Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology Friedrich A Pasler Heiko Visser Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com At a Glance Radiographic Technique, Radiographic Anatomy, Image Processing Panoramic Radiography … Intraoral Dental Radiographs … 40 Conventional Skull Films and Radiographic Anatomy … 82 Computed Tomography, Radiographic Anatomy … 98 Magnetic Resonance Imaging … 108 Determining the Location of Dystopic Teeth and Individual Tooth Roots … 110 Depiction of Sialoliths … 124 Radiographic Film, Conventional Processing, and Processing Errors … 126 Radiography Using Digital Systems … 134 Radiographic Pathology Dysmorphias and Regressive Alterations … 146 Calcifications, Concrements, Ossifications … 166 Radiographic Diagnosis of Dental Caries … 172 Radiographic Diagnosis of Periodontal Pathology and Inflammation within the Jaws … 182 Diseases of the Maxillary Sinuses of Dentogenic and Rhinogenic Origin … 208 Temporomandibular Joint Disorders … 220 Jaw Cysts … 238 Odontogenic Tumors, Hamartoma, Dysplasias … 254 Nonodontogenic Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions … 272 Traumatology of the Teeth and Jaws … 302 Foreign Bodies and Forensic Significance of Radiographs … 314 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology Friedrich A Pasler, DDS, PhD Professor Emeritus Department of Radiology Dental Institute University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland Heiko Visser, Dr med dent., MSc Physics Professor Dental School University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany Foreword by Thomas M Hassell, DDS, Dr med dent., PhD 798 illustrations Thieme Stuttgart · New York Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pasler, Friedrich Anton [Taschenatlas der zahnärztlichen Radiologie English] Pocket atlas of dental radiology / Friedrich A Pasler, Heiko Visser p.; cm “This book is an authorized and revised translation of the German edition published an copyrighted 2003 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany” – T.p verso Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-3-13-139801-7 (alk paper) – ISBN 978-1-58890-335-8 (alk paper) Teeth–Radiology–Atlases Skull–Radiography–Atlases I Visser, Heiko, 1956 - II Pasler, Friedrich Anton Taschenatlas der zahnärztlichen Radiologie English III Title [DNLM: Radiography, Dental–Atlases WN 17 P282t 2007a] RK309.P6338 2007 617.6‘07572–dc22 2007009515 This book is an authorized and revised translation of the German edition published and copyrighted 2003 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany Title of the German edition: Taschenatlas der Zahnärztlichen Radiologie Translated by: Professor Thomas Hassell, Associate Vice Chancellor for Research, School of Graduate Studies, NC A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA © 2007 Georg Thieme Verlag, Rüdigerstrasse 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany http://www.thieme.de Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA http://www.thieme.com IV Cover design: Thieme Publishing Group Typesetting by OADF, Holzgerlingen, Germany Printed in Germany by APPL aprinta druck, Wemding, Germany ISBN 978-3-13-139801-7 (TPS, Rest of World) ISBN 978-1-58890-335-8 (TPN, The Americas) Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed If errors in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www.thieme.com on the product description page Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Preface Within the concept of a thorough pre-treatment examination, the images that can be produced through the use of ionizing radiation almost always play a critical role in providing visual information that cannot be garnered by clinical examination alone In today’s modern dental practice, examination of the teeth and their supporting osseous structures with out the use of radiographic imaging is unthinkable Indeed, radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, scintigraphy, and sonography have become indispensable components with in our diagnostic larder, to name only the most important tools at our disposable The use of ionizing radiation for the