A study of the functions and politeness of the discourse marker ORH in spoken singapore mandarin

新加坡华语口语话语标记“／ORH／” 的功能与礼貌研究 A STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS AND POLITENESS OF THE DISCOURSE MARKER “／ORH／” IN SPOKEN SINGAPORE MANDARIN 江滨 JIANG BIN 新加坡国立⼤大学中⽂文系 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 北京⼤大学中国语⾔言⽂文学系 PEKING UNIVERSITY 2014   新加坡华语⼝口语话语标记“／ORH／” 的功能与礼貌研究 A STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS AND POLITENESS OF THE DISCOURSE MARKER “／ORH／” IN SPOKEN SINGAPORE MANDARIN 江滨 JIANG BIN （B.A. Hons, NUS） 新加坡国立⼤大学中⽂文系 北京⼤大学中国语⾔言⽂文学系 双学位硕⼠士（研究）学位论⽂文 A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DOUBLE DEGREE M.A. BY RESEARCH IN CHINESE LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES, NUS DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, PKU 2014   Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor in National University of Singapore, A/P Lee Cher Leng（李⼦子玲副教授） for her guidance, support, motivation and understanding. There are many times I felt lost and confused regarding the direction of my thesis, but she will always point me towards the right direction. This thesis would not be possible without her constant guidance. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor in Peking University, A/P Ye Wen Xi （叶⽂文曦副教授）for all the valuable suggestions, advices and help given to me during my stay at PKU, as well as after I’m back at Singapore. Thank you! I’m really grateful that I am able to enter this double degree Masters programme. I would also like to thank A/P Lee Cheuk Yin, Dr. Peng Rui, Professor Guo Rui, as well as all the administrative staff in both NUS and PKU for all their assistance, support and patience whenever I am in need. To my dearest family members (Dad, Mom, JX), I really owe my deepest gratitude to you. Thank you for all the love, support, and encouragement! Thank you for letting me pursue what I want. Thank you for always believing in me, trusting that I can definitely it. Thank you for creating a very relax and lively environment for me when I am rushing my thesis. All these gave me strength to continue working towards my goal and staying positive under all circumstances. I am really thankful that I have you with me. I hope I have done you proud! Last but not least, to all my friends, thank you for cheering me on through this journey. Biggest thanks to Niu for all the time spent mugging and laughing together at various cafés. Bi, Zhuma, QF, JJ, CZ, IZ, HX & YL, thanks for all the encouragements and for lending your listening ears to me. I really appreciate LX for all the advices regarding this programme. Not to forget BX & ZL! I’m really very happy and grateful that we are in this programme together. Many thanks for all the help that you gave me, and also for taking care of me when we were at Beijing. I miss all the good food we ate and the beautiful places we visited together. i   目录 Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………… i 目录 ………………………………………………………………………………… ii 统计表一览 ………………………………………………………………………… vi 插图一览 …………………………………………………………………………… vii Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………. viii 第一章 绪论 ………………………………………………………………………. 1.1 研究背景 ………………………………………………………………………. 1.2 研究价值 ………………………………………………………………………. 1.3 研究目的 ………………………………………………………………………. 1.4 研究的理论基础 ………………………………………………………………. 第二章 文献综述 ……………………………………………………………… 11 2.1 话语标记的名称 …………………………………………………………… . 11 2.2 话语标记的发展概况 ……………………………………………………… . 12 2.3 话语标记的界定与特征 …………………………………………………… . 16 2.3.1 话语标记的界定 ……………………………………………………… . 16 2.3.2 话语标记的特征 ……………………………………………………… . 19 2.4 话语标记的功能 …………………………………………………………… . 23 2.5 新加坡话语标记的研究状况 ……………………………………………… . 27 第三章 3.1 研究方法 ……………………………………………………………… 30 研究材料 …………………………………………………………………… . 30 录音事宜 ……………………………………………………………… . 30 3.1.2 转写详情 ……………………………………………………………… . 