tiOn, tai liOu can thiet cho bai NOi dung Xac dinh va sap Ap nhirng khai niem/ ki nang chinh dia bai hoc Hoat dOng hoc tap Mo to cac haat dOng se duvc sir dyng de HS dat duvc it-1km tieu bai hoc Danh gia Neu r6 viec hoc dm HS se duvc luVng nhu' th6 nao TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUteNG TRUNG HOC Trong qua trinh thiet ke bai day hoa nhap cho HS KKVH, can luu y met se not dung sau day: 2.3.1.1 Xcic dinh muc tieu bai hoc Nhu chuong da de cap, HS KKVH gap nhieu kilo khan hoc tap nen viec xay dung met he thong muc tieu co dieu chinh la viec lam khOng the thiau Dieu chinh muc tieu bai day la dieu kien tien guy& de hoat Ong day hoc tra nen co hieu qua VI vay, thiet ke bai day ben canh viec xac dinh muc tieu chung cho ca lop, GV can viet muc tieu rieng danh cho HS KKVH Trong day hoc, muc lieu bai hoc la kim chi nam gialp GV lua chon nei dung, phuang phap, hinh thirc to chirc hoat deng, tieu chuan kiem tra Ira danh gia ket qua hoat Ong day hoc, tinh chat va phong cach tac deng qua lai gifra thay va trO Neu GV có the hinh dung, chi dugc met each cu the, r'6 net cac hoat deng HS can thuc hien, each danh gia ket qua mong muen tiet day, dieu se anh huong truc tiep den hieu qua day hoc Do do, cac tiet hoc hoa nhap danh cho HS KKVH cap THCS GV can viec muc tieu theo kieu muc tieu hanh Ong (rut gon) Met muc tieu hanh deng day du bao gem cac phan sau day: 1) Thanh phan thir nhat la dei Wong can phai giai quy& cau hoi: Ai la nguiyi tier' hanh hoat deng do? Trong hoat deng day hoc a nha trueng THCS thuong la tap the HS, nhom HS tix — HS hoac ca nhan HS 2) Thanh phan thir hai cua muc tieu la dieu kien de lien hanh hoat &Ong Tinthng thi phan de cap den met, hay nhieu cac yeu to sau day: dia diem, tai lieu sir dung, hoat deng huong dan cua GV va có the them su 1.18 trg HS dieu kien có the nhu: su gitip dm ban be hay su ht; trq cua cac trang, thiet bi dac biet net) có 3) Thanh phan quan nhat cua muc tieu hanh deng, la "hanh Ong co th's quan sat dugc" Day la hanh d'eng ma dei tugng phai tien hanh va the hien no met cach co ket qua Nhung met yeu cau cho muc tieu hanh deng la "hanh Ong cita doi tuong" phai dugc the hien re rang, GV tien hanh giang day nhan biet va danh gia dugc HS cim minh gang a muc de nao 4) Thanh phan cuei clung la "tieu chi danh gia" Thanh phan dam bao yeu to dinh lugng va Eorgc cua muc tieu, the hien yeu cau de thuan thuc va cong PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 55 Tieu chi thizong duoc xac dinh trtrac hanh dOng ma HS can dat tien hanh hoat dOng, nhung dieu khong co nglifa là nguai GV nhat nhAt lien hanh theo cac tieu chi ma khong tinh den su da clang va phong phu cua hohn canh thuc day hoc va su phat trien dOng dm HS Tuy nhien, v6i kinh nghiem gan 15 nam trien khai giao duc hoa nhdp tai nhieu tinh tai Viet Nam, chUng toi nhdn thay viec sir dung cac tieu chi 1, 2, dm muc tieu hanh dOng, cac GV thuerng lam mot cach hinh thirc, it co gia tri thuc tien Cac hoat dieu kien va tieu chi danh gia thuemg lap, mat nhi'eu theyi gian va rang phi gidy muc cua GV Vi the, neu c6 dieu kien GV nen sir dung day du cabo'n tieu chi trenkhi viec muc tieu bai day Tuy nhien, tieu chi hanh clOng quan sat duoc lai c6 gia tri thgc tien gitip GV nam bat duoc ket qua hoat dOng hoc tap cila HS va nhanh ch6ng dieu chinh hoat dOng giang day cua minh theo phi' hop voi cac HS VI the, GV day hoa nh4p cho HS KKVH cap THCS ben canh viec tuan thit quy dinh xay di.mg muc tieu tiet day theo huang dan cua nganh, can cu the hod nhirng ket qua mong dui oh HS nhung hanh dOng ma GV de clang quan sat bang mat thuong Vi du: Mon NO van lop 7, fi el t 81: Vdn ban: Tdr canh Pdc Bó —HC3 Chi Minh Muc tieu chung can dat: Cac HS 16p: —Doc din cam bai tha Thay duoc long yeu thien nhien —Trinh bay duoc y nglfia cua bai nhung ngdy gian kho gift mli rung Pac B6 cua Chu tich HO Chi Minh —Phan tich, binh giang gia tri nghe thu4t sir dung phep d6i tir, dOi tha that ngon tir tuy'et Huang luat Muc tieu rieng clia HS H.A: —Doc dung nhip dieu bai tha —Neu duoc ten tac gia bai tha —Giai nghia duoc mot se; tir kho bai nlra "cach mang" "sang" —The hien tinh cam yeu quy Bac H6 thong qua not TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO ()VC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 56 Vii cach viet nhu tren, GV de dang nhan duo•c sir khac bit muc tieu bai hoc cna Ca 16p vai met HS KKVH Trong thoi gian dau, chua quen cac GV c6 the de phan muc tieu phan nhu tren Nhung da quen rei, cac GV nen the hien nhu sau: Muc tieu bai hoc (viet cho HS ca 16p) Sir dung Id hieu rieng nhu: dau (*), viet bang muc khac ngarn hieu muc tieu rieng danh cho HS KKVH ma khong can phai viet ca ten dm HS KKVH Cach viet khien ban than GV ding cam they It su khac West gift cac HS dm rninh hon Thuc t6 cho they, luc dau cac GV cam thdy viet muc tieu hanh deng la ten died gian nhung day la phuang thirc tiet kiem sic luc va mang lai hieu qua cho GV nhat, boi nhung 11 sau: —GV luon chu deng tien hanh giang Su chuan bi chu deo ve muc tieu gin') GV lira chon nei dung, phuong phap, hinh thirc to chic phi hap, gio hoc tro nen coy nghia va hieu qua hen voi HS — GV de giam sat sv tien bo oh HS —Moi quan he cua GV va HS tea han, bgi HS co ca hei de cong tirng bu6c nh6 Kinh nghiem cua sir cong se gitip chting có dugc hIrng thti hoc tap va giam thieu cac hanh vi thach thirc — Moi vien tham gia deu biet ro dugc trach nhiem cda minh Viec viet muc tieu hanh deng c6 sir phan tich ro rang cac nhiem vu c6 sr dan xen lam cho muc tieu va nei dung day hoc On gui \Tad Muc tieu trey ca so• cua chuang trinh, GV xac dinh dugc tuan to nei dung can hoan de dat dugc muc tieu Do vay, cac vien tham gia xac dinh muc tieu deng tho•i ding &rig gop vao xay dung nei dung day hoc cho nen nei dung bai hoc thuc sir phu hap, c6 gia tri vgi HS Mdt khac, xac dinh muc tieu hanh deng tao tinh linh boat boat deng day hoc, vi gin') cho qua trinh dieu chinh muc tieu thuc hien dugc de dang 2.3.1.2 Chuan bi phtrang tien, ctj clang day hoc Dtra vao muc tieu, GV can du tinh va chuan bi dung day hoc phii hap v6i nei dung kien thirc cita bai hoc, de dung cho ca 16p va dung cho HS KKVH Hien nay, chin c6 met phuang tien day hoc nao dugc thiet ke danh rieng cho HS KKVH Vi the, HS KKVH phai dung chung dung nhu cac HS khac Khao sat PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'&NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC thuc to cho thay nhieu be dung kh6ng dam bao chat ltrang hoac thieu ve se luting Mat khac, tinh minh hoa the hien dm nhirng &mg thieu tinh chinh xac; vi duo be de dung Vat li lap thi nghiem ve nhiet de soi, nhiet Ice chi 98°C , vei cac HS binh thu mg khac GV chi can be sung, giai thich them bang 16i thi cac HS 16p cling de clang chap nhan nhiet de sei cua nu& la 100°C Nhung vii dung cu sir dung cho HS KKVH thi kat qua la khien cho HS bei rei lung aing viec tier, nhan tri thuc Hay nhu, gier Sinh vat, GV giang bai "Cau tao cua than lan" Da HS quan sat va phan biet cac loai wan cila than lan, GV c6 the treo gitla 16p met birc tranh to va yeu cau HS ca 16p quan sat, thao luan, chi cac loai xuong khac dm than lan Nhung yeu cau se la phi' hap han vei HS M (HS KKVH) nau GV cho HS KKVH met m6 hinh xuang than Ian bang go a HS có the vira nhin vira so vao timg loai xuang Do (lac diem ctia HS KKVH nen viec hoc tap dm HS KKVH có hieu qua han nau GV sir dung dung truc quan phu hop se &lip HS tri gide phat hien van de bang da giac quan VI the, GV day be mon nen ding v6i cac GV khac to va phuang tien, de dung phi hap vei gia dinh HS de kiem, to lam hoac mua day hoc danh cho HS KKVH ➢Nh*n vu Tan cdch 1/61 hdnh nal hoc Mao Juan nhom: Theo thay/ce met ma bai, ket thtic phai có nhang tieu chi nao thi c6 the ket Juan chting hieu qua; Cho vi du minh hoa va phan tich? Thong tin phan hoi 2.3.2 That hien bai hoc • Mo bai Thed gian danh cho phan m6 bai cua mot tiet day thtremg rat ngan (2 — phut) song lai COnghia coy rat quan dei veri HS viec tiep thu not dung kin thik dm ca bai hoc Met me bai sinh Ong, hap an se 16i cuen su dal 51 tap trung, tao mei tnrerng thuan lgi va kich thich ham muen tim hieu, hoc tap dm HS Met mo bai cong can dat duvc ba tieu chi sau: — Gay chrgc hirng thit, 16i cuen dtrgc six chit y va kich thich dugc HS tap trung vao viec hoc tap TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DVC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 58 — Thu hilt HS tham gia — HS nhan thirc dugc y nghia, muc tieu cua bai hoc De mot m6 bai dat dugc ba tieu chi tren, GV thuong bat dal bang nhung hog cl6ng, loi not thu huh su chtl y cila HS Vi du, "Cling to bat dau bai hoc nao!" Tiep sau do, GV có the sir dung nhung d6 dung, tranh anh hay neu nhung tinh có van de r6i dat cau h6i de kich thich HS suy nghi va tra 16i Mot nhung cach hieu qua nhL, lam not tam phan gi6i thieu la cung cap cho HS nhung dung trixc quan de chang có the nhin, nghe, cam nhan, ngiri, ho4c tham chi la nem bat dau bai hoc Trong dang tac nhan gay kich thich nhdt la tac d6ng vao thi giac Tuy nhien, thgc to GV nen sir dung mot cach linh hog va hop li tat ca cac hinh thirc khac, bed le nhung gi ma HS có the quan sat dugc mot cach ro rang minh bach deu c6 the la cac diem nhAn thich hap Khi sir dung cac diem nh'An vao thi giac thi viec vie't th6ng tin len bang hay trinh bay qua may chieu thi se co hieu qua hon so v6i cach chi dua thong tin tai HS bang mieng Cac nha nghien ciru ni* thAy rang tinh to m6 co the la ngu6n &Ong l%rc manh me ben thoi thilc nguoi hoc kham pha Neu GV sir dung tot nhung diem nhAn phan gi6i thieu bai, dieu se kich thich tinh to mo dm HS, thu hilt va tri sv chu y cua cac HS GV có the lqi dung hieu qua ciia tinh to mo cua HS theo it nhat ba cach sau day: —Trinh bay thong tin hoac y Wong trai ngugc v6i hieu Wet hoac long tin hien c6 cilia HS de gay su ngac nhien va phi 11 —Trinh bay y arcing bang hinh anh hinh tivc quan Tren ca so do, GV lien he kien thirc cua bai hoc cu de tien hanh thuc day kien thirc mad cho HS Viec nh'ac lai nhung gi HS da" hoc bai tnrac va lien he den nhiing muc tieu cua bai hien tai 1a rat can thiet Neu khOng de cap den nhitng not dung nay, HS c6 the hu6ng tap trung vao nhung not dung khong phai la tam cua bai hoc De HS KKVH có the chn deng tham gia va thu v6i hog d6ng hoc tap, tir phan ma bai GV can thirc hien cac phuang phap sau: —Danh cho HS nhung cau hoi vita sic (cau hoi d6, cau hoi dau lien 16p ) — H6" trg them cho HS bang cach ggi y (bang lei, bang d6 dung) PHU'ONG PHAP HtIO'NG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC 59 VI du: Bai "D4c diem ben ngoai dm la", GV to chirc cac hoat dOng mo bai nhu sau: —Chia lop nhung nhom nho, moi nhom — vien Yeu cau cac nhom thao luan cac cau hoi sau: + Tai bu6i trim nang nguai ta thuang phai tru duoi nhang tan cay to? + Tai bu6i t6i, ngired ta thuang mang nhfing chau cay canh ngoai san ma khong de nha eking kin dm + Tap the duc tir hic to ma sang tai nhung nai c6 rat nhieu cay xanh co tot cho suc khoe khong? Gqi y gillp HS tra lai cac cau hoi tren, c6 the HS dua cac cau tra led sau: — Cay xanh s8 cho bong mat, tan la co tac dung can bui —Cay xanh lam kh6ng lanh, de chiu lam a —VI cay xanh co the san sinh oxy, de nguai c6 the they a — Thai quen tap the duc bu6i sang rat tot cho sire khoe —Nhieu ngued c6 th6i quen tap the duc nhu vay nhung em doc mot bai bao nguai ta lai khuyen kh6ng nen tap the duc sem qua a mai truang nhieu cay xanh Sau twang clan goi ma cho HS tra lei cac cau h6i, GV giai thie‘u bai: "Quang hop" Rieng d6i vai HS KKVH, GV ggi y de HS c6 the tra led dugc y nghla cua viec cay xanh • Giai quy6 van cue Giai quy'et van de la phdri can nhieu thai gian nhat cua bai hoc d6ng thai day Giai ding 1a phdn ma HS KKVH de bi nhang nhdt M6t tit day hoa nhap c6 HS KKVH tham gia duoc coi 1a hi'eu qua hoi to du yeu to sau: Moi HS lap tham gia hoc tap tich cuc va hop tac GV tri dugc nhip do, su linh hoat cna bai day GV giam sat dugc sir tap trung chu y cua ca nhan HS TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC 60 DUC GV cung cap nhung phan hei va ding c6 tich cuc doi vrn cong cita HS GV sira loi va sau HS mac De có the thvc hien &roc nhung di'eu tren, GV can clni 9: —Khi den hanh cac hog deng tren 16p, can can c* vao nei dung kien thirc bai hoc de xac dinh nhirng hog &Ong phi' hop v6i kha nang dm HS —Sir dung cac phuong phap khac nhau: Dva vao nhung hoat deng da xac dinh va kha nang oh HS, GV lira chon nhung phirang phap • day hoc cho phu hop, bao g6m: ✓ Phuang phap hop tac nhOm: Can xac dinh cach to chat nhom cho linh hoat va se luting vien cua rn.6i nhom Nei dung hoat Ong nhom bao gem nhung kien thirc va ki Wang can thiet cung cap cho HS Chd y viec giao nhiem vu phii hop cho HS KKVH ✓ Phuang phap dieu chinh: Can c* vao muc tieu da xac dinh va kha Wang, nhu cau dm HS, GV can di'eu chinh 'lei dung, phuang phap, tiled gian va hoat Ong phu hop ved HS KKVH Sr dung mo hinh nhan thirc dm Bloom de xac dinh mirc de kien thirc cho HS ✓ Sir dung de dung day hoc: Can can cu vao yeu cau cita nei dung bai hoc va het sirc chu den cach sir dung De dung day hoc del vai HS KKVH có met nghia het sirc quan trong viec day va hinh nhung ki nang cho HS Nen sir dung nhitng de dung gan gui cuec song hang va phii hop vai so thich cila HS —Sir dung ng6n ngcr ✓ Chon tir nga de hieu, ro rang, ngan gon, am luting vira phai ✓ Chon vi tri dimg dei dien, gan HS KKVH de cac em có the nhin thy re hinh mieng cita GV ✓ Tang cueng sir dung cac cu chi, clieu be, net mat, sir chuyen Ong cua ca the nham tang tinh bieu cam va tao co hei cho thong tin bai hoc den voi HS KKVH tir nhieu kenh hon — Trinh bay cac vi du sau phan me bai Viec phai linh hei nhung thong tin thvc tin thuong khien HS KKVH khO hieu, than nan, 11 thuyet, It gan PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'o'NG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 61 nhang, tir xuat hien nhung hanh vi co van d'L VI vay, sau thuc hien ma bai, GV nen bat Tau viec giang day bang nhfing vi du dau tien va tin hanh lam mdu —Viec day 11 thuye't hoac hu6ng dan HS thuc hien Id nang mai nen dirge thuc hien met cach ngan gen, ro rang nhung phal chi duct nhfing khla canh cot lei nhat cua viec ap dung nhung kin thirc, ki nang vao thuc ti6n —Cho HS thuc hanh met s6 nhiem vu tai lop Nhang hog deng thuc hanh la het sirc can thi& voi cac mon h9c a cap THCS, gitip cac HS hiL kin thirc va thao han cac ki nang HS KKVH can dugc thuc hanh nhiL so han cac ban khac ding 16p Sau day la met s6 ggi y cho GV thie't ke cac hog deng thuc hanh 16p hoa nhap cho HS KKVH: ✓ Tranh dim nhfing nhiem vu bat HS ghi nha qua nhi&t ✓ Khac sau kin thirc bang viec cung cap torn tat cac bai thuc hanh tong hap de tranh cho HS hi 'eu nham ve cac khai niem va quy luat ✓ Tranh sir giao thoa giira cac khai niem, gida viec ap dung cac quy luat va thit thuat bang cach dua nhung bai luyen tap rieng biet cho de'n HS da hoan toan phan biet dugc sty khac cua chtIng ✓ Gitip HS hie'u dugc he't mei y nghia cua nei dung bang viec cho HS thuc hanh nhung ki nang nh6 cua met nhiem vu tong th& cho HS thay dugc mei quan he Oita nhung gi HS da hoc voi nhung gi HS dang hoc va se hoc ✓ Giam b6t kho khan bang cach day tru6c nhung phan ki nang cua thuat toan va day nhirng kin thirc, ki nang de tnrOc day cai ✓ Yeu cau rO cac tieu chi di a su thao ✓ Dam bao rang nhung ki nang dugc luyen tap co th6" thuc hien dugc hoan toan dec lap voi mirc de cong cao ✓ GV clanh mot chat thei gian lam viec voi ca nhan HS KKVH de ding gig guy'et van a Tao ca hoi cho HS dat dugc cOng hog deng hoc tap D lam dugc dieu nay, ngoai viec giao nhung nhiem vu can vira sirc, GV can khuyL khich HS — TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'oeNG TRUNG HOC KKVH phan 116i bang cach: tra mieng, viet gidy hoac tham chi the hien th6ng qua cir chi, dieu b6 Ngoai ra, GV va cac ban 16p can dua nhiing h6 trq HS kip thei cho den cac HS KKVH c6 the hoan town d'6c lap giai guy& cong viec cua minh Neu HS clang luyen tap thuc hanh nhang ki nang moi, chung có the can den nhimg ggi Y sir dung kien thirc va ki nang (la co Viec HS chuyen tir bu6c giai quy& nhiem vu can có su h6 HS den btrac giai guy& mot cach d6c lap doi hoi GV can to chirc mot cach có ke hoach Sau HS TA có the giai guy& mot cach d6c lap va dat ket qua mot so nhiem vu cu the, GV nen dua nhfrng vi du phirc tap hon Neu HS kh6ng can 11;6 trq ma van hoan dugc nhung bai tap do, GV co the yen tam di Ten phan ket dale bai hoc • Kb thuc bai 1-19c Neu nhu m6 Tau bai day dat dugc hieu qua bang cach loi keo HS vao hoat Ong va cung cap mot khung wen ca ban ciia tai lieu moi, thi viec ket thtic bai day có hieu qua can dat dugc tieu chi sau: —De HS to bieu dat nhang phut hien chinh qua bai hoc —De HS to torn tat nhang thong tin moi linh h6i —HS có kha nang van dung kien thirc vim hoc vao thuc tfen Viec ket thuc bai la mot hinh thirc on tap vao cu6i bai day, chi' de dugc torn tat lai cho HS de hieu han Viec ket thiic rat quan trong, vi GV cau true thong tin theo he tho'ng de hieu hon cho HS Do vay, GV nen yeu cau HS dua them vi du ve nhang gi HS da hoc, mot dinh nghia hoac mot torn tat deu co the dugc sir dung a ket not not dung bai hoc chat the hon Viec nghien ciru da chi rang, moi kieu ket thtic bai hoc nhu tren au co tac dung tang hieu qua hoc tap 2.4 NOi dung 4: Day hoc hoa nhap cho HS kh6 khan ve hoc Nhiem vu Tim hieu hoat dkg day hoe cho HS khd doe —Xem trich doan video clip ti giai nguyen nhan kho doc —Thao Juan: de xudt Nen phap day hoc HS kho doc? PHU'ONG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC 63 Thong tin phan hoi 2.4.1 Day hoc cho HS kilo doc a Khai nOn HS kho doc Theo DSM — IV kilo doc la dang khuyet tat hoc tap ph6 bien nhat, clac biet a HS cap tieu hoc KD cluvc clac trung bai nhfing khO khan viec din dat hoac tiep nhan ngon ngit not hoac viet mac du tri thong minh va kha nang tri tue dia HS 0' muc tren trung binh HSKD chi &roc nhan dien nhting kho khan hoat Ong doc, viet cua cluing khOng the giai thich dugc bang cac nguyen nhan nhu: khuyet tat tri tue, hoat dang giang day khong hieu qua hoac khiem khuyet giac quan nhu khiem thinh, khiem thi Tren the giai co nhieu dinh nghia cua chUng khO doc nhu sau: Hiep hei the giai ve than kinh dinh nghia chung kho doc la "met bieu hien cila r6i loan kilo khan ve doc hoc tap mac du van nhan cluqc day du nhimg Inrang clan gido cluc, tri thong minh va clieu kien xa hei binh thuang Vien Sire khoe Qutic gia Hoa Ki dinh nghia kho doc nhu la "met dang khuyet tat ve doc khong cc-) kha nang de xir 11 cac bieu tuqng d6 hoa" Vien Nghien dru Qu6c gia ve r6i loan than kinh va det quy, clua dinh nghia sau day ve chUng kho doc: "Chung khO doc la met loai khuyet tat hoc tap lam suy yeu kha nang doc ciia met nguai ca nhan Mac du CO tri th6ng minh binh thuang nhung nhirrig ca nhan thuOng co kat qua hoc doc thap R6i loan ve doc the hien khac a cac ca nhan khac nhung chting co dac diem chung la: gap khO khan vai chinh td, vai xir if am vi hoc (cac thao tac dia am thanh), hoac vai viec dap Ung nhanh vai am — hinh anh CS ngtrai lorn, chung kho doc thuang xay sau mot chan thuong nao hoac b6i canh bi sa snt tri tue NO ding co the cluqc di truyen met s6 gia dinh Cac nghien cuu gan day da xac dinh duqc met s6 gen có the clan den met ca nhan c6 the mac chUng kho doc " TAI L0.1 TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DVC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC Nhin chung, chung MI6 doc la mot loai r6i loan lam suy giam, gdy kilo khan ve doc Co nhieu nguyen nhan gdy cac rOi loan phai ke den ba nhorn sau: han the kha rang tri giac thinh giac, tri giac thi gide va chit 57 Mac du chirng kho doc khong phai KTTT gdy nhung nguai ta hay nham HS KB vai HS KTTT Chimg kho doc khong lien quan nhieu tad chi so IQ, vi thuc chit kha nang doc va nhdn thirc phat trien tuang d6i dOc lap vai b Phan loci HS kilo doc Castles va Coltheart mo ta hai loai kh6 doc chInh la: kilo khan viec nhan thirc am vi hoc va MI6 khan viec tri giac hinh clang chit(chung kho doc lien quan den be mat) Tuy nhien, sr khac biet gida khO doc be mat va kho doc nhan thirc am vi hoc da khong thay the nhieu so \raj cac thuat ngfr cu cna dyseidetic loai dysphonetic cua chirng kh0 doc (27) Su phdn biet loai kho doc be mat/dm vi hoc mieu ta, chi dinh nghia va phan tich nguyen nhan cua cac hien tuang tren nam ca the hog dOng cac \Tung cua nao Nguac lai, sit khac biet gift kho doc am vi va kho doc hinh anh thi giac de cap den hai ca the khac la sit thieu but viec phan biet ngon ngif 16i not va sit khiem khuyet ve nhan thirc hinh anh thi giac c Bieu hien cuia HS kho doc a cap Trung hoc Biel' hien cila kho doc khac a mire do; kho doc va dO tu6i cua HS KB Khi yeu cAu HS doc mot doan van ban ngan (mai), GV c6 the phat hien 18i HS mac va cach thirc HS dung de situ loi GV can danh dL, the hien nhung loi vao van ban HS lira doc Ban mo ta rat huu Ich cho GV dUng vao qua trinh phan tich loi va tim cach day doc cho HS Vai HS KB a cap Trung hoc cac em thuang xudt hien bieu hien sau ddy: 1.Doc vai t6c dO rat cham (20 — 30 am tiet/philt) Mac nhieu han 118i loai 1oi sau: PHUIYNG PHAP HlYo'NG DAN VA H6 TRY HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC 65 —Thay the (substitusion) HS thay mot tit khac vao mot tix van ban Thuerng HS thay vao la mot tir gia (khOng coy nghia), kh6ng co van ban doc hoac khong an nhdp vao ngfr canh ciia van ban doc Thay the tix nhu vdy khien cho viec hieu van ban dm HS kho khan —Lang tranh (refusal): HS clang doc dirng lai tnx6c mot tix kho va khong c6 gang doc tiep GV — ngtroi tien hanh phan tich 16i can tim nguyen nhan (11 do) tai HS lai tix ch6i doc —B6 tir (Omission): HS 1)6 mot s6 tir nao Hien tuong xuat hien rat nhanh va bat nger Viec b6 sot tir co anh rat It den van ban doc nhung ding c6 lai b6 tir quan dm van ban VI the GV phai that chti y de phat hien dting cho HS be, va quyet dinh muc d6 anh huong cua chting — Them tir (Insertion): Them tir khong c6 bai doc Ciing ging nhu 11;i 1)6 viec them tir vao bai doc se lam cho nghia cua bai thay d6i it nhieu Neu hien tuong them va bo tir din qua thuong xuyen se khien HS kh6ng hieu dung nghia cua bai doc —Ngdp ngirng, ngat quang (Hesitation): Nhfing khoang dirng keo dai han gidy, nhieu Fan ngdp ngirng se khien mat d6 tr6i chay, HS kho khan viec n'am bat y nghia caa bai doe Viec xac dinh &roc 181 ngdp ngirng rat hizu Ich, du doan truck no din nhu the nao tien hanh tong hop am vi de giai ma bai doc —Lap di l'a'p lai tir (Repetion): HS doc lap lai tir, the hien su thieu to tin, anh huOng den thai d6 lam viec dm HS —Tu stra COI (Self — correction): Danh dau vao tir ma HS to sith loi, ghi chti lai bao nhieu lan lap di lap lai tir Cach HS dung de to sixa 18i din c6 the la dau m6i thti vi nhat de tim diem manh va diem yeu kha nang doc dm HS HS phan tich am vi cac tir cac 'Alan nho han, doc thing sau da hieu ngfr canh Hieu nghia van ban han cite, khong tom tat thrgc not dung van ban da doc Bai viet thuong sai 126i chInh ta; ki nang bai viet kern KhO ghi nh6 cac khai niem TAI 1_0 TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN Nit GIAO nix HOA NHAP TRONG TRUtiNG TRUNG HOC ➢Nhiem vu Thcre Myth 1>2ot sekith/4 t day doe cho HS khe doe cap ?IV i(u Th8ng tin phan hOi d Phyong phap va cac ki thudt day hoc HS KD cap Trung hoc Chall va Stahl (1982) da de cap den mo hinh day doc lien quan clan viac tap trung vao doc tieng hay doc hiau van ban 1) MO hinh day doc tit duoi len tren la nguei doc se tap trung vao viac giai ma cac chit cai sau m6i deny nghia cua chting Dieu co nghia la nhitng chir cai, tir dugc nhan thirc va giai ma sau moi de cap deny nghia cua bai doc MO hinh tit duOi len tren hoat Ong doc ren luyan ki nang doc — HS thay &roc m6i won quan giita biau ttrong chit va am 2) MO hinh day doc tit tren xuOng du6i lai tap trung vao viac hiau not dung cita van ban hon 1a vi'ec giai ma cac tir cu the MO hinh nhan biat dtrgc nguiyi doc co kha nang tra lei cac cau MI hay khong? 