preparation of two-dimensional images of the teeth and osseous cranial structures has been with us for over 100 years, and we have learned the importance of protection for both patient and auxiliary personnel against the dangers of excessive radiation exposure Both the profession and those in industry have expended all energies in the search for techniques and technologies that minimize radiation exposure while providing images of the highest diagnostic quality We are quickly approaching what appear to be the limits It is therefore incumbent upon us all to, quite simply: Avoid the necessity for re-takes! This will involve in every case a well thought out examination strategy, a well considered minimal radiation dose, and also perfect radiographic technique (patient positioning, central ray targeting, proper settings) This Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology will find its niche in the education and training of students of dentistry, dental hygiene, radiographic technology, and for dental assistants and medical radiology assistants This book is also meant for practicing dentists, and those engaged in all of the various dental specialties It provides important advice and clinical tips concerning the basics of radiographic technique and quality control, radiographic anatomy, and radiographic diagnosis The book provides comprehensive information about both conventional radiography as well as digital imaging in all of its contemporary incarnations, always with a sharp eye toward means for minimizing radiation exposure for each and every patient Radiography cannot fulfill every demand for a comprehensive and all-inclusive documentation of each patient’s clinical/pathological/anatomical condition, because the images reveal only a “slice in time” in the patient’s life and disease process Today’s radiographic image says little about what things looked like yesterday (or last month), and nothing at all about what things will look like tomorrow (or next month) The radiograph can say little or nothing about clinical findings, and the patient’s age and gender may influence any “conclusions” drawn from the radiographs Preface In medicine and also in dentistry, clinical inspection and palpation represent the first steps in a comprehensive examination of the patient’s status quo; inspection and palpation also provide the data upon which each clinician must base her/his decisions concerning the necessity for additional, supplemental diagnostic procedures to solidify a final diagnosis and appropriately target treatment planning The authors are grateful for the intense communication and participation of Thieme Publishers as this book traversed its conception and ultimate birth Especially the input by Dr Christian Urbanowicz and other Thieme colleagues are worthy of praise and thanks We are grateful also to the many colleagues who contributed their practice-based radiographs as illustrations in this book F.A Pasler H Visser Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license V Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite VI Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Foreword Foreword For over 100 years, dentists have been “shooting x-rays” to enhance their clinical examinations of patients who present with pain or pus or otherwise apparent pathological alterations of dental and/or head and neck osseous structures Throughout the decades, techniques changed little, and practice-based radiographic equipment remained for the most part unchanged also “Wet film” developing has persevered as the gold standard, despite its limitations, difficulties, and demands This new book—Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology—is a refreshing breath of new air for the dental professions The book is presented in such a way, and in such a format, that it will be welcomed by students of dentistry and dental hygiene, and by dental assistants who are licensed to take radiographs Periodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, and perhaps especially dental implantologists will benefit greatly by having this excellent “pocket” reference at hand in the