Moodle Anh văn y khoa dành cho y năm 2

EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC Y KHOA PHẠM NGỌC THẠCH ENGLISH ✨ Name: ✨ ✨ Class: ✨ English 2016-2017 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My SLEEP WELL EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My Câu 1: What is the main idea of the text ? ‘B Chọn câu trả lời Exercise is important to make sure you get a good night's sleep There are several different things you can to make sure you sleep well Sleeping well is not an easy thing to and should only be done after talking to a doctor Question In what order were the topics presented in the text? Chọn câu trả lời bedroom, exercise, sleep schedule, snack nicotine and caffeine bedroom, sleep schedule, exercise, snack, nicotine and caffeine B bedroom, sleep schedule, exercise, nicotine and caffeine, snack Question According to the text, snacking before bed can help you sleep better A EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My reduces the amount of Tryptophan in your body keeps you awake and should be avoided Gửi kết Question According to the reading, exercise Chọn câu trả lời for can lower the body's need sleep should be done during late afternoon and at night should be done in the morning or early afternoon Question According to the text you should go to sleep Chọn câu trả lời early on work or school days and any time on non-work days at the same time every day, including non-work days when you feel tired, no matter what time it is Question What does the text say about nicotine and caffeine? Chọn câu trả lời They are fine in small amounts before bed They can help you sleep better They should be avoided before bed Question Eating a small cheese sandwich before bed might help you sleep well Not Given True False Question Before you change your sleep habits, you should talk with your doctor Chọn câu trả lời True False Not Given Question The most common cause of sleep problems is stress Chọn câu trả lời False Not Given True Question 10 Caffeine, nicotine and tryptophan can cause sleep problems Chọn câu trả lời False True Not Given C B T NG NG F EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My ASTHMA Asthma is an obstructive lung disorder characterized by recurring inflammation of mucous membranes and spasms of smooth muscles in the walls of bronchial air passages The inflammation and contraction of smooth muscle narrow the airways and make breathing difficult Initial onset of asthma can occur in children of adults Stress, heavy exercise, infection or exposure to allergens or other irritants such as dusts, vapours, or fumes can trigger acute episodes of asthma, so called “asthma attacks” Many patients with asthma have a family history of allergens Dyspnoea is the major system but hyperventilation, headaches, numbness and nausea can occur One way to treat asthma is by using inhaled or systemic bronchodilators that reduce muscle spasms and open the airways Other types of treatment use anti-inflammatory medications or leukotriene modifiers that reduce the inflammation associated with asthma ( => ) Question 1How does the doctor diagnose asthma? The patient’s smooth muscles become inflamed The patient finds it difficult to breathe due to nasal inflammation The patient’s mucous membranes become red and sore again and again C The patient’s muscles in bronchial air passages contract very often Question 2: Which is NOT one cause of asthma? Extreme physical activities Infection Dangerous smoke Anorexia Question 3: Which is NOT true? - The patient may not feel in body parts breathes with difficulty certainly suffers headaches sometimes breathes quickly D C Question 4: Which is prescribed to lessen the inflammation in asthma patients? bronchodilators leukotriene modifiers antibiotics anti-inflammatory medications Question 5: What does the underlined word “episodes” probably mean? Chọn câu trả lời attacks signs symptoms asthma New words recur: tái diễn irritant : chất kích thích fumes: khói numbness: tê cóng spasm: co thắt LUNG CANCER B A EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My Lung cancer is a malignancy of pulmonary tissue that not only destroys the vital gas exchange tissues of the lungs but also like other cancers may invade other parts of the body (metastasis) Lung cancer most often develops in damaged or diseases lungs The most common predisposing condition associated with lung cancer is cigarette smoking (accounting for about 75% of cases) Other factors include exposure to ‘second-hand’ cigarette smoke, asbestos, chromium, coal products, petroleum products, rust and ionizing radiation (as in radon gas) Lung cancer may be arrested if detected early in routine chest X-ray films or other diagnostic procedures such as bronchoscopy Depending on the size, location and exact types of malignancy involved, several strategies are available for treatment Chemotherapy can cause a cure or remission in selected cases, as can radiation therapy Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is also used to treat cancer of the lining of the bronchial tubes Surgery is the most effective treatment known, but less than half of those diagnosed are good candidates for surgery because of excessive metastatic spread.