3) MO hinh day doc tap trung ca vao bai khoa va yeu cdu hiau not dung CO the ltra chon mo hinh mot hoac mo hinh hai cho phu hop Nhieu tac gia nhu Chall, 1983; Kirk, 1978 thay rang viac phat tri'en ki nang doc din theo bu6c Vic thong hiau trinh to bu6c se ghip cho GV dua nhiam vu, xac hinh muc tieu, lira chon phuang phap phit hop GV co the giam sat su tin bO ciia HS va xac hinh &roc thei diem nao HS chuyan tit giai doan thap den giai clop cao hon Chall (1983b) chia str phat trian ki nang doc giai doan tit gia doan den giai doan 5(giai doan tin doc (0); giai doan thun thuc (5)) nhu biau dO cap trung hoc yeu call HS phai doc nhiau nguE:'1'n tai lieu va so sanh, danh gia cac thong tin thu dugc tir nhiau nguen khac HS &roc yeu cau doc nhung tai lieu có not dung phirc tap Thong qua doc, HS hiau cac khai ni'em moi va kho hon trinh dO nay, qua trinh sieu nhan thirc (long vai tro quan trong giam sat va danh gia kha nang hieu van ban dm HS Hoat ding day hoc giam sat ki nang nghien ciru tai lieu khac Su that bai dm HS Kilo doc viec hiau not dung van ban có the ddn den viac khOng ca, kha nang giai ma va thiau thong tin da hiau cac PHUCYNG PHAP HUNG DAN VA HO TRd HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 67 not dung hoc tap Ciboroki (1995) da dtra met quyen sach có not dung tang cuong su linh hoat cho HS KB MO hinh day doc tap trung vao cac hoat dOng giup cho HS KB tich cuc va linh boat hon Han nira, Snider va Tarver (1987) de xuat nhfing tai lieu tap trung vao tir wng va thong tin ca ban cam sach se giiip HS KH cai thien &roc kha nang doc DOC Nhan dang tip Hinh dung Phan tich ngir canh Doc nhan dang Hieu nghia cua tir va ttroing Phut then von tii Hieu nghia den Hieu nghia b6ng Danh gia Phan tich ngiii am Danh gia (m(rc cao) Chia am tit Phan tich cau triic Bi4u so Phan tich tt:p die!, Mo hinh phut tan ki nang doc TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN I30 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'deNG TRUNG HOC 68 O giai doan nay, HS doc sach, tai lieu mot cach chi tiet va hieu sau sac nhung gi pht hgp muc tieu hoc tap Bang viec doc nhung gi minh to viet ra, HS hinh nen nhiing hieu biet Hs doc cac thong tin duoi Fang kinh bi gith han bo7 cac linh vu.c nghien ciru cu the a trinh cao VI the, doc a giai doan nay, yeu cau HS phai m& r6ng nhirng hieu biet ve not dung van ban a muc de cao De dat dugc yeu cau tren HS phu thu6c vao nhung kien thirc va thong tin thu dugc o giai doan va Hien nay, chua c6 cach china tri cho chi:mg KD nhung moi HS KD c6 the hoc doc va viet dugc v6i six ho trg plai hop cila gido duc dac biet Cung cap cho HS ban ghi nhoa ve nhitng not dung chinh de cap an bai giang Quy uOc cach hieu ()1 mat) cua GV HS thieu to tin phal dimg len not rang khong hieu bai, GV can giang lai Nhung se to nhi horn neu GV sir dung cach dau cho HS GV nen thuomg xuyen dung 10 de kiern tra xem HS c6 hieu khong va cung cap nhung h6 trg can thiet gitip HS hieu not dung van ban Su dung nhieu bang ghi chu hoac bang trirc quan de 11'3 trg qua trinh tiep nhan bang thinh giac dm HS; GV luu 5/ nen han the cac to khod, dinh nghia hoac cau h6i Chuyen HS den cac chuyen gia tri lieu ng6n ngit de danh gia ng6n ngit tiep nhan Neu kha nang doc (qua chain) hok sai nhV'eu loi dart d62 khong hieu not dung van ban cac mon hoc khac GV can: 1.Chit ang torn tat not dung bai giang Khac sau nhung kien thirc tam bang 16.i Sir dung d6 dung tArc quan b6 trg Ghi am van ban de HS sir dung qua trinh hoc cac mon hoc khac Cling HS xay dung to dien mon hoc Tir dien bao g6m nhung tux quan trong, thueng xuyen xuat hien a cac mon hoc PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'aNG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 69 TIM thu4t de gill!, tre nhjn clang dtror tir (Ekwall & Shanker, 1989; Guszak, 1985): Hinh clang — Duerng bao quanh hoac hinh clang ben ngoai dm dr Do dai cua tir, so lugng cac chit cai, chieu cao cua cac chit cai chinh la nhung dau hieu ben ngoai ve hinh clang gitip HS nhan dang tir Phan tich ngit canh — Sir dung met th6ng tin c6 lien quan c6 the de nhan dang dugc tir va 5T nghia cua tir (Guszak, 1985,p72) Nhitng c* lieu ve ngit nghia va cu phap (ngit phap) se gitip cho HS loan dugc tir dua tren ngit canh Thong to nhu vay, nhung birc tranh ding cung cap them th6ng tin Doc nhan dang (sight words) — nhitng tir ma HS doc (nhan ra) khong can phai phan tich am vi Tit nhan dang bao gem nhiing tir dugc sir dung thuZyng xuyen, Dolch — 1955 dua met danh sach nhiing tir tieng Anh dang bat quy tac dugc day theo cach nhan dang Nguoi hoc se hoc ca tir — tir hoan chinh Cach tiep can tap trung vao y nghia cua tir, phuong pita') doc tir hoan chinh dugc da sir' dung nhieu de gigi thieu chit in Phan tich ngit am — giai ma cac tir bang cach lien ket giira am va bieu tugng chit tuang Ung Dieu tap trung vao viec hoc chit va cac luat ghep am van, nhieu am khac nhau: bat dL tit cac nguyen am, tiep theo la viec lien IC& gitra cac nguyen am va phu am, dau Phan tich am vi — qua trinh phan tach met tir cac phan cac Moi met am tiet deu phat met am Met se tac gia cho rang phan chia tir am tiet viec phan tich ngit am, nhien, met s6 ngueri khac lai xep no nam phan tich cau truc (Ekwall&Shanker, 1989) Sir dung tir dien Mac dL hiem sir dung tir dien de nhan dang tir, nhung tir dien cung cap nghia va cach dung tir mgi ThU thucit giap HS doc hieu it horn (Ekwall &Shanker, 1989; Smith &Barett, 1979) Phat trien tir vung la din thuat co ban gitip tre c6 the hieu van ban Hieu chit viet lien quan den viec nhan dien va goi ten dugc thong tin Met so yeu cau ve doc hieu bao gem doc hieu dugc y cua cau, doan hoac not dung van ban, ghi nh6 dugc y chinh, trinh tax cac sit kien, va trit lai dugc cac cau hoi cu the TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC Duc Hieu clang nghTa: yeu cau HS hieu dung clua tren nhfing thong tin c6 bai doc va kinh nghiem ca nhan KT Wang hieu clang bao gOrn viec hieu cac moi quan he dm van ban, y chinh dm van ban, y kien ca nhan GV danh gia hoac dua ray kien dua tren kinh nghiem, hieu biet dm HS Danh gia tap trung vao chat luong that, ki vong, gia tri hoac kha nang thuc te Bao gem viec xac dinh gia tri, su trung thuc va su khac biet; gifra mong muen va thuc te; cho y kien; tham chi bao gem ca gia tri dao doc Du kien c6 lien quan den tinh cam, )(tic cam HS xac dinh d'ac tinh cac su kien va the hien canh suy nghT, tinh cam (thich thd, lo Fang, hay buen chan) Trong doc chirc nang, HS doc cac thong tin ca ban (sir dung muc luc, cot thong tin, va sach thong tin); hieu se lieu c6 van ban; biet clanh dau trang, &mg; tom tat not dung van ban; phat trien inh van ban bang each tao lap van ban khac vu Tim hija hoac crOng day hoc cho HS khe vitt —Trinh bay phan nh6m HS kh6 vitt —Xem trich doan video clip ve bieu hien HS kilo vitt Thong tin phan hoi 2.4.2 Day hoc cho HS kilo vitt a Khcli ni ern HS kilo viet Trong thuc t6, mot HS c6 chir vitt khong the doc doge coi 1a kh6 vitt (KV) Nhung thuc KV can bao gOm ca viec han the kha nang din dat bang ngon ng>z viec VI the cac bien phap can thiep phu thuc vao viec HS mac loai KV nao Dang KV co kho khan ve van Ong tinh: Day la dang anh huang den kha nang vitt bang tay Nhang HS PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC c6 sit khdc biet gida ket qua mong doi va ket qua hoc tap thuc re Nghien ciru cho thay: HS KV c6 nhung bieu hien kho khan viec viet chit rm: Lang trdnh viec viet; viet sai; viet khong Sau viet HS thay chart nan Nhang HS coi viet IA mot mot nhiem vu qud kh6 khan vai chting (27) Viet bang tay IA mot hoat dOng phirc tap dOi hoi sit phi hgp nhieu vimg chirc nang tren va nao; phi hap tay — mit, tuan thin trinh tit, tri nhor, nhiing ki nang ngOn ngcr va to chirc kh6ng gian Them vao do, HS phai sir dung van dOng tilos (dieu khien than minh, gid thing bang, di chuyen than minh) va nhiing van dOng tinh (lam chit, dieu khien cu Ong co tay, chit y, dieu chinh thi gidc) Su han the bat dr khau nao deu co the la nguyen nhan gay kilo khan ve viet Dang KV kho khan tao lap van ban: De giai thich hien tugng kh6 khan ve viet tao lap van ban oh HS, Chiver va Berningger cho rang, HS c6 kho khan ve viet c6 sr han cite ve tri nha, (lac biet la tri nhor ngan han lam anh hi/Ong den nang giai ma sit vat va nang ghi lai nhung van a giai ma Diane da thiet ke va thuc nghiem mot boat bai tap ve viet Cdc bai tap dugc chuan hod din mot dang test nhan dien tre kho khan ve tao lap van ban Su han the ve tri nhor ngan han or HS kho viet ton tai vori nhung han the ve thong tin ngon ngir MOt cau hoi khdc dugc Tat ra, lieu sit khiem khuyet ye tri nhOr ngan han or HS CO la nguyen nhan gay kilo viet van de tao lap ng6n ban hay chi la mot dac diem di kern Theo nghien oh mai day cua Benninger va cong sty (2004, 2008, 2009, 2011), cia Chivers va cong sr (1991) va cia Diane Walton ding cong sit (1999) da chi vi tri bat thtrang cau tritc 1)0 nao mang den nhung giai thich ding chit y den nguyen nhan gay kh6 ve kho viet Ket qua cia nghien dm cho thay cau trtic nao cia HS mac chi:mg kho viet khdc biet vai cat' trdc nao cua nhiing HS binh thuang Tren vo nao cita tam phang thdi throng nam tren be mat thug thdi duorng, duai ranh Sylvian c6 lien he chat the vat chdc nang ngein ngir MOt so truing hgp kho doc, kho viet CO hien ttrgng tang sinh va nao tai mot so vUng di cong \Pori sai lech vi tri u cac trung khu than kinh, phi va' sit sap lop binh thuang cua cdc t6 bao th'an kinh tren vo nao Nhorn tit* hai thuc ve cdc nha nghien thu ve Ngon ngir hoc, Tam 11 hoc va Gido duc hoc Ho cho rang nguyen nhan kho viet la nhan thirc dm HS Ve doc: Su han cite )(it 11 thong tin doc da thu but dugc nhieu nha nghien ciru Su khiem khuyet ve nhan thdc am vi clang vai tro quan trong TAI LIE() TAP HUAN CAN Bo QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN vE GIAO Dix HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'eYNG TRUNG HOC nguyen nhan that bai viac hoc doc cila HS co kho khan \la viet Cac tiang, tir khac duot ghi am bang cac kat hop kirk cua to hop cac chu cai, dau Thuc nghiam cua cac nha khoa hoc cho thay, HS c6 kilo khan va viet han the thvc hien cac bai tap dOi hOi sty phan tich tir, tiang cac don vi nho ban nhu van va am tiat; kho khan viac phan biat cac am tit china cac am vi gan dan den viet sai chinh td Su khiam khuyat va tri nho cluoc neu nhu mot cach thirc giai thich khac doi veer nguyen nhan cua viac hay qu'an cua tre, dan den anh hverng den van de nho' tir \Tung va viac phat trian von tir vung, anh htrang den van de viet cau va van de xay dungy Wong, sap xasp y tuang de tao lap van ban Tian si Kheyroddin va cac cong su truong dai hoc Y Tabriz da tin hanh nghien ciru voi 48 HS c6 rOi loan va viet va dal de cap den kha nang van dOng tinh cila HS an den kh6 viet Kat qua nghien ciru cho thay su lien quan giira nao va tay Nghien ciru crla Chivers ciing nhan dinh thong tin c6 nao, dtroc truyan bang tin hiau den ban tay de tao cac thong tin bang van ban Vic truyen cac tin hiau tir nao khong hoan hao la phan nao Or ban cau trai lam viac khOng hiau qua Cac nghien ciru mai khong ngirng hoan thin cac khai niam va dysgraphia, cac chitin luoc va ki thuat can thiap hiau qua nham khac phuc nhang kilo khan va viet cho phir hop dac diem ngon ngit va moi truong gido due m8i runic Kh6 khan tao lap van ban se han the kha rang giao dap va kha nang hoc tap cna tre tir nhirng giai loan dau cira bac hoc, anh huong khong nho den cuOc song cua cac em To lap ngOn ban la mot ki nang rat quan doi vai HS not Chung va HS kilo khan va viet not rieng b Phan loci HS kilo vier Theo cac chuyen gia có loai kho viet: 1) Kho vier kilo doc: la nh6m HS khong the to viet throe hoac viet chit sai nhieu loi chinh ta Tuy nhien nau cho cluing nhin vao chit bat chuck viet lai theo mau thi tOc dO viet va chit viet lai binh throng Nhung HS c6 tOc cho xir li than kinh cham a 2) Kho vier kho khan ve van d:Ong: 1a dang kh6 viet thiau ki nang van dOng; truong luc co kern MOt so HS c6 the viet duoc doan van ban, nhien phai rat no luc qua trinh viet va can rat nhiau tiled gian Vic chap lai mot doan van PHLYO'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TFIC/ HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC Ea ban la nhiem vu rat kilo khan vgi nhirng HS kh6 viet van clOng Bai viet cang dai thi kich thugc clia chit viet, khoang cach giira cac chit cang trer nen thieu chit-1h xac Cach cam but cila nhitng HS thugng thieu chinh xac, v4y chting thuOng kh6ng dat dtrgc cac yeu cau viet bai (t6c de viet, kieu chit viet ) 3) Kho viet han che ve tri gidc khong gian: the hien han the ca ve hinh dang va de sac net ca viet chit, t6c d6 viet binh thuamg c Bie'te hien kho vier a cap Trung hoc HS kh6 viet cap Trung hoc viet thuOng khong thuc hien dugc nhitng yeu cau sau: —Cau tao cac chit (viet sai) —Ki thu4t viet: kfch chit, dOng, khoang cach, d6 nghieng, — T6c d6 viet Ngoai ra, GV c6 the quan sat HS va tra lad nhirng cau h6i sau: —Cach cam bdt dm HS co thing, thodi mai va linh hoat khong? —Giay viet au HS cal nam dung vi tri viet khong? —HS c6 ng6i thing tu the viet khong? (tu the ng6i, khoang cach cua dL trang giay) — HS co viet lien tuc khong? —HS c6 to thai de nan long, lo Lang hay hilt n:rt viet khong? —HS c6 to kh6 chiu hay pita phach phai viet khong? Sau da tra led cac cau hoi tren, GV hay phan tich cac m'au chit viet dm HS de tim hieu cac loi sai: Cach cau tao tit lien quan den net but viet chit Trong qua trinh net chit dugc viet theo cac dtremg thang, ngang, nghieng cong them cac net moc hoac cac phan dm net moc TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO 14C HOA NHAP TRONG TRIYONG TRUNG HOC 74 Ca chit va d6 thing cua cac net chit dugc the hien tren m6i tuang quan ve chieu cao giita chit voi chit va d6 thing hang not ve sit 6ng deu cua cac net chit theo du6ng ke ngang, v6i cac net chit cling co va ding chieu cao Khoang cach can c6 giita cac net chit tir ding nhu cac chit cau Th6ng nhAt dugc d6 day va d6 di'3ng deu cua cac hang dung de viet chit GV can danh dAu vao cac d6ng ke qua dAm hoac qua mar Vi tri ndd viet hay tay cam bUt khong dung tu the hoac ngen tay cam but go be ce the din den ket qua chAt luong hang viet kh6ng on dinh 11)6 nghieng cila net chit phai cling kieu Thong thuong, kieu chit la viet dung va vuong g6c voi clang ke ngang, cac net viet dugc keo theo than chit r6c viet dugc xac dinh qua mAu viet bang cach yeu cau HS viet t6c d6 nhanh nhAt T6c d6 cac net chit viet moi phut dugc xac dinh bang cach chia tong s6 net chit da viet dugc cho so phtit viet ➢ Nhieln vu That hdnh ft* Se ki thez# day hoc cho khe Wet cap Trung hoc —Nghien ciru tai lieu: Id Wang day hoc cho HS kilo viet cap Trung hoc —Thvc hanh mot so ki nang day hoc cho HS kite viet Thong tin phin hoi Phtrang pluip day hoc cho HS kho viet cap Trung hoc Veri HS KV khe doc, phucmg tier' ho trg tap trung cai thien kha nang chinh ngit am va tri nhe hinh anh RAt nhieu thit thuAt dugc ap dung, bao gom viec sir dung cac chuang trinh day hoc chuy'en dung CoWriter 4.000 la mot chuang trinh phAn mem tien doan, thiet ke tir nham ho trg nhang ngued KV (27) CoWriter cho phep nguoi dung viet nhang cau hoan chinh vei rat It loi sai, CoWriter tao mot danh sach cac tir du doan Khi viet, CoWriter loc tir danh sach du doan Nhitng chuang trinh sir dung nhitng ggi y, phanh6i bang am de ho trg cho nguoi viet soat chinh to va trAt tu cau HS KV van d6ng can ce sit tham gia cua cac nha tri lieu 17' van dOng qua trinh day hoc Nha tri lieu se danh gia va dua rat nhieu chi din gitip khac PHU'O'NG PHAP HlitiNG DAN VA HO TRg HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC 75 phut nhitng can tr& viec viet chit bao gilt thang bang ng6i, phi hop cac cir dOng, dO cirng can thiet, suc manh dm ban tay, cach cam but, cach di chuyen chinh xac, nhang ki nang tri giac chit va ph6i hap giac tri gide nhin va van dOng Chuyen gia tri lieu c6 the de xuat mot se) dieu chinh dac biet: dung kep but, gia c6 dinh gidy viet, giay viet dac biet, thay d6i ch6 ng6i, hay sir dung cac san phdm cong nghe 116 trq May tinh dugc coi nhu mot phuang tier) thay the cho viet tay Neu HS khong the sir' dung duqc ban phim can cho HS hoc sir dung cong nghe nhan ding noi HS KV han the ve tri giac khong gian can duqc chi clan de cai thien ve ki nang tri gide hinh anh khong gian HS can nhirng loci gidy viet dac biet nhan chit viet VI du: danh dau phan dirai cila chit viet de chi dan ve kith think chit va vi tri Gidy ke o ly de ye- bieu de) có the duqc sir dung de cai thien khoang cach giita cac tit Nhieu HS KKVV c6 the doc tot nhung gap kilo khan viet Quy trinh day viet cho HS kho viet cap Trung hoc: Burnt snot: Nhan khoang giita cac to HAu het HS KV gap kho khan vai viec nhan va tao khoang Oita cac tit VI the GV can tao mot hinh vuong mau (1/2"x1/2") va yeu cAu HS dat no giita moi tir viet Giam sat va dieu chinh HS viet khong de khoang gifra cac tit HAu het HS chi can mot vii tiet de luyen tap ve khoang giita cac tit Bteac hai: Hoc viet chit in thuong Chit in dugc viet dua tren cac net co ban Cac net ca ban dm chit in la cac net thing (net thing dimg, net ngang, net xien phai, net xien trai va net hat) va cac net trai?) Trong nhitng nam dAu cong (net cong kin va net cong he( phai?, net cong cua thap nien 80 the ki 20, kieu chit &roc sir dung nha truOng ph6 thong Inning clan cho HS O 16p mau Oa° Ion thOi NO), nay, no chi (lilac dung gian dAu lam quen vai chit viet Thuc to day hoc cho thay, kieu chit viet truyen thong ved nhieu net uen cong, dinh lien thuemg khien HS gap khO khan nhieu han viet Nhieu HS KKVH to hoc viet theo kieu chit in nhanh han so voi kieu viet truyen th6ng a TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'oeNG TRUNG HOC HS kh6 khan ve viet thuong thay viec chop lai cac mau tir khoang cach xa (vi du: cac chit va tir viet tren bang) kho han la cac mau chit gan vi hinh clang cua met net chit mau phai dugc truyen qua met khoang khong gian va tir cac mat phang khac VI the, HS bat dam hoc, GV nen viet chit mau tren ding mot loci giay ma HS dang viet va dat tren ban dm HS Vgi nhitng HS Op fac r6i u viec chia khoang cach va dinh le d6i vgi chit cai cach Nhin chung, khoang cach lem nhat nam giita cac chit co dugng ke thang va khoang each it nhat nam o cac chit c6 hinh yang Khoang cach gift cac tir nxang duang vgi kfch thugc dau ngon tay tro hay chit o thuong va gap doi d cac cau GV cling day HS cach dinh le vac, nhien, nett em gap rac r6i O van de nay, thi GV can chon loaf vd c6 throng ke ve ben phai cho cac em den kha nang viet chit cua em cal thien dugc Buck ba: Hoc viet chit in hoa Bu.ac ban: Hinh ki nang kiem tra va sira loi tnx6c nop bai HS KV thugng kh6ng tin vao kha nang dm ban than, khong tin minh c6 the dat ket qua tot nen xuat hien tam 11 mu6n lam cho nhanh de chuyen chuyen sang hoat Ong khac Vi vay, GV can ginp HS c6 thoi quen kiem tra ket qua ding viec cua minh truck chuyen sang hoat deng khac GV c6 the nha met HS khac kiem tra h6 hoac nhac nh& HS KV doc lai nhitng gi chUng viet Buoc nam: Day HS phan Lich cau Dieu doi hOi GV giai thIch cho cluing rang mot cau 1a mot suy nghr hoan chinh N6 cling bao gem viec day cho chting xac dinh cac phan cau tao nen thi cau Ngay HS da c6 kien thitc ve cac phan chinh nhu chit ngit, chting co kha nang phan tich va kiem tra, sira loi cau cita minh Trong noat dong GV yeu cau HS chi cau vita viet va cac phan cua cau Sau HS da c6 kha nang nhan dien, phan tich cac phan cua cau, HS can chuyen sang hoc viet doan Buac sdu: Day HS viet doan van HS can dugc day da hi6u dugc nhitng not dung sau: — Th6 nao la mot doan van? PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA H6 TRO' HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC 77 —Thuang doan van c6 bao nhieu cau? — Cau dAu tien viet nhu the nao? —Cau ket thtic viet nhu the nao? Nen dua cho HS nhang doan van cu the a HS doc, dem va tra loci Chting c6 the se pita hien doan van c6 bao nhieu eau, not dung viet gi Khuyen kl-ach HS dat cau ma au dm doan Sau h6 tra HS pita trim doan van theo