A study of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in duong thuy‟s stories and their english translational equivalents

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES Y THỊ THÚY NGÀ A STUDY OF COMPOUND SYNONYMS AND SYNONYMOUS SUBSTITUTIONS IN DUONG THUY’S STORIES AND THEIR ENGLISH TRANSLATIONAL EQUIVALENTS MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Da Nang, 2020 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES Y THỊ THÚY NGÀ A STUDY OF COMPOUND SYNONYMS AND SYNONYMOUS SUBSTITUTIONS IN DUONG THUY’S STORIES AND THEIR ENGLISH TRANSLATIONAL EQUIVALENTS Major : ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code : 822.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Supervisor: NGUYỄN HỮU QUÝ, Ph.D LÊ TẤN THI, Ph.D Da Nang, 2020 ii ABSTRACT The investigation aims at finding out procedures for translating Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy‟s stories into English for the purpose of implication in translating as well as teaching, learning English The data for the research are collected from the five stories written Duong Thuy and English translational versions by the native translator, Elbert Bloom The main methods applied for the study are qualitative and quantitative ones as well In respect of the finding and discussion, we refer to the viewpoints of translation theories by Armstrong N (2005) and Newmark P (1988), linguistic features by Dinh Trong Lac (2012: 134 -137) and Halliday M.A.K & Hasan R (1994) so as to describe, analyze and find out the procedures in the translation process of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in source language and their English translational equivalent in the target one on the basis of syntactic and structural features The quantitative results of the translation procedures of Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions into English have been taken into careful consideration We have simultaneously discussed and found the result in both qualitative and quantitative research so as to enhance the reliability and validity of the study In findings and discussion, translation procedures of Vietnamese compound synomyms and Vietnamese synomymous substitution into English have been thoroughly analyzed and discussed in both qualitative and quantitative approaches It is hopeful that the result of the study will make a practical contribution to translation as well as teaching and learning English language skills related compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF TABLES vi Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE .1 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY .3 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .3 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORECTICAL BACKGROUND .5 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 THEORECTICAL BACKGROUND 2.2.1 Compound synonym and synonymous substitutions 2.2.2 Theory of translation 2.2.3 Linguistic features 14 2.2.4 Overview of the stories by Duong Thuy 16 Chapter Three METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES 18 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS 18 3.2 SAMPLING .18 3.3 DATA COLLECTION .19 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 19 iv 3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY .20 Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 21 4.1 TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE COMPOUND SYNOMYMS INTO ENGLISH .21 4.1.1 Translation Procedures of Vietnamese Pairs of Synonyms into English 22 4.1.2 Chain of synonyms and near synonyms 37 4.1.3 Summary 45 4.2 TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE SYNOMYMOUS SUBSTITUTION INTO ENGLISH 46 4.2.1 Translation procedures of Vietnamese dictionary synonymous substitutions into English 46 4.2.2 Translation procedures of Vietnamese negative synonymous substitutions into English 50 4.2.3 Translation procedures of Vietnamese descriptive synonymous substitutions into English 56 4.2.4 Translation procedures of Vietnamese temporary synonymous substitutions into English 60 4.2.5 Summary 66 4.3 TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE MIXED STYLISTIC DEVICES INTO ENGLISH .68 4.4 SUMMARY .71 Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 74 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 74 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING 75 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .76 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCHES 77 REFERENCES QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN (Bản sao) v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Full Forms Ad Adjunct Cadj Adjective complement Co Cprep Objective complement Prepositional complement Cs Subjective complement Od Direct object Oi Indirect object S Subject Vi Intransitive verb Vint Intensive verb Vtcomp Complex-transitive verb Vtmono Mono-transitive verb vi LIST OF TABLES Number