operatory as individual patients’ requirements demand special projections for the elucidation of special problems The Pasler/Visser volume provides the most current, state-of-the-art information concerning techniques and equipment for producing images of diagnostic high quality, while limiting to the Nth degree exposure to ionizing radiation, for both the patient and the auxiliary personnel who are tasked with taking the radiographs The book is exquisitely organized to make reading or referencing easy for the clinician who needs a piece of knowledge at a moment’s notice The format is user-friendly, with text on the left side and illustrations on the right side No flipping back and forth! The treatment of the latest advances in digital imaging is excellent and up-to-date Everyone expects that intraoral digital radiography will be the “thing of the future” in dentistry, and the authors provide useful guidance for those dental practices that are getting ready to move into the digital age Tips about equipment and training of personnel are well chosen and on-point The chapters on radiographic appearances of a myriad of head and neck pathological conditions exceeds what is presented in most traditional textbooks on oral/dental radiology, venturing into the radiology of oral pathology The authors take a two-pronged approach in this regard: Here is how to perform the procedure clinically, and here is how to evaluate the resultant image A fresh approach, indeed! The illustrations and diagrams are well selected to illustrate every point of the text, and are reproduced vividly by the publisher’s highly qualified technicians For a new, small book to successfully address the state-of-the-art in oral/facial radiology is a milestone Clinicians and educators will welcome this contribution by Pasler and Visser Thomas M Hassell, DDS, Dr med dent., PhD VI Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite VII Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Contents Radiographic Technique, Radiograpic Anatomy, Image Processing Panoramic Radiography … Positioning and Positioning Errors … Additional Programs for Standard Panoramic Radiography … 24 Radiographic Anatomy in Panoramic Radiographs … 28 Tooth and Jaw Development as Depicted in Panoramic Radiographs … 36 Intraoral Dental Radiographs … 40 Apical and Periodontal Projections … 40 Depicting the Third Molars … 52 Bitewing Radiographs … 54 Occlusal Radiographs … 58 Technical Errors that Reduce the Quality of Intraoral Periapical Radiographs … 66 Radiographic Anatomy in Intraoral Radiographs … 70 Contents Conventional Skull Films and Radiographic Anatomy … 82 Posteroanterior Skull Projection, Overview … 82 Lateral Skull Projection, Overview … 84 Axial Skull Projection, Overview … 86 Waters Projection, Posteroanterior … 88 Posteroanterior Mandibular Overview (Reverse Towne’s Projection) … 90 Mandibular Radiograph, Half-Arch … 92 Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph, Facial Skeleton … 94 Temporomandibular Joint, Open and Closed Mouth … 96 Computed Tomography, Radiographic Anatomy … 98 Axial Mandibular CT, Radiographic Anatomy … 98 Axial Maxillary CT, Radiographic Anatomy … 100 Coronal CT of the TMJ, Radiographic Anatomy … 102 Dental CT Programs … 104 Magnetic Resonance Imaging … 108 MRI: Functional Principles and Structure Signals … 108 VII Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite VIII Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Determining the Location of Dystopic Teeth and Individual Tooth Roots … 110 Localization Using Panoramic Radiographs … 110 Localization Using Intraoral Dental Radiographs … 112 Localization by Changing the Projection Direction of the Central Ray … 118 Localization with Supplemental Transversal Projections … 120 Localization Using Supplemental Skull Projections … 122 Depiction of Sialoliths … 124 Radiographic Technique, Radiographic Anatomy … 124 Radiographic Film, Conventional Processing, and Processing Errors … 126 Emulsion Technique and Film Packet Construction … 126 Conventional Developing of Radiographs … 128 Film Processing Errors … 130 Contents Radiography Using Digital Systems … 134 