kha nang cua chung Trong moi doan, HS c6 the chi cac 16i ye viet van ban Khi HS viet can u6n nan HS thgc hien nhirng quy tac ve chinh ta Biz& bay: Day viet bai van De nang cao kha Wang viet oh HS, GV nen tao cho HS thoi quen viet hang nhu viet thu, viet bao cao va viet nhAt Id la nhang dang bai viet phii hap v6i HS • Vi'Z't thin Cach tot nhAt de day ki 'tang viet thu la cung cap cho HS ca h6i thuc to de thuc hanh dang Sap xep cap cho HS cita ban va HS oh lap khac, tot nhat truing cda ban M6i HS KTHT se cap cung voi hai HS lop binh thuang d tang kha nang viet GV can huong dan cho HS cau tao cda mot birc thu bao g6m: chao hoi; phan ; than va loi chao cudi thtr Cho HS sir dung no ngay, Mang, nam; nhu mot cam nang Ban dAu, nen yeu cau HS viet nhang birc thu nen ngan de khong chan nan e Khuyen khich HS viet ve nhirrig gi thIch va khong thick Nhac HS luon luon ket thtic thu voi mot vai cau hoi de tra lei, nhu la 11 a nhAn h6i dap Nhiem vu se c6 y nghia hon neu thu clugc giii vi nhu vAy HS c6 ca h6i nhAn &roc thu tra loi Thao luAn vai HS each nang cao ca h6i nhAn thu ciia cling: —Tim nhfing dia chi giri thu tren may drill —Sir dung dia chi nha de cho phan h6i —Ghi dia chi len phong bi, dan tem, va giri thu di TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DIX HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC • Vik bcio cao Nhung loi khuyen cua GV cho HS viet bao cao: —Yeu cau nhting bao cao dau chi nen mot trang giay —Trao d'6i, sira 18i chi tit cho ba bao cao dau tien cila HS —Lu6n luon cho HS nhfing diem dinh huang de bao quat chu de —Chi cho HS cach viet bao cao cho kheo leo bang cach kat hop trang de, cac birc ve, va mot cai bia • Viet nhat ki Viet nhat Id hang la hog deng tot de HS nang cao Id nang viet van Han het HS KKVH gap kilo khan viec to tao ray Mang de viet.GV can c6 nhang ggi y ye chit de viet cho HS Nhung chit de la nhilng gi din hang va xung quanh cu6c song cua cac em Nghien ciru chi rang HS c6 xu huang viet nhieu horn chung dugc cho trugc chii de phi.' hop Cac chi' de viet rdau: Me dm ban not ban c6 the c6 bat dr vat nao ban muon Ban se chon nao va tai sao? Ban nghi cho hay moo lam vat nuoi nha tot hurl? Tai sao? Ban se xay dung mot nha tren cay N6i cho toi no se nhu the nao? Ban nghi theri gian ban dem hay Med gian ban nguy him han? Tai Neu ban c6 the di den bat Cu dau ban mu6n, ban se di dau va tai sao? Nen gianh tried gian cho HS viet nhat ki vao cuCii Sau mot hog dOng hoc tap va vui chai, HS ghi lai ding viec va cam xac cua cac em Sau do, GV CO the doc nhfing gi cac em viet Co the, GV ghi lai nhitng nhan xet tich c-krc i tren nhang trang nhat ki ciia HS Dieu gitip cho HS c6 himg khoi de tip tuc viet va co gang hoan thin ban than.Hau het GV co HS viet nhat ki vao bu6i sang Ban co the sir dung dieu mot cach hieu qua nhu la met hog Ong ket fink bang cach cho HS suy ngam ve nhiing bai hoc khoa hoc va xa h6i cua Khi HS viet nhat ki vao cu6i ngay, GV c6 thai gian de bai tap va nhac nho PHU'O'NG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA H6 TRO' HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC 79 HS de nhat ki tren ban vao cu6i vi the ban co the doc chung Doc khoang norm nhat ki m& va vitt nhang nhan xet tich cuc teen nhat ki Nhitng nhan xet tich cuc thdc day HS KTHT c6 gang the hien ban than Nan HS có nhung kith khan cu the GV can sir citing cac bin pith], nhiit dinh, cu the nhu sau: Neu HS vier chit xau, GV can: 1.Day hoac day lai cach vitt chit in hoac chit thuerng Huong d'an HS cach dat giay a nghieng thich hop, cach cam chat but nhu the nao va each dua va lia but Day nhang cha cai co cimg kieu vitt cho tirng nh6m nhO HS Cho HS KV luyen tap tren bang den Nhu the c6 the tao clOng luc cho em sir dung cac dung cu khac horn la chi dung giay va btlt chi Nju HS viet / cham, chit kho doc, GVcan: —Cho phep HS kiern tra mieng thay the —Giam bat nhiem vu phan cong —Cho phep HS sir dung may xir li tir —Sir dung phieu tra 16i dang Dung/sai, not cau hoac cau hoi nhieu lua chon c6 the —Cho phep HS doc chinh to cau tra led vao may ghi am kiern tra clued dang nh6 lai 1\ru HS khong the die!, bai ch1nh xcic, GV can: —Kiem tra thi luc cila HS —Cho HS ng6i gan bang phai chep bai tren bang —Khi chep bai sach, gitip HS sir dung ng6n tay cai cila ban tay khong cam vitt danh clan vi tri dang chep sach —Luyen cho HS nha nhom cac chit cai de khong phai nhin lai bang m'au sau m6i chit S6 luong chit 11 twang de luyen cho HS nen la nhitng tit bang to co mot am tiet —Han the viec chep bai bang cach in bai va phat cho HS 1\4'u HS vib- bai ion xOn, GV can: —Giai thich cho HS v'e su r-O rang va ranh mach Gitip em y thirc duoc bang cach cho xem mot s6 bai viet va h6i em nghl bai nao se dat diem cao hon TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DYC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU0NG TRUNG HOC 80 —I\Toi voi HS rang khong can phai tdy xoa viet sai; neu khong the viet de len, em co the gach b6 bang mot throng ngang va sau tiep tuc viet —Cho phep HS sir dung may 'dr 11 tir Nhu vay, HS KV can nhieu chitin lucec dieu chinh hog dOng lop hoc Tuy theo kho khan cu the dm HS ma GV lira chon cac bien phap cho phu hop Dieu quan nhL la khong duvc (16 KV can troy sir phat trien cila HS cac linh vue hoc tap khac ➢Nhqm vu Tim hie' vd that hdah mot so D- the* day hoc cho HS the theh tad& cap TR" —Nhom thao luan ve dac diem HS kho tinh toan —De xuat ki thuat day hoc cho HS kilo tinh toan —Thirrc hanh mot s6 ki nang day hoc cho HS kho tinh toan Thong tin phan ht•i 2.4.3 Day hoc cho HS kilo tinh loan a Khcii niOn HS kho tinh toan M4c du nhieu nghien ciru cho thdy kho khan ve toan khong phai la clang khuyet tat ph6 bien cua tre có kho khan ve hoc nhien no lai la clang khuyet tat phirc tap va có kha nang anh huOng tram tai six phat trien tam 11 va cuOc song ciia HS HS kho tinh toan thuong c6 trinh dO toan hoc rat han che Fleichner va cac d6ng nghiep cua ba nhan thdy HS lop có kho khan ve gi mot HS 16p binh hoc mon toan lam cac phep tinh Ong ca ban khOng thu6ng Nhang nghien ciru khdc chi rang sir kern coi ve toan hoc cila HS kilo toan the hien ro nhiing nam dau dai va tiep tuc keo dai su6t th6i di hoc Warner, Alley, Schumaker, Deshler va Clark cling chi rang kha Wang hoc mon trinh lop Trong kien thirc toan toan ciia HS 16p 12 chi Wang tuong PHU'CYNG PHAP HU'o'NG DAN VA HO TRQ' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 81 hoc anh huong den nhieu quyet dinh, bao Om su tinh toan hieu qua viec tang tien luang, so sanh sg gia tang tien lai cho vay va su hinh dung ye gia ca; kien thirc toan hoc cung cap cho nhieu ca nhan cong cu a cOng cong viec; cac kien thirc toan hoc cu the dung vui chai va giai tri nhu cach chcyi, ghi diem va hieu luet cho'i; va toan hoc gitip giai guy& van de va du loan nhang tinh huong m6i "Dyscalculia" la met thuet ngfr chi met clang kilo khan hoc tap wan hoc Truck thong nhat sir dung thuet ngir nay, cac nha nghien cdu goi kh6 tinh toan bang nhieu thuet ngit khac nhtr: "kh6 khan ve toan phat trien" (bad nha tam li hoc Ladislay Kosc; Shaley va cac deng nghiep cling sir dung thuet ngfr a phan biet no \zed cac dang khO khan khac); "khuyet tat hoc tap se hoc" (bed Koontz va Berch); "Kho khan hoc tap se hoc dac trung" (bad McLean & Hitch); "khuyet tat toan hoc" (bei Geary); "Kho khan ve toan hoc" (bed Jordan, Kaplan va Hanich) Khoa gido duc va KT nang (Anh) Binh nghia kilo tinh toan la "met tinh trang anh huong tad kha nang linh hei nhang kT nang toan hoc NgtrOi mac chi:mg kilo tinh toan c6 the gap kilo khan viec hieu nhang khai niem se hoc don gian, frith hei cac kien tit& thuc to v'e se) Them chi neu ho thuc hien dting met pile') tinh hoac sir dung citing met cong thirc toan thi c6 the chi la ho thuc hien met cach may moc va khong he to tin v6i ket qua do" DfES dua clinh nghia "Kho toan là met dang khuyet tat cu the anh hu6ng den kW nang linh hei khai niem va thuc hien cac phep tinh toan dm nguoi mac chi:mg Nhctng truong hop kh6 toan clang nhe CO the &roc h6 tro bang cach hinh thirc hoc tap thay the nini sir dung may tinh Nhung nhang truang hop kilo toan dang Wang can dugc nhan cac dich vu gido duc dac biet chuyen sau Nhin chung, Kh6 toan la met loci rei loan lam suy giam, gay kho khan cho Id nang toan HS kilo Wan co the Op kho khan vdd nhiem vu don gian nhat viec thuc hien cac phep tinh ca ban Kh6 toan co the anh hu6ng tram t6i su phat trien tam li va cuec song tai nhang ca nhan mac kilo khan VI vay dieu rat quan la can phat hien HS kho toan cang Om cang tot a c6 bien pita') gido duc phi.' hop TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIM VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC b Phan loai HS kho town Co nhieu cach phan loai MI6 khan ve toan Duth day la ba cach phan loai duqc chap nhan Ong rai: • Cach phan loai kh6 khan ve toan dm Newman: —Dyscalculia: kho khan tuong d6i nghiem Bieu hien: han the kha Wang suy luan, khai quat, xem xet cac khai niem, chit se), thu6c —Acalculia: gay bai sit ton thuang nao b6 nghiem Bieu hien la sit bat lite hohn toan \Jai hog Ong hoc toan —Oligocalculia: Bieu hien la sit suy giam tucmg doi tat ca cac khia canh kha nang toan Cdch phan ve loai kilo khan tinh town theo tieu chi luting va cheit: —Kho toan dinh luting: bieu hien la su suy giam kha Wang dem va toan —Kho toan chit lacing: kho khan gay bai kilo khan viec hieu nhang hu6ng din hoac that bai viec link ho:i cac ki Wang can thiet cho mot hog Ong HS clang se gap kh6 khan de giai guy& cac bai toan lien quan tad Ong, trix, nhan, chia • Cdch phan loci dua tren ca set kinh nghiem cua Kosc v6i van de hoc tap so hoc: — Verbal dyscalculia: lien quan tai cac van de ve dat ten s6 luting cila vat — Practognostic dyscalculia: lien quan tai cac van de ve thao tac tog) hoc — vi du, so sanh cac d6i tuqng de xac dinh doi tuang nao 16n han — Lexical dyscalculia: de cap den cac van de viec doc cac kf hieu toan hoc, bao g6m cac dau hieu hoat Ong (+, —) va chit s6 — Graphical dyscalculia: de cap den cac van de bang van ban va chit se) Id hieu toan hoc — Ideognostical dyscalculia: de cap den cac van de viec tim hieu cac khai niem toan hoc va cac m6i quan he — Operational dyscalculia: de cap den cac van viec thuc hien cac phep tint) so hoc PHUO'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO IRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 83 c Bieu hien caa HS kho town • Khiem khuyet ve nhan thar thi gicic: Dac diem chung cila HS kho toan or dang c6 nhang Mau hien sau: —CO kh6 khan phan biet cac chit se gan ging (vi du: 6,9; 2,5 hay 17, 71), tien xu, cac bleu tugng hog dang, deng he deo tay —CO kho khan chap lai cac hinh dang —CO kh6 khan viat theo duemg ke tren giay —Cam nhan khong gian yau — Met se HS gap kilo khan vori cac khai ni'em nhu tren/duOi hoac nhiau hen/it han —CO khO khan lien he dau hieu ben ngoai cua toan h9c vdi cac van de ve di-1h Ong), ben phai — ben trai (chia lai nhom) va sap toan bao gem them va bat xep cac chit se —Dal dau thap phan sai the —Kh6 khan a lai khoang cach gift cac vat theo matt hay met be —CO kh6 khan sir dung day se — Nham lin ve cac se am va so duang — HS khong hiau rang ben duong thang bang khep kin tao nen hinh vuong Cac em can phai thay, cam nhan hinh vuong bang giay mau hoac phai dat hinh vuong truc tip ben canh hinh chit nhat de thay duot sit khac Nest giita hai hinh • Khiem khuyet ve nhan thar thinh gicic: —CO kho khan viec dien dat lai cac to ngit lien quan tai toan hoc —Khong co kha nang dam chuei —CO kho khan viec se) —CO kho khan viec hoc chue'i se • Han the kha nang chit )1: —Kho khan tap trung chit y vao cac buac thuc hien phep wan hay cac buarc da giai quyat van de (vi du: cac buac de thuc hien met phep nhan hai se c6 ba chit se hoac cac buarc de giai bai toan c6 —Kh6 tri chit y vao viec day hoc (vi du lam mau cua GV) TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 84 • Tri nhor kern — Day la in.ot thach thirc Iden veri nhi‘eti GV Bieu hi01: —Khong nhg duct cac su kien toan hay thOng tin mai —Quen cac brrac thuat toan —Khong nha y nghia cac bieu tuang —Lam viec cham chap moi hic —Kern viec thirc hien cac nhiem vu on tap va tong hop kien thirc —Quen cac buac thuat toan —Kho khan not ye tiled gian —Khong the hoan tat ca cac bixac chai cac bugc tinh toan —Gap kh6 khan giai quyet cac van de gem nhieu bugc bang lei —HS thuong kh6ng the dung tri 6c de ghi nher cac du kien va chUng to thdy c6 em den cap THCS van phai dung ngen tay hoc danh ddu tren gidy de dem Neu diem se ara till nha ngan han duai 10% c6 nghia la HS phai can citing den may tinh hoac bang bieu de tired gian Vai su ho trg cua tong nghe, HS co tri nho kern co the hoc toan tot han cac em khong c6 cac thiet bi • Han ch" ve ngon ngir toan hoc: —Co kh6 khan lien he cac clang toan va y nghia (vi du: trir, Ong, goc bang compa, tao nh6m mai, so bi nhan va gia tri se) —Co kh6 khan lien he cac tix c6 nhieu nghia —Khong dung cac tir virng toan hoc —Kho khan tap not lien quan den toan —Kho khan cac buot dung lei de giai guy& van de hay thuat toan • Han che nhan thirc va hieu trial tuong: —Kho khan thay doi cac thong tin Ur ngir va so dm bieu thuc hay thuat toan —Co kho khan giai guy& cac van de lei n6i —Khong bret so sanh ve kith co va khoi lugng —Kho khan viec hien cac ki hieu toan hoc (>, <, x va PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 85 — Gap kilo khan viec hieu cac mirc trim tugng cua cac khai niem toan hoc va cach giai toan • Lo so' hoc town: a HS có van vai hoc toan thuerng xuat hien cam xuc the clay Chi can thay mot van de lien quan den toan 1a cac em da "cimg ngueri lai" Mot s'6 em bay to cam giac nhu dau da day Neu dieu xay ra, GV hay gall) cac em binh tinh va gat bo nhung dp luc tren bang cach not vdri cac em mot cach cam thong va dOng "Em cur binh tinh nhe" hoac "CO hieu em clang cam thay lo fang nhung dirng qua cang thang nhe, co se giup em" vu That hdoh ,not so kr thua't day town cho HS kho tinh todiz cap Trung hoc Thong tin phan hoi Bien phcip tro' HS kilo tinh town cap Trung hoc Nhu da trinh bay O nhitng phan tren, HS kho toan gap rat nhieu han the viec theo hoc mon Toan Mac du cac em có the len hoc cac lOp a cap THCS, THPT nhien trinh dO toan cua cac em chi tuang dugng vc"ri trinh dO toan au hoc (Cu the HS lOp chi có kha nang tinh toan tuang duang HS lop 3; HS lOp 12 chi chi tuang tuang vo7 trinh dO lop 5) VI vay, viec quan la phai xac dinh dugc kha nang va ho trg pha hqp vai trinh dO dm HS • Ki6n tra cac ki nang tinh town ctia HS Dkra tren cac mo td v'e nhitng bieu hien kho khan ve toan phan c bieru hien ctia HS kilo town GV có the lien hanh kiem tra nhung ki nang tinh toan cila HS Muc tieu ca ban caa viec kiem tra a mirc dO la nhana phat hien nhirng diem mph va diem y'eu dm HS; xac dinh kho khan ve toan va kha nang caa HS de dap img nhung kilo khan ve hoc De thu clugc k'et qua chinh xac, GV nen sir dung ket hop nhieu hinh thirc kiem tra khac nhau: quan sat, hoi — clap, kiem tra trgc tiep thong qua cac tiet hoc toan/ hog dOng hoc toan, kiem tra thong qua cac bai kiem tra 15 phut/ mot tiet; cac bai kiem tra tap trung vao mot ki nang cu the (ding, trir, nhan, Chia ) TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC Dual day la hu6ng dan cac buorc kiam tra ki nang tinh toan oh HS thong qua hinh thIrc giao bai kiarn tra: Lga chart cac bai kiam tra phir hgp (vi du bai kie'rn tra tong hqp hoac bai khdo sat Id nang cu the) va va dat truoc mat HS Dua huong dan chua'n hic bat d'au thuc hien Dtmg thOi có nhcing huong dgn cu the cho nhting ph'an khac ctia mot s6 bad kiam tra "Day la bai tap tocin" Neu la bai khan sat ki nang rieng, hay bao HS cach thuc hien: "Day la cac bai tap tinh (c6ng, tree, nhan, chia)" Neu la bai khdo sat nhieu kr nang, hay noi: "Co nhieu kieu bai tap ban M.& so bai la tinh c6ng va trir, mot so bai la tinh nhan/ chic Hay doc ki ding bai truac em lam nhe" "Khi co noi "Bat ctju", em hay ma bai va thuc hien tirng cau hoi nhe Neu em khong lam Ayr thi okinh dau X vao rai lam bai tiep theo Neu lam xong mot trang roi thi lam den trang tiep theo Em co h6i them gi khong?" "San sang china? Bat dau!" Theo doi HS lam de chac chan la HS lam dung huang dan (vi du lam l'an lugt tirng clang) Quan sat xem HS c6 chanh mang lam hay lam bai mot cach tap trung Nhac nher HS dUng lai het thed gian quy dinh (15 phut hoac 45 pluit ) Cdch chain diern Gach cluad chan nhang cau thing Ghi diem cau tra lm thing vao vi tri thich hap Thuang du diem (s6 luang cau dung) HS co cau tra led dung Ica ca khong the hien cach lam Neu HS the hien cach lam va cau tra led sai, trir tuang ung vOi tirng cau tra led dung Khong dam cac so dugc viat de thin lam bai Cong nhan nhirrng kat qua dung du chua lam xong hoan town phep tit-1h Dam s6 lugng cau dung m8i clang va viat tong so vao cu6i den Tinh tong so cac cau dung va ghi lai giay PHU'O'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC • Ki617 tra tinh cam / thcii ctO ctia HS kilo town ctai vori mon loan Nhieu nghien dru da chi rang thai dq/ tinh cam dm HS kilo toan hoc mon toan din kha phirc tap: 87 viec — Cam giac chan nan, met moi: bieu hien la khong quan tam toi mon toan, ngoi lam viec khac nhu ve linh tinh, nhin ngoai gio toan, ngdp, gai khOng hgp tac vOi GV (h6i khong tra 16i); ban be (gay —Co hanh vi chang str vai ban be, true choc ban be gio hoc toan ) —Lo so' hoc town: bieu hien la cam giac lo Lang, cang thang keo dai, luon bat an vi sg bi GV kiem tra hoac yeu cat' phat —Rat thiZu ty tin: cam giac kh6ng chi xuat hien O nhang HS hoc luon to ti, ma voi ca nhiing HS da danh gia dugc 1a minh c6 kha nang nhieu link vi,rc khac Hieu biet ve cac cam xac gialp GV dieu chinh viec day mon toan (nhu minh hoa, 116 trq, ding co va ve thi) de thay 6i cam nhan cda HS Cac boat Ong sau c6 the dung de danh gia thai 6: Hugng an HS lam mot so bai toan va quan sat hanh vi cua chting (mien cuang lam bai, cam thay lo Yang, nan chi, ) Tim cau tra loi dm HS theo kieu bai not tiep cau GV rna clau cau not va HS not tiep cau Vi du co the bat dau la: —Mon toan —Mon hoc tot nhat cua t6i —Tong su6t gio• hoc toan toi cam thay Yeu cau HS hugng vao cac cau h6i Co the theo cac mau sau: —Em thich mon hoc nao? —Em thich hoc mon toan khong? —Em thich dieu gi mon toan? —Em khong thich dieu gi mon toan? —Em c6 dung mon toan khoi tnriyng khong? —Em se lam gi de mon toan duqc hay hurl? TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN Nit GIAO Dix HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC • Phan itch nhir ng loi lain toan ctia HS Thong thuOng HS kho khan va toan thu6ng mac fOi mot cach c6 quy luat/ c6 he thOng HS chi hiau va thvc hien dugc mot phan cua quy tac tinh toan chir chua thirc hien dugc toan be quy tac VI du: Kat qua hang dan vi va hang chvc dugc ghi nguyen ma khong quan tam clan gia tri cua nhung so Tat ca cac so dugc cong clung Cac s6 dugc cOng tir trai sang phai Khi kat qua lan han 10 thi dugc viat tip vao cot ben phai So nho han trir di so 16n han ma khong chid y den vi tri cac so So 16n han (s6 trir) trir di s6 nho han (so bi trir) Nh6 them/ b6t khong can thiet (may moc phep Ong/ trir c6 nh6) Khi phai nho nhiau han mot Ian phep trir thi khOng nh6 tra don vi da vay cho cot tip theo COng so nho vao cot tip theo phep nhan Quen s6 khong thuang so Nhiau loi sai al-1h toan bat nguOn tir vi'ac hiau gia tri vi tri cac chit so Vic xac dinh rO cac loi cu the la rat quan vi viac can thiap de" sira lai se dua tren Chung MOt cach tot nhat de xac dinh 18i la yeu cau HS the hien lai cach tinh cUa em Cau tra lei c6 the the hien loi sai va nguyen nhan cua no 1.Thu thap day du cac clang bai lam sai dm HS Chuan bi cac bai tap de kiam tra HS Khuyan khich HS thkrc hien va not to nhitng diau em dang lam nhung khong not gi anh huang dan cau tra lei cua em Ghi lai tat ca cac cau tra lei dm HS, ka ca led giai thich Lap danh sach nhang quy luat tinh toan sai ciia HS Giai thich ro nguyen nhan • Huang djn HS sira loi tim quy 141' tinh sai: Yeu cau HS thuc hien mot phep tinh ma em thueng xuyen mac 18i PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO Mg HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 89 Chi cho em loi sai ma em cid thirc hien GV lam mau cac bai tuong tu Yeu cau HS dp dung chai dung ang HS ghi lai met se luu y can thiet vao so ghi nha Ket tittle phan hoc bang cach dua nhang phan hei &mg • Hi&t va xac dinh rnicc cho nhCfn thirc ctia HS Con throng nhan thirc ctia HS se man to di to mi c de cu the den mirc de ban cu the/ triru tugng va cuei ding la mire de triru wog Viec hieu va day hoc phi' hop theo trinh to nhan thirc la rat quan VI du: dei voi mon Toan, HS se khOng bao gia hieu va thao tac dugc v ci phan so trir cac em co nhieu thoi gian thao tac cu the vai cac de dung Wang trung cho phan se Tir giai doan thao tac cu the, nhan thirc cita HS chuyen sang mirc de tuqng trung hay din dat bang hinh tugng O giai doan nay, HS CO the dua tren cac bi'eu tugng hoac tranh anh va hieu dugc cach di chuyan de vat nhu the nao 1a tao nen phan se dung quy tac hoac sai quy tac Muc de cuei cling la auk de trim tucyng, ltic nay, HS dd nam rat re quy tac va em co the thao tac tham dau bang khai niem Em cling hieu cac mei quan he nhu cac phan se tuang throng; em c6 the giai tat ca bai toan lien quan den se nguyen va phan se GV can luu y rang dim tren nhan thirc dm HS GV c6 the dua nhang ho try phit hop vai HS HS thuOng ghi nhq cac yeu to hoac phep toan ma khong hieu khai niem hay cach thixc hien pile') tinh Qua trinh an den viec hoc vet ma kh6ng hieu Viec hieu thong tin dugc hoc tang cuOng qua hoc thu'ec long va van dung cac khai niem toan hoc, cach thirc.hien va cac tien de de lam tinh va giai toan c6 led van Vi vay, kien thirc cua cac mix hieu mon toan la six can thiet de danh gia va viec day mon toan Ben canh do, a cac not dung toan hoc khac mirc de nhan thirc o timg HS la khac Do de, GV can luu y va di gang xac dinh mdc nh4n thirc am HS voi tirng ni5i dung Cu the: Wm cho cu thj.Muc cu the bao gem thao tac cac de vat Mix de hiru Ich de