31 3.2 3.1.1 研究对象 …………………………………………………………………… . 35 ii   3.3 语料收集过程 ……………………………………………………………… . 39 3.4 语料分析概况 ……………………………………………………………… . 43 第四章 “／orh／”的界定与类型 ………………………………………… 44 4.1 本文对话语标记的界定 …………………………………………………… 44 4.2 “／orh／”的界定 ………………………………………………………… 45 4.3 “／orh／”的音调 ………………………………………………………… 49 4.4 “／orh／”的句中位置 …………………………………………………… 51 4.5 从音调看“／orh／”的句中位置与功能 ………………………………… 52 第五章 5.1 新加坡华语口语话语标记“／orh／”的功能分析 …………… . 58 “／orh／”作为最简反馈 ………………………………………………… 59 5.1.1 “／orh／”作为最简反馈 …………………………………………… 60 5.1.2 作为最简反馈“／orh／”的话语信息模式 …………………………. 62 5.2 “／orh／”作为引述他人话语的标记 …………………………………… 70 5.3 “／orh／”作为保持话轮的标记 ………………………………………… 73 5.4 “／orh／”表示“知道了” ……………………………………………… 75 5.5 “／orh／”表示语气 ……………………………………………………… 78 表示强调语气的“／orh／” …………………………………………. 79 5.5.2 表示恍然语气的“／orh／” …………………………………………. 81 5.5.3 表示疑问语气的“／orh／” …………………………………………. 83 5.6 5.5.1 小结 ………………………………………………………………………… 85 第六章 6.1 “／orh／”与礼貌及面子关系 ……………………………………. 86 礼貌原则与面子威胁行为 ………………………………………………… 87 Leech 的礼貌原则 ……………………………………………………… 87 6.1.2 Brown & Levinson 的面子论 ………………………………………… . 88 6.2 6.1.1 “／orh／”与礼貌及面子关系 …………………………………………… 89 iii   6.2.1 “／orh／”威胁积极面子的行为 …………………………………… . 90 6.2.2 “／orh／”缓解面子威胁的行为 …………………………………… . 92 6.2.3 “／orh／”与听话人表现礼貌的行为 ……………………………… . 95 6.3 小结 ………………………………………………………………………… 97 第七章 结语 …………………………………………………………………… . 98 附录 附录一（A1）：“／orh_／”的句中位置及功能分布 .……………………. 105 附录二（A2）：“／orh/／”的句中位置及功能分布 …………………… . 106 附录三（A3）：“／orh\/／”的句中位置及功能分布 …………………… 107 附录四（A4）：“／orh\／”的句中位置及功能分布 …………………… . 108 附录五（A5）：“／orh／”作为最简反馈 ……………………… 110 附录六（A6）：“／orh／”作为引述他人话语的标记 …………………… 134 附录七（A7）：“／orh／”作为保持话轮的标记 ……………………… 139 附录八（A8）：“／orh／”表示“知道了” ……………………… 142 附录九（A9）：“／orh／”表示语气 ……………………… 150 附录十（A10）：转写 A ………………………………………………… . 158 附录十一（A11）：转写 B ………………………………………………… 175 附录十二（A12）：转写 C ………………………………………………… 197 附录十三（A13）：转写 D ………………………………………………… . 204 附录十四（A14）：转写 E ………………………………………………… 218 附录十五（A15）：转写 F ………………………………………………… 228 附录十六（A16）：转写 G ………………………………………………… . 244 附录十七（A17）：转写 H ………………………………………………… . 261 附录十八（A18）：转写 I ………………………………………………… . 271 附录十九（A19）：转写 J ………………………………………………… . 285 附录二十（A20）：转写 K ………………………………………………… . 297 iv   附录二十一（A21）：转写 L ………………………………………………… 313 附录二十二（A21）：转写 M ……………………………………………… . 322 附录二十三（A21）：转写 N ……………………………………………… . 339 附录二十四（A24）：参与同意书 ………………………………………… . 360 参考文献 ………………………………………………………………………… 362 v   统计表一览 表1 本文语料转写使用符号介绍 表2 录音转写详细资料 表3 录音参与者基本资料 表4 “／orh／”的四个音调与所能够发挥的功能 表5 “／orh／”的句中位置与体现功能 表6 “／orh_／”的句中位置与功能分布 表7 “／orh/／”的句中位置与功能分布 表8 “／orh\/／”的句中位置与功能分布 表9 “／orh\／”的句中位置与功能分布 vi   插图一览 图1 新加坡 2010 年各种族人口统计比例 图2 话语标记的发展概况 图3 录音参与者性别与成长背景资料与比重 图4 语料收集流程 图5 “／orh／”的音调分布 图6 “／orh／”四个音调的功能数量分布 图7 “／orh／”的五大功能分布 图8 作为最简反馈“／orh／”的话语信息模式 图9 表示语气“／orh／”的功能分布 vii   Abstract Discourse markers (DMs) have been a very hot issue among researchers from around the world since 1970s. It was once viewed as a component that can be ignored, but is now argued as having important roles. The present study focuses on the DM “／orh／” in spoken Singapore Mandarin. The paper argues that “／orh／” may look like interjections, however, by analyzing the sentential positions, the functions it serves, and its link with regards to politeness and face, it is no doubt that “／orh／” is indeed a discourse marker. Some examples of DM in Singapore are: “／leh／, ／lah／, ／loh／, ／meh／, ／hor／”. To date, there are various efforts put in researching these DMs within spoken Singapore English. However, very few researchers have touched on Singapore Mandarin, and none about “／orh／” in particular. The data used in this study is made up of 14 transcripts (120965 words) from the recordings of 20 Singaporeans’ daily conversations. Within this first hand data, a total of 363 “／orh／” were found. The paper uses Aijmer’s (2002) “bottom-up” approach in analyzing these “／orh／”. “／orh／” in spoken Singapore Mandarin has four tones. They are