Digital Radiography … 134 Digital Image Processing … 136 Digital Sensors and Storage Phosphor Plates … 138 Image Quality of Digital Radiographs … 140 Radiation Exposure of the Patient … 142 Radiographic Pathology Dysmorphias and Regressive Alterations … 146 Hypodontia, Hyperodontia … 146 Malformations of the Jaws … 148 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta, Taurodontism … 150 Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Cemental Hyperplasia … 152 Odontodysplasias … 154 Impacted Teeth … 158 Regressive Alterations, Resorptions … 162 Calcifications, Concrements, Ossifications … 166 VIII Dental Calculus, Concrements … 166 Sialoliths … 168 Sialoliths, Ossifications … 170 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 328 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_10/06_Umbruch www.ajlobby.com Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature 328 Ghanem N, Altehoefer C, Högerle S, Moser E, Langer M Vergleichende diagnostische Wertigkeit der MRT und Knochenmarkszintigraphie bei ossären Metastasen von soliden Tumoren Fortschr Röntgenstr 2000;172:59 Gher ME, Richardson AC The accuracy of dental radiographic techniques used for evaluation of implant fixture placement Int J Periodontics Restor Dent 1995;15:268–283 Gibiliso JA Stafne’s Oral Radiographic Diagnosis Philadelphia: Saunders; 1985 Giedion A Konstitutionell-genetische Skeletterkrankungen In: Frommhold W, Dihlmann W, Stender H-St, Thurn P, Schinz HR, eds Radiologische Diagnostik Vol VI/2 Stuttgart: Thieme; 1991 Goaz PW, White SC Oral Radiology St Louis: Mosby; 1987 Gorlin RJ, et al The multiple basal-cell nevi syndrome Cancer 1965;18:89 Gorlin RJ, Cohen MM, Levin LS Syndrome of the Head and Neck 3rd ed London: Oxford University Press; 1990 Gorlin RJ Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome Derm Clin 1995;13:1 Grobovschek M, Schurich H, Pilz P Osteoidfibrom Fortschr Röntgenstr 1982;136:171 Gröndahl K, Ekestubbe A, Gröndahl HG Radiography in Oral Endosseous Prosthetics Göteborg: Nobel Biocare AB; 1996 H Hallikainen D, Gröndahl HG, Kanerva H, Tammisalo E Optimized Sequential Dentomaxillofacial Radiography The Scanora® Concept Helsinki: Yliopistopaino; 1992 Hallikainen D, Linqvist C, Iizuka T, Mikkonen P, Paukku P Cross-sectional tomography in evaluation of the patient undergoing sagittal split osteotomy Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1991;20:181 (Abstr) Hardt N, Hofer B Szintigraphie der Kiefer- und Gesichtsschädel-Erkrankungen Berlin: Quintessenz; 1988 Haßfeld S, Ziegler C, Mühling J Kann die digitale Panoramaschichtröntgentechnik das filmbasierte Verfahren ersetzen? Zahnärztl Welt 1997;106:510–514 Haßfeld S, Streib S, Sahl H, Stratmann U, Fehrentz D, Zöller J Low-dose Computertomographie des Kieferknochens in der präimplantologischen Diagnostik Grenzen der Dosisreduzierung und Genauigkeit von Längenmessungen Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 1998;2:188–193 Hfeld S, Zưller J, Albert FK, Wirtz CR, Knauth M, Mühling J Preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation in skull base surgery J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1998;26:220–225 Haßfeld S, Stein W Dreidimensionale Planung für die dentale Implantologie anhand computertomographischer Daten Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 2000;55:313–325 Haßfeld S, Zöller J, Dupont F, Mühling J Die Darstellung der Frontzahnregion mit Hilfe des Orthophos/P12-Programms Zahnärztl Praxis 1994;45:191–195 Heckmann K Die Röntgenperspektive und ihre Umwandlung durch eine Aufnahmetechnik Fortschr Röntgenstr 1939;60:144 Hidajat N, Schrưder RJ, Wolf M, et al Mgrưßen zur Charakterisierung der Patientenexposition in der Computertomographie und ihre Bedeutung für die Risikoabschätzung Radiologe 1997;37:464–469 Hirsch E, Visser H, Graf HL Präimplantäre Röntgendiagnostik Informationsbedarf versus Strahlenbelastung Implantologie 2002;10:291 Hirschfelder U Dreidimensionale computertomographische Analyse von Kiefer-, Gesichts- und Schädelanomalien Die klinische Anwendung der CT in der Kieferorthopädie Munich: Hanser; 1991 Hirschfelder U, Hirschfelder H 3-D-Rekonstruktion