gitip HS lien he gicra thao tac vai qui trinh tinh toan mirc de nguei hoc tap trung vao ca hai viec thao tac vai de vat va bieu thirc tinh mo to thao tac Cac kinh nghiem cu the rat quan de day va danh gia cac kr nang u tat ca cac muc de cao han cua toan hoc TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN GIAO DUC HOA NOP TRONG TRU'o'NG TRUNG HOC Mirc da ban cu the Mirc de bao gem lam viec v6i cac minh hoa tong muc cu the bieu din cac nhiem vu toan hoc Cac muc c6 the bao gem cac diem, &rang Ice, tranh va de vat Mirc de ban trim Wong khuyen khich viec dimg tranh minh hoa cac de vat that, nguoc lai voi mix de ban triru Wong dung den vat d6i chieu ilErc cto triru tuveng Mirc da triru tuong bao gem viec sir dung chuei s6 dem vi du, viec lam al-1h a mirc de chi gem cac chic se va giai bai toan HS có kho khan ve toan can cac kinh nghiem o m*c de cu the va nira cu the truac hieu duoc nghia cac s6 Truac day cac danh gia tap trung vao m*c da triru tuong, nhien cac danh gia cling khong chi giai han m*c Muc tieu cua viec danh gia bao gem viec xac dinh kha nang cua nguoti hoc c6 lien quan den lam toan theo cach coy nghia Hieu &roc &rang hinh nhan thirc dm HS deng nghia \lad viec qua trinh day hoc cho HS kilo khan ve toan GV Can sir dung da clang cac de dimg truv quan tir buac dau de he trg kha nang hieu ciia HS: Day toan cho HS kh6 khan v'd doc Nhitng kho khan ve doc cling gay nhung kh6 khan nhat dinh qua trinh HS hoc toan Nhieu HS kho khan ve doc kh6ng hieu het y nghia cua nhirng tir ngir dugc sir dung mon toan (thuat ngit toan hoc) VI du: Trong toan hoc dr "gap lan" nham not ve phep nhan Tuy nhien HS khO khan ve doc lai hieu "gap" la hanh dang gdp thao tac gap gidy/ gap va Ngoai can c6 cac that ngit khac phirc tap han nhu "tuyen tit-1h", "can" De giai guy& van de nay, GV can lap mat danh sach nhung tir lien quan tai toan ma HS chua hieu hay hieu sai y nghia va tirng buck gitip HS nam bat va sir dung chrgc cac thuat ngir toan hoc dO thong qua cac tinh huang/ bai tap wan cu the Ben canh do, chirng khO doc cling la nguyen nhan khien HS kho narn bat duoc 51 nghia cua nhitng bai toan CO 16i van Trong nhang truang hop nhu the nguai GV can Inning dan cho HS ki nang phan tich loai trir cac thong tin killing can thi'et nhu: chi tap trung vao cac chit se va cac tir khoa nhu "them, bat, cho " Tir huang d'an cho HS ban chat cna cac tir va vai mei tir thi thuang gan vai cac phep tinh gi? PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRQ' HOC SINH KHO KHAN YE HOC 91 Ltru 5/: da kiam tra nguqi GV ding khong nen dua nhung bai toan co china nhiau tir phirc tap/ kh6 hiau hoac cach din giai van da mang tinh Ngoai GV ding co the tang kha nang hiau dm HS thong qua viac tich hop day doc chuang trinh hoc toan MOt nhung loi ma GV hay mac phai day toan cho HS KTT la ho qua chit vao ki nang tinh toan ma thuang bo qua van da va ngon ngcr nhirng kilo khan va doc mang 1ai Cho nen, thay vi b6 qua no, GV nen dim nhung van a thuong gap hang vai nhung vi du cu the • Day nhung ki tieing mai Sir dung nhung ki nang ma HS da bit de bai tap va nha hoac bai tap tai ch8 • Si' dung cdc ki Ihuat gai ma Buac 1: Giai thiau bai mai —Lien he not dung bai hoc mai vai cac bai hoc truck —Neu cluqc muc tieu cita viac hoc Id Wang —Cung cap vai tro, sit can thiat phai hoc va cac btr6c thuc hien ki Wang &lac 2: MO to va lam nth cac ki nang can hoc —Lan 1: GV mo ta, huong dun bang lei kat hap lam mau HS nghe va quan sat va ghi nh6 nhung gi GV lam mau —Lan 2: GV dat cau h6i va HS gitlp da HS dua cau tra loi HS tham gia tra loi cau hOi va thirc hien thing theo mau GV va HS ding thgc hien theo maw Neu thay HS kh6 khan GV c6 the lam mau lai Buac 3: Huang an luyan tap —Lan GV huang an HS trinh to tirng buac thirc hien ma khong giai thich them trir diau that can thiat GV thgc hien huOng an theo cac buac sau: 1) GV gqi y bang cach dua cac cau hoi an dat hoac lam mau can thiat (vi du: Ta phai lam gia buac dau tien? Lam gi buac tiap theo? ) a HS c6 the gqi nha lai duqc nhiing kian thirc da 2) GV sir dung nhung ho HS c6 (vi du danh dau vao nhung chit quan trong, HS khong Mat) 3) GV giai thich va th'cing kian thirc (vi du: Ghi nha de phan bit cac gia tri bian dOi phep tinh) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DIJC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 92 —Lan 2: GV to chic cho HS thuc hien nhiem vu va phan anh lai qua trinh va ket qua GV cung cap su h8 HS It nhat va HS gitip, giai thich It hon HS duoc khuyen khich de dOc lap hon Bu.ac 4: Huang an luyen tap tang cuemg su dOc lap va thao GV khuyen khich HS t* hoan bai tap, to kiem tra danh gia va sang tao cach lam mai bang cach to chirc cho mot HS hoc kha gill') HS, hoc nhom, tham gia trO choi hoc tap, to phat hien va situ 1Ji sai Buyk 5: Danh gia GV Ong vien, khuyen khich HS dua cau tra loi dung va khai that, sir dung chinh nhang loi sai dm HS la co hOi de GV gillp HS hoan thien ki nang —So sanh k'et qua bai lam vai kha nang dm HS —So sanh bai lam cila HS vai muc tieu ban dau —Tim kiem loi sai va 11 giai nguyen nhan cua 16i sai —Sim 16i sai de lam Mau —Cho diem va giai thich —Yeu cau HS dp dung chu8i thing —Tra bai lam cho HS Bu•ac 6: Khai quat hod va dp dung —Tao co hOi de HS có the dp dung kien thirc mai vao bOi canh va tinh that tiJn —Khuyen khich HS phat hien nhung y nghia, gia tri cua kien thirc mai hoc Day là ki thuat gitip GV nang cao chat luong day mon toan Chink qua trinh trao dOi gifta GV — HS ma nhfing nhu cau hoc toan cita HS dugc b0c 10 va dap GV co the lua than duoc tiled diem thich hop de to chirc cac hoat dOng nhu: Gioi thieu kien thirc, huorng an cach lam, 414 cau hoi, gqi y cau tra loi, khuyen khich HS d'Oc lap luyen tap, phan hOi, dot muc tieu, lam mau, thao luan ve viec hoc not dung, dp dung chtIng vao that ti6n Khi GV phan hOi ma dua vao thai dO phan irng cita HS chat than HS cam thay thodi mai va tich cuc hon vai viec hoc toan PHU'aNG PHAP HU'aNG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 93 Sr phan hOi phi.' hop rat quan vai HS KKVH ma thieu chit 5/, it luyen tap va mac nhieu loi hon so vai kha nang cua ngugi hoc Moi tnremg hoc tap phil hgp vai HS KKVH phu thuOc nhieu vao su phan hei kip theii va chinh xac cua GV GV can don gian hod cong thirc, hugng an lam mk cu the, ggi y qua nhin va nghe, HS giup, ding co mot vai hoat dOng day c6 the mang lai ket qua • Day HS ki nang khcii quat HS c6 KKVH thueyng gap kh6 khan ve cac ki nang khai quat Viec phat trien ki nang khai qua mon toan dugc thvc hien thong qua cac hoat dOng sau: Phat trien dOng ca hoc tap Nhung HS sk sang hoc mot ki nang mai hay cach thgc hien thugng de khai quat dugc van de dang hoc Thong qua viec day qui trinh, c6 six trao dOi dinh ki vai HS ve li co ban cua viec hoc Id nang toan va nhfing tinh huOng can den chimg (lam bai tap ve nha, cac hoat Ong man tac va di mua sam) Viec day cach thirc hien giup HS c6 them nhieu vi du va kinh nghiem phong VI du, sir dung nhieu vat that (cac khOi 0, the hay cac nut) hog dOng cu the va dung nhieu bieu a the hien (tranh, hinh ye, nhan mac, ) cac hoat ging nga cu the Ngoai ra, c6 nhieu hinh thirc cac hog dOng lam tinh trim Mang hoac bai town c6 loi (vi du the hien cac bai tap lam tinh bang leri not hay van ban viet) DOng thgi, c6 nhieu ngugi khac thirc hien viec day (GV phu, ban ding tuOi va cha me HS) Day cac ki nang den mirc dO thao de HS c6 the tap trung vao viec sir dung va khong chi ghi nha mot ki nang Day HS each giai cac bai toan c6 nhieu bugc Khi HS tix chit dugc cach giai bai toan kh6, chting c6 ye d'Oc lap hon va tich circ thgc hien viec giai bai toan Cac cach ghi nh6 thugng xuyen dugc dung de gitip HS ggi nh6 dugc cac cach lam phii hop Day HS cach giai bai toan lien quan den cuOc song hang ngay, viec lien he ki nang mai vai chirc nang sir dung se thdc day dOng co cling nhu nhu cau khdi quat TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO OUAN Li, GIAO VIEN Nit GIAO Dix HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC Sir dung cac cling ce neat' nhien sinh m6i trueng to nhien Theo cach nay, HS kh6ng y lai vao cac tinh gia tao (nhung cung ce pham vi lop hoc) de tri va sir dung kr nang da hoc Khi kr nang da dugc ding ce yang chic, huOng den nhirng tinh e'r miry cao han nhu c6 the lam viec dec lap Khuyen khich HS khai quit • Huang din HS cach mac Wong cte giai quyelt cac tinh hang HS can dugc khuyen khich de chuyen cac kien thirc town hoc vao giai guy& ntrimg tinh phat sinh cuc song Met nhung not dung can trang bi cho HS 1a kien thirc va ki nang ve u6c luong 116c lugng cho phep HS tim dugc ket qua gin tuang duang vOi ket qua chinh xac phep di-1h dugc dua Nhu vay neu c6 kr Wang u6c luang, HS se giai guy& dugc cac van nhu cho ket qud chi tra cho met gin dung cita chieu dai, chieu reng, chieu cao; se tien can thiet a hay nhieu mon de; • Hwang din va cho pile], HS stir dung hinh thtiv thay the Co nhieu HS can dugc cung cap cac cach lam town thay the de giai quyet cac kho khan tinh town ma minh gap phai Thay the la cach hoc tap theo met dueng khac, khong gieng hoan toan nhu dueng ma nhilng HS khac dang theo nhung cuei ding HS kh6 tinh town van co the dat dugc muc tieu cuei cung la thuc hien dung cac bai town/ phep town • Cuing ca thcii dO tich CifC vai mon Toan HS kh6 town thu&ng c6 thai de tieu cuc vori viec hoc town va cam thdy khong chic chin kha nang cong vOi mon town Thai tich cuc, su tin tuong van kha nang ban than va deng ca hoc tap dung din dOng vai trO quan trong viec hoc town Xay dung met mei trugng than thien, hgp tic, ton su khac biet va met chuang trinh linh hoax thtic ddy su to nhan thirc se khien HS c6 thai de tich cuc dei voi mon town 1)Thu but HS tham gia vao cac hoat deng 2) Tao ca hei cho HS Cong PHLYO'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 95 3) Lien he de bai town vai cuac sang hang dm HS 4) Cho HS thay 1'6 kha 'fang hoc tap cua minh 5) Gitip HS hieu fang six ca gang có tac clang tryc tiap den sirr that bai va Cong Tim cac tac nhan khien HS tong hoac that bai Dieu gill') HS nhan vai tro thai Gra cua minh có anh turang truc tiep den nhang gi xay mon toan 6) The hien six hang hai va tich ctrc mon toan va tri nhip on dinh viec day mon toan 7) Cling ca tich cgc \fad nhang ca gang dm HS mon toan HS can bi6t mac cac 16i sai tire la HS co them ca hai a hoc tap TA, LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DVC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'o'NG TRUNG HOC Mil-dun DANH GIA KET QUA HOC TAP CUA HOC SINH TRUNG HOC KHO KHAN YE DOC, VIET, TINH TOAN Ki6n thin Phat bleu cluvc bang lai ye: NhCfng van de chung ve danh gia (Muc dich danh gia; Quan dgm danh gia; Quy trinh danh gia; NOi dung danh gia; Phuvrig phap danh gia) cz° Cach thin tien hanh danh gia (216i voi mon ngG' van va mon toan KT Wang Ap clung hinh thirc, phupng phap danh gia ket qua gido duc va day hoc phiJ hop v61 kha nang cOa HS KKVH Thai dO Tin krong vao kha nang hoc tap tien b0 dm HS KKVH GDHN w" Ski sang tham gia h6 tra HS KKVH hoc hoa nhep NOI DUNG 3.1 Nhung van de chung v" danh gia —Muc dich danh gia —Quan diem danh gia —Quy trinh danh gia —Ni dung danh gia — Phuo'ng phap danh gia PHU'CYNG PHAP HIMNG DAN VA HO TFig HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 3.2 Danh gia kat qua hoc tap mot s6 mon hoc —Danh gia kat qua hoc tap mon NO Van —Danh gia kat qua hoc tap mon Toan CHUAN 131 —May projecter; video clip hinh anh HS KKVH —Gidy AO, A4, but dau nhiau mau, bang dinh gidy HOAT HONG 3.1 NOi dung 1: Mang van de chung 1/4 danh gia Tim hien muc &eh cua danh gid Ca nhan d6ng nao: Muc dich cf.ta danh gia la gi? Thong tin phin 114i Muc dich dcinh gici Muc dich danh gia kat qua hoc tap dia HS la nham muc dich thu nhan cac thong tin de xac dinh muc d6 dat duoc dm HS ve kinthuc, ki nang va thai d6 so vai muc tieu day hoc dä de ra; cong khai hod cac nhan dinh vas nang luc va kat qua hoc tap dia m;Si HS, dm tap the lap; giCip HS nhan sty tian b6 ding nhu nhang ton tai cua ca nhan HS; khuyan khich, thtic day viac h9c tap cila cac em thong qua muc tieu cita chuong trinh tai nhang th6i diem, giai doan cu the viac so sanh (the hien qua chuan) Mat khac, cac kat qua kiam tra, danh gia có tac dung gitip cho can b6 quan li giao duc d cac cap biat mirc d6 dat duoc so vo'i muc deli mon hoc de ho có th6 diau chinh hoat d6ng chuyen mon ding nhu có cac ho try cho HS khac nham dat den muc tieu xac dinh Cac kat qua ding gitip cho viac phat tri'an nhang diem manh, khac phuc nhang diem yau cua chuong trinh va SGK, can thiat co the kian nghi cac tac gia diau chinh lai TAI La! TAP HUAN CAN BO MAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DIX HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC Nhu vay, viec kiem tra, danh gia d6ng tiled huarng den hai muc dich vira cung cap thong tin phan h6i ve qua trinh day hoc, vira la ca the thou chinh hitu hieu chinh qua trinh Cac ket qua kiem tra, danh gia c6 the cung cap nhitng thong tin chinh xac, tong quat ve ket qua hoc tap b6 mon cho cac d6i tuang khac nhu cac nha thiat ke chuang trinh can xac dinh chuan (chuang trinh chi tiet); cac can b6 chi dao hu6ng dan thuc hien chuang trinh cac \lung mien khac nhau; hoc gitip phu huynh HS ho lira chon cach gido duc, chon huang nghe nghiep cho em ho Viec xac dinh muc Bich danh gia tirng mon hoc se guy& dinh not dung, phuang phap va hinh thirc danh gia ket qua hoc tap dm HS Viec danh gia not dung thuc hanh can phal tien hanh d'6ng 1)6 vad phan 11 thuyet Khi danh gia khong nen chi dirng o nhfing cau h6i 11 thuyet c6 not dung thuc nghiem ma can kiem tra viec to lam thuc hanh, Ulf nghiem oh HS > Nhiem vu Tim nik quail diam ddith gi a HS KA" VII Thao luan nhom 4: Trinh bay quan diem cilia nhom ve danh gia HS KKVH? Thong tin phan hoi Quan diem danh gia Hien cac truemg THCS, viec danh gia k6t qua gido duc duoc thuc hien theo chi thi 15 dm Bo Gido duc Tuy nhien, n6u danh gia HS KTHT 16p hoa nhap theo nhu HS binh thuemg thi kho c6 the thuc hien duoc Vi vay, viec danh gia can tin hanh theo cac quan diem sau: —Danh gia theo quan diem tong the: HS KTHT thuemg gap rat nhieu kh6 khan qua trinh linh hOi kien thirc, d6 danh gia phai can dr vao nhang linh vuc phat trim khac dm HS nhu: y thirc ren luyen, kha nang hei nhap, cac ki nang to cham soc, ki nang xa hei, va linh vuc khac ma HS dat duov —Danh gia mirc hohn muc lieu da xay dung cho tirng HS Ke hoach gido duc ca nhan dm HS mix din danh gia la de gill') HS c6 the —Danh gia theo quan diem phat tiep tuc phat trien, cho nen can chti 57 an nhiing tien b0 dm HS va deng vien khich 1e HS c6 gang hoat dOng, hoc tap PHU'O'NG PHAP HIYO'NG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 99 D NWin vu Qiey truth ddith AYid HS KK VII Ca nhan: Trinh bay quy trinh danh gia HS KKVH hien anh chi dang dp dung? Thong tin Olin hoi Quy trinh dcinh gici Quy trinh danh gia can thvc hien theo trinh tir sau day: va m pc tieu can danh gia, tii,c la danh gia cal gi? Danh gia Btthc 1: Xac dinh nhiem de lam gi? &pen 2: Xac dinh d6i tuvng, pham vi va linh vcrc danh gia (can mO to ki d6i tuyng; pham vi va linh vtyc can danh gia de tranh nhem 15n) 13tthc 3: Xac dinh hinh thirc va phiyang phap danh gia Bvin 4: Phan tich va xCr Ii nhOng thong tin thu duvc Bithc 5: Nh'an xet va ket luan: vu — Theo m t) C tiou da xac dinh — Bithc Oat tri6n tip theo cua HS ➢NhFe'm vu _Tim hi& not dung, debth gidKX VI-I Toan lap: Theo anh chi not dung danh gia HS KKVH la gi? Thong tin Olin hoi —Danh gia ket qua linh hoi kien thirc —Danh gia ren luyen ki nang: Xem xet HS da van dung cac ki nang: giao tiep; thich irng va ki nang song oda hoc vao thvc te Viec danh gia dva vao muc tieu, ke hoach gido duc ca nhan theo cac lieu chi: tien Ix) ro ret — có tien bO — it tien bO —Danh gia thai do: Nhang hanh vi, cach cu xir doi voi chinh ban than, voi moi cong viec dad song hang ngued, TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN Bo cuAN u, GIAO VIEN vt GIAO Duo HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'o'NG TRUNG HOC ➢Nhqin vu Cdephumgph4, &nhgiaJZSKKVIV Nh6m doi: Trinh bay cac phuang phap ma anh/chi da va clang sir dung de danh gia HS KKVH? dO Thong tin phan 1161 Khi danh gia ket qua gido duc, GV co the sir dung nhung phuang phap sau: a Phtrang phdp quan sat Quan sat giap chung ta thu thap duac nhieu thong tin ve HS KKVH nhu: Rik hien mat tich cvc Ira kho khan dm timg HS; pita hien nhu cau can dap ung ding nhu tinh cam thai dm HS v6i mon hoc, not dung hoc VI du: thong qua quan sat cluing ta co the biet duc thai de tich cuc dm HS d6i v6i mon hoc nhu chti y quan sat, tich cue trao d6i bai, cam thay thodi mai, vui ye qua trinh hoc tap ; hoac thai de tieu cvc dm HS vol mon hoc nhu thuong xuyen nhin di ch6 khac, can mong tay, vO au, a buc tirc, cau gian qua trinh hoc, tir chi hay tim cach Fang tranh nhung nhiem vu lien quan tai mon hoc CO hinh thirc quan sat chinh la quan sat co chit dinh va quan sat khong chit dinh Quan sat khong chit dinh là quan sat ngau nhien qua trinh HS tham gia vao cac hoat Ong, ngubi quan sat khOng to chirc nhung c6 muc tieu quan sat ro rang S6 lieu thu duvc qua hinh thirc quan sat mang tinh khach quan cao vi HS bieu hien het cac nang luc va nhu cau cua minh moi tnreng hoan toan to nhien • Didu kien quan sat tot: —Xac dinh ro muc dich yeu cau va nhiem vu quan sat —Chuan bi cac mdu ghi chep cu the, chi tik, ro rang —Xac dinh hinh thirc va vi tri quan sat thich hap —Co ke hoach chuan xac Tranh nhung sai lech quan sat: khong ap at, nhin nhan su viec met each chn quan, phien dien, danh gia sai lech ve su viec • Kt ncing quan sat —Can sir dung ca hai hinh thirc quan sat chit dinh va khong chit dinh met cach linh hoat PHU'O'NG PHAP HUteNG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 101 —Quan sat HS nhung mai truing khac va cac boat doing khac —Quan sat thuong xuyen moi van de xung quanh HS Quan sat tat ca nhung bieu hien hanh vi, cach cu xir, cach giao xem xet HS lam gi, not gi, hanh vi Ung xir —Theo doi nhung bieu hien tren net mat, Cu chi, to the va dieu be "ngon nga than the" cila HS — Sau quan sat phai c6 ket Juan hoan toan khach quan, tranh dinh kien chit quan b Phu'ong phcip phong vim Nham thu nhan nhung thong tin sau kin ben ciia HS nhu y nghi, tinh cam, quan diem, thai do, Cac buck tien hanh phong van bao gem: —Chan bi: Xac dinh muc fiat', not dung phong van, dei tuong, va dia diem de phOng van, chuan bi thi'et bi —Gi6i thieu lam quen (chit y tao tam the thoai mai cho ngueri du6c ph6ng van) —Cac dei Wong phong van tra 16i cac cau hoi (bao g'em phOng van HS va phOng van HS, day la buck quan trong) —Chan bi cac cau hoi ph6ng van: Cac cau h6i phOng van can ngan gin, de" hieu va bao gem cac loaf: • Cau hoi dong VI du: Em c6 thich hoc mon Ngu Van khong? El Co El KhOng? • Ulu hoi clan dat VI du: Hay not cho co biet ve lop hoc cua em? TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP THONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC 102 • Cau hoi VI du: Tai em lai kitting thich mon Toan? Ngoai ra, de tim hien ve kha nang, nhu cau, thU, tinh cam dm HS vai mon hoc, GV có the hoi hoAc cho HS hoan cac cau chua hoan thin nhu: — Mon hoc em thich nhat — Em thich nhat co gido day mon — Trong hoc Toan em cam thay — Hoc NO van that la — Xir Ilk& qua thu cluoc qua phong van Ki nang ph6ng van • KT Wing king nghe —Tap trung — tap trung hoan toan vao ngtrei noi — Nghe nhi6u hon noi —Sir dung tot cac ki nang ngon ngcr than th'e': nu cued, anh mat bie"u dat six d6ng cam, gat cfau, nghieng ve phla ngtrOi duoc phOng van, giong not nhO va de nghe —TO than thin (cosi ma va him ich) —Tao bau khong khf de chiu —Nho chinh xac nhang di6u da duoc noi y va cam giac de dam bao ban da hie'u chinh xac — Phan anh lai nhirng kin — Kiem tra lai veri ngueri duoc phOng van.