Name of Tables of Tables 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Page Procedures of translating Vietnamese compound synonyms into English Procedures of translating Vietnamese synonymous substitutions into English Procedures of translating Vietnamese mixed types into English Procedures of translating Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions into English 45 67 71 72 Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE I am very interested in reading stories, novels or poems And I have recently had a thorough look at classic works and modern works of literature, and have discovered many new and interesting stories written by a young author, Duong Thuy She is currently an author loved by young generation Her stories and novels have been interested by readers over the countries Her books can be seen in many places such as on the shelves of the bookstore, in the office or on the internet Duong Thuy is a well-known Vietnamese author who writes about Vietnamese people and life in other countries Many of her books have been translated into English such as “Oxford yêu thương” published in 2007 and the English translational version “Beloved Oxford” was published in 2014, “Cung đường vàng nắng” published in 2012 and the English version “In the Golden Sun” was published in 2016, “Nhắm mắt thấy Paris” was published in 2010 and “Paris Through Closed Eyes”, the English version was published in 2013, “Tôi nghĩ tơi thích nước Mỹ” and the English version “Across America” were published in 2016 and 2017, respectively, “Chờ em đến San Francisco” and “We‟ll meet again in San Francisco” were published in 2014 and 2018, respectively Her original stories in Vietnamese as well as the translational versions are best-selling Her stories have made her beloved by especially young readers Through language, human can exchange their feelings, their emotions, and their ideas and so on With writers, to reach a perfectible work, they have to use a variety of linguistic means Among the most effective and useful literature means are stylistic devices, more specifically compound synonyms and synonymous substitution I am a teacher at vocational school and a foreign language center in a city In teaching English I myself, have faced a lot of problems in terms of translation As we all know, among the stylistic devices, compound synonym and synonymous substitutions appear in English and Vietnamese materials, especially in stories, newspapers and kinds of materials In order to translate equivalents from one language to another language effectively to help readers gain an accurate insight into their meaning is a big challenge From these views, it is very necessary to deal with the research This study attempts to look at the two stylistic devices, namely compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in stories written by Duong Thuy and their English translational equivalents manifested in the works of literature Above all, this can help me get insight into procedures of translation and master some useful strategies when translating material from Vietnamese into English and vice versa Therefore, I would like to choose the research entitled “A study of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy‟s stories and their English translational equivalents” for my study with the hope of finding out the translation procedures of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy‟s stories and their English translational versions, then applying for studying and teaching English, especially for translating 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims The study is expected to provide Vietnamese learners with a description of procedures for translating Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy‟s stories into English The mainly aim of this study is hoped to contribute to English language learning in general and to better translation by Vietnamese learners of English in particular 1.2.2 Objectives To achieve the aims of the study, the following objectives are intended to: - identify, describe and analyze procedures for translating Vietnamese compound synonyms - identify, describe and analyze procedures for translating Vietnamese synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy‟s stories into English 66 Source Language Target Language 66a Những người làm sáng sớm ngày 66b Those employees who arrived at 16/12/1989 vơ ngạc nhiên nhìn work on December 16, 1989 were tượng bò hùng dũng ấn amazed to see that impressive statue of tượng Trong lúc người bu đến the mighty bull Everybody flocked chiêm ngưỡng bò oai phong , người around to admire that majestic bull cha nó, nhà điêu khắc gốc Ý Di then, and Di Modica‟s Italian father Monica xúc động đứng xa xa chứng kiến proudly stood at a distance to witness đứa người đời chào đón Tơi nghĩ tơi thich nước Mỹ, p.16 his son being warmly greeted by everyone Across America, p.17 The Vietnamese