zur Beurteilung der Morphologie kraniofazialer Strukturen Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1989;44:187 Hirschfelder U, Hirschfelder H Einsatz neuer CT-Techniken für Kieferorthopädische Fragestellungen Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1993;48:128–133 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 329 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Horbaschek H, Chabbal J, Solzbach Z Flachbild Detektor In: Schmidt T, Stieve FE, eds Digitale Bildgebung in der diagnostichen Radiologie Berlin: H Hoffmann Verlag; 1996; 139–146 Hounsfield GN Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography) Part Description of system Br J Radiol 1973;46:1016 ICRU 54 Medical Imaging – The Assessment of Image Quality ICRU Report 54 Bethesda, Ma: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; 1996 Imhof K Dental-CT: Ein neues Programm zur Planung und Überprüfung von Kieferimplantaten Elektromedica 1992;60:26–29 Isberg A, Stenstrom B, Isacsson G Frequency of bilateral temporomandibular joint disc displacement in patients with unilateral symptoms: A 5-year follow-up of the asymptomatic joint A clinical and arthrotomographic study Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1991;20:73–76 K Kahle W, Leonhard H, Platzer W Taschenatlas der Anatomie Vol Stuttgart: Thieme; 1999 Kalender W Computertomographie – Technische Entwicklung In: Rosenbusch G, Oudkerk M, Amman E, eds Radiologie in der medizinischen Diagnostik Berlin: Blackwell; 1994 Kalender WA et al Grundlagen der Spiral-CT: Prinzipien von Aufnahme und Rekonstruktion Z Med Phys 1997;7:231–240 Kalender WA et al Grundlagen der Spiral-CT: Bildqualität Z Med Phys 1998;8:7–18 Kaeppler G, Axmann-Krcmar D, Gomez-Roman G, Schulte W Die Genauigkeit verschiedener Panoramaschichtaufnahmen und transversaler Schichtaufnahmen für die präimplantologische Planung Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1995;11:209–220 Kaeppler G, Axmann-Krcmar D, Schwenzer N Anwendungsbereich transversaler Schichtaufnahmen (Scanora) in der zahnärztlichen Implantologie Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1997;13:18–26 Kaeppler G New radiographic programs for transverse conventional tomograms in the dentomaxillofacial region Quintessence Int 1999;30:541–549 Kaeppler G Conventional cross-sectional tomographic evaluation of mandibular third molars Quintessence Int 2000;31:49–56 Kaeppler G, Axmann-Krcmar D, Reuter I, Meyle J, Gomez-Roman G A clinical evaluation of some factors affecting image quality in panoramic radiography Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2000;29:81–84 Kalifa G Radiologiste ou radioprotectioniste? Entretiens de Jérôme Pellissier Tanon Radioprotection 1999;34:95–97 Katzberg RW, Westesson PL Diagnosis of the Temporomandibular Joint Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994 Kornas M, Hfeld S, Mende U, Zưller J Metrische Genauigkeit der CT-Analyse vor enossaler Implantation Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1998:53;120–126 Kramer IRH, Pindborg JJ, Shear M The WHO histological typing of odontogenic tumours: a commentary on the second edition Cancer 1992;70:2988–2994 Kullendorff B, Nilsson M Diagnostic accuracy of direct digital dental radiography for the detection of periapical bone lesions II Effects on diagnostic accuracy after application of image processing Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;82:585–589 Kühnisch J., Pasler F.A., Bücher K., Hickel R., Heinrich-Weltzien R Triangular-shaped radiolucencies leading to false positive caries diagnoses from bitewing radiographs 8th congress of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, Amsterdam, 8–11th June 2006 Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature I L Langlais RP, Langland OE, Nortje CJ Diagnostic Imaging of the Jaws Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1995 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 329 Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 330 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_10/06_Umbruch www.ajlobby.com Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Laudenbach