—Tranh phan tich va giai thich qua mirc • Kt nang chat cau hoi — Dua nhang cau hoi thich hop, vao thOi diem thich hop va dung cach —BAt dau bAng cau hoi chung ngan gon d6 kfch thich six bay to cao nhat ve nhang suy nghei va cam )(tic —Tip theo (King cac cau h6i có trung tam nhAm thu duvc thong tin chinh xac va tap trung hon nira vao chit de PHU'O'NG PHAP HU(YNG DAN VA HO TRCy HOC SINN KH6 KHAN VE HOC 103 — Nhang cau hoi tot 1a nhiing cau dun gian, CO rang, cu the, co lien quan vgi muc dich tim hieu — Nguei phong van phai dung cac cau hOi truc tiep hoac gian tiep phu thuc vao hinh thirc nao la phil hop voi cu6c doi thoai • Kt nang theim — Ngued kiem tra phai xem xet can than de phat hien them — Ki nang khai thac &rot ap dung thong tin nguari dugc khao sat dua khong chiral xac, khong r6 rang, kh6ng nhat quan vai cac thong tin da dua trix6c dO • Kt Jiang chi dcio — Dan dat va kiem soat cau chuyen di thing hu6ng — Dua cu6c phong van barn vao chu de — Sir dung thOi gian mot cach hop 11 Neu nhu cau tra Rri efia nguari dugc phong van lac de thi ngued phong van can nhac lai ho'0.c not r6 ve cau hoi Trong qua trinh phong van, ngue4 ph6ng van can chil y quan sat hanh vi thai d6 cua ngueri dirge ph6ng van; tranh ap dat quan diem, to Wong cna ban than len nguiyi dugc ph6ng van c Dcinh gici san pham an HS San pham oh HS phan anh trinh d6 nhan thirc va kha nang cua chung Qua san pham có the biet dugc nang luc va nhang Mao khan HS gap phai San pham dm HS gem cac san pham cu the (san pham vat chit) va ket qua thuc hien nhang bai tap, nhiem vu dugc giao Tuy nhien, danh gia san pham oh HS KKVH can dugc ket hgp vai vi'ec quan sat, Lang nghe HS trinh bay cach thgc hien san pham VI thuc te, nhieu GV chi quan tam tai viec HS cho ket qua dung hay sai chit khong quan tam toi nguyen nhan dan t6i loi sai cnal/S VI du: Khi HS lam phep tinh: 237 — ( — 27) = 210 TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 104 GV lien gach "sai" vao phep tinh chir khong h6i HS vi lai tinh ket qua dO VI vay, HS se khong co co hei nhin nhan loi sai cua minh va nhung bai tap sau HS se tier, tuc mac phai loi sai tuong tu Viec de HS trinh bay lai cach thuc hien bai tap se giup GV tim nhung lei sai co ban HS, tit kip died gitlp HS dieu chinh He gidp HS trinh bay lai cach thuc hien bai tap, GV can co Id nang Ong vien, khuyen khIch de HS cam thay thoai mai, to tin va san sang trinh bay lai GV có the sir dung nhung cau not nhu: — "Em hay not to each thuc hien phep tit-1h nhe Co biet em lam &roc ma!"; — "CO muen biet cach em dux hien phep tinh Em not cho co biet nhe!" ; — "Rat tot"; — "Em not tot ldm!" d Danh gia biing trac nghiem (test) Cho HS thuc hien cac bai tap da chuan bi san Can chi y den muc dich sir dung va nhung dieu kien de thuc hien cilia m8i bai trac nghiem Can km y den nhung kho khan dm HS KKVH de thiet ice va to chirc danh gia duqc hi'eu qua VI du: \fad HS KKVH han ate ve tri gide thi giac (danh van kern; mat cidu, 1)6 dong; tren gidy"; lung tang va vung ve vai cac chit hay phan nan v'e chit in "dang b/d, p/q , se 5/2, 6/9 ) GV can thiet ke bai trac nghiem met cach re rang, tren nen gidy nham cheng loa hoac cung cap met se thiet bi ho tro- de HS de dang quan sat va thirc hien bai trac nghiem Trong truemg hqp HS chi doc duqc va rat kho khan vi'ec viet nhung gi minh nghi, GV có the cho phep HS not flitting cau tra loi cua minh Viyi HS KKVH han cite ve kha nang tap trung, chit y hoac han the ve kha nang tri giac am (trong mOi trubng on khong the nghe hoac tap trung vao nhang gi minh dang lam), GV can tao dieu kien de HS duqc thuc hien bai trac nghiem mOi tru6ng yen tinh, It kich thich hoac deo tai phone cach am PHU'ONG PHAP [WONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 105 e Phicang phap to danh gia va tap th" ittinh gia Cho HS hoac tap the to nhan xet danh gia mot hanh vi, thai dO, ket qua hoat 'Xing nao Sau GV tong hop y kien da &roc moi ngued trao d0i th0ng nhat Tuy nhien, GV can trao d6i tilt& vai cac HS ve tinh than ciia bu6i danh gia: danh gia mot cach khach quan, danh gia tren tinh than xay dung, danh gia ca hai mat Liu diem va nhang diem can khac phuc 3.2 NOi dung 2: Danh gia ket qua hoc tap mot s6 mon hoc vu Ddnhgiakelguahoc tap maniVgir Van Toan lop: Cach thirc danh gia mon NO van &roc anh/ chi tien hanh nhu the nao? .01 Thong tin phan hoi Danh gia kit qua hoc tem mon Ngic Van D6i vOi HS cap TH, vi'ec danh gia ket qua hoc tap c6 nhieu khac biet so voi bac tieu hoc D0i vat nhang HS co KKVH viec danh gia ket qua hoc tap cang c6 flitting diem khac biet so voi flitting HS binh thuerng khac GV can can cir vao nang ltrc hoc tap tirng HS cu the de c6 nhang danh gia cu the Tuy nhien, can chti hinh ca ki nang nghe, not, doc, viet; dac biet la qua Id nang hinh nang 'tic cam thu, nang luc b0c 10 bieu dat to tuang, tinh cam bang ngon ngfr noi va viet tieng Viet qua m70i gio hoc Kha nang HS van dung nhfing cat da hoc, hoac nhiing kien thirc ki nang coy nghia thiet thirc voi cuOc song, tao dieu kien de HS to khang dinh minh qua giao tiep iing )(tr Kiem tra bang nhieu hinh thirc khac nhau, coi kiem tra nhu la mot bien phap kich ditch hirng thti hoc tap, gitip HS tim nguyen nhan va cach khac phuc nhang sai sot, han the (neu co) qua trinh tim hieu, linh hoi va van dung kien thirc, ki nang b0 mon Khi tier' hanh danh gia, can chit y den nhang van de sau: — Khong vu:ot qua flitting yeu cat' kien thirc, ki nang HS da &roc hoc (dam bao HS c6 six hoc trung binh phai dat yeu cau va phan hod &roc cac doi tuung HS) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN LI, GIAO VIN GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'0NG TRUNG HOC 106 —Can danh gia ca ve kha nang ghi nhO va nhan biet khai niem lan kha nang thong hieu, van dung von nyin ngir vao thqc tien doi song —Coi sir danh gia toan dien ve cac mat kien thuc, ki nang, thai (10 ket qua thuc hanh van dung ki nang nghe, nob, doc, viet dm HS Danh gia dua tren thuc hanh nghe, noi, doc, viet khong có nghia la de cao ki nang, coi nhe viec danh gia thai dO va trinh dO nhan thirc có tinh khoa hoc ve cac kien thirc da dtroc hoc chuong trinh Ngay ca viec danh gia nang luc cam thu ciia HS ding khong the chi can cir vao cac bai kiem tra viet (tap lam van) theo dinh ki ma phai dip tren ket qua kiem tra thuoeng xuyen ca Id nang —Dua tren mire dO tich cuc chu dOng nghe, nob, doc, viet cila HS tham gia vao qua trinh hoc tap, khuyen khich HS biet cach to danh gia ket qua hoc tap cita minh —Tang ctrOng dO chinh xac, khach quan danh gia bang cach cu the hod cac chi so danh gia cua moi cau hoi, m6i de kiem tra, co gang co dap an tuerng minh, cu the va cong khai hod dap an HS to danh gia a —Khi kiem tra van dap (kiem tra mieng), GV can chti + Doi veri HS co KKVH, mirc yeu cau cua cau hoi kiem tra chi nen dirng bai o nuirc dO thap (tai hien, nhac lab nhung kien thirc, ki nanhg ngil van da hoc) + Khi kiem tra van dap can xac dinh ra: noi dung, yeu cau, muc dich hoi, xac dinh ro ding dOi tuong nham den cila moi cau hoi, khong the dung mot cau hoi cho tat ca cac dOi along HS binh thuemg va HS KKVH 16p + Chit tao dieu kien cho HS duoc bOc to nhung suy nghi ca nhan, deng thei \fad viec ren Wang luc noi va trinh bay luu boat, nhung suy nghi, tinh cam dm cac HS + Khi danh gia, ben canh viec cho diem, GV can luu y sira cho HS nhung loi sai can tranh qua trinh noi tieng Viet nhu: 1oi chinh am, 18i chinh ta., dien cam, giup HS hoc cach noi ngan gon, stic tich, de hieu dOi Arad ngtroi nghe + Vira tan dung teii da nhung cau hoi bai tap sach gido khoa, vira xay dung them nhung cau hOi bai tap khac dua tren muc tieu can dat va kha Wang hoc tap dm cac dOi tuong HS lap PHLYO'NG PHAP HUNG DAN VA HO TRd HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 107 — Kiem tra viet la hinh nitre kiena tra Nen voi mon NO Van, duvc dung de kiem tra nhieu HS mot tiled diem Ngi dung kiem tra viet c6 the bao quat tir nhirng mach kien thirc ki nang 16n den nhang mach kien thirc ki nang nhO va HS phal dien dat cau tra lei bang ngon ngit viet Kiem tra viet thireeng &roc thOng bac, tru6c HS chuAn bi S6 lugng cau hoi, mdc kh6 yeu cau dm mei cau hOi thugc bai kiem tra viet phai dirge can cir vao thoi gian lam bai va trinh d6 chung cua tat ca HS, phi' hqp vgi n111:frig yeu can can dat ve kien thirc, ki nang a DOi veri HS KKVH de viet dirgc mot bai van rat kh6 khan VI the soap met de kiem tra viet can lam CO; cac yeu cau v'e the loai bai HS se phal viet, not dung, kien thirc, ki nang (giai han so lugng cau hoi, pham vi, mirc d6 kien thirc, ki nang mei cau hoi), d6 kho cUa cau hOi, thAm chi can gi6i han ca so lugng tir ngir, cau, doan (d6 dai van ban) neu mu6n tang cirerng su chinh xac Vi du: Hay neu cac chi tiet mieu to tam trang dm De Men dUng trir6c ndm m6 dm ngueri ban De Choat (De Men phial luu ki — Ngu Van 16p 6) Muc dich kiem tra: —Kiem tra nang luc ghi nh6 va viet bai chinh xac nhfing chi tiet co ban nhAt (c6t truyen) cua mot van ban vira clugc hoc Yeu cau ve KTKN: —Biet cach torn lugc cac y chinh cua cau chuyen va dae biet la chi tiet tam trang dm De Men —Dien dat y chinh xac, mach lac Hinh thirc va tiled gian kiem tra: —Viet bai tai 16p, thei gian 15 phut (tu/ theo nang luc cua doi tirong HS ma tiled gian c6 the lau han) LAp bi'eu diem, twang dan thixc hien va cho diem: —Tom lugc dirgc cac y chinh cua doan mieu to De Men &mg trugc m6 De Choat (8 diem) —Dien dat luu boat, khong mac lei; dung tir dat cau, / chinh xac, mach lac, c6 trinh tirnhu truyen (2 diem) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BQ QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DISC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'eYNG TRUNG HOC 108 Hien hinh thirc kiem tra trac nghiem kliach quan dugc sir dung phO bien gia NOT van DOi vai dOi wog HS KKVH trac nghiem co the di tir de den kh6 Mai dau có the cho HS lam quen vai loai cau hOi trac nghiem dung — sai: loai cau hoi chi c6 hai lua chon la thing hoac sai do HS có the tra 16i dua vao viec hoc thuOc hoac nha ma khOng can hieu thau dao nhiing not dung cau hOi neu Khi trinh dO nang luc ciia HS kha thi mai sir dung loai cau hoi trac nghiem CO nhieu lua chon, cau hoi trac nghiem so sanh cap doi, cau hoi dien khuyet, cau hOi trac nghiem tra 16i ngan Tuy nhien, sir dung dang cau h6i trac nghiem nao, GV cling phai dua tren nang luc, trinh de cu the dm HS 16p de giup HS lam quen dan vai nhiing hinh thirc kiem tra khac nhau, cho khong co six cach biet qua lan Oita HS KKVH vai nhang HS binh thuang khac ➢Nhiem vu _With "id kat gad hoc tap mon Tan Toan lap: Cach thirc danh gia mon toan dugc anh/ chi tien hanh nhu the nao? Thong tin Olin hoi Dcinh gici kdi t qua hoc tem mon twin GV can cai tin de nang cao chat lugng cac cach thirc kiem tra truyen th6ng (kiem tra mieng, vi6t, cau hoi, bai tap to luan) deng theri tim hieu va Up dung cac hinh thirc trac nghiem khach quan (cau hOi dimg — sai, cau hOi nhieu lua chon, cau dien khuyet, cau ghep doi ) — Tao dieu kien cho HS dugc to danh gia va danh gia fan Vi du nhu cho HS thao luan hoac nhan xet ve bai tap dm ban, dm nhom ban; sir dung hinh thirc _ kiem tra "tro — trO" D6i val HS KKVH, GV can tang caing cho HS dat cau hoi de cau hoi HS khac tra loi (vai each nay, cac HS khong la nguai thu Ong tra ma la ngtrai chu &Ong dat cau hoi Dieu kich thich hirng thu va lam tang long to tin hoc tap oh cac HS Mat khac, de có dugc cac cau hai hay va thich hgp cac HS phai narn yang bai Dieu kich thich su no luc \gran len dm cac HS) — Tang man dua cac nhan xet thich hop cho cau tra loi hoac bai lam dm HS Khi bien soan hoac chuan bi cac cau hOi bai tap cho d6i tugng HS KKVH, GV can luu y nhung diem sau: PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 109 —cau hoi va bai tap can &roc dien dat ro rang, chInh xac va chi có mot each hieu nhat; —Cau h6i va bai tap phai phi' hop \Teri chuan kien thirc, ki nang theo quy dinh cita BO; GV có the tham khdo cac mirc dO tren flint sau: — Biet: chit' yeu la "nhan ra", "nha duoc", "xac dinh duoc" cac str kien, thong tin, khai niem, tit-1h chat, dinh 11, cac deng tir the hien trinh do; "bier có the la: biet (duoc), nhan biet (duoc), xac dinh (duoc), cal the sir dung cac trang tir kern theo nhu "buac &au", "ban dam" (tuST theo ngir canh); — NFL: Bao gom biet nhung a mirc dO cao hem tri nha, no lien quan den 5/ nghia va cac mOi lien he dm flitting gi HS da hoc Chit yeu la "giai thIch duoc", "phan tich duoc" (dieu nao 1a phi' hop hay khong phi hop), "chirng minh dugc" cac dOng tir the hien trinh 6;3 "hieu" có the la: "giai thich" (duoc), 'chirng minh"(dtroc), "sap d4t lai" (duoc), "minh hoa" (duoc); —Van dung: Chit yeu the hien a nhung kien thirc lien quan den "giai guy& van de", HS phai lua chon va quy& dinh chon nhung kien thirc nao va sir dung nhu the nao de "giai quy6t van de" Trinh dO van dung thuang gan vari nhung kha nang va thtrang din dat nhu: Co kha nang giai nhung bai town quen thuOc, có kha nang thgc hien nhung su so sanh, có kha nang phan tich cac dir lieu, TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 110 Mil-dun TO CHU'C CAC HOAT BONG HO TRQ HOC SINH TRUNG HOC KHO KHAN DOC, KHO VIET, KHO TOAN HOC HOA NHAP Hoc xong phan nay, hoc vien có kha nang: Trinh bay du'ac nhu'ng not dung h6 tra ca nhan cua GV, ban be va gia dinh cho tre KKVH ®' Six dung duvc mot s6 ki Wang h6 tra ca nhan HS KKVH lop hoa nhap Khuy'en khich cha mg, ban be tich ckpc tham gia h6 tra ca nhan cho tre KKVH Glo'l THIEU Ciing nhu cac nhorn tre can sir 116 trg dac biet khac, tre KKVH rdt can den cac hoat dOng ho trg va su cong tac phi hgp gido duc, gitip d& cua gia dinh, nha truing va cong &sing, su h8 trg cua nha trueng va gia dinh gift vai tre quyet dinh Trong phAn de cap den not dung chinh sau day: NOI DUNG 4.1 Quan 1116p hoc hoa nhap — Thau hieu nhfing thay doi tam, sinh lf Gila HS —Tao dieu kien de HS tham gia hoat d'Ong — Tu van cho HS tu6i vi nien —Trao &Si vai HS ve van de viec lam —Dinh hueing kha Wang tip tuc hoc tap cho HS PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'o'NG DAN VA HO Mg HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC 4.2 Gido ciao ki nang song —MOt so kr nang ca ban —KT nang hoc tap — KInang tix danh gia ban than —Ki nang 4.3 T8 chirc cac hoat Ong tap the —Cac hoat dOng gio len lop —Cac hog Ong ngoai gio len lap 4.4 To chirc cac hoat dOng ho tro ca nhan — Ti'et hoc ca nhan — Tiet hoc nhorn 4.5 Phi ket hop cac prong tham gia gido dac hoa nhap —Tang cueing su tir tin cho HS moi moi throng —Gia dinh tham gia gido duo HS HOAT HONG 4.1 NOi dung 1: Quan Ii lop hoc có khei khan v4 hoc hoc hoa nha3 ➢Nhqm IT Th.G hiennhfrngthay dai clia RSIII& thdith flan Dong nao: Anh chi cho biet HS tu;8i tir 12 — 17 có dAc diem gi not bat? Thong tin phan hoi O tu6i tir 12 den 14, HS thuong danh it died gian de suy nghi ve trtremg lop HS gia down chuyen ti moi trtremg cham sOc, nuOi &rang caa trireng tieu hoc sang mei trtremg THCS Moi quan he caa HS lira tu6i dtroc ma rOng hon lop hoc tai trungTieu hoc, hAu nhu HS chi er mot phOng hoc cang vai mot hoc hai GV Khi len cap trung hoc, HS phai di chuyen tir phong qua phong khac va phai lien he vai nhieu GV va nhieu ban ding lop han HS se thy có nhieu thin cua the giai ben ngoai ma chang chtra biet 112 TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC Viec quan li HS nOi Chung va HS KKVH not ri'eng cluing a de tuai vi nien la met nhiem vu rat kh6 khan dei vai mei GV Bai a de tuei nay, HS dang phai trai qua rat nhieu thay doi len ve tam sinh a —, HS thuang to me va mat nhieu Med gian viec cling nhu giai guy& cac van de lien quan tai co the dang phat trien cua minh (cao len, va giong, kinh —HS tuei thieu nien de bi xuc deng manh va de bi ngued khac lei keo vao cac tro choi nguy hiem de thoa man khao khat tim kiem cam giac manh Thieu su phan xet mang tinh chin Chan, cac em c6 the ru be hoc, dua xe, bo nha, but thuec, sir dung mail hoac chat gay nghien, an cap de —HS tuei thieu nien chin cam thdy to tin vi cac em nhan rang nguai lon kl vong nhieu Iron a minh Doi vai HS c6 KKVH, nhirng bien dei thong thueyng cilia giai 'Joan vi nien co the bi pha tren hiIn tap bed cam giac mac cam, tu ti hoc kern HS trung hoc lap dan phan hod cac nhom khac Trong c6 ba nh6m chinh: Nhom tinin nhjt: la nhang HS dime nhieu ban be yeu thich, thuOng la met nhom den Nhang HS c6 hinh clang ben ngoai dep va xu huang hoat (tang nhom, not chuyen, cuai dua vo tu thoai mai theo ngau hirng Nhom thin hai la nhung HS khac biet so vai cac ban khac Met se HS c6 ban tint' not loan Chong doi hoac xuat hien vai be dang tei te Nhung HS khac CO clang ye they o, bat can; an mac khac thuang d lap, nhung HS xuat hien vai be dang khong c6 gi khac biet lam, c6 ve buen rau, tix chi lam bat dr viec gi hoac khong tham gia vao bat Cu hoat clOng nao Nhom thin ba la nhung HS tuan theo nhung ki vong, mong dai cria ngu0i lan; luon luOn to xuat sac a linh vuc hoc duOng nhung c6 le, cluing se cam thay mac cam, to ti hoac co don vi cluing luon luen khong phu hap vai cac ban cling lap Trong ca ba nhom HS tren deu c6 nhung HS KKVH Do do, nhiem vu cua GV viec hieu nhung thay del ve tam sinh li cling nhu nhitng kho khan hoc tap dm nhung HS KKVH la rat kho khan nhung ding vo cling quan PHU'CYNG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC go vu Tao dfdit Hen de? HS kho khan re hoc thaw gia hoei ahk Thao Juan nh6m: GV day ding lap ng6i vao ding nh6m NhOm did° Juan cau hoi: Thay/co liet k'e nhung hoat dOng giup HS KKVH c6 the tham gia hoa nhap voi cac ban? Thong tin phan hoi a Chtip nhan tinh da dong moi triton hoa nh'Op Tu tuang HS KKVH moi truang gido duc hoa nh'ap luon can nhan dugc nhung ho trg fix gizio due dac biet (39) Cac GV b6 mon (GV day Toan, GV day dugc phan cong cac nhom Moi nhom phu trach khoang Khoa hoc, ngil 150 HS.Trong twang THCS nhin chung la c6 the c6 — nh6m hoac c6 ca phu huynh ding tham gia Moi nh6m thuang c6 chuyen gia to van rieng, cac chuyen gia thuang a nha — gan khu virc c6 HS VI vy HS c6 the biet dugc cac vien nh6m Cac GV c6 the did° Juan ding v'e cac nhu cau dm HS de dua huang giai guy& phii hop Cl truang tieu hoc, moi HS thuang c6 GV va 30 ban ding lap khac thi a truang Trung hoc, HS hoc voi den GV mot ngay, va chuyen d6i nhieu moi trung lap hoc HS KKVH thuang c6 cam giac bi phu thu6c vi c6 hoac nhieu han GV phu trach chung Cac GV 116 trg thuang op m8i nhom lan/ tuan de chia se thong tin va giai guy& kho khan Chuy'en gia dugc sap )(el) theo thai gian bieu kem theo mot GV khac d6i de di den cac lap hoc va lam viec voi HS KKVH va HS c6 nguy ca cao b among trinh hoc THCS giai doan nay, cac HS phai tip can voi chuang trinh moi Chinh sir tiep can mai gay nhung kh6 khan d6i voi mot s6 HS M4c Si HS KKVH hoc hoa nh4p nhung cac em van can dugc thief ke muc tieu gido duc ca nhan dva tren chuan chuang trinh trung hoc Mu6n \fay, GV can tien hanh dieu chink de not dung hoc dm HS KKVH slat duc mot phan cua not dung chuang trinh chudn Chang han, m6t nhung tieu chu'an dia HS lap la phai thao cac phep tit-1h nhan, chia voi so thap phan TAI LIEU TAP I-WAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC 114 Den thang 12, cac 14S co the nhan so thap phan co chit so voi so thap phan co chit so (3,2 x 3) Den thang thi HS se co the phai nhan se thap phan c6 chit so vai so có chit so (4,25 x 17) Den thang 5, HS có the chia so thap phan dan gian (4,8 : 2) Trong mon ngfr" van, mix tieu dat la HS có the viet mot doan van thuyet phuc Tai thang 12 HS se phai viet doan van 3, cau de thuyet phuc Viec &roc thgc hanh Fan/1 tuan duai six giarn sat cua GV Tai thang 3, HS phai viet doan van 3, cau lan/1 tuan va Fang nghe ngon ngix phan hOi caa GV Trong thang 5, HS phai dOc lap viet doan van thuyet phuc tit — cau va có it han 418i danh van, viet hoa, cham cau Khi thiet ke cac ke hoach bai hoc hang ngay, GV can dua tren kha nang cila HS Nhang thay doi ve cong viec hang cOa cac em link vuc có nhang nhiem vu kilo khan, c6 thai gian cho phep HS hoan nhiem vu, khei Wong va chat luong mong doi cua cong viec (HS tang &Ong gia.rn tap trung — ADHD) va luon luon khu vuc gan HS de try &II) de cac em thao han ki nang cua minh va khong bi that bai mai bat dau Cac HS thi can hieu rang minh co muc tieu can huong den va biet dieu gi phai lam gap van de Nhang HS KKVH có nhieu kha nang han thi thuang xuyen lap hoc hoa nhap, sr thay doi chuang trinh hoc cho cac nhiem vu se it han vai nhang cau hoi quan HS se hoac duoc cung cap ggi y hoac cho- phep them thai gian hoan Voi HS co van de ye tri nha, kiem tra mon lich sir can cho phep em ma sach hoac sir dung cac cau hOi có nhieu sit lixa chon Doi vai HS khong the doc hoac danh van thi có the kiem tra van dap Khi HS gap khO khan ve doc thi GV phai cung cap cho HS bai khod nao c6 mirc dO thap hoac viet lai tai lieu doc hieu HS KKVH hoc tap tot nhat cac em chit &Ong lam viec GV chi la nguai huang dan chi dao nguai HS phai to giac va tich cuc tham gia gia hoc HS se ghi nha tot han neu ket qua la chilng ty tim SO It HS có the lang nghe va hoc PHIFUNG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC go tap da cac hog &ling hiau qua thi can phai nhanh chOng thay (Iasi moi throng HS can bit cach de ghi nhar thOng tin va suy nghi va cac phuang phap hoc tap, cach thirc nhIn nhan std tien bO cua minh; bian phap tang su ghi nho thOng tin va cach da sang va hap tac vii ngued khac Voi nhang ki nang HS có the diau chinh cho phu hap yeu cau cua cuOc song c Nhirng ki tieing ca ban HS KKVH can Ow dao tao nhang ki nang ca ban o• trtrOng THCS HS KKVH can hoc cach giai guy& van da HS THCS van có rac roi vai cac cau chuyk có van de ca ban KT nang doc va viat tip tuc dtrot dac biat quan tam Neu xao Lang ding ca cac ki nang nay, HS se gap rac roi vii nhang thay d'ai nho nho viac hoc tap cua minh De hoc cac ki nang tren, hail hat nhitng HS can thirc hanh nhiau ran han nhitng HS khac Ra nhang bai tap viat ngan gin Cat xen mot bao cao dai, moi chi can yeu cau cac em viet mot clop van ngan lien tuc thbi gian nhat dinh d M'Ot s a bin phdp tang cuirng khd nang nht.in thicc Nhitng nha nghien ciru cua dai hoc trung tam Kansa va van da hoc tap (39) cho rang, cac bian phap tang wag nhan thirc cho HS bao gom viac day HS cach dua yeu cau; thay doi cau trtic hinh thirc the hien, hru trit va din dat thong tin bang cach sir dung có he thong cac kik thirc va ren luyan cac hanh vi HS dugc day chinlirgc he thong thong qua viac din giai va chi dan mot each rO rang HS tg huOng dan thuc hien cac buOt cua chinlugc va dtruc h8 tro bang cac chit cai dau tien VI du, cac chit cai dau tien oh bai doc hiau la chit RAP R = doc doan van A = to hOi y chinh va Yi chi tie't P = sir dung ngon tit rieng Chian laic giam sat cac 18i tao diau kik cho HS biat cach xac dinh va sira cho dung vi6t Cac chid cai dau co lien quan den "WRITER" W = Viet tren mot Ong ke khac R = Doc tren giay da tim hiau y nghia TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN \ft GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUING TRUNG HOC 116 I = Ttr sir dung cau hot COPS vori toan be doan van C = Lieu rang toi da viet hoa cac tir dau cau va tat ca cac ten rieng? = Cach the hien nhu the nao? P = Lieu rang toi da sir dung dau ket thtic cau, dau phay, that cham phay dung chua? S = CO phai nhung tir ging thl dugc clanh van gieng kheng? T = Mang ter gidy den cho ngueri khac de kiem tra lai truerc in E = Thgc hien viec chop cuei clung R = Doc lai to giay cita ban lan cuei ding CO Id thuat hoc tap dugc goi la Multipast da dem lai lgi Ich tuyet viii cho tat ca HS hau het nhfing linh vgc not dung het sirc da dang va phong phi Ki thuat thgc sur dugc coi la him Ich vori nhung HS 16n tuOi cac em phai giai quyet khai lugng bai doc 16n horn 15u tien de day chucmg ve khoa hoc hoac cac bai nghien ciru ve xa hoi, GV phai dtra HS di tham quan met.vai chuyen de cac em tim thay dieu gi quen thuec o chuang hoc Dau tien hay cho cac em doc Wort qua cac tim kiem thong tin tieu de cua chuang, phan tich ki cac birc tranh va bieu aa Tiep theo you cau cac em doc xuyen suet chuang, viet giay rei dinh nghia tat ca cac thuat ngir GV biet tix khoa cac bieu thu&ng la chit the cita cac cau hoi sau Trong bai hoc khac, HS co the tir tir doc lai chuang rei Wet nei tir khoa va tim tieu de dm chuang Tiep theo cac