(6 => 10 ) Question The malignancy of lung cancer is caused by emphysema will certainly spread to other areas damages all other parts of the body damages the tissues of the lungs Question 7: Which is the most likely cause of lung cancer? chromium cigarette smoke metal products ionizing and non-ionizing radiation Question 8: What is the possible meaning for the underlined word “arrested”? noticed stopped cured captured Question 9: What should be noticed about chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and PDT? a They are effective in certain conditions b They are likely to give remission c They provide the best results to cancer patients d They are good treatment for respiratory cancers Question 10: Surgery for cancer patients can cure even the spreading metastasis is not very effective can be used in only a few cases is approved by fewer than 50% of doctors New words Malignancy : Invade: Metastasis: Predispose: Account for: Radiation: Rust: Arrest: Detect: Procedure : Chemotherapy: Remission: Candidate: Excessive: ác tính xâm lấn di đưa đến giải thích xạ sắt gỉ bắt giữ phát thủ tục hóa học trị liệu giảm ứng cử viên nhiều D B B A C EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My HAY FEVER 1.It can be inferred from the passage that the phrase “hay fever” refers to viral bacteria a seasonal discomfort B a lung cancer fodder for cattle According to the passage, the symptoms of the allergy are predominantly respiratory A abdominal chronic intestinal What can be inferred from the first paragraph? The cause of allergic reaction has not been determined A People should not have an emotional response to allergic reactions The nervous system balances allergic reactions Hay fever may cause severe allergic reactions and even death According to the passage, patients suffering from hay fever may also experience mood swings A hunger pains nervous blockage sensory perception 5.In paragraph 1, the bold word “resentment” is closest in meaning to reprisal acrimony B reprieve grief 6.It can be inferred from the passage that a frequent source of allergy-causing irritants can be larynx infections organic matter B ear membranes human contact According to the passage, the irritants are transported by Wind travelers food air passages A EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My In paragraph 2, the word “blockage” is closest in meaning to bleeding obstruction dryness enlargement According to the passage, to avoid incidents of hay fever, patients need to take doses of prescribed medicine increase their self-confidence avoid exposure to pollen C avoid interactions with other patients 10.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a cause of allergies? flowers mold injections pollen C 11.It can be inferred from the passage that hay fever has no known cure A is rooted in the human psyche can be linked to a breakdown has no effective antibodies 12.A paragraph following this passage would most probably discuss what flowers are harmless to hay fever patients what other diseases can be relieved by vaccines B how the nervous system alerts patients how the immune system reacts to allergens New Words o Hay fever: Itchy : Runny nose : Congested nose: Suffer from: Bout of : Periodic : Sinus infecton: Theory: Resentment = anger : Lack of : Self confidence = assurance : Blossom : Attempt: Eliminate: Considerable : Over extended period of time : Prescribe: Predominantly Perception: Swing: Repreive: /ri'pri:v/ Reprisal: /ri'praizl/ Acrimony: Grief: Irritant: Exposure: sốt mùa hè ngứa sổ mũi # nghẹt mũi trải qua (bệnh) định kì viêm xoang học thuyết giận không tự tin nở hoa cố gắng loại bổ đáng kể khoảng thời gian dài kê đơn chủ yếu nhận thức thay đổi hủy bỏ trả thù gay gắt nỗi đau buồn kích thích tiếp xúc B EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My 10 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My c The relation of smoking and lung cancer d None of them is correct D 5) What factor increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in women smokers? Complete the sentence with ONE word in each blank: The combination of ….and … … (Smoking oral contraceptives) 6) The only reason of death if a patient continues smoking after a myocardial infarction is myocardium requires more oxygen than the body can supply Đáp án : True False F 7) What is the main idea of paragraph 2? a The relation between cardiovascular diseases and contraceptives b An unbalance between the demand of myocardial oxygen and its supply c Tumour – one of the health risks run by cigarette smokers d Effects of cigarettes on heart disease D 8) Which disease is NOT aggravated by smoking as mentioned in the text? a Gastric ulcers and Peripheral ischemia b COPD c Syphilis C d Both B and C 9) Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are