temporary synonymous substitution “hùng dũng … oai phong” syntactically functions as post-modifier to the preceding head nouns “con bò”; By contrast, the English equivalents “impressive … mighty” have syntactic function as post-modifier to the following head nouns “bull ” On the other hand, they are structurally similar because of the immediate cohesion in the source language and the target one In general, the translation procedure is class shift 4.2.5 Summary Below is the summary in terms of translation procedures of four sub-types of synonymous substitution, i.e dictionary synonymous substitution, negative synonymous substitution, descriptive synonymous substitution and temporary synonymous substitution 67 Table 4.2 Procedures of translating Vietnamese synonymous substitutions into English Translation Examples Procedures Adjective Class shift Structure shift Literal Verb Adverb Total 10 Transposition Noun Reduction 3 Addition 1 Translation label 1 structure shift & translation label Couplet class shift & compensation class shift & transference class shift & expansion class shift & synonym structure shift, Triplet class shift & 1 reduction Total 21 30 The most significant rate of 33.3% is the translation procedure class shift The second highest figure of 20% can be found at literal The third highest figure of 16.7% is related to couplet that include structure shift and translation label, class 68 shift and compensation, class shift and transference, class shift and expansion, class shift & and synonym The lowest rate 3.3% for each translation procedure can be seen at transposition, addition, translation label and triplet (that includes structure shift, class shift and reduction) The second lowest percentage in terms of structure shift has the proportion of 6.7% Finally, a little bit higher percentage of 10% is for reduction 4.3 TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE MIXED STYLISTIC DEVICES INTO ENGLISH In reality, compound synonyms can occur with synonymous substitutions to express certain nuances Source Language Target Language 67a Tơi thích tính chân thật 67b I very much like your honest cô, cô sống không cầu kì, khơng che character, and you don’t live in a đậy Ý là, cô không giả dối formal manner, don’t hide your feelings I believe that you are not insincere… Nhắm mắt thấy Paris, p.48 Paris through closed eyes, p.57 In the above examples, the negative synonyms as adjectives “khơng cầu kì, khơng che đậy … khơng giả dối” are not only used as negative synonymous substitutions for the adjective “chân thật” but also perform as a chain of synonyms or near synonyms On the basis of their different syntactic functions but similar in structural features, the translation procedure in this case is class shift The next mixed type is the combination of negative synonym as nouns with a chain of synonyms or near synonyms 69 Source Language Target Language 68a Môi trường công ty 68b The company environment nơi kết bạn thâm giao, certainly wasn’t a place to make close nụ cười giả tạo, bắt tay hờ friends There were only a few fake hững, hôn má giả vờ smiles, limp handshakes, and some brief sarcastic kisses Nhắm mắt thấy Paris, p.13 Paris through closed eyes, p.17 The synonyms “những nụ cười giả tạo, bắt tay hờ hững, hôn má giả vờ” are both a chain of synonyms or near synonyms and synonyms of the negative synonymous substitution “không phải nơi kết bạn thâm giao” Syntactically, Vietnamese chain of synonyms or near synonyms function as Cs but their English equivalents “fake smiles, limp handshakes, and some brief sarcastic kisses” function as S in the existential sentence Structurally, chain of synonyms or near synonyms in the source language are linked by only commas; otherwise, their English equivalents are linked by both commas and the coordinator and The translation procedure in this context is the combination of class shift and structure shift, namely couplet Occasionally, temporary synonymous substitution can be combined with descriptive synonymous substitution and a chain of synonym or near synonyms as follows Source Language Target Language 69a Có người Việt Nam nhìn 69b There is one Vietnamese girl that lạ lạ Nàng xinh theo mắt appears very strange She looks người châu Á, tức da trắng, beautiful in the eyes of Asian, for she mắt hai mí, mũi cao has white skin, double eyelids, and a high nose Nhắm mắt thấy Paris, p.17 Paris through closed eyes, p.22 70 Vietnamese temporary synonymous substitution “cô … nàng” and their English equivalent “girl … she” have the different syntactic function because of the dissimilarity of existential sentence structure in the two languages Descriptive synonymous substitution in the source language “xinh … da trắng, mắt hai mí, mũi cao” and chain of synonym or near synonyms “da trắng, mắt hai mí, mũi cao” and their English equivalents share the same structural features Thus, class shift is the translation procedure