intonated as: flat tone “／orh_／” (6%), rise tone “／orh/／” (3%), fall-rise tone “／orh\/／” (12%), fall tone “／orh\／” (79%). It was also found out that “／orh／” can appear in four positions of a sentence: stand alone, initial position, middle position, ending position. Most of the different positions would mean different functions, though some may appear in various positions. The main analysis of the study is the functions of “／orh／”. After looking at all examples found, it was shown that “／orh／” has a total of functions, namely: serves as a minimal response (53%), serves as an indicator when quoting others (7%), serves as an indicator to secure the conversational floor (4%), serves as “I know” (17%), serves as an interjection (19%). For minimal response, there are patterns in which it will form with the components directly behind. They are: “／orh／” + viii   582. 583. /har// /eh_/ I don’t look forward to running 584. 585. sporty 586. /lah\/ 587. marathons 588. 589. 590. [ ] hiking [ adventurous like Then ] Then right Ya gym /loh_/ Maybe gym gym right /leh\/ ] ] 600. 601. 602. neighborhood 603. 604. /leh_/ ] Like 605. [neighborhood [ /hor// ] /hor// 606. 607. 608. 609. /ah\/ [ /mah_/ ] [ ] 610. 611. /han\/ /nah_/ 612. 613. So 614. But I shy 615. Just try 616. 617. 618. 619. /har// 620. 621. but stare /mah\/ so nobody will be staring at you for so long also just try [ ] ! 354! 622. [ 623. FBT 624. FBT 625. /ai\/ ya 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. ] Chung Cheng PE attire [] [] NIKE shorts /lah\/ leggings leggings /loh_/ /meh_/ /hor// 632. tone down 633. 634. 635. 636. 637. 638. /ah\/ orh\ orh\ Then /lah\/ But 639. like easy to breathe you know like evaporate very fast 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. /har// 645. Too bad 646. Ya /loh_/ 647. 648. /hor// orh\ orh_ determination /lah\/ /hor// 649. aim increase 650. /ah\/ 651. /hor// 652. )) actually (( (( )) 653. bei L2>(( )) /hor// 654. bei L2>(( )) 655. 656. 152-155 < > 167 2012 140-148 < > 2011 119-123 < > 2009 83-89 < > 2008 12 21-29 < > 2010 118-123 < > 2010 74-78 < > 2013 36- 42 < > ! 2006 50-53 362! < > < > 1986a < 88-96 1986b > 413-427 2012 74-78 < > 2005 23- 32 < > 2006 < > < 2002 2007 11 119-125 > < you know < 423-432 2013 31-36 > 10-15 well < > > 2003 2011 58-64 36-45 you know 2006 2008 2005 2006 2010 why 2005 2003 2007 you know 2009 ! 363! Books: Aijmer, Karin, English discourse particles: evidence from a corpus, Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2002. Aijmer, Karin & Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie (eds.), Pragmatic markers in contrast, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006. Aijmer, Karin, Understanding pragmatic markers: a variational pragmatic approach, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. 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[...]... a newcomer to the field, it is furthermore often very difficult to find the bits and pieces that constitute an original model of the meanings and functions of discourse particles Moreover, the studies available so far are hardly comparable; the approaches vary with respect to very many difference aspects: the language(s) under consideration, the items taken into account, the terminology used, the functions. .. Levinson 。 