often overweight Đáp án : True False F 10) Smoking increases the risk of miscarriage Đáp án : True False T 11) Why smokers who are obliged to take drugs often require larger doses than non-smokers? → Complete the clause: Because ……………………… drugs (smoking increases the metabolism of some) 12) What does the word “their” in “the time of their effectiveness” probably refer to? a smokers b non-smokers c drugs C d None of them is correct 13) How many factors does the composition of the smoke depend on? a b c d B 14) New compounds of the smoke are formed by the re-combination of stable molecules Đáp án : True False F (unstable molecules) 15) The tobacco leaf does NOT contain a Resins b Fatty organic acids c Nitrogen - containing compounds d Carbohydrates 16) In over 400 substances which have been identified in smoke, … is considered the greatest health risk (Nicotine) 17) People usually become addicted to cigarette smoking due to … or … reasons (Sociological Psychological) 18) Smokers … physical exercise every day a cannot b not want to c spend little time doing d None is correct D (Physical exercise tires the smokers more easily ✨ ✨ ✨) 19) One-third smokers can manage to give up smoking while the other two-thirds a continue to smoke the next three months b smoke again in the fourth month after that 33 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My c start smoking again not long later C d cannot at the first stage 20) What does paragraph probably mention? a Cigarette smoke is so dangerous but not many smoke-addicts can give it up So it is a good idea to pass the laws of prohibiting smoking b Due to the negative effects of cigarette smoke, smoking is not allowed in public places c Cigarette smoke affects not only men, but also women and passive smokers So prohibiting smoking in public places should be applied d It is not good to smoke in public places because of the diseases it causes in smoke-filled ambient B New words Preventable: ngăn chặn đc Premature: sớm Carcinoma: K biểu mô Squamous-cell: TB vảy Run: có xu Consume: dùng Fold: gấp Habitual: quen thuộc Mortality: tử vong Gravity: nghiêm trọng Carcinogenic effect: tác dụng gây ung thư Demonstrate: chứng minh Accelerator: chất gây tăng tốc Contraceptive: ngừa thai Threshold: ngưỡng Fibrillation: rung Aggregability /ˌaɡrɪɡəˈbɪlɪti/: kết tập Platelet: tiểu cầu Pathology: bệnh học Aggravated /ˈaɡrəveɪtɪd/: trầm trọng Thromboangitis obliterans: bệnh Bueger Arteriosclerosis obliterans: viêm tắc động mạch Peripheral ischemia: thiếu máu ngoại biên Aneurysm: phình Subarachnoid haemorrhage: chảy máu nhện So on: vân vân Adverse: có hại Abortion /əˈbɔːʃ(ə)n/: sảy thai Spontaneous: tự phát # Fetal: thai Neonatal death: tử vong sơ sinh Physical and intellectual development: phát triển thể chất trí tuệ Obliged: bắt buộc Composition: thành phần Additive: chất phụ gia Porosity: độ rộng Combustion: cháy Pyrolysis: nhiệt phân Thermic decomposition : phân hủy nhiệt Unstable: không bền Compound: hợp chất Constituent: phân tử Menopause: mãn kinh Carcinoembryonic: tiền K Decline: suy tàn Relapse: tái phát Abstinence: kiêng cử Ambient: xung quanh 14 EBOLA Why is it this disease we fear? The current Ebola outbreak in Africa is dominating headlines globally But Dr Seth Berkley, CEO of the GAVI Alliance, questions why this rather than any of the other deadly diseases exists He suggests it's because people in the west have forgotten what it is like to deal with an untreatable disease It starts with familiar flu-like symptoms: a mild fever, headache, muscle and joint pains But within days this can quickly descend into something more exotic and frightening: vomiting and diarrhoea, followed by bleeding from the gums, the nose and gastrointestinal tract Death comes in the form of either organ failure or low blood pressure caused by the extreme loss of fluids Such fear-inducing descriptions have been doing the rounds in the media lately 34 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My However, this is not Ebola but rather Dengue Shock Syndrome, an extreme form of dengue fever, a mosquito-borne disease that struggles to make the news Ebola is without a doubt a truly horrible disease, but then there are many other bad ones that kill far more So, why is it that Ebola is grabbing headlines and other deadly diseases are not? Not the only one: Is it because people in Africa are suddenly dying? That seems unlikely Dengue has a relatively low death rate, but it still kills up to 20,000 of the half a million people who are infected every year; that's an order of magnitude more than the worst Ebola outbreak, and yet barely a fifth of the number killed by measles every year And when you start to look at pathogens like pneumococcal and rotavirus causes of the two biggest childhood killers, pneumonia and diarrhoea - the number of deaths rapidly climbs up into the high hundreds of thousands It is true that Ebola is also highly infectious, which drives away health workers who may understandably fear a needle