in this case The last mixture is also the combination of temporary synonymous substitution with descriptive synonymous substitution Source Language Target Language 70a Mai nghiêng đầu ngó anh đồng 70b Mai bent her head to look at her nghiệp Anh ba mươi, dáng colleague He was thirties something, thư sinh, mắt to, miệng nhỏ xíu, with the appearance of a student, hai gị má phính phính Thật chẳng large eyes, a small mouth, and two khác búp bê trai plump cheekbones, really looking not at all unlike a boy doll Nhắm mắt thấy Paris, p.10 Paris through closed eyes, p.14 Temporary synonymous substitution in Vietnamese “anh đồng nghiệp … búp bê trai” and their English translational equivalents “colleague … a boy doll” are syntactically similar with the functions as Od, Cadj, respectively By contrast, descriptive synonymous substitutions in the source language function as appositions to the preceding noun, Quirk et al (1988: 382) Otherwise, the English equivalents function as complement to the preposition in their structure Therefore, they are different in structure as well Then procedure of translation is couplet, the combination of class shift and structure shift Beside the two Vietnamese stylistic devices, i.e compound synonyms and synonymous substitution introduced by Dinh Trong Lac (1996); in reality, in texts there exist mixed types of compound synonyms and synonymous substitution, such 71 as the mixture of negative synonymous substitutions (Negative SS) and a chain of synonyms or near synonyms (Chain of S & NS), the mixture of negative synonymous substitutions and temporary synonymous substitutions (Temporary SS) or the combination of three types, i.e negative synonymous substitutions, temporary synonymous substitutions and a chain of synonyms or near synonyms The information about the translation procedures of examples of the mixed type from 67 to 70 can be seen in the Table underneath Table 4.3 Procedures of translating Vietnamese mixed types into English Mixed Types Translation Procedures Class shift Couplet Class shift & Negative SS Negative SS & Chain of &Temporary S & NS SS Negative SS, Temporary SS, & Chain of S & NS 1 Total 2 Structure shift Total 4.4 SUMMARY According to Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 below, among 70 samples to be researched in the thesis, there are 36 examples of compound synonyms (51.4 %), 30 instances of synonymous substitutions (42.9 %) and of mixed types (5.7 %) Concerning the translation procedures, class shift expresses the highest proportion; otherwise transposition, provisional translation, addition, translation label, couplet (namely, structure shift and translation label, class shift and compensation, class shift and transference, class shift and expansion, class shift and synonym) or triplet (i.e structure shift, class shift & reduction) share the same lowest rates In relation to compound synonyms, class shift and structure shift (as couplet) scores the most dominant figure, by contrast provisional translation and 72 reduction have the similar lowest quantity With reference to synonymous substitutions, class shift indicates the highest figure and the lowest figures include transposition, addition, translation label, and some couplets, such as structure shift and translation label, class shift and compensation, class shift and transference, class shift & expansion, class shift and synonym) or structure shift, class shift and reduction as triplet With regards to syntactic categories, one of the important criteria in order to identify syntactic features of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions and their translation procedures, adjectives are most used; on the other hand, adverb is minimally shown For each stylistic device, adverb is the least figure in compound synonyms; however, it cannot be found in synonymous substitutions Furthermore, adjectives reach the most significant rate in compound synonyms Otherwise, nouns are maximal in synonymous substitutions Table 4.4 Procedures of translating Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions into English Translation Procedures Adj Compound Synonymous Synonyms Substitutions V Class shift Structure shift 3 Literal Adv N Reduction V N 16 Transposition Provisional translation Adj Total 14 1 1 Addition 1 Translation lable 1 Couplet Structure shift & translation lable 1 73 Translation Procedures Adj Compound Synonymous Synonyms Substitutions V Adv N Adj V Class shift & Class shift & structure shift N compensation 1 Transference & expansion Class shift & synomym 11 Class shift & Class shift Total 1 1 1 structure shift, Triplet class shift & reduction Total 20 10 21 66 74 Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 5.1 CONCLUSIONS Throughout the investigation of the translation procedures of Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy‟s five stories into English by Elbert Bloom, we come to conclusion as follows