P, Bonneau E, Korach G Radiographie panoramique dentaire et maxillofacial Paris: Masson; 1977 Lazzerini F, Minorati D, Nessi R, Gagliani M, Uslenghi CM The measurement parameters in dental radiography: a comparison between traditional and digital technics [in Italian] Radiol Med Torino 1996;91:364–369 Lenglinger FX, Muhr T, Krennmair G Dental-CT: Untersuchungstechnik, Strahlenbelastung und Anatomie Radiologe 1999;39:1027–1034 Lichtenstein L Histiocytosis X intergration of eosinophilic granuloma of bone Letterer-Siwe disease and Schüller-Christian disease as related manifestations of a single nosologic entity Arch Pathol 1953;56:84–102 Lopez AJ, Cavézian R, Iba-Zizen MT Imagerie par résonance magnétique des articulations temporomandibulaires Actual Odonto-Stomatol 1993;182:291–311 Ludlow JB, Abreu Jr M Performance of film, desktop monitor and laptop displays in caries detection Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1999;28:26–30 M MacDonal-Jankowski DS The synchrondrosis between the greater horn and the body of the hyoid bone: a radiological assessment Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1990;19:171–172 Makek M Clinical Pathology of Fibro-Osteo-Cemental Lesions in the Cranio-Facial and Jaw Bones Basel: Karger; 1983 Makek M, Lello G Benign cementoblastoma Case report and literature review J Maxillofac Surg 1982;10:182 Marroquin BB, Willershausen-Zönnchen B, Pistorius A, Göller M Zuverlässigket apikaler Röntgenaufnahmen bei der Diagnostik von Unterkiefer-Knochenläsionen Schweiz Monatschr Zahnmed 1995;105:9 Martin-Duverneuil N, Chiras J Imagerie maxillofaciale Paris: Médicine-Sciences, Flammarion; 1997 Mittermayer C Oralpathologie – Erkrankungen der Mundregion Lehrbuch für Zahnmedizin, Mundund Kieferheilkunde Stuttgart: Schattauer; 1993 Möbes O, Becker J, Schnelle C, Ewen K, Kemper J, Cohnen M Strahlenexposition bei der digitalen Volumentomographie, Panoramaschichtaufnahme und Computertomographie Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 2000;55:336–339 Molander B, Ahquist M, Grödahl HG, Hollender L Agreement between panoramic and intra-oral radiography in the assessment of marginal bone height Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1991; 20: 155 Mongini F Headache and Facial Pain New York: Thieme; 1999 Mozzo P, Procacci C, Tacconi A, Tinazzi Martini P, Bergamo Andreis IA A new volumetric CT machine for dental imaging based on the cone-beam technique: preliminary results Eur Radiol 1998;8:1558–1564 Musgrove BT, Moody GH Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;20:93 N 330 Neitzel U Grundlagen der digitalen Bildgebung In: Ewen K, ed Moderne Bildgebung, Physik, Gerätetechnik, Bildbearbeitung und -kommunikation, Strahlenschutz, Qualitätskontrolle Stuttgart: Thieme; 1998:63–76 Nitzan DW, Marmary Y Osteomyelitis of the mandible in a patient with osteopetrosis J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1982;40:377 NRPB Risk of radiation-induced cancer at low doses and low dose rates for radiation protection purposes Documents of the NRPB Vol No Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK: National Radiological Protection Board United Kingdom 1995 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 331 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature O O’Mara RE Role of bone scanning in dental and maxillofacial disorders In: Freemann LM, Weissmann HS, eds Nuclear Medicine Annual New York: Raven Press; 1985:265–284 O’Neil DW, Koch MG, Lowe JW Regional odontodysplasia: report of case J Dent Child 1990;57:6, 459–461 O’Riordan B Phleboliths and salivary calculi Br J Oral Surg 1974;12:119 Paatero YV A new tomographic method for radiographing curved outer surfaces Acta Radiol 1949;32:177 Paatero YV Orthoradial jaw pantomography Ann Med Int Feun (Suppl 28) 1958;48:222, 227 Paatero YV Pantomography and orthopantomography Oral Surg 1961;14:947–953 Parma Cˇ Röntgenographie der Zähne und der Kiefer Berlin/Vienna: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1936 Pasler FA Manuel de radiologie dentaire et maxillofacial Paris: Payot & Doin; 1987 Pasler FA, Stöckli PW Röntgenuntersuchung In: Stöckli PW, Ben-Zur