em doc bat dr cau hoi nao de tim doan kat a cuei chuang GV cling có the viet nhang cau hoi to giay de HS CO the danh dau cac tir khoa Trong thari gian tad HS can phai xem lai nhieu horn van de Cac em có hieu cac khai niem quan bao phit toan be chuang va phai biet xac dinh vi tri cua cac thong tin va khai niem Nhirng hoat deng nhu the ding met so chi tiet minh hoa, nhung bai kiem tra co tham khao sach va thao luan co the gillp cac HS hoan tot bai kiem tra cling v6i HS khac PHU'o'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC > Nhiem vu ThaAy co co hi& ahtiwg not dung math can chakt hi de cho lira fa& vi thaith it/be au PEN gtv Thong tin phan hoi Ttr vein cho HS vi nien (tu'Oi teen) HS trung hoc thtromg c6 mot quan he tot vai cac ban &Ong trang lira va kh6ng bao gia lam trai lai lad khuyen cua cac ban Hiern cac em tim kiem six trq gitip tir ngtrixi lon Trong tn.rOng hgp, HS tim kiem loi khuyen tir ngtrOi 16n, GV can tuan theo mot se chi an clued day: Khi GV a phong mot minh ciing voi mot HS, can Oat hien va gitip HS c6 the kiem soat dixgc cam xtic va gay Ong niem tin vao thay giao, co gido Hay not voi HS rang cuing ta dang san sang Lang nghe moi ban tam cua em va chting ta se' lam tat ca nhfing gi c6 the a gitip cac em giai guy& van a N6u HS chia se thong tin voi cluing ta, HS can phai c6 dit su tin tuong vao chting ta de chap nhan cach giai guy& dm cluing ta dot voi van de cila cac em Khi HS guy& Binh chia se van de, hay khuyen khich HS not nhieu ve dieu Dixng ngat loi, hay viet nhang cau hoi mang tinh phan loai de h6i cac em sau Giai thich voi em rang ban dang viet torn tat nhfing thOng tin tham khao va HS ket thtic cau chuyen GV c6 can dr de than luan cling HS Nhiing ghi cite') se khien GV chit &Ong Lang nghe han Doi HS khong can hoac khong maul s‘r trq giup tir ngueri khac lie van de ciia minh HS chi muen not rieng voi mot Neu HS cam thay bi dp lgc, hay lam giam bat dieu bang nhang tinh hueng hai hack VI vay HS not den cau cuei cling ve van de HS gap phai thi cluing ta se not "Tai em muen not voi co dieu nay?" va n'eu thich hap, "Em muen co lam gi de giup em?" Day la each thich hgp de giiip HS nhin thay not sy hai cua minh va gitip HS tim huOng ma ciia van de " Neu chuyen ay da xay ra, em co the thay trtr6c bi kich clang tiec gi? Em c6 the giai guy& van de khong? Nhtr the nao? " Tuy nhien, dieu GV can lam la hOi ve cac dieu khac nira: "Neu diet' ay da xay ra, em có the nhin thay hinh anh tot dep nhat la gi? CO phai c6 nhi'eu each hanh &Ong de cuing ta c6 the dat dtrac vin canh do? Co co the gitip em nhtr the naor TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO Duc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC 118 Thi thoang, voi vai tra nhu la nha tham van , GV có le se nhin thy dieu gi d6 met tinh huong ma HS khong de cap den Chung to nen chia se va ton guy& dinh Gila HS cling la dieu rat quan Neu khong se an den nhung hau qua kh6 luting c6 the xay vai HS O lira tuOi vu Thio luO'n nho9n Th.4y co can cling cap cho HSnhirng thong tin gi ve Itrov lai, dee /din va kha nang tiep lye hoc tap cua 115? del Thong tin Olin hoi • Van cue viec lam cho HS kh6 khan ve hoc vi nien HS KKVH e truerng THPT can dugc tham gia vao chuang trinh to van viec lam Cac em can nhdn dugc sit hudn luyen ve nghe nghiep va nhung bai hoc ca ban huong tad viec kham pha nhung nhu cau ban than ve ding viec Dieu co nghia la Nha trubng can chit dOng ph& hqp vai gia dinh va nha tuyen dung Nhung GV dac biet thi can chit deng han de cung cap cho HS nhung co hOi than Igi ve dao too nghe Cha me HS ding can dugc cung cap thong tin ca ban ve nhieu nganh nghe de hoc co the h6 trg viec dinh huong nghe nghiep twang lai HS có KKVH tiep tuc can dugc dao to ki nang song va kiem sok cac hanh vi, cach thich Ung vai ngtr8i khac, nhiing ki nang hoc tap, nhung ki nang lam bai kiem tra HS e THPT can hieu ro ve khiern khuy'et cua ho TI* chi neu dieu dugc giai guy& e THCS thi no van dugc xem la mat y tuOng tot de c6 the giai guy& tiep a THPT, clac biet la a nhung nom cuei cua THPT O died diem HS can nhiing lei khuy'en viec tim kiem ding viec dau tien GV can dugc cung cap cho HS cac thong tin ve nhu cau cua nha tuyen dung, tu van cach thuc hien tra led phOng van ding (cach an mac va not nang, cir chi, dieu be ) Th8ng thuerng, sau HS dugc tap dugt phong Van vai nha tuyen dung khac thi cac em se tra nen tu tin hurl tham gia phong van xin viec HS KKVH bat dau di lam can tuan thit cac quy dinh ca ban cua nai lam viec nhu sau: PHU'ONG PHAP HlfeiNG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 119 —Chap hanh quy dinh cua nai lam viac —TOn gi6 giac —Co sir chuan bi ki trir6c lam viac —Trang phuc phii hop —Co quan he than thin v6i moi nguoi —San sang lam nhung viac &roc yau cau • Kha nang tiep tyc hoc Op cfia HS kho khiin vd h9c mot s6 HS c6 KKVH kh6ng the tham gia vao cac chuang trinh hoc tap binh thuarng a THPT nhung chting co the hoan chuang trinh b6 tuc Cac HS KKVH &roc tham gia vao cac 16p hoc nh6 han, cho phep cac em c6 sir tuang tac giira mot thay, mot tro Co the co sir tham gia cua phu huynh HS de ho quan sat phuang phap GV day hoc cho ho M6t s6 HS khong the giai quyat bai tap c6 cac HS khac xung quanh nhung se hoan Ong viac nau duoc phep dem va nha HS can tham gia chuang trinh hoc tap d6c lap &roc gap GV hang tuan, xem lai nhung bai tap da hoan va nhan bai tap mod de lam tai nha VI the, ba nam hoc THPT, ban giarn hiau nha truerng, GV Chu nghi6m, GV day ngha, GV 118 tro GDHN can c6 ke hoach cu the trang bi cho HS KKVH nhang kin thirc va ki nang ca van de HS có the bir6c cu6c song tur tin han 4.2 Ntii dung 2: Giao duc ki nang song cho HS ➢ Nh1esm vu Trinh hay mot so kinang sbffig co'hin can day cho triS KK VIZ d(lv Th8ng tin Olin hili MOt so ki ming ca ban cap Trung hoc, HS KTHT co nhu cau 16n dirge dao tao nhung ki nang nen ca ban a truarng hoc Cac em can phai co kha nang doc, viat va tinh toan tot nhung hau hat lai doc khong thao a mot hay nhiau ki nang not tran HS -KKVH can hoc, tip nhung ki nang giai guy& van de Doc bai khod van la mot tror ngai dm HS sir thiau but va ki Wang doc HS THCS van tip tuc khong hiau not dung chinh cua loan vita doc HS KTT cuc ki han the v'a van de hiau dugc TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC 120 DUC he thong cac set Neu GV yeu cau cac em tinh nham phep tinh can bac hai cila 81 thi HS KTT se khong lam dugc dieu VI the GV van can sir dung nhieu phuang phap tot de day cac em tai hien y nghia cila cac so Cho den cap Trung hoc, ki nang doc va ki nang viet ding can doge (lac biet quan tam Neu xao Fang day van de nay, HS se gap rac rOi vai nhiing thay dOi nho nho viec hoc tap cua minh He hoc cac ki nang, hau het nhilng HS can thgc hanh nhieu lan han nhfing HS binh thugng Bai tap dm HS dugc thiet ke rieng: viet lai de toan, rut gon bai doc, yeu cau HS viet met doan van ngdn Quan la HS phdi dugc hoc va luyen tap thirerng xuyen vu 2.Whom &el ke mot so ki /dog hoc tap cjn day cho 1-/SKT VII Thong tin phan hOi • KT Wang hoc Op Cac GV can trang bi cho HS KKVH mot so chitin lugc cu the sau: —Doc doan van —Tim y chInh doan van —Trao dOi voi ban nhorn —Viet bai van —Doc lai de tim hieu y nghia —Mem tra each viet hoa —Kiem tra &du cau —Sok lai cac tir HS hay viet sai —Nher ban ngOi canh kiem tra —Viet lai bai van —Doc tai bai van va mang nOp He HS co nhang ki nang GV can co qua trinh huOng clan, Om sat, ho tro chat the suOt qua trinh day cho HS PHU'GNG PHAPlitiNG DAN VA HO TFICe HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC vu Lily& tap rot so hdi /hue hanh day A'S KKV ff ki nang hda mink? Thong tin phan hoi Ki ming hi&L minh HS can duac hoc cdc ki nang not ve van de cila minh va tir dOng vien ban than minh Bai "Hieu ; ve clang kilo khan ma minh mac phai" — 1(6 voi HS ve nhung nhan vat not tieng dat bi KKVH: Tom Cruise (dien vien not tieng cna Mi); Thomas Edison (nha khoa hoc da da phat minh b6ng dien tren c6 day t6c thay the cho viec sir dung nen de doc sdch cua moi nguari tir truerc den nay) —Giai thich cho HS ve nguyen nhan gay KKVH: giai thich ve chic nang cna ban cau nao phai va ban cau nao trai, hoat d'Ong hoat hod thong tin cna h8 nao (sir truyen dan thong tin cna cdc to bap thdn kinh den cdc t6 bao khdc va den co quan cna ca the) va cach de chting to tang kha nang hoc tap, cai thien tri nho bdng cach sir dung nhieu ki thuat hoc tap Hdu het HS c6 It hockhong co thong tin ve chn diem Cdc em thueyng ldng nghe va h6i nhung cau hoi hay Hdu het tat ca HS can phdi nhan ring moi dira la nhdt va deu c6 thu vi rieng Bai " Nhin nhan ban than mot cach tich ctrc" HAu he't HS KKVH a tu6i thiau nien thu6ng nghi ban than minh rat kern coi GV can day HS cach nhin nhan, not ve ban than minh mot cach tich cvc moi trirOng Binh thuong (trong moi truemg hodc ben ngoai) day cho HS bit cach tax not ve tiem nang cila ban than, dOng co cila minh Giai thich vai HS rang GV muol n chung bdt ddu suy nghi ve ban than minh theo nhieu cach tich cgc khdc He chimg minh duac kha nang trinh bay nhung tinh hay yeu cau chung dua guy& dinh neu cluing la nhung nguai tao Ong co hodc chimg se thdt bai VI du: thay vi cach not "Toi kh6ng the choi bong da vi toi chay cham" HS se not "Toi khong the choi da bong nhung toi c6 the Ong vien cdc ban lop cna toi choi da bong." TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DIX HOA NHAP TRONG TRUtiNG TRUNG HOC 122 Thay vi not "Toi ghet mon toan" bang cau " Toi da mac phai nhieu loi sai man toan vi cdu tha Toi se hoi thay gido each sir dung may tinh de kiem tra ket qua cac bai toan toi da lam" "Neu toi lam sai bai Toi se h6i Ban Ian ng6i each chi cho toi ch6 toi da lam sai." "Neu toi tiep tuc c6 gang, toi có the lam &roc bai toan nay." Yeu cL HS thuc hanh thay d6i cach to not ve ban than Lam nhung bai tap ngan hang de chung thuc hanh Ban bat dau "TOi ghet cai xe hai city toi nhung no se tot han neu toi lau chni no" "Toi ghet (rau), nhung Coq se co gdng de moi ran an met It moi toi &roc phuc vu, toi có the hoc each de an met it" Sau bai hoc nay, HS nhan khong phai hic nao chting ta cang hem soat &roc moi dieu nhung chung ta co the kiem soat dtroc hanh vi cda minh Chang han có hai nguoi linh, met ngued da bi cut chan chitin tranh Met ngued narn tren gitreng not rang "toi that la tei nghiep" va not rang bi khuyet tat Nguo•i not "That khong may man nhung toi se khong no ngan can toi co met cuec song tot dep" Anh ta da buec that phan bi thuang va di lai &roc mot vai tuan Chang may ch6c quay lai v6i cong viec H6i HS "co dieu gi khac biet gala hai nguo•i?" Tir dO, gitip HS nhan duoc vai trO oh long dung cam va su gan da de vuan cong a Bai 3: KT Wing phcit hi0t, phan itch nhung diem manh va diem yeti cita ban than dcitt co•i mo chia se dieu cho ngu•o•i khac.: va —"Toi la met nguo•i trung thuc T6i hoc kha mon toan nhung toi can six giup do• ve mon ngit van." —"Toi co the nhin thay nhi'eu thir va biet each moi nguo•i lam viec Toi có the sira china cac d6 dac Nhung tri nho• cua toi bi han che Toi có rac r6i ye tri nha Toi nen co gang viec met danh sach moi ve nhirng dieu toi can phai nha" —"Toi khong có khai niem ve thed gian TOi biet no rat quan de biet thefi han chot va toi nai citing gio• Toi neff rang toi can phai có met cu6n s6 nhO tin de sap xep cong viec cua minh vi vay toi co the giir met cu6n lich ghi cac thbi han chot NO se keu vo vo de nhac nha toi ve cac cu6c hen." PHUGNG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRY HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC 123 Bai 4: la nang chi d'Ong du'a nhang yeu cau can giap —"Phan minh chin hieu, ban giang lai cho minh nhe?" —"Minh khong ghi kip lei co dan, ban cho minh unroll va met lat nhe?" —"Ban c6 the giup minh tim chinh xac nhfing tai lieu de" on tap cho ki thi?" Bai 5: Nhang chien luc'c hoc tap Chien ltror bao g‘orn dao tao cac kr thuat ghi nh6; ghi chep va kha nang tai hien lai kien thirc 9da dtror trinh bay cac phan trtrac) Bai 6: Chin kw lam bai thi mot cach thong minh Chang han, dei vai nhang bai kiem tra c6 nhieu chon: truac tien chting nen tra loi tat ca cac cau hoi ma chting chac chan va danh dau nhang cau h6i chin chac chan bang met chit a a ngoai Doi vai nhang cau hoi phirc tap thi nen co gang sir dung phuang phap loai trix va cho nhieu sir hp chon chung c6 the Hay giai thich vai cluing rang neu met cau hoi c6 dap an thi cluing c6 the loai tr.* met dap an &roc cho la &Mg va co hoi cua dap an chiem 33% Neu chiing c6 the loai trir dap an thi co hoi chon &roc dap an dung se tang len 50% Hay not vai cluing rang rat it nhang thin the giai cua chting to xay a moi luc Ciing nhu vay, tir "khong bao Oar" la six loai trig hoan toan met dap an HS ciing nen day cach xem deng he Nam phUt truac ket thtic bai thi, chting nen kiern tra de chac chan rang chUng da danh dau dap an cho moi cau hoi tharn chi neu chung doan mO ➢Nhiem vu Nho-oz lief ke mot.ro kfningxd hoi can day chof-/SKKVIZ Thong tin phin hoi Ki nag xei hci HS can hoc cach de can dei ngan sach chi tieu, each de giai quyet cac van de tai chinh ca nhan va each de ttrung tac phu hop vai nhang ngtroi khac met moi twang c6 nhieu tinh da clang — dam mai, dam ma, truang hoc, gap ger nhang nguai ban mai HS KKVHT nen &roc chi clan ve van de mua ban, thin gi 1a tot de mua, no'i nao tot mua Nhang loi khuyen dei vai chung la vo ding can thiet Chung can phai &roc twang dan vi each quan 11 thei gian, to chirc met ngoi nha hoac gia dinh va c6 not de g4p ga moi ngtrai vi nhting muc dich xa hoi khac O de tuei chUng muon the hien nhirrig soy thich xac dinh va nhang chii diem tren TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 124 4.3 NOi dung 3: T6 chirc cac hoat dOng tap the day hoc hob nhap ➢ Nhiem vu Th.4y/c6 cho hilt mot so can lira y Lien hanh cac haat Ong /Tod" gifr len lop etia HS XXVII va cac han.P Thong tin phan hoi Cac hoat &Ong gilt len lop (yang ban be, a try twang tac) lira tuei trung hoc, tinh ban (long vai tro quan dot vai rn6i HS Cac em thuOng ton su,nhan xet cila nhung ngued ban than va bi anh hueng xdu bai nhimg thieu chan tlr nhiing ban lop Vei su han the kha nang hoc tap HS se song khep kin thu minh neu khong c6 nhang ban be deng cam luon ben canh VI the, GV can sem h6 tra de HS KKVH c6 yang ban be lap, throng cua minh S6 lugng HS tham gia vOng ban be kh6ng can &rig, khoang — ban HS tham gia vOng ban be la nhling em c6 tinh than to nguyen tham gia, c6 ki nang giao tip tot va mong muan he trg cho HS KKVH Ben canh nhiem vu luon cling HS KKVH chia se niem vui not buen, cac HS thuerng xuyen h6 trq HS KKVH vuot qua kho khan hoc tap Cac HS nhom ban be c6 the phan chia nhiem vu cho de h6 trg va gitip do' HS KKVH timg Firth vac cu the Neu ban ngei canh c6 the ho tra HS KKVH hieu hun cac yeu cau nhiem vu ma ban minh dugc giao Ban khac tham gia hoc nhom ding ban minh hoan bai tap Chinh tix nhOm ban be ban dau nay, tinh ban cUa HS KKVH cang ma reng, HS se thiet lap tinh ban, mei quan he v6i cac HS khac lap va truOng Viec HS cO dugc tinh ban than thiet, mei quan he tot vai cac HS khac la dieu kiln quan de HS KKVH hoa nhap cong e cap Trung hoc > Nhiem vu Theo thjy/ed can phai 16 char elle hog Wing ng-odi gilt' len lop nhtrlhei ado cho XXVII pa cac ham? Thong tin phan hoi Cac hoyt d'Ong ngooti gilt' len lop Kiln thirc ki Wang hinh cho HS khOng chi o truOng hoc Thuc chat, HS hoc tap dugc nhieu di'eu tir chinh cuec song hang D6 la nai cac em phai giai PHU'O'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO and HOC SINN KH6 KHAN VE HOC 125 guy& thu6ng xuyen nhang nhiem vu mdi, va ciing 1a not ma sau rei gh6 nha tru6ng cac em se hoa nhap toan dien HS KKVH se hoc tap cong han neu cac em co ca h6i h9c thuc t6 VI the ben canh nhiem vu din tnzeing, GV can tao dieu kien de HS tiep can vdi thuc tiL, ho trq HS giai quyat cOng nhfing nhiem vu thuc tin la ca h6i de thirc day d6ng ca hoc tap ben cua cac em Hoat d6ng hoc tap kh6ng nen dong kin nha truong ma can to chirc nhieu float Ong tham quan, da ngoai, tim hieu cu6c song xung quanh de HS co nhieu ca h6i tham nhap vao cu6c sang Nhang hoat d6ng nen duqc chuAn bi ki cang: not dung cu the, phuang phap linh hoat va cl4c biet nhiem vu hoc tap phai duqc HS giai quyet triet de Lam dugc dieu thi nhang hoat d6ng moi thuc su mang lai gia tri cho cac HS co HS KKVH 4.4 N§1 dung 4: TO chivc cac hoat di:mg h6 tro, Ca nhan ➢Nhiem vu Thay 'et &ink vecdch de'n harsh de't day cd /Wm? .01Thong tin phan hOi nit hoc ca nhan HS KTHT nhang kilo khan d'ac thu ve mot hay nhieu rinh vuc hoc tap vi the ngoai gig hoc cimg cac ban tren 16p nha truerng can tao dieu kien d HS duc tham eng gia tier hoc ca nhan tai phong ho trg gido duc hoa nhap cua trueng mixc SO lugng, not dung, thed diem tien hanh tit ca nhan cho mot HS phu khO khan cna HS, s6 luting HS co nhu cAu dac biet tnx6ng va dieu kien bien the GV cna tnxeng 1\16u thuan lqi, mot HS KKVH can &rot hoc tiet/tuAn Tai Wet hoc ca nhan, mot HS KKVH duqc lam viec vai mot GV phu trach b6 mon (ma HS kho khan) theo 1(6 hoach gido duc ca nhan Ban 1(6 hoach gido duc ca nhan duqc lap dua tren nhu cAu hoc tap dm HS mot cu6c hop gifra: ban giam hieu nha truerng; GV chn nhiem, GV b6 mon va chuyen gia ho trq gido duc hoa nhap cua dia phuang TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN LI, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUG HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 126 GV tien hanh tiet day ca nhan can dupe trang hieu biet ve dac diem HS, ki nang day hoc hao nhap va dac biet co Id nang dac thu day HS KKVH Trong qua trinh tien hanh 118 trq gido chic theo ke hoach, GV d6 van tiep tuc nhan dugc su ling he ve mat tinh thAn, vat chat cila Ban giam hieu va chuyen mon tir GV h,:1 try gido due hao nhap cho ban ke hoach phii hop veri su tier' be cila HS Tiet hoc ca nhan c6 the tien hanh vao buei sang, buei chieu, tham chi la nghi Thai gian keo dai khoang tir 30 den 45 phut Nei dung he tra c6 the la: GV giup HS hoan ph'n bai tap tren lap (ma em chua giai guy& xong) cling c6 the phAn bai tap ve nha va ding có the la day lg kien thirc cua cac lop duai (trong throng hop HS chua nom yang) Trong qua trinh ho try ngoai viec sir dung cac phuang phap day hoc dac biet, GV can thiet ke them nhang dung day hoc be try mai gitip HS clot &rot muc tieu ban ice haoch gido duc ca nhan > Nhiem vu Trao dal pe cac tiet hoc /thorn cho khd khan I,d' hoc? .#v Thong tin phan hOi Ti& hoc nhom Ngoai tiet hoc ca nhan HS KKVH duac tham du nhang buei sinh hog nhorn Tham gia sinh hog nhona tai phong ho try gido duc hoa nhap khong chi c6 HS KKVH ma c6 the khuyen khich HS khac tham gia Den day cac em c6 Ca hei hon HS duac hoc tap, trao doi tam to tinh cam va hieu va than thiet sinh hoot nghe thuat Nei dung chi' yeu cac buei sinh hog la HS &rot nang cao hon ve ki nang hoc tap va ki nang song Nguai phu trach hog deng c6 the la GV cloan deLGV phu trach gido duc hoa nhap hoac nhfing GV tinh nguyen tham gia Hinh thirc to chirc can phong thu, hdp don HS Nha truang khong can phai tien hanh qua thuang xuyen, khoang — tu'an/ran la phil hap 4.5 NOi dung 5: Ph6i tc6t hcyp cac Ityc luvng tham gia GDHN ➢Nhieln Trao c7oi itho'm lid loan /Op —Yeu c'au trao doi theo nhOm vai cau hoi: Cac luc Wong gido duc can phi hop voi nhu the nao de' ho try HS khO khan ve hoc? —Sau trao dei, cac nh6m trinh bay va than, luan truck lop PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRq HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC Tilting tin Olin tali Cfing nhu cac HS can su h8 trq (lac biet khac, HS KKVH rat can den su cong tac phi fig') gido duc, gitip da cua gia dinh, nha twang va cong d6ng, su h8 try cua nha Mien-1g va gia dinh giix vai tro quyet dinh Trong phan de cap den d6i Wong chinh, h8 trq dac biet cho HS KKVH la: h8 tag cua GV va h8 trq cua gia dinh HS KKVH • Tang ctremg str Or tin cho HS moi moi trtrirng HS em bat au so sanh kha nang dm ban than vai ban be cac link vuc nhu: vui chai, giao tiep va hoc tir rat seem Neu cac HS thong minh va nhanh nhen nghi minh co kha Wang va gap nhieu may man thi HS KKVH cam thay minh that ng6c nghech, cham chap va luon thua kern cac ban VI the, HS coi su yeu kern cila ban than la throng nhien va khOng thay d6i dugc Thong thugng, moi kilo khan ve hoc tap se b0c 10 ro nhimg nam dAu cUa tieu hoc VI kh6ng tim nguyen nhan nen moi ngued cam thay be tac va dAn mat niem tin vao kha nang hoc tap dm HS Neu khong &roc ho trg, nhang 'HS KKVH se lien tiep gap that bai hoat Ong hoc tap tai lop Va dac biet, neu HS khOng dugc can thiep kip th6i va dung cach cap Tieu hoc, HS se tiep tuc gap nhieu kho khan hoc o cap Trung hoc HS cam thay b6i r6i, lo Lang va that vong ve ban than Dieu khien HS tr.