Translation procedures are based on the linguistic features, syntactic and structural features of these two stylistic devices With reference to classification, Vietnamese compound synonyms are classified into two sub-types; namely pairs of synonyms and chains of synonyms and near synonyms The highest figure of compound synonyms in terms of the translation procedure is couplet; otherwise, provisional translation and reduction have the same lowest rate Synonymous substitutions are categorized as four minor kinds; viz dictionary synonymous substitution, descriptive synonymous substitution, negative synonymous substitution and temporary synonymous substitution In isolation from translation procedures, class shift is the most significant proportion By contrast, the lowest figures include transposition, addition, translation label and triplet Apart from the two Vietnamese stylistic devices, i.e compound synonyms and synonymous substitution; in reality, there are also mixed types of compound synonyms and synonymous substitution can be seen in Duong Thuy‟s stories They are the mixture of negative synonymous substitutions and a chain of synonyms or near synonyms, that of negative synonymous substitutions and temporary synonymous substitutions or the combination of three types, i.e negative synonymous substitutions, temporary synonymous substitutions and a chain of synonyms or near synonyms There are totally 70 samples used for compound synonyms, synonymous substitution and mixed type Among them, there are 36 examples of compound 75 synonyms, 30 instances of synonymous substitutions and of mixed types (5.7 %) In respect of translation procedures, class shift shows the highest rate of three types; on the other hand, the lowest rates that share the similar figures comprise transposition, provisional translation, addition, translation label, couplet or triplet In association with syntactic categories, the most important criterion so as to find out syntactic features of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions and their translation procedures, adjectives are most used; while adverb is least employed For each type, adverb is the least proportion in compound synonyms; otherwise, it cannot be found in synonymous substitutions Moreover, adjectives show the most significant figure in compound synonyms By contrast, nouns indicate the highest rate in synonymous substitutions 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING Compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions are popularly used in texts types of source language as well as target one; therefore, learners of English language who are interested in the translation procedures of these two stylistic devices can find the result of this study beneficial Understanding the translation procedures of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions source and target one may help students in their study of Vietnamese – English translation or vice versa When dealing with teaching translation of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions, their linguistic features, such syntactic, structural, cohesive or even morphological features play an important role in identifying translation procedures This could help learners of English experience how to recognize procedures in the translation process in order to decode the meaning in target texts Furthermore, the result of the study can be useful for language skills Students who understand the use of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in text can apply for decoding reading, listening tasks then apply to both writing and speaking skills 76 More specifically, in Vietnamese the “negative synonymous substitution” can be identified by negative word “không” By contrast, English equivalent of Vietnamese negative word “không” is the negative word “not” as shown in the examples 44a,b Sometimes, the negative word “not” can be written in short form like “n‟t” as seen in the examples 47a,b Second, The English equivalent of Vietnamese negative word “không” is the negative suffix „-less‟ as found in the following examples 45a,b Third, the English equivalent of Vietnamese negative word “không” is the negative prefix “im-” Please refer to the examples 49a,b Last but not least, the English equivalent of Vietnamese negative word “không” is not the negative word or morpheme, but the word of opposite meaning Please refer to the examples 48a,b Therefore, foreigners who learn Vietnamese language should be aware of these differences in terms of grammatical, i.e syntactic as well as morphological features between the two languages in translation of Vietnamese negative synonymous substitution into English or vice versa so that they can avoid making mistakes in practicing language skills or translation Thanks to compound synonym and synonymous substitutions, users or communicators can avoid reiteration; simultaneously provide