ED, eds Zahnmedizin bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Stuttgart: Thieme; 1984 Pasler FA Atlas de Médicine dentaire Paris: Médicine-Sciences, Flammarion; 1999 Pasler FA, Visser H Zahnmedizinische Radiologie – Bildgebende Verfahren 2nd ed (Farbatlanten der Zahnmedizin Vol 5) Stuttgart: Thieme; 2000 Pasler FA, Visser H Qualitätssicherung bei Panoramaschichtaufnahmen ZWR 2001;110(7–8): 505–513 Pasler FA Zahnärztliche Radiologie 4th ed Stuttgart: Thieme; 2003 Pasler F.A., Kühnisch J., Bücher K., Hickel R., Heinrich-Weltzien R Triangular-shaped radiolucencies leading to false positive caries diagnoses from bitewing radiographs 8th congress of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, Amsterdam, 8–11th June 2006 Pellerin Y Difficultés en radiologie dentaire rétro-alvéolaire classique au cours de la réalisation des cliches Revue d’Odonto-Stomatol 1992;21(6):401–409 Philipsen HP, Ormiston IW, Reichart PA The desmo- and osteoplastic ameloblastoma Histologic variant or clinicopathologic entity? Case reports J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;21:352–357 Philipsen HP, Reichart PA Squamous odontogenic tumor (SQT): a benign neoplasm of the periodontium A review of 36 reported cases J Clin Periodontol 1986;23:922–926 Philipsen HP, Reichart PA The adenomatoid odontogenic tumour: ultrastructure of tumour cells and non-calcified amorphous masses J Oral Pathol Med 1996;25:491–496 Philipsen HP, Reichart PA The unicystic ameloblastom – a review of 193 cases from the literature Oral Oncol 1998;34:317–325 Philipsen HP, Reichart PA, Praetorius F Mixed odontogenic tumours and odontomas Considerations on interrelationship Review of the literature and presentation of 134 new cases of odontomas Oral Oncol 1997;33:86–89 Philipsen HP, Samman N, Ormiston IW, Wu PC, Reichart PA Variants of the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor with a note on tumor origin J Oral Pathol Med 1992;21:348–352 Pilling E, Päßler L Computergestützte Implantationsplanung mit dem Tomographiegerät COMMCAT Quintessenz 1998;49:709–711 Pindborg JJ A calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor Cancer 1958;11:838 Pindborg JJ, Hjørting-Hansen E Atlas of Diseases of the Jaws Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1974 Pindborg JJ, Kramer IRH, Torloni H Histological typing of odontogenic tumours, jaw cysts and allied lesions International histological classification of tumours No Geneva: WHO; 1971 Pinna V, Marchi MD, Puzzuoli A, Bernardi L, Clauser L, Nordera P La tomografia computerizzata tridimensionale nella patologia maxillo-facciale Rivista di Neuroradiol 1993;6:19–34 Pistorius A, Treinen J, Mildenberger P, Willershausen-Zönnchen B Diagnostik und Anwendungsbereiche der Computertomographie in der Parodontologie Acta Med Dent Helv 1997;2:2 Poyton HG Oral Radiology Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1982 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature P 331 Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 332 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_10/06_Umbruch www.ajlobby.com Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Preece JW Isn’t it time we changed our perception of diagnostic radiation risks? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1997; 84:329 Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature R 332 Ramm B, Nunnemann A Röntgenqualitätsprüfungen und Strahlenschutz Stuttgart: Enke; 1992 Reichart PA, Dornow H Gingivo-periodontal manifestations in chronic benign neutropenia J Clin Periodontal 1978;5:74–80 Reichart PA, Philipsen HP Oralpathologie Farbatlanten der Zahnmedizin Vol 14 Stuttgart: Thieme; 1999 Reichart PA, Philipsen HP, Sonners S Ameloblastoma: biological profile of 3677 cases Oral Oncol Eur J Cancer 1995;2:86–99 Reichart PA, Ries P Considerations on the classification of odontogenic tumours Int J Oral Surg 1983:12(5)323–323 Reichart PA, Schulz P, Walz C, et al Früherkennung von Neubildungen im Kiefer-Gesichtsbereich durch den praktizierenden Zahnarzt Bonn: Deutsche Krebshilfe; 1991 Reichart PA, Zobl H Transformation of ameloblastic fibroma to fibrosarcoma Int J Oral