stick But then so many others are more infectious, like measles, through air-droplets, and hepatitis B, which is transmitted by similar means to HIV but 50 times more infectious Perhaps then it has something to with the fact that there is no cure and that 50%-90% of people infected will inevitably die Possibly, but then there is no cure for rabies either, and once someone develops symptoms they are almost 100% likely to die a slow and painful death, unless, that is, they have been vaccinated post-exposure And herein lies a clue The fact is while Ebola means a painful and isolated death, away from loved ones, there are other diseases that are horrific and equally deserving of both our fear and respect; diseases which, like Ebola, are still dreaded in West Africa and beyond, and which regularly kill hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world's poorest countries However, in wealthy countries, thanks to the availability of modern medicines, many of these diseases can now usually be treated or cured, and thanks to vaccines they rarely have to be Because of this blessing we have simply forgotten what it is like to live under threat of such infectious and deadly diseases, and forgotten what it means to fear them So when an outbreak like this comes along, from the comfort of our relatively disease-free surroundings it is only natural to look on in horror and be terrified by the prospect of something like Ebola making its way to our shores New words: Current: Outbreak: bùng phát Dominate: chiếm ưu Exotic: /ɪɡˈzɒtɪk/ lạ Gum: nướu Description: diễn tả Do the round: lan truyền Dengue fever: sốt nhiệt đới -borne: carried or moved by a particular thing Order of magnitude: the approximate size of ST, especially a number Barely: vừa đủ A fifth of the number: 1/5 35 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My Measles: sởi Pathogen: tác nhân gây bệnh Inevitably = inescapably: chắn Needle stick: chấn thườn kim đâm Herein: khía cạnh Clue: manh mối Isolate: cách li Horrific: kinh khủng Dread: kinh sợ Beyond: xa Blessing: may mắn Threat: đe dọa Come along= developing Surrounding: MT xung quanh Horror: khiếp sợ Terrify: kinh hãi Prospect: viễn cảnh Keep one’s mind: lưu tâm Dr Seth Berkley believes A a westerners not keep in mind well how to manage an untreatable disease b Ebola ends with complicated symptoms and causes horror deaths c Ebola has the symptoms so similar to flu that health care workers ignore it d the world is not aware of Ebola as an untreatable disease 2.Which one is NOT a symptom of Ebola? a hypertension b myodynia c arthralgia d hypotension A 3.Many other diseases which kill many more people than Ebola does are now frightening the world Đáp án : True False F Compared to Dengue and measles, Ebola stands at the second place of deadly disease Đáp án : True False F 5.Ebola a keeps doctors and nurses stay away b is as an infectious disease as hepatitis B and HIV B c causes deaths which climb up to hundreds of thousands d is the least infectious disease (when you start to look at pathogens like pneumococcal and rotavirus - causes of the two biggest childhood killers, pneumonia and diarrhoea - the number of deaths rapidly climbs up into the high hundreds of thousands.???? So why don’t C????? � � �) So far (up to August, 2014) a 100% of patients with Ebola die b there has been no vaccine for rabies c there has been no cure for rabies d Ebola has been a curable disease 7.Ebola is not the only most fatal disease Đáp án : True False B T 8.The passage implies that Ebola is causing extreme fear because B a modern technology are not available in the poor world b well-developed countries are not used to dealing with deadly diseases c people in rich countries are unable to stop it beyond their shores d the disease exposure takes a short time and causes deaths soon 15 PATIENT-CENTERED APPROACH TO HISTORY-TAKING Question Read the article below and complete the gaps with these sentences 36 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My A both doctor and patient had greater understanding of the symptoms B History-taking was limited to a number of closed questions C Medical training was all about the disease D The patient is considered expert of their own disease (JUST WRITE A, B, C, or D IN THE BLANKS) Traditionally doctors took the dominant role during consultations; for many, a doctor's word was God and, as such, their professional expertise unquestionable Patients were not expected, neither did they expect to, participate actively in the history-taking process; indeed, their health was entirely in the hands of their physician (1), and the patient as victim of that disease; the disease ad the patient were considered as separate entities.