readers with an amount of new information and evaluation about the mentioned object Furthermore, these two stylistic devices can send their messages to recipients in an attractive and effective way In particular, they are regarded as a special code which has to be well-known to the reader in order to be deciphered easily Last but not least, speaking people are conscious of choosing the most expressive language tools to achieve maximum benefit and enhance expressiveness In general these synonyms are used in the same sequence of words to further correct the content of the speech and enhance its emotion 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Due to the obstacle in seeking for books about translation theories and materials related to these two stylistic devices, compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in both languages, we have a lot of difficulties in 77 analyzing them, in terms of translation procedures Moreover, the researches on the two stylistic devices concerning translation procedures cannot be found, it is troublesome for us to implement our study 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCHES In terms of suggestions for further study, if it is possible, we would like to invest time focusing on the following topic: - An investigation into procedures for translating English compound synonyms into Vietnamese ones - A study on synonymous substitutions in English and their Vietnamese translational equivalents REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS Armstrong N (2005) Translation, Linguistics, Culture: A French-English Handbook UK: The Cromwell Press Ltd Elbert Bloom (2013) Paris Through Closed Eyes Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Elbert Bloom (2011) Beloved Oxford Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Elbert Bloom (2016) In the Golden Sun Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Elbert Bloom (2017) Across America Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Elbert Bloom (2018) We‟ll meet again in San Francisco Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Crytal David (1992), An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages, USA: Blackwell Publishers Diệp Quang Ban (2005) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt Huế: Nxb Giáo Dục Dương Thụy (2007) Oxford yêu thương Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Dương Thụy (2010) Nhắm mắt thấy Paris Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Dương Thụy (2012) Cung đường vàng nắng Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Dương Thụy (2014) Chờ em đến San Francisco Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Dương Thụy (2016) Tôi nghĩ thích nước Mỹ Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Đinh Trọng Lạc (1996), 99 phương tiện biện pháp tu từ tiếng việt, Nxb Giáo dục, Hà Nội Đinh Trọng Lạc, Nguyễn Thái Hòa, (2004), Phong cách học tiếng việt, Nxb Giáo Dục, Hà Nội Halliday M.A.K & Hasan R (1994) Cohesion in English London and New York: Longman Group Limited Hoàng Phê (1995) Tự điển tiếng Việt Đà Nẵng: Nxb Đà Nẵng Hornby A S (2006), Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary Oxford: Oxford University Press Newmark P (1985), The Translation of Metaphor, Amsterdam: Benjamine Newmark P (1988), A Textbook of Translation, New York: Prentice-Hall International Nguyễn Quốc Hùng (2005), Guiding English-Vietnamese Translation technique, E.J Brill, Leiden Nguyen Thi Huyen Ngoc (2017), An Investigation into Translating Stylistic Devices in “Cung đường vàng nắng”by Duong Thuy into English in “In the golden sun” by Elbert Bloom in terms of Translation procedures, M.A Thesis, University of Danang Quirk et al (1998) A Student‟s Grammar of the English Language England: Longman Group Limited Richards et al (1999) Longman Dictionary of language Teaching & Applied Linguistics England: Longman Group Limited Trần Hữu Mạnh (2007) Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu – Cú pháp tiếng Anh – tiếng Việt Hà Nội: Nxb Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Vendonk P (2003) Stylistics Oxford: Oxford University Press WEBSITES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_device http://literary-devices.com/content/simile http://literarydevices.net/simile http://literaryterms.net/hyperbole http://literaryterms.net/simile ... chains of synonym and their English equivalents in this situation These are the next examples of Vietnamese chains of synonym and near synonym as verbs and their English translational equivalents. .. Couplets of Vietnamese chains of synonym and near synonym and their English equivalents Chains of synonym and near synonym as adjectives in Vietnamese and their English equivalents can be found in. .. structural features in terms of Vietnamese chains of synonym and near synonym as verbs and their English translational equivalents can be also seen underneath Source Language Target Language 3 1a Hãy