Surg 1978;7:503–507 Reiser M, Semmler W Magnetresonanztomographie 2nd ed Berlin: Springer; 1997 Rötig T Untersuchungen zur Strahlenexposition des Patienten bei Spezialröntgenaufnahmen im Zahn-Mund-Kieferbereich [dissertation] Göttingen; 1998 Rossman K The effect of some physical factors on radiographic image quality Radiology 1965;84:123–124 Rustemeyer P, Hohn HP, Streubühr U, et al Low dose Dental-CT Fortschr Röntgenstr 1999;170:34 S Sanderink G, Huiskens R, van der Stelt P, Welander U, Stheemann S Image quality of direct digital intraoral x-ray sensors in assessing root canal length Oral Surg Oral Med Pathol 1994; 78:125 Sargos P Information et consentement du patient Bulletin de l’Ordre des médecins 1999;1:10–11 Schlegel W, Bille J, eds Medizinische Physik Berlin: Springer; 2002 Schmidt G Ultraschall-Kursbuch 2nd ed Stuttgart: Thieme; 1996 Schmidt-Westhausen A, Philipsen HP, Reichart PA Das ameloblastische Fibrom – ein odontogener Tumor in Wachstumsalter Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1991;46:66 Schorn C, Visser H, Hermann KP, Alamo L, Funke M, Grabbe E Dental CT: Bildqualität und Strahlenexposition in Abhängigkeit von den Scanparametern Fortschr Röntgenstr 1999;170: 137–144 Schramm A, Gellrich NC, Randelzhofer P, Schneider U, Gläser R, Schmelzeisen R Use and abuse of navigational surgery in oral implantation Proc 14th Int Cong and Exhi CARS 2000 San Francisco Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2000 Seifert G, Miehlke A, Hauberich J, Chilla R Speicheldrüsenkrankheiten Stuttgart: Thieme; 1984 Shear M Cysts of the Oral Regions 3rd ed Oxford: Wright; 1992 Sicher H, Trandler J Anatomie für Zahnärzte Berlin: Springer; 1928 Sitzmann F, ed Zahn-, Mund- und Kiefererkrankungen Urban und Fischer; 2000 Spiekermann H Implantologie Farbatlanten der Zahnmedizin Vol 10 Stuttgart: Thieme; 1994 Steinhardt G Untersuchungen über Beanspruchung der Kiefergelenke und ihre geweblichen Folgen Dtsch Zahnheilkd 1934;91:1 Stieve FE, Stargardt A, Stender H-St Strahlenschutz Berlin: Hoffmann; 1996 Stöckli PW, Ben-Zur ED Zahnmedizin bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Stuttgart: Thieme; 1994 Sundn S, Gröndahl K, Gröndahl HG Accuracy and precision in the radiographic diagnosis of clinical instability in Branemark dental implants Clin Oral Implants Res 1995;6:220–226 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 333 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Tal H, Moses O A comparison of panoramic radiography with computed tomography in the planning of implant surgery Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1991;20:40–42 Tammisalo EH, Hallikainen D, Kanerva H, Tammisalo T Comprehensive oral x-ray diagnosis: Scanora® multimodal radiography Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1992;21:9 Tammisalo E, Tammisalo T Multimodal radiography: a new imaging technique and system for oral diagnosis Proc Finn Dent Soc 1991;87:259–270 Tasaki MM, Westesson PL Temporomandibular joint diagnostic accuracy with sagittal and coronal MR imaging Radiology 1993;186:723–730 Tetsch P, Tetsch J Fortschritte der zahnärztlichen Implantologie – Ein Atlas Munich: Hanser; 1996: 17–18 Thibierge M, Fournier L, Cabanis EA Principes de responsabilité médicale et exercice en imagerie médicale J Radiol 1999;80:701–707 Thiel H-J, Haßfeld S Schnittbilddiagnostik in MKG-Chirurgie und Zahnmedizin Stuttgart: Thieme; 2001 Treil J, Escude B, Cavézian R, Pasquet G L’imagerie en coupes en implantologie: tomodensitométrie avec logiciel spécifique Actualités Odonto-Stomatol 1993;181:73–89 U Uehlinger E Fibröse Dysplasie (Jaffé-Lichtenstein): Osteofibrosis deformans juvenilis (Uehlinger); Albrightsches Syndrom In: Schinz HR, Baensch WE, Frommhold W, Glauner R, Uehlinger E, Wellauer J, eds Lehrbuch der Röntgendiagnostik Vol II/1 Stuttgart: Thieme; 1979 UNSCEAR 93 Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 1993 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes New York: United Nations; 1993 V Valachovic RW, Douglass CW, Reiskin AB, Channcey HH, McNeil BJ The use of panoramic radiography in the evaluation of asymptomatic adult dental patients Oral Surg