Levinson 在其 1983 年的著作“Pragmatics”里提到了以下这段极其重要的话： …there are many words and phrase in English, and no doubt most languages, that indicate the relationship between utterance and the prior discourse …It is generally conceded that such words have at least a component of meaning that resist truth-conditional treatment…what they seem to do is indicate, often in very complex ways, just how the. .. linked with “ orh ” It is interesting to note that while “ orh ” can serve to mitigate face-threatening acts (for e.g when used as minimal response), it can also initiate a face-threatening act (for e.g when used to question the listener) Thus, it incorporates some degree of politeness and impoliteness all within this one DM The study aims to provide a clear picture of how “ orh ” is used by Singaporean... pragmatic aspects of communication, for instance by marking propositional attitude or illocutionary force, or by signaling intratextual (sequential) or interpersonal relations.18 Aijmer（2002）认为话语标记是提示听话人如何根据不同的语境等的线索 来理解所听到的话语： Discourse particles seem to be dispensable elements functioning as signposts in the communication facilitating the hearer’s interpretation of the utterance on the basis of various... 本文将使用 Karin Aijmer （2002）所提出的关于话语标记的研究方法等观 点为本文的理论基础。2 Aijmer（2002）曾提出以下一段话： Discourse particles are placed with great precision at different places in the discourse and give important clues to how discourse is segmented and processed They can be studied by means of different approaches A top-down approach as in relevance theory implies that the focus is on discourse structures and the role of discourse. .. Hellermann & Vergun（2007）就此也提出了以下看法： …function within the linguistic system to establish relationships between topics or grammatical units in discourse They also serve pragmatic functions, used by a speaker to comment on the state of understanding of information about to be expressed; they may also be used to express a change of state or for subtle commentary by the speaker suggesting that “what seems...(35%), “ orh ” + affirmation (17%), “ orh ” + negation (5%), “ orh ” + new topic (4%), “ orh ” + elaboration (39%) When serving as interjections, it can mean a stress (60%), a doubt (20%) or a realization (20%) Each function serves very important roles, if taken out from the sentence, the sentence will be denied of all the discourse and pragmatic implications the DM brought Politeness and face are also... “Linguistic markers of discourse structure”, Linguistics, 29 (1991), pp.1168 Risselada, Wilbert Spooren, “Introduction: Discourse markers and coherence relations”, Journal of Pragmatics, 30, 2 (1998), pp.132   14Rodie 17   relationship between the interpretation of the segment they introduce (S2), and the prior segment (S1).15 在其 2009 年发表的“An Account of Discourse Marker 之中，Fraser 再次 提出了这个“S1、S2”的概念： For an... Gisle Anderson, The Pragmatic Marker like from a Relevance-theoretic Perspective”, in Andreas H Jucker, Yael Ziv (eds.), Discourse markers: descriptions and theory (Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J Benjamins, 1998), pp.147 19 See (3), pp.2 19   ii 行 为 结 构 （ action structure ） ： 反 映 出 现 在 话 语 中 的 言 语 行 为 （illocutionary act） iii 概念结构（ideational structure）：反映话语中各个命题之间的连贯关 系、功能关系与话题关系。 iv 参与结构（participation framework）：反映对话双方互相联系的方式... to provide a clear picture of how “ orh ” is used by Singaporean Chinese, the functions it have, and how it links up with politeness and face issues It is hoped that this paper will be able to contribute and fill up some extent of this research gap Keywords: discourse marker; functions; Singapore Mandarin; politeness; face ix   新加坡华语口语话语标记“ ORH ” 的功能与礼貌研究 第一章 绪论 1.1 研究背景 话语标记自七十年代开始被学者们广泛关注。学者们对于话语标记的态 . ! 新加坡华语口语话语标记“ ORH ” 的功能与礼貌研究 A STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS AND POLITENESS OF THE DISCOURSE MARKER “ ORH ” IN SPOKEN SINGAPORE MANDARIN 江滨 JIANG BIN 新加坡国立学中系 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE. put in researching these DMs within spoken Singapore English. However, very few researchers have touched on Singapore Mandarin, and none about “ orh ” in particular. The data used in this study. “bottom-up” approach in analyzing these “ orh ”. “ orh ” in spoken Singapore Mandarin has four tones. They are intonated as: flat tone “ orh_ ／” (6%), rise tone “ orh/ ／” (3%), fall-rise tone “ orh /／”