(2) regarding the functioning of the relevant organ or system in order to arrive at an accurate diagnosis The impact of the disease on the patient's life was barely considered, if at all George Engel, pioneer of doctor-patient relations, soon realized a deeper understanding of patients' problems could be achieved through a bio-psychological model Engel believed strongly in the patient as the main source of information The patient-centered encounter therefore takes on a more holistic approach, with social, economic, and psychological factors also playing an essential role in the diagnosis (3) ; one person's experience of a disease is fundamentally different from the text So what of the benefits of such a radically different approach to history-taking? Studies in the 1970s showed that only 25% of doctors had an open, flexible consultant style; the other 70% interviewed their patients in a tightly controlled way, allowing them limited participation Doctors attending threeday communication skills courses recently at the University of Sussex, UK; were found to be significantly more patient-centered Students showed more empathy, asked fewer leading questions, and were more responsive to patient cues More positive still- (3) and patients were more likely to comply with treatment 1C 2B 3D 4A New words Dominant: vượt trội Consultation: hội chẩn Professional: nghề nghiệp Expertise: chuyên môn Unquestionable: k thể tranh cãi đc Expect: mong chờ Participate in: tham gia History-taking: làm bệnh án Indeed: thực Entirely: hoàn toàn Entity: thực thể Regarding:liên quan Arrive: đạt Impact: ảnh hưởng Achieve: hoàn thành Encounter: gặp Holistic: tổng thể Fundamentally: chủ yếu Radically: Consultant: BS cố vấn Empathy=responsive: thông cảm Comply: đồng ý làm theo 16 FLOSSING YOUR WAY TO A HEALTHY HEART It is bad to have food stuck between your teeth for long periods of time This is because food attracts germs, germs produce acid, and acid hurts your teeth and gums Flossing helps to remove the food 37 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My that gets stuck between your teeth This explains why flossing helps to keep your mouth healthy, but some doctors say that flossing can be also good for your heart It may seem strange that something you for your teeth can have any effect on your heart Doctors have come up with a few ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy One idea is that the germs that hurt your teeth can leave the mouth and travel into your blood Germs that get into the blood can then attack your heart Another idea is based on the fact that when there are too many germs in your mouth, the body tries to fight against these germs For some reason, the way the body fights these mouth germs may end up weakening the heart over time Not every doctor agrees about these ideas Some doctors think that the link between good flossing habits and good heart health is only a coincidence A coincidence is the occurrence of two or more events at one time apparently by mere chance The incidence of these events is completely random, as they not admit of any reliable cause and effect relationship between them For example, every time I wash my car, it rains This does not mean that when I wash my car, I somehow change the weather This is only a coincidence Likewise, some doctors think that people who have bad flossing habits just happen to also have heart problems, and people who have good flossing habits just happen to have healthy hearts The theory that flossing your teeth helps to keep your heart healthy might not be true But every doctor agrees that flossing is a great way to keep your teeth healthy So even if flossing does not help your heart, it is sure to help your teeth This is enough of a reason for everyone to floss their teeth everyday In paragraph 2, the author introduces ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy Exactly how many of these ideas does the author put forth in this paragraph? a b c d D 2.Based on information in paragraph 2, it can be understood that germs in the mouth may harm your heart by I getting into the blood that flows to the heart II forcing the body to fight against too many of them III causing food to get stuck in the arteries Chọn câu trả lời D a I, II, and III b II and III only c I only d I and II only 3.In paragraph 2, the author explains how having too many germs in your mouth can "end up weakening the heart." Using the passage as a guide, it can be understood that with respect to the actual way in which this occurs, doctors are a uncertain but speculative b extremely knowledgeable A c reluctant to hypothesize d confident in their estimations 4.In paragraph the author writes, "Not every doctor agrees about these ideas." The author's purpose in writing this sentence is to a provide an example b change a previous statement c introduce a new topic d clarify an earlier assertion D 5.Using information in paragraph as a guide, which of the following is the best example of a coincidence? a Laura remembers to brush her teeth every day, but she only remembers to floss once a week She writes a note to herself, reminding herself to floss and sticks it to her bathroom mirror b Mario is not very good at baseball He practices playing every day After a several months of practice, he is a much better