& nen thu &Ong, tha a v6i moi hoat dOng hoc tap Tharn chi chting khong mu6n co gang vi thay minh luon la "Ice that bai" Trong do, GV va gia dinh 10 thugng danh qua nhieu thai gian va cong six de gitip HS tien 1)0 hoc tap Cach lam chi tap trung vao nhang han the dm HS nen khong mang lai ket qua VI the, GV chu nhiem can giup gia dinh hieu rO va nhin nhan dung dan han ve dac diem ciia em minh Nhu moi HS em khac, HS KKVH ding có nhang kha nang va nhu cau rieng M4c du có nhang kilo khan nhdt dinh hoc tap nhung cac em van co nhieu diem manh Neu duqc h8 trg phit hop HS se to tin, tIch cuc hoc tap, hoa nhap conga cac cap hoc cao han va cuOc song sau GV va cha me can ph6i hop vai chat the se gitip HS kilo hoc vugt qua nhang kilo khan ve hoc tap va su thieu to tin Neu GV nhin nhan va danh gia cao TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN I30 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NOP TRONG TRU'eYNG TRUNG HOC 128 HS nhu mot ntian each rieng dua HS se hoc duoc viec danh gia cao chit-1h nhung diem manh cua rieng chUng MOt so goi y gitip GV tang cuing sv to tin cho HS 1) Danh gia cao kha nang —Cho HS thdy minh la mot ca nhan dOc lap, c6 gia tri vdri nhung dac diem rieng —Quan tam dung luc va danh nhieu tiled gian cho HS —CO thai dO tich cuc voi HS 2) DOng cam — Hieu rei kha nang va nhu cAu cila HS —Chap nhan nhung kh6 khan hoc tap dm HS —Ton nhung dac diem rieng dm HS 3) Xay dung mvc tieu thuc t6 —Danh gia dung kha nang va nhu cAu dm HS — Xac dinh nhung dieu kien cham soc giao dvc hien c6 (tir phia gia dinh , nha truqng, cong dOng) —'Tim hieu nguyen vong cua gia dinh — Xay dung al-kw tieu vita sic —Sap xep nruc tieu theo thir to uu tien (mvc tieu nam hoc; ki hoc; tun hoc; tiet hoc) —Trao doi, thOng nhat, phi hop thuc hien cac mvc tieu chung 4) Trang bi nhung ki nang giai quy& van de va dua quy& dinh — Khong giai quy& thay HS nhung van de kho khan —Tao co hOi a HS to tim each giai quy& van de — Gqi y de HS tim kiem nhung thit thuat rnqi —Cho HS hinh dung truck ket qua dm nhirng quy& dinh khac —Khuyen khich HS to dua cac quy& dinh PHU'CVNG PHAP HU'ONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KH6 KHAN VE HOC 129 5) Phat huy diem manh —Tao ca hoi cho HS tham gia cdc hoat Bong phii hop vai so thIch — Khuyen khIch HS the hien nang khiau nhu: am nhac, nghe thuat, the duc the thao — Danh gid cao nhang diem tot va nhan cach nhir: tot bung, that tha, nhay cam, nhiet tinh, hay gill') dor ngued khdc 6) Tao co' 116i cong — Giao nhiem vu vita site cda HS —Chia nhiem vu nhiau buoy nhO —116 tro HS kip thOi —Tranh khuyan khIch theo kiau d6ng vien xtiong 7) Tao ca h6i gidp ngueri khdc — T6 chirc cdc hoat diang tap the moi HS dau có vai trO rieng — Khuyan khich HS tham gia vao cdc hoat d6ng vai ban be va gia dinh — Phan cong cho HS phu trach mot s6 hoat d6ng hoac mot so ph'an cua hoat dOng 8) Khong tap trung vao diem you — Tranh dung nhang li7i tieu cuc de cap va kha nang hoc tap cda HS — Khong phe binh HS Wu& mat ngued khdc — Khong so sdnh diem han the cda HS vai ban be cila • Su' tham gia di a gia (firth vi'ec gicio duc HS Gia dinh 1a nhfing ngubi thuOng xuyen gan gui, cham soc va gido duc HS Viec gido duc HS KKVH cap Trung hoc phu thu6c vao su phi kat hop gido duc gift gia dinh va nha truang Trong do, trach nhiem cua gia dinh HS di hoc Tao moi diau kien thuan loi tre di hoc: — Cha me can cung CAI) cho HS day du sach va, quan va nhfing dung hoc tap._ — Xay dung yang tay ban be da gidp dO HS KKVH T6t nhat la nhting ngirOi ban clung di hoc gan nha cila HS Tao diau kien cho HS &roc tiap xtic va vui chai vai cdc ban hang )(Om TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'eiNG TRUNG HOC 130 —Thueng xuyen trao dei vod GV chu nhiem ve hoan canh cu the cna mInh, nhixng kho khan hoc tap, sinh hog cna HS KKVH tai gia dinh va mOi trueng xung quanh, nhang viec HS có kha nang thgc hien ding nhu nhang so thich cu the dm HS Gitm da HS hoc tai gia dinh —Tu3T theo kha nang va nhu cau cua tiling HS ma yeu cau ve khei lacing, mix de va thei gian hoc tai nha pha hop —Cha me tre can kien tri dan HS hoc tai gia dinh, khong nen dOi hoi qua nhieu, vuot qua kha nang cda HS Can deng vien, khen thuong HS kip tiled nang cao ki nang —Nei dung ki6n thirc can day cho HS tai gia dinh bao doc hi6u, luyen vi6t va thoc hien nhang nei dung tinh toan pham vi trinh de TH —On luyen nhang kien thirc HS da &roc hoc tai tnxemg theo nhung huOng dan cua GV —Huang dan HS tham gia gitip da cac cong viec gia dinh va tang clan so lacing cong viec, mix de va thed gian thuc hien nham dat den six to loc cua cac em viec thirc hien met so cac cong viec gia dinh don gian, lam co so cho cuec song to lap sau dm HS — Can sap xep thed gian cang HS thuOng thirc cac chuang trinh vo tuy6n pha hop, d'at nhang cau hoi pha hop nham phat trien kha nang tri nher, to cho HS — Thuerng xuyen thay dOi mOi truerng sinh hoat cho tre: tham quan, hog Ong ngoai trod, the duc the thao Gia dinh dung vai tro rat quan trong gido duc hoa nhiap cho HS KKVH Gido due gia dinh tot tao dieu kien can ban, nen tang cho HS có the phat trien va hoa nha'p duoc vao deri song cong &Ong, xa hoi PHU'O'NG PHAP HUaNG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINN KHD KHAN VE HOC 131 Mo-dun MOT SO TRUING HOP MINH HO 5.1 TRU'o'NG HQ? ➢ MO ti dac diem Ho va ten: V.T.L Ngay sinh: 30/ 12/ 2000 Ngay lam trac nghiem: 11/ 09/ 2013 Tuai thgc dm HS: 12 tuiii thong 19 ➢ Nhilng thong tin chung Qua trinh hoc top: Tai theri diem danh gia T.L dang theo hoc lap tai mat truang pha thong thuac thi xa Ph& Yen — \filth Phtic Theo danh gia cila gia dinh thi L c6 six tap hoc khong dang deu T.L hoc kha tot cac mon xa hai (lam van hay va c6 cam )(tic; yeu thich mon lich sir va c6 kha nang ghi nh6 cac six kien lich sir trong/ ngoai mac) Tuy nhien T.L gap kho khan viec hoc cac mon tg nhien (trinh tinh toan cua T.L chi tuang dixang HS lap 3) Teen lop T.L hien dang c6 nhttng bieu hien chang doi GV day mon toan theo huang tieu cgc (noi khong, khong thgc hien theo yeu cau cua GV ) Nha ng quan sat va hanh vi: T.L di cling vai co va ba tai buai danh gia (hai buai) Ngay tir dau em TA' to gan gut, thodi mai vai moi twang mai (tra led Trong qua trinh danh gia, T.L rat hop tac vai trac ngoan ngoan, vui ye ctrOi nghi@ri vien Kat qua etanh giti tren WISC —IV T.L da duuc kiem tra vai Thang tri tue Wechsler phien ban IV (WISC — IV), ding Cu dizac sir dung rang rai nil& de kiem tra tri thong minh cho tre em a da tu6i — 17 tuai Vai WISC, T.L thu dirac tang diem IQ la 100, so diem a mirc trung binh thap theo tieu chuan danh gia (diem TB pha hien = 100, lech chuan = 15) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC DUC Ngoai diem tong duerc bao cao tren, WISC — IV can dem lai chi s6 diem de cung cap six luting ve nhang khia canh khac cua kha nang tri tue: chi s6 hieu chi s6 Tu tri giac, chi s6 tri nho lam viec va chi s6 T6c de xir Chi so Tu• ngon ng danh gia ve kha nang 11 luan bang 16i, hieu biet bang lai va hinh khai niem T.L nhan dugc 103 di6n Chi s6 Hieu 16i Diem s6 mire trung binh Chi so Tu' tri gidc luting kha nang nhan thuc khOng lai, chang han nhu nhan dien va phan tich hinh mau, ki nang thi giac — khong gian va kha nang giai quyet van de bang thi giac Voi chi s6 Tu Tri giac, T.L dat 100 di6n, dtrov xep o mirc dO trung binh Chi so Tri nit& lam viec nham luting kha nang tap trung, tri chu y, gift thong tin chinh xac tri nho lam viec va kiern scat tinh than \Ted chi s6 Tri nho lam viec, T.L dat 85 di6n, o mirc trung binh thap Chi so Tar xii.11 luting ve t6c dO va hieu qua xir 11 thong tin hinh anh Chi s6 T6c deo xir 11 cua T.L dat 78 diem, a mirc dO ranh Cac diem quan cua T.L WISC — IV duo.c tong ket er bang duoi day: TONG HQ'P CAC DItM CHI SO CUA WISC — IV Diem quy chub X6p loci Hieu loi 103 Trung binh Tu' tri giac 100 Trung binh Tri nho, lam viec 85 Trung binh thAp T6c d6 xfy If 78 Ranh gidei TOng diem 92 Trung binh Diem da hop Nhu vay, diem tong hgp va diem cac tieu trac nghiem cua WISC cho thdy: Mix phat trien cua T.L la trung binh CO ba linh vuc phat triL tuo'ng d6i "tu tri giac" va "t6c dO xix li cong viec" 6rig deu la "tu ngOn Trong cac linh vuc dupc danh gia, T.L dat duqc diem cao nhdt linh virc "t6c al PHLYCYNG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TRCO HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC xu 11" DiL cho thay tec de xir 11 thong tin dac biet la nhang thong tin bang hinh anh ctla T.L la kha tot Linh virc phat triers dung tit* hai cua T.L la "Tu ngon ngit" (dat 103 diem) Nhang cau tra lad cua T.L phan kiem tra ve to ngon ngfr cho thay kha nang nein ngfi cua T.L kha linh hog: yen tir phong phu, cach ket not y nghia cua tir ngit kha tot tot; T.L khong gap nhieu khO khan viec dien dat va the hien ttrOng cita ban than T.L có the dien dat suy nghi cua minh cau hoan chinh Nhin chung nhang cau tra lad cua em kha ro rang, chinh xac va tri tue Vi du: duvc halt het cac eau hoi dei Trong tieu trac nghi'em "Ildu bit" T.L der tra hOi kha nang to duy, suy Juan (vi sao? Tai sao?) mot cach hieu qua Myc Cau tra 161 Tai moi ngt.peyi can danh rang? Vi a rang sach, tang rang, therm mom Tai lai phai tat MO khOng dung nipa? Day la hanh dOng de tranh Fang phi dien NhCpng loll ich cua thu' viers la gi? GiCip chung to mo, mang deu 6c/ doc nhieu quyen sach be ich Tai chinh phil can phai kiam dick vc ban phalli truqfvc du'ac Boi vi tren the giai c6 rat nhieu hang nhap lau ti' Trung QuOc, n6u chung vao Viet Nam thi CO the gay benh cho ngubi dan Nhu very, kha nang li luan; tiep nhan tinh va giai quy& van de cua T.L kha tot Trong ben linh vvc dugc danh gia, thi link v%Ic "Tri nhar cong viec" va "T& dO VT 11" cua T.L dam a muc thdp nhdt (trung binh thap va muc ranh giai) Chi se) cho thay kha nang tap trung, tri chti 57, gift thong tin chinh xac.trong tri nho lam viec va ki'em sok tinh than cua T.L kha han che Day la dac diem clOi hoi gia dInh can h8 tro bad no có the clan den nhibg kho khan qua trinh T.L tham gia hoc tap TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN Li, CIAO VIEN VE GiAo DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'9NG TRUNG HOC 134 Kir,) hooch bed hoc du'o'c Hual ke cho lop hoc ma T.L gang tham gia: Bai: LAM TRON SO I Moc tieu 1.1 Hoc tieu chung — Phat bieu dugc khai niern ve lam tron s6, bie't y nghra cua viec lam tron so thuc t'e —Neu lai clugc va bit van dung cac quy uarc lam troll s6 —Biet van dung cac kien thirc bai vao cac tinh huo'ng thuc ti6n dun gian 1.2 Muc tieu rieng cho T.L — Phat bieu duvc khai niem ve lam troll s6 — Lam troll so theo huong tang len II Phuang tin day hoc — SGK, thudc th'ang, thudc goc, bang phu hinh va trang 64, hinh 11 trang 67 — Phieu bai tap III Hoat Ong day hoc HO oda GV Kiem tra kien thtic cu HD cua HS You au hs nhec la' cac kien thin lien quan tol bai hoc tny&c * Giao phi6 u !Dal tap Xet s6 13,8 Nhec la' Nhd la' * Chi/ gach vac nhang pile') tinh tron chyc dung I/ Vi du: Hoat &ling 1: // Vi du: Gv neu vi du a , HO cue HS T.L • S6 tin neu tren khong thOt chinh xac a/ Lam Von cac s6 sau den hang don vi: 13,8; 5,23 Chu' s6 hang dun vi la? Ta có T: 13,8 =14 Chu' s6 dipng sau deu"," la? 5,23 - PHUCYNG PHAP HLY6'NG DAN VA H6 TRg HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC HO cua GV Vi chi), s6 Ian han nen ta cong them vao chir s6 hang dan vi = ket qua la? Twang tu' lam trOn so 5,23? Gv neu vi du b Xet so 28800 ChCr so hang nghin là? Chic s6 lien sau cua chO' so hang nghin la? doc s6 da du'ac lam tr6n? Gv neu vi du YOu ceu Hs thu'c hien theo nhom — Kiem tra ket qua, neu nhan xet chung HD cua HS HO cua HS T.L Chu' so hang dan vi cua so 13, la b/ Lam trim so sau den hang nghin: 28.800; 341390 Cho, s6 thap phan dirng sau deu "," la Ta co: 28.800 = 29.000 Sau lam tron den hang dan vj ta duvc ket qua la 14 Ket qua lam trOn den hang dan vi cua so 5, 23 la ChCr s6 hang ngin cua so 28800 la 341390 341.000 c/ Lam trOn cac so sau den hang phan nghin:1,2346; 0,6789 Ta co: 1,2346 1,235 0,6789 r 0,679 ChO' sO lien sau cua no la Vi > nen ket qua lam trOn den hang nghin la 29000 Hs phat bleu quy Lreec hai tru'ang hap: Neu chCr so du tien phan bo di nho han * Thtrc hien phep tinh lam trOn se) sau 1HS lop de Ow hien ma'u • Neu chir so du tier) phan bo di Ian han Hoat Ong 2: II/ Quy troy lam tran so: Ti), cac vi du vCra lam, hay neu quy u,o'c lam trOn so? Gv tong Wet cac quy u,O,c chruc Hs phat bieu, neu hai truVng hap Neu vi dy dp dung Lam trOn so 457 den hang chuc? SO 24, 567 den chi), so thap phan thin hai? Ill Om/ Lvdec lam trail SO: S6 457 duvc lam Iron den hang chuc la 460 S6 24, 567 lam trOn den chi), s6 thap phan thin hai la 24,57 1, 243 duvc lam trop den so thap phan thin nhat la 1,2 Hs giai bai tap?2 79,3826 = 79,383(phan nghin) 79,3826 79,38(phan tram) 79,3826 79,4 (phan chuc) a/ Neu chip sO dau flan cac chCr s6 b6 di nho han thi ta giCr nguyen be phan lai.trong tru'ang hap so nguyen thi ta thay cac chic so bo di bang cac chi), so b/ Neu chi), s6 du tion cac chir so bi bo di Ion han hoc bAng thi ta cong them vac) chiic s6 cuoi ding cua 60 phan lai.Trong truteng hop s6 nguyen thi ta thay cac chi' so bib6 di bang cac chip so O * Phat bielu dulov khai niem ve lam trOn s6 theo huio,ng tang len TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUX HOA NH0- TRONG TRU'eYNG TRUNG HOC 136 HO ciia GV Lam tron so 1, 243 den s6 thap phan thin nhat? HO dm HS Ht.reyng dAn HS thvc hien bai tap duvc giao Lam bai tap?2 HO dm HS T.L Thu,c hien bai tap ducic giao * Thuy hi6n tren phi6u bai tap v6 lam trOn cac s6 theo huteng tang lOn 4.COng c6: Nh6c lai hai buy Lp&c lam tran s6? Lam bai tap 73; 47; 75; 76/ 37 Ke't bai Yeu cOu HS nhac lai nhumg kien thin da hoc Nhac lai kien thirc Ida hoc Giao bai top v8 nha Ghi lai bai tap vao vo' bai tap ve nha Giao phi6 u bai tap A nha cho T.L * * NhOn phi6u bai tap v6 nha Bai: DINH Li PY-TA-GO I Muc tieu 1.1 Myc tieu chung — Nam duov dinh lf Py-ta-go ve quan he gifra ba canh dm tam giac vuong Nam ducrc dinh li Py-ta-go dao — Bie't van dung dinh 11 Py-ta-go de tinh dai mot canh cua tam giac vuong bit dai cua hai canh Biet van dung dinh 11 dao cua dinh 11 Py-ta-go de nhan Net mot tam giac va tam giac vuong — Bit van dung cac ki& thfrc hoc bai vao bai toan thvc t6 1.2 Myc tieu rieng Tturc hien cac phep tinh ding, trir teen may tinh ca nhan PHUO'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC II Phifong Wit day hoc —SGK, dm& thang, thtrac goc, bang phu hinh va trang 64, hinh 11 trang 67, phi6u bai tap cho T.L —MO to boat dOng cua em T.L III float Ong day hoc Hoot dOng GV Ki6m tra kien thCPC CO Ghi bang Hoot dOng cua HS Yeu chu hs nhec lai cac kik th(rc lien quan toi bai hoc trutec Nhec la' Nha lai * Giao phieu bai to * Chi/ gach vao nhcrng tam giac vuong Hoat dOng 1: Dinh Ii Py-ta-go GV gi&i thieu djnh Ii va cho HS ap dung laml N I) Dinh II Py-ta-go: Ta co: A ABC vuong tai B Trong mOt tam gide vuong, binh phiyang cila canh huyen bang AC2=AB2+BC2 102=x2+82 tong cac binh phuang dm hai canh g6c vuong x2=102 — 82 i X2=36 A x=6 Ta co: A DEF vuong tai D: GT A ABC vuong tai A EF2=DE2+DF2 x2=12+12 e KL BC2=AB2+AC2 X =2 x= ,r Thyv hiOn phop tinh 102 — tren may tinh ca nhan 82 TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO OUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO CAW HOA NHAP TRUNG TRU'eYNG TRUNG HOC 138 Hoat citing GV Hoat dOng cila HS Ghi bang Hoat dOng 2: Dinh II Py-ta-go dao GV cho HS lam?7 Sau dO rut H) Dinh Ii Py-ta-go dao: 41 dinh Ii dao i " A Et Neu mot tam gide co birth phirang cOa mot canh bang tang cac binh phuung cau hai cdnh thi tam giac la tam giac vuong t A GT B Ls ABC co BC2=AC2+AB2 KL A ABC vuong tai A * Thtfc hien mot s6 phep tinh phgu bai tap bang may tinh al nhan Hoat Ong 3: Cung c6 — GV cho HS nhec lai dinh II Py-ta-go — Neu cach chirng minh mot tam gidc la tam giac vuong Bai 53 SGK/131: Tim d6 dai x Bai 53 SGK/131: a) A ABC vuong tai A c6: c) A ABC vuong tai C: BC2=AB2+AC2 AC2=AB2+BC2 x2=52+122 292=21 2+x2 PHU'YNG PHAP WONG DAN VA H6 TRO HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC Hoat Ong GV 139 Ghi bang , Hoat Ong cua HS x2=25+144 2 x =29 - 21 x2=169 x =400 x=13 x=20 b) A ABC vuong tai B cd: d) A DEF vuOng tai B: AC2=AB2+BC2 EF2=DE2+DF2 x2=12+22 x2 X2.5 =( \Fi )2+32 x =7+9 x= Jr x2=16 x=4 * Thtic hiOn phep tinh 292 — 212' wi )2+32 tren K6t bai Yeu cAu HS nhac lai nhirng kien thirc cla hoc Giao !Dal tap ye nha * Giao phigu bai cho T.L tap ve may tinh ca nhan Nh6c la' kien thipc da hoc Ghi lai bai tap vao vii, bai tap ye nha nha * Nhan phgu bai tap va' nha TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO WEN VE GIAO Duc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'o'NG TRUNG HOC 140 5.2 TRUtYNG HQ? > MO to dac diem Ho va ten: Nguy'Zn H.L Ngay sinh: 07/ 01/ 1999 Ngay lam trac nghi'em: 13/ 06/ 2013 TuOi thuc dm HS: 14 tutii thing 06 > Nhfing thong tin chung Qua trinh hoc Op: Tai thed diem danh gia H.L dang theo hoc lop tai mot tnremg THCS tai Ha NOi Theo nhu nhan xet cua gia dinh thi H.L gap kh6 khan van de xir 11 cac van ban tren 16p hoc (doc cham, doc thay the tir, doc nh'am tir dOng sang clang khac) 1\44c du gia dinh da he; trq em bang nhiL cach (dOng vien, thue gia su, yeu cau H.L thuc hien cac bai doc hang ) nhung nhung 16i ve doc van ban cua em van khong duqc cai thien H.L rat char' nan va khong giai thich duqc li vi minh lai gap khO khan nhu vay ➢Ket qua danh gia H.L da duqc kie'm tra vii Thang tri tue Wechsler phien ban IV (WISC — IV), cong cu duqc s* dung rOng rai nhAt de kie'm tra tri thong minh cho tre em dO tuOi — 17 tuOi V6i WISC, H.L thu &rot tong di'e'm IQ la 93, se) diem e mirc dO trung binh thap theo tieu chu'an danh gia Ngoai tong diem duqc bao cao tren, WISC — IV dem lai chi so diem de cung cap sir luting ve nhung khia canh khac cua kha nang tri tue: chi so hi6u chi se) Tu tri giac, chi se, tri nh6 lam viec va chi se) T6c dO xir 11 Chi so Tu' nein ngtr danh gia v6' kha Wang 11 luan bang led, hiL bit bang 16i va hinh khai niem H.L nhan dtrqc 107 diem Chi s6 Hi'eu lei Di'ern so mirc trung binh Chi sa Tcr tri giac luting kha nang nhan thirc khong led, chang han nhu nhan dien va phan tich hinh mk, 1d 'tang thi giac — khong gian va kha nang giai quy6t van de bang thi giac V6i chi so Tu Tri giac, H.L dat 85 di6m, duqc x6p mix trung binh thap PHIYO'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRCe HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC Chi so Tri nho lam viec nham luang kha nang tap trung, tri chti y, gia thong tin chinh xac tri nha lam viec va kiern soat tinh than Vari chi so Tri nho lam viec, H.L dat 90 diem, a mire trung binh Chi sa Toc dO It WIT ve toc va hieu qua xir 11 thong tin hinh anh Chi so TOc dO xir 11 cita H.L dat 91 diem, a mix (10 trung binh Cac diem quan cua H.L WISC — IV duqc COI-1g ket a bang duai day: T6ng hop cac diem chi so cila WISC — IV Diem da hop Diem quy chart Xep loal Hieu 161 107 Trung binh Tu' tri giac 85 Trung binh thAp Tri nho, lam viec 90 Trung binh T6c dO x6, Ii 91 Trung binh T6ng diem 93 Trung binh Diem tong hop va diem cac tieu trac nghiem cua WISC cho thay: Mirc dO phat trier' cita H.L nam a mix dO trung binh (voi tong diem IQ la 93 diem) Trong bOn linh vuc danh gia, H.L dat dugc diem cao nhat linh vuc tu ngon ngfr (107 diem) Tre có kha nang dua nlang 11 giai kha hop 11 va logic truoc cac tieu muc kiem tra ve hieu ngon nga, nhan biet khai niem tir ngcr Hai linh vuc "tri nha cong viec" va "Ctic dO xir li" cua H.L phat trien tuang doi dOng deu (90 so voi 91 diem, deu nam a mire trung binh) Linh vuc phat tri6n thap nhat ctia tre la "tu tri giac" TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'oNG TRUNG HOC 142 Ke hooch bai hoc thi't ke cho lop hoc em H.L clang tham gia: BM: TOT DI HOC (Thaith filth) I Muc tieu bai hoc (2 tik) 1.1 Myc tieu chung —Neu va cam nhan dugc tam trang hOi hop, cam giac ba nga' cua nhan vat "'FOC o buOi tuu truang dau ti'en deri —Neu dugc dac diem ngoi but van xuoi giau chat tha, gqi len vi trir tinh man mac cua Thanh Tinh —Doc din cam van ban hOi irc — Melt cam, phat trien cac ki nang phan tich tam trang nhan vat van hoc — Neu lien he dugc kinh nghiem cila ban than dam den di hoc 1.2 Myc tieu rieng danh cho H.L Nghe bang thu am bai doc hoac ban doc de: —Neu dugc tam trang nhan vat bai —Neu dugc mot so dac diem ve lOi viet van cua Thanh Tinh Doc tran tieng dugc mot so cau ngan bai van (co six ho trq) II ChuAn bi 2.1 Chuan bi caa GV —Doc ki not dung dm van ban — Tham khdo cac tai lieu co lien quan ve bai van —01 phieu bai tap kiem tra bai cu cho ca lop —1 ban thu am (vao may thu am, may dien thoai) + tai nghe 2.2 Chuan bi caa HS —Chuan bi bai o nha bang cach doc van ban, doc chti thIch va tim 1716 cuc cua bai van — Chuan bi cac cau hOi bai doc —On tap lai van ban hang da hoc a lap PHU'ONG PHAP HUtYNG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KH6 KHAN VE HOC 143 III Hoat &Ong day va hoc Tho'i li.rcyng , Kim tra bai Cu Hot Ong dm GV , Du'a cau hal Trong cac van ban da hoc & lOp dual day, van ban nao la kieu van ban hang ngay? A COng trEpong rney •.Holt dc)ng Oa HS, 03 HS tra lai Ho4t dOng c6a • H.L GV hoi tru,c ti6p HS, twang clan neu HS kh6ng nha duvc cac phuvng an tra liyi B CuOc Chia tay cua nhOng bup be C Song chat mac bay D NhOng trO 16 hay la Va — ren va Phan BOi Chau Glen thiOu bai mai Dan cla't vao bai Cho HS hat bai: "Ngay dau tier) di hoc" rOi dgn dat vao bai Day bai mai HD 1: Hutilig chin Neu you cau bai doc, doc cha d9c, chti thich, b6 thich va tgu sir cua tac gia cub Yeu cau doc, giong cham, hoi bu6n, lang sau; giong nOi dm nhan vat " tOi ", ngurfyi me va Ong &Sc — GV doc mgu — Goi h/s doe tie)o — Yeu cau h/s nhan xet cach doc dm ban? nghe, Lang cung doc có scr h6 tro' — Nhan xet ban doc — Tra lOi cac cau h6i v6 chi, thich va tieu dgn gm TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DkIC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUtNG TRUNG HOC Thal lyvng Hoat Ong cua GV • — Yeu cau h/s Doc them chu thich? Neu ngan gon ye tac gia Thanh Tinh? Hoat Ong cua HS -I-1 oat citing cua H.L — — his doc — Hs nhan xet cach doc — Cho h/s hal — dap ch0 thich, Iu'u y chi., thich 2, 6, — H/s tu, hai dap chili thich — Cau chuyen doc ke theo trinh tu' 130 cuc nhu' the nao? — H/s tra lei cac cau hai — Truyen dyvc ke theo ngOi thu, may? Tac dung dm ngoi ke? — Cau chuyen (Vac ke theo trinh by thai gian cua buOi ty,u trang (theo dong hOi tiperng cua nhan vat " tar) — Truyen duvc ke theo ngoi filo, I Ng& ke giUp cho ngCrai ke chuyen de dang b0c 10 cam xuc, tinh cam dm minh mot cach chan thy,c nhat H/s doc HD 2: Doc — hieu You cau h/s doc them tip van ban " TCy elk tu'ng loCyng ren " HS In luvt tra lai: tra leyi cau hal: — — — — N6i Dopn tip deu den " _Thai diem goi nheY: nha ye buot tkru trang cua tac tu'ng bU'ng On re" cuoi thu (hang nem) — gia duvc khai ngu6n ti' thai khai twang, canh diem nao? Quang canh thien nhien: la rung sao? nhieu, may bang bac; canh sinh hoat: may em be rut re cOng mg den triyang — Nghe down ghi am a — Dien to theo trinh tu' thai gian: tia, hien tai ma nho' ye qua khip — Tra 161 cau hal giOng cac ban PHU'CYNG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KHO KHAN VI= HOC Thai luvng Hoot long cua GV Hoot cl(ing cOa HS — KT niam ve buOi tru'o'ng dy,gc din to theo trinh tkr nao? Tim nhirng tir ngir din to tam trang nhan vat " tor? Phan tich