baseball player c Jim wakes up with a sore throat He eats a piece of bacon for breakfast By noon, he feels much better Jim decides that the bacon has cured his sore throat C 38 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My d Jai has a bad heart Her doctor tells her to eat more vegetables and less junk food After nearly a year of doing this, the doctor tells Jai that her heart is doing much better Based on its use in the final paragraph, it can be inferred that theory belongs to which of the following word groups? Chọn câu trả lời a hypothesis, supposition, belief A b idea, thought, notion c query, question, interrogation d assertion, declaration, affirmation Which of the following best states the main idea of the final paragraph? a Even if flossing is only good for your teeth, you should still it every day A b Because doctors not agree that flossing will help your heart, it is useless to floss c There is no good reason to believe that flossing will help your heart, but it is still a good idea to it every day d It is a fact that flossing can help your heart as well as your teeth New words Germ: vi sinh vật Come up with: khám phá End up: trở nên Coincidence: ngẫu nhiên Occurrence: xảy Apparently: Mere: Incidence: tỉ lệ mắc phải Admit: thừa nhận Theory = hypothesis : giả thuyết Clarify: làm cho sáng sủa Assertion: xác nhận Query: thắc mắc nghi ngờ Interrogation: hỏi dò 17 THE MEDICINE • • • This medicine must be taken as directed Before using, shake the bottle Dose: 50ml to be taken twice daily after the midday and evening meals Instruction: 39 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My • Do not take this medicine on an empty stomach or immediately before lying down • If any of the following occur, discontinue taking the medicine and contact your doctor: dizziness, vomiting, blurred vision • This medicine is not available without a prescription and is not suitable for children under years • Once you have begun to take this medicine you must continue to take it until the bottle is empty, unless advised otherwise by your doctor • Only one course of this medicine should be taken in a period of six months • Expiry date: 16 February, 2004 Write down true or false You should lie down after you have taken the medicine You must shake the bottle before taking the medicine You must stop taking the medicine if your eyesight is affected You must stop taking the medicine when you feel better This medicine is suitable for a person of any age (� � FTTFF � �) 18 ALLERGY TESTING 40 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My Allergic reactions are triggered by a contact, inhalation, or ingestion of a number of different allergens Some of the most common allergens are made up of proteins found in plants, mold, food, venom, animal skin, and medication Symptoms of allergic reactions range from mild irritation such as itching, wheezing, and coughing to life-threatening conditions related to the respiratory and gastrointestinal organs Serious allergic reactions are more likely to result from food, drugs, and stinging insects A person does not become allergic to a particular substances until after the first exposure However, in some cases, even trace amounts of a substance, such as peanuts or seafood in a mother’s breast milk, can cause an allergic reaction in a subsequent exposure A variety of allergy tests are available for determining specific substances that trigger allergic reactions in individuals Allergists, also known as immunologists, are trained in selecting the types of tests that are both safe and appropriate, depending on the suspected allergies By using allergen extracts, tiny amounts of commonly bothersome allergens (usually in the form of purified liquid drops), immunologists are often able to isolate which substances cause reactions in allergy sufferers One of the most common types of environmental allergy tests is the skin-prick test This technique involves placing small drops of potential allergen onto the skin of the forearm about one or two inches apart After the drops are placed on the arm, a needle is used to puncture the skin at the site of each drop (Though the procedure is virtually painless, this test is often done on the upper back of children to prevent them from seeing the needle) If an allergy is present, an allergic antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) will activate a special cell called a mast cell Mast cells release chemicals (also known as mediators) that cause itching and swelling The most common mediator is histamine Histamine is what causes the controlled hive known as wheal and flare The white wheal is the small raised surface, while the flare is the redness that spreads out from it In an uncontrolled allergic reaction, wheals and flares can get much bigger and spread all over a person’s body Results from skin test can usually be obtained within 20 to 30 minutes, while the reaction usually fades within a few hours Another test that is very similar to the skin-prick test is the intradermal allergy test This involves placing the allergen sample under the skin with a syringe The intradermal test involves more risk and is usually saved for use if the allergy persists even after a skin-prick test comes back negative People who have experienced serious allergic reactions called anaphylactic reactions are not advised to have these types of tests These allergy sufferers may be hypersensitive to even trace amount of the allergens when they are introduced into the blood Anaphylaxis is an allergic reaction that affects the whole body and is potentially life threatening Hives on the lips and throat can become severe enough to block air passage Anaphylactic shock occurs when enough histamine is released to cause the blood vessels to dilate and release fluid into the tissues This lowers blood volume and can result in heart failure A blood test can be performed to safety isolate over 400 different allergies, including dangerous food and environmental allergens The Radio Allergo Sorbant Test (RAST) measures specific IgE antibodies using a blood sample IgE is normally found in very small amounts in the blood; it is created as a defense mechanism when it senses an intruder Separate tests are done for each potential allergen, and IgE results are graded from to For example, canine serum IgE will be high if a person has an allergy to dogs The RAST is used if patients have pre-existing skin conditions or if patients cannot stop taking certain medications such as antidepressants or antihistamines for even a short period of time (People must stop taking antihistamines several days prior to taking a skin allergy test because the medication can interfere with the results.) The RAST is a more expensive test that does not provide immediate results A number of other allergy tests are available, though many are considered unreliable according to The Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Applied kinesiology is a test that analyses the loss of muscle strength in the presence of potential allergens Provocation and neutralization testing involves injecting food allergens into the skin in different quantities, with the goal of determining the smallest dose needed to neutralize the symptoms Sublingual provocation and neutralization is a similar test, except that the allergens are injected underneath the tongue Cytotoxity testing involves watching for reaction of blood cells after placing allergens on a slide next to a person’s blood samples 41 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My After using a reliable testing method, the cause of an allergic reaction is often identified, and a physician is able to help a patient develop a treatment plan with the goal of controlling or eliminating the allergic symptoms Those who are allergic to furry pets, pollen, and plants are prescribed mild medication or taught how to control their reactions with simple lifestyle changes, while those with food allergies learn to safely remove certain foods from their diets Allergy sufferers who are prone to anaphylactic reactions are educated about life-saving techniques such as carrying the drug epinephrine and wearing medical alert bracelets As soon as people understand their allergies, they can begin to experience an improved quality of life New words Trigger: gây Ingestion: ăn uống Allergent: dị nguyên Medication: dược phẩm Irritation: kích thích Itch: ngứa Result from ST: Sting: chích Particular: đặc biệt Exposure: phơi nhiễm Trace: dấu vết Subsequent: đến sau Specific: cụ thể Potential: có tiềm Puncture: đâm chích Virtually: gần Mediator: chất xúc tác Wheal and flare: sưng đỏ Obtain: thu Syringe: ống tiêm Persist: Anaphylactic shock: shock phản vệ Hypersensitive: nhạy cảm Hives: mề đay Mechanism: chế Sense: cảm thấy Intruder: kẻ xâm nhập Canine: thuộc chó Depressant: suy nhược Antidepressant: thuốc kháng trầm cảm Goal: mục tiêu Underneath: 42 THE PASSAGE DESCRIBES THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALLERGY TESTS WHICH OF THE CHARACTERISTICS BELOW BELONGS TO WHICH TYPE OF TEST? A substance is inserted beneath the skin with a needle It is often done on a patient's back It has a higher cost than other tests It shows results within half an hour It can cause red and white bumps on the patient's skin It is not advisable for patients who have serious allergic reactions in the past It is advisable for patients who have skin problems WRITING Leukaemia, also known as a neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells, is divided into two forms: acute and chronic disease The causes of this disease have not been fully known And the patients may present with the following particular symptoms and signs First, the patients could feel very ill and sometimes they may get a high fever Then, leukemia, which has prolonged, may make them lose weight, energy and strength Eventually, they will become more and more tired Some patients may be bleeding from the mouth, gum and nose At this point, doctors could make a complete