gia tri bieu cam dm nhCrng tO, ngu' ay? — Cac tO' lay din to tam trang, cam xCic: nao nirc, man man, tng bieng, ron 06 là nhCrng cam giac sang nb long Cop phan rCit ngan khoang cach theyi gian giCra qua khir va hign tai Chuyan da xay tir bao nam r6i ma dutyng nhu' viva mai xay horn qua — Con &rang toi da quen di lai Iam Ian_ Canh vat chung quanh toi deu thay — Cam thay trang va dirng dan voi bo quan do, veyi may quyen vb mai tran tay — Can than nang niu may quyen magi thin SOT mucin khang dinh minh xin me do'c cam but, thac nh cac ban khac — Hay tim nhCrng hinh anh, chi tit chCrng to tam trang (nhan vat "tor tren &rang ding mg tai trutyng) hOi hOp, cam giac ngify ngang cua nhan vat "toi" ding me di Iran dirong t61 timing? — Lan au ti6n du,gc den trang, dgc tip XCIC vai mot the giai hoan toan khac lo khOng chi no dCia, rong chaff, tha dieu ngoai dung nCra, cho nen "tar cam thay tat ca du,Ong nhu' trang va dCrng dan Tot muon thin sin va khang Hoot Ong cim H.L TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 146 They' luvng Hoat Ong cua GV Hot d§ng cua HS • djnh minh viec cam but, thu,o,c va quy6n vde Do chinh la tam trang va cam giac rat tcr nhien cua mot diva be lAn dAu flan clgc den tro'ng Tat ca nftang di, chi Ay giCip ta hinh dung tu' the ngO nghinh, Bang yeu cua ch0 b6 — San trirung h6m — Em có nhan )(et gi ve' su, day dac ngir Ai cung thay tam trang nhan quAn a° sach se vat "t6i" cung me di tren du&ng? — Ng6i tarOmg vim xinh xAn viva oai nghiem khac thirong lOng tOi dam lo so, van va — Nghe goi den ten toi giat minh va lUng tong tam trang hoi hop, lo lAng — Khi nghe Ong deo goi den ten thi bat gide dCli dau vao lOng me khOc nirc no' tam trang lung tong, so' set phai roi xa ban tay diu dang dm 111Q — That thi chang CO gi clang kh6c ca ChUng ta co the thOng cam vi chi la cam giac nhat thoi cua mot dim be nhOt nhat it du'ac tiep xiic vgi dam Ong ma thei phai rol tay Ho@t gong cua 1-1.I PHU'CYNG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA H6 Tncy HOC SINE! KHO KHAN Ve HOC Thyi luvng Hoat d)ng dm GV 131 HOt d)ng dig HS Ho0 long cia HI mg, cau be cam thay but hhng lo so' cho nen viec clUi du vao long ma khOc nirc no' la mot tat yeu se )(ay - Vi nghe ong doc goi ten h/s nhan vat "tor lai bat giac dOi du vao long mg nipc no' kh6c? Em c6 cam thay chi] be la ngu,oi yeu du61 hay kh6ng? (Hs thao luan theo nh6m) B6 sung, ch6t i - TO, tam trang hao hu,c, ham ho' ten du'Ong to twang chuyen sang tam tang lo so' van vcr, rOi bo' rigO', ngap ngirng, day la su' chuyen bien tam Ii rat phii hop cila mot dim HS Ian dau tien do'c den tru'Ong HD 3: Doan cuoi bai GQi h/s cf9c to clogn cu6i 02 HS doc (Thao luan nh6m 5) Chia nhom va du'a you cau Hs tcr thao luan theo nhom Hay phan tich tam trang va cam giac cua "toi" bil'O'c vac) ch6 ng6i la lung ntn? Cac nhom dcra ke't qua: - Lang ban doc, nghe - Doc tir - cau co sy, h6 tro' dm GV va cac ban - a:mg tham - arm vao lap COI nhin gia cac hoat bao quat xung quanh dOng nhu' cac thay cai gi cung mai la ban viec va hay hay Nhin ch8 thao luan, tra 161 ng6i dia minh that ki r6i cau hOi tu' lam nhan d6 la ch8 cim rieng minh sau TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO INC HO A NHAP TRONG TRU'&NG TRUNG HOC 148 Thai luvng Hoat Ming cua GV • Hoat dOng Oa HS , nhin ngu,dri ban mai chu'a quen ma da thay quye'n Wyk — Tat ca la sir bin d61 rat NI, nhien tam II nhan vat Co the chi ngOi kia, ngi.rol ban mai 6y se la nai ma minh g6n b6, On gui suit ca narn hoc — Hinh anh " mot chim non ling dart " Dat cau hOi thao luOn cho co yy nghia Wong tru'ng terng nhOm su, nuOi ties quang dal — Tai & phan cuoi truyen tuOi tha kr no dim, tac gia da hinh anh " tha dieu da cham dirt de chim hang bay cao "- co 99 bac vac) giai down mai dO là lam HS, dircyc den nghia gi? tang, dug° hoc hanh, du'ac lam quen vai thay co, ban be song mot moi trang CO su, quart II chat the han N2: Cach kat thCic truyOn rat ty' nhien va bat nger Ding chi' " TN di hoc " nhu' ma mot the giai, mot khoang — DOng chip " To' di hoc " kat khOng gian mai, mot giai doan mai thOc truyy8n co nghia gi? cuOc dal diva HS Ding Goi h/s cac nhOm thao luau chi), cham chap, ngu8ch va trinh bay ngoac du Wen tran trang gia'y trang tinh la niem tu, hao, khao khat tuOi tha ci.ia Hoat ding ctia HI PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KH6 KHAN VE HOC Th&i luvng Hot d§ng alb GV 149 Hoat d(ing cua HS- : ngai va dOng chic cang the hien r6 cht) de cua truy'en ngan — Cac phy huynh deil chuAn loi chu dao cho em buOi tiyu deu tien, au tran tham du' buOi le Co le cac vi cang dang lo ling hoi hew ding em minh — Ong doc la hinh anh ngai they, ngai lanh dao nha rat ttly ton, hien heu bao dung doi vai his Hai H/s ve hinh anh cua — They gido HS vai ngu'ai IO'n bai gu'ang met tirai GV b6 sung, sCra chcra va oh& lai yen de da" neu — NhCrng h/a v6 ngai Ian cho they trach nhiem, tam long cua nha trirang, gia dinh doi vai cac em his Day thu'c su' la nhirng cl6u an tot dap, nhirng ki niem sang, 6m AID khOng the phai nhoa ki Crc tuOi the, giCip cac em tty tin, vCrng yang hen DO can la m6i trang gido duc 6m alp, nai nuOi &rang tam hen tri tue va tinh cam dm nhirng the he twang lai cua dat nu'ac Hoat Ong cua H.L : TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO OUAN LI, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'0NG TRUNG HOC 150 ThOi luvng Hoat thing cua GV HD 4: Huteng dan on tap bai Neu cac cau h6i de' h/s tra 164: Hs tra 161 duryc — Hay tim va phan tich nhOng h/5 so sanh duvc nha van sir clung truyen ngan nay? — " TOi quen the nao du,gc " y nghi a thodng qua " Hoot Ong cua HS " Ho nhu' chim " Day la nhang so sanh giau hinh anh, giau sin go,i cam duvc gan veYi nhu,ng canh sac thien nhien tai sang; tru' tinh NhO'ng so sanh gop phan Olen to cu the, ro rang nhiyng cam gidc, 9, nghi cua nhan vat "tor buOi au tien di hoc, g6p phan tao nen chat thce mang mac va cam gidc nhe nhang em cliu cho truyen ngan — Nhan xet ve dac sac nghe thuat va sin cucin hilt cua tdc pharn? — Dac sac nghe thuat:+ Truyen ngan &roc 136 cuc theo dong hoi tiyorig, cam nghi dm nhan vat "tor theo trinh x to, theyi gian dm buoi tu,u truteng — Sin cuon hilt cua tdc pham: — Tinh huong truyen " buoi dau tien di hoc " co -clau an sau dam, china du'ng cam xuc thiet tha — Su, quan tam cham Hoat thing cua H.L N6i cdc cap so sanh bai cho phb scr hgp vai hu,&ng dan cua GV va sty h6 tro' cua ban (GV hoac ban doc cho HS du,a cach nOi) PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'deNG DAN VA HO TFig HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC Thai luvng Float di)ng cup GV Float dOng qua HS - Hot longam H.1 soc triu men yeu thu,ang c6a nhirng ngeri Ian d61 vai cac em h/s buoi &au tien di hoc — Hinh anh thien nhien, ngoi tru&ng va cac hinh anh so sanh giau sirc gol cam caa tac gia Goi h/s doc ghi nho, SGK Kei t thoc bai hoc H/s doc ghi nhde - Yeu cAu ve nha m6i h/s HS ducv luv 3% viet Viet bai van ngen ghi lai an tuyng cua em buOi khai giang len du tion? — Cam xt:Ic chan thirc, thi6t tha - Ging vai ben yiet bai dan gian ye cam xuc Ian dau di hoc Yeti cAu — Hoc bai theo nei dung phan ghi nhdr — Soan bai: "Trong lOng me ' — Doc truac bai Tieng Viet: Ca'p dO khai quat caa nghia tO' ngCr — Nen chon nhu'ng chi tiet seu sac, an tang nhat DOC ghi nhde SGK co h6 tro' TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO MAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUteNG TRUNG HOC 152 NHUNG CUOC CACH MANG TU SAN DAU TIEN I Moc tieu 1.1 Kiln thew: HS neu dugc: —Nguyen nhan, din bier), tinh chat, 5/ nghia lich sir cua cach mang Ha Lan gitla the ki XVI, cach mang Anh gitta the ki XVII Nhang bien doi ve kinh to xa hei Tay Au cac the ki XV — XVII —Khai niem ca ban bai, chu yeti la khai niern "Cach mang tu san" — Tu neu dugc vai tro cua quAn chung nhan clan cac cu'ec cach mang 1.2 KT ming: Sir dung ban do, tranh, anh va Tex ldp lam viec de giai guy& cac van de ddt qua trInh hoc tap trtro.c het la cac cau hei, bai tap sgk II Thik bi, tai WO cloy hoc —Ban de') the gigi va lugc de) Cach mang to san Anh —Ban thu am bai lich sir III - Hoat Ong day va hoc 3.1 On &nh lop: 3.2 Bezi moi HOAT DONG HOC TAP NOI DUNG I: Sty bien c16i Lure ji vai em H.L ye kinh te, x5 hOi Tay Au ca the ki XV — XVII Cach mang Ha Lan the ki XVI i.MOt nen san xugt mai Hot Ong 1: NhOm do'!" Thao luan cau hoi dm GV: — Cho biet nen san xuat mai dai 116u kian lich six ntn? Thai gian nao? — Nhixng sty kian chirng to nen Dam bao em H.L duvc nghe (qua cac ban, qua Gv, qua ghi am) ma khong can em phai dpc bai — Khi: hoat diing nhom, c6 ban doc cau h6i cho H.L nghe PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRd HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC NQI DUNG HOAT DONG HOC TAP Lu'u j( veri em H.L san xuet mai, tu' ban chu nghia phat trien? — CON vOi su, phat then cilia san xuet, sty chuyen bien cua xa hOi sao? GV: Cho HS doc phan ch0, in nho sgk den den gi5i thich cho HS va hinh cho HS khai niam ve giai cep: + Tu' san: c6 tai san, the lu'c ve kinh to nhu'ng khong c6 quyen Iu'c ve chit-1h tri, bi phong kien kim ham + VO san: Kh6ng CO tai san lam thue, bi bot lot nang ne — TO, mau than mai nao sinh? (cho HS nhac lai mau than )(a hQi cf.)) HS: Mau thugn giiia the dQ phong kien vai giai cep tu' san va cac rang lop nhan dan lao dOng GV: Day chinh la nguyen nhan den tai cac cuOc du tranh Cach mang Ha Lan Float d'<mg 2: Ca lap — GV: Nguy6n nhan dan tai cach mang Ha Lan? HS: Sy, thong tri lau do,i cua vu,ang quoc Tay Ban Nha ngan chan sty ph& then dm XH — GV: Dien hen cua cach mang: — HS: Du'a sgk tra 16,i dien !Nen: bat au — 1566 den 1648 H.L nghe ban thu am, rlii t cac hoat dOng nhu' cac ban TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO MAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUCYNG TRUNG HOC NOI DUNG HOATOONG HOC TAP Ltpu k vol em H.L — GV: Ket qua va jr nghia? — HS: Thanh lap nirac Ha Lan; la cu6c cach mang tu' san deu tien ten the gioi tao dieu kien cho chii nghia tu, ban phat trien GV: Chuyen y II Cach meng Anh glum the ki XVII Su, phat hien cua cho nghia hi, ban ey Anh Hoat dOng 3: Ca 16p H.L doc — cau c6 SI" h6 tra cua ban, cua GV • — GV: Trong su, phat trien cua H.L nghe ban doc, cong tra chau Au quan he chil nghia tu' ban 6, Anh Ian manh hurl Ca 16'i cau h6i tri.rac het la 6, mien Dong Nam H: Bleu hien dm si,i, phat then cua CNTB & Anh? — HS: Nhieu cong tru,6'ng thu cong: luyen kim, co' kW, lam d6 sir, diet len da &A + Nhieu trung tam cong nghiep Ian, thiyang mai, tai chinh du,o,c hi nh + NW' ng phat minh mai ye ki thuat, cac hinh thin lao Ong hap II Dgn den nang suet lao d6ng tang nhanh — GV: Cho HS doc phan chCr in nho sgk a minh hoa H: NhCrng bien clOi ye kinh to den den nhCrng he qua gi? HS: Tra 16,1 nhirng Y sgk H: "VI nong dan lai 136 quo twang di noi khac sinh song?" PHU'O'NG PHAP FILYO'NG DAN VA H6 TRQ' HQC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC .N01 DUNG 11:1 .HOAIDONG HQC TAP Ltru y vol em H.L — HS: Vi ho bi duOi khoi manh dat dm minh GV: NhCrng ngi.rifyi cu,ap dat fro, qui tec mai Giai thich the nao la qui toc mai: la qui tOc phong kien da kr san hod kinh doanh TBCN cang co dia vi v'e kinh t4 va b.& lkyc luvng quan lanh ciao cach mang Anh the ki XVII H: Mau than mai duvc xua't hien thai ki nay? HS: GiDa the de quan chi] chuyen the vai g/c TS, qui tec mai va cac tang lap nhan dan — GV: Do chinh la nguyen nhan den den cach mang I't dO the de phong kien xac lap he SXTBCN Ti4n hanh cach mang: Hoat Ong 4: Ca nhan GV: Diya vao luvc d6 hinh 1: Luvc d6 not chien ey Anh de trinh bay H: Cuec nei chien chia lam may giai doan, la nhOng giai clop nao? Tren co' so, GV trinh bay tren luvc d6 HS co the diya vao va nOi dung kien thin sgk de tra 161 GV: Tuang thuat quang cach xii, tip vua Sada I de neu cach mang dat tai dinh cao (Dina vao kenh hinh tranh 6) Xem so' do, ding tra lai TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC 156 NDI DUNG HOAT.DONG HOC TAP Um k vOi em H.L• GV: Cu6c dao chinh 1688 dgn den ket qua gi? (Che dO quan chi:, lap hien dai) GV giai thich the nao la Quan ch6 lap hien? Song vi phai lap the dO quan chit lap hien? GV: Thtyc chat quan chi lap hien la ch6 d6 tu' ban, nhu'ng tit, san chong lai nhan dan H: Cach mang Anh dem lai quy6n lai cho ai? Ai lanh dao cach mang? Cach mang co triet a kh6ng? HS: Cach mang dem lai quyen lai cho g/c tu' san va quy tOc mai G/c tu' san lanh dao cach mang Cu6c cach mang khong triet a vi cuoi ding thret l'ap ch6 dr) quan chu lap hien 1' nghia lich sir cita cach mang tu, san Anh giika the ki Hoet Ong 5: Theo Nen nhem Tham gia thao lu'an nhom GV: Trinh bay ket qua va din bran dm cach mang Ha Lan? Nguyen nhan, din bien va kat qua y nghia cCia Cach mang tu' san Anh the ki XVII? 3.3 HuTkng dan tv hoc: a) Bai vira hoc: HOC theo nhang cau h6i da cung ca b) Bai sap hoc: (II) Chi61 tranh gianh cIO'c lap aia 13 thuOc dia Anh Bac MT — r6 1: Tim hi6u: Tinh hinh cac thu6c dia va ngu6n gac cua chi6n tranh? —T6 2: DiL bin cuac chin tranh? —T6 3: K6t qua va y nghia cu6c chie'n tranh? —T6 4: Lap nien biL ve cu6c chin tranh gianh dac 1ap dm 13 Anh o Bac Mr PHIYO'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO IRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 5.3 TRUO'NG HOP Tnrang hop thuc to ve nguOi truang c6 KKVH (thong tin dtro'c cung cap ttr thyv to ve ban than ctia mot hoc vien khod tap hucin danh cho can ba va GV cat can cdc tinh mien nam vd gido dyc HS kilo khan vd doc, viet, tinh town thcing 08/2012) Ho va ten: N.V.A Nghe GV day mon Sinh hoc cap III tai Deng Nai • MIA so dew di'Jnz: Than thien, vui ve, hoat bdt • Qua trinh hoc Op: * Diem manh: Hoc gioi cdc mon tu nhien (Li/ hod/ town/ sinh ) * Kho khan: + Kh6 khan viec doc + Doc thi rac tirng tir met; sau doc het met cau thi phai doc nhdm lai toan be cau met haft de hieu y nghia cua cau; vira doc mieng vixa map mOi; doc dodn tir; * May Do hoc gioi Li va thi HS gioi cap tinh mon Li dat tich cao nen len 16p anh dugc chuyen tai hoc tai truemg chuyen Li dm tinh * Khac phyc: + Neu dua cho anh A met van ban thi anh A khong the xir li kip (do la met GV day Sinh nen anh A da c6 nhang cach de khac phuc han the cua minh: —VOi nhung dinh 111 ghi nha: anh hoc thuec va nha nhu in &au; —Trong giang day anh khong sir dung sach ma chi huOng clan HS theo von kien thirc san CO cua minh; —Khi chdm bai kiem tra cho HS anh thuOug chdm y xem HS c6 dat duot y can ban chua (do da hoc thuec cdc dinh 11/ ghi nhO nen kha nang doan tir va doc troi cdc TAI LIEU TAP I-IUAN CAN BO OUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'0NG TRUNG HOC 158 tai lieu lien quan toi Sinh hoc cua anh cling tot han hAn nhirng tai lieu chuyen nganh khac); —Tru6c cac bu6i hop phu huynh anh thu6ng vach ro nhang not dung can trao d6i v6i phu huynh; anh dinh hinh nfrang not dung mot cach cu the"; phan tich va du doan truck nhang tinh hu6ng se sinh qua trinh trao d6i \Teri phu huynh (VI du: phu huynh yeu cAu doc mot s6 not quy; ) Trong hop anh chi cam mot s6 t6 giAy trAng va trinh bay cac van de theo nhang gi da duac chuAn bi truac dAu —CO nhang hic anh co bai phat bi6u tru6c nhiL ngu6i; thi nhung bu6i t6i horn truac anh se phai b6 rat nhiL th6i gian de doc di doc 10 van ban (ngueri khac chi can doc tru6c — lAn; thl v6i anh phai doc 20 — 30 lAn) —Hien tai, kha nang doc van ban cila anh A có tin b6 han; kinh nghiem doc cita anh tot han; s6 von tilt anh tich 1115"T &roc phong phtl han — > kha nang (loan tit doc cua anh tot han; anh y thirc rO van de ciia ban than va khong ngirng c6 gAng d6 khAc phuc di6m yeu cua minh PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'ONG DAN VA HO TIRO' HOC SINH KHO KHAN VE HOC 159 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tai lieu nu4c Phan Quec Bao, Nguyen Xuan LOC; Ngo Quang Linh — Hien tryng giao dyc hoa nhdp cho tre chain phcit trien tri tue raj ccic trtcong tieu hoc cua Ninh Hat Ki yeti hei than khoa hoc quec to Nhang kh6 khan hoc tap ngon nee va tocin cda HS tieu hoc" (TP He Chi Minh 21 — 22/06 nam 2007) Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh, Hien kilo hoc Or tre phat trien tri tue binh thtcong Ki yeu hei thao khoa hoc quec t6 Nhi?ng kh6 khan hoc tap ngon ngit' va tocin ct'ta HS lieu hoc" (TP He Chi Minh 21 — 22/06 nam 2007) Be Gig.° due dao tao (2010), Chuang trinh gicio dyc chuyen biet danh cho tre khuy'et tat tri tue BO trjc nghiem darth gici kha ming ngon ngfr va kha ncing tInh tocin cda tre tir 6-den tu (Nghien ciru ducyc thgc hien khuon kho du an hop tac giva trireeng dai hoc to Bruxells (ULB), truaeng Dai hoc Cong gido Louvain (UCL) va tnrong dai hoc Six pham phe He Chi Minh Dugc sir tai trg be hop tac dai hoc va phat trien (CUD) dm Ong deng phap ngir Bi) Nguyen Him Chuy, Tre em gdp kho khan ve hoc truang pha thong Ki yeti hei thao khoa hoc quec t6 — Nhang kho khan hoc tap ngon ngi-c va tocin cda HS tied hoc" (TP He Chi Minh 21 — 22/06 nam 2007) Tran Quec Duy, Alain Content, Nguyen Thi Ly Kha, Nguyen Thi Hong Phugng, Huynh Mai Trang, Hoang Thi Van, "13'0 trac nghiem dcinh gia kha ncing ngon ngir va khd ncing tinh loan cda tre tic den tuai, Dinh Xuan Hao, "Nhang kho khan viec hoc tieng Viet cda HS Tieu hoc Thanh pha Ha Chi Minh ", Ki yeu hei thao khoa hoc quee to "Nhung kilo khan hoc tap ngon ngir va toan cila HS tieu hoc" NgUyen Thi Kim Hoa, de tai cap be, ma so B 2007 — 37 — 41, Xdy dung ba tong cu dcinh gia kha nang gicio dyc cda HS tied hoc c6 kha khan ve hoc, Be Gido duc dao tao, Vien Khoa hoc Gido duc Viet Nam TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO OUAN Li, GIAO VIEN 160 VE Ao Duc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa (2008), " Xay dung quy trinh dcinh gici (jail vao HS kh6 khan ye hoc cap THCS", Luan van Ths chuyen nganh Gido chic hoc, Vien Khoa hoc Gido duc 10 Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa (2010), Mat so Hen phcip tro tre em khuyk tat hoc tap hoc hoa nhap a tieu hoc, Tap chi khoa hoc gido chic — Se — thang 7/2010 11 Bui The Hop (2009), Tine xay dung Bang ccic tic rang de nhan bie't tre kh6 khan ve clot lieu, Tap chi Gido duc so 227 ki (12/2009) 12 Nguyen Thi dm Hubrig, EDA Yusuke, Nguyen Thi Hoang Yen (2011), Tim hi"kt dac diem phan phi lai chit vier caa HS tieu hoc, Ki yeu hei thao khoa hoc "Gido duc dac biet Viet Nam kinh nghiem va trie'n vong", Nha xuat ban Dai hoc su pham 13 Ki yeu hei thao khoa hoc quec t6 — Nhang kilo khan hoc tap ngon ngic va loan dm HS tieu hoc" (TP He Chi minh 21 — 22/06 nam 2007) 14 Luat Gicio duc (2006), NXB Chinh tri Quec gia, Ha Nei 15 Luat ngtteri khuyk tat (2010), NXB Chinh tri Quec gia, Ha Nei 16 Nguyen Thi Nhu Mai, HS khuyk tat va nhang kho khan hoc tap ngon ngic va toan Ki yen hei thao khoa hoc quec to — Nhiing kilo khan hoc tap ngon va Wan caa HS tieu hoc" 17 Than Thi Thu Mai — Anh hirong caa kho khan hoc tap ngon ngi va Wan c1"ki phcit trie'n tam 11 HS tieu hoc, Ki yeti hei did() khoa hoc quec to "Nhang kilo khan hoc tap ngon ngfr va toan cila HS tieu hoc" 18 Pham Minh Muc (2010), "Day hoc hoa nhap tre kilo khan hoc tap" Du an gido duc Tieu h9c cho tre có hoan canh kilo khan (PEDC), BO gido chic ciao tao 19 De Hanh Nga: "Phat hien thin mat truc'mg kg, khO hoc", Ki yeu hei than khoa hoc qu6c to "Nhang khO khan hoc tap ngon ngir va toan cila HS lieu hoc" 20 Hoang Tuyet (2007), "Nhan dien HS "ng6i nhamlop" tic mot quan diem khoa hoc gicio duc" Ki yeti hOi thao khoa hoc qu6c to — Nhang khO khan hoc tap ngon ngu va toan dm HS tieu hoc" 21 Tran Trong Thus, (1996) De tai cap 1M), "Day hoc chinh tri cho tre kho khan v" hoc", Vin Khoa hoc gido duc Viet Nam PHUVNG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINN KHO KHAN VE HOC 161 Tai lieu Tieng Anh 22 Collman A M Oxfor Dictionnary of Psychology, Oxford University Press, 2004 23 DSM — V: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders 5th editon, American Psychiatic Asociation Washington 24 Education within the education system — Germany, European agency for development in special need education (March 26 october 2010) 25 Eric Emerson & Chris Hatton, People with Learning Disabilities in England CeDR Research Report 2008:1, (May 2008) 26 Albert M Galaburda, Anatomy of the Temporal Processing Deficit in developmental Dyslexia 27 Gulliford, R, 1985, Learning disabled chi KKVHren; Education; Great Britain, NFER — Nelson (Windsor, Berkshire and Philadelphia, PA) 28 Hammill, D D., Leigh, J E., McNutt, G., & LArsen, S C (1981) A new definition of learning disabilities Learning Disability Quarterly, P 336 29 Bui The Hop, 2005, the University of Nottingham/ An individual support programme for chi KKVHren with specific learning dificulties/dyslexia to learning to read in Vietnam 30 Hynd, George W, Willis, W Grant (1988) Pediatric neuropsychology; Chi KKVH Development Disorders; Nervous System Diseases; Neuropsychology; in infancy & chi KKVHhood, Grune & Stratton (Orlando) 31 Issacson va Spear, The Expression of knowledge: neurobehavioral transformations of information into action, Publisher Plenum Press, 1984 32 Joan M Harwell, Learning disabilities handbook, New Second Edition, The center for applied research in education, Paramus, NJ, 07652, 2001 33 John Geyer, Sea Change Ahead for psychiatric profession's Diagnostic Manual, MedPage Today Published ( Ferburary 10th 2010) 34 National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities Anonymous Letter to NJC KKVH Member Organizations, 1988, pl TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'oNG TRUNG HOC 162 35 Public Law 94 — 142 (Education of Al] Handicapped Chi KKVHren Act), 94th United Stated Congress 36 USOE — U.S Office of Education First annual report of the National Advisory Committee on Handicapped Chi KKVHren Washington, DC: U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1968, P32 37 USOE — U.S Office of Education Assistance to states for education for handicapped chi KKVHren: Procedures for evaluating specific learning disabilities FederalRegister, 42, G1082 — G1085, 1977 P 65083