examination and look for the enlargement of the tonsils They may also touch the patients’ lympho nodes and spleens because of the change in size of these organs In some special cases, doctors may detect severe signs of anaemia on a very ill patient such as pale skin, light mucous membrane and finger clubbing In conclusion, leukaemia may present a formidable challenge in diagnosis and treatment However, if the patients visit the doctors soon, they are more likely to obtain successful treatments The small intestine, also called the small bowel, is an important part of the lower digestive tract in which a great deal of digestion and absorption takes place The small bowel is six meters long, located in the center of the abdomen, and linked to the stomach and the large intestine by the pyloric sphincter and the ileocecal sphincter respectively so that fluids can travel in a one-way process It also contains circular and longitudinal smooth muscles which make the food move along in a wave-like movement known as peristalsis These essential structures help the small intestine work effectively By the way, the lining of the small intestine secretes enzymes that are mixed with pancreas enzymes and bile for better absorption In addition, sodium bicarbonate is released in order to neutralize potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach When food goes into the small bowel, the majority of them is digested except starches and partial proteins Next, food molecules pass through the intestinal membrane to enter the capillaries They are then transported to larger vessels before flowing to the liver where absorbed substances are also stored for later use and detoxification which is the process of removing harmful chemicals from blood In conclusion, the primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food; things that remain undigested and unabsorbed pass into the large intestine The stomach, a muscular, hollow organ, plays an important role in food digestion It looks like the letter C The stomach is located on the left of the upper abdomen and connects the esophagus and the small intestine Its walls are made of three muscular layers and a rough lining That structure helps the stomach not only conduct its tasks, but also protect itself When the food enters the stomach, it is liquefied by acid secreted by many tiny glands in the stomach wall Besides , the stomach 's muscles contract in different directions, allowing acid to mix well with the food The strong stomach-acid is very useful but it can damage stomach Nevertheless, the rough lining of stomach releases alkaline mucus neutralizing acid to protect itself In conclusion, the stomach with its suitable structure liquefies and breaks down the food into wetter, smaller molecules, that makes the absorption in next step easier Dorothea crusaded for the humane treatment of the mentally ill QUIZ ON NEW WORDS Chọn câu trả lời a Audacious b Ruthless c Apprehensive d Compassionate G? i k?t qu? Question2 Điểm : /1 Bats are timid creatures Chọn câu trả lời a Considerable b Audacious c Petrified d Shy G? i k?t qu? Question3 Điểm : /1 Paul daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists Chọn câu trả lời a Apprehensively b Benevolently c Mercilessly d Courageously G? i k?t qu? Question4 Điểm : /1 Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fished and shellfish in the 17th century Chọn câu trả lời a Bland b Sour c Insipid d Flavored G? i k?t qu? Question5 Điểm : /1 The largest petrified forest in the world is the northern Arizona Chọn câu trả lời a Generous b Stone c Intrepid d Insipid G? i k?t qu? Question6 Điểm : /1 A benign lesion usually has a regular border Chọn câu trả lời a Petrified b Harmless c Humane d Congenial G? i k?t qu? Question7 Điểm : /1 Acorns are bitter to taste Chọn câu trả lời a Acrid b Intrepid c Sour d Sharp G? i k?t qu? Question8 Điểm : /1 Robert , an intrepid explorer, was the first to reach the North Pole Chọn câu trả lời a Daring b Audacious c Insipid d Ruthless G? i k?t qu? Question9 Điểm : /1 Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its citizens Chọn câu trả lời a Meaningless b Kindhearted c Unwanted d Selfish G? i k?t qu? Question10 Điểm : 1/1 Flavored vinergars are produced especially for cooking, but white vinergars have a number of household uses Chọn câu trả lời a Special tasting b Bitter c Bland d Concentrated ... BY Phan Thảo Mi My Accumulate : tích tụ Medical procedure: thủ thuật y khoa Inflate: thổi phồng Coronay balloon angioplasty : Bypass surgery : ( Coronary artery bypass surgery) phẫu thuật bắc... dài kê đơn chủ y? ??u nhận thức thay đổi h? ?y bỏ trả thù gay gắt nỗi đau buồn kích thích tiếp xúc B EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My 10 EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My What is ONE of... on work or school days and any time on non-work days at the same time every day, including non-work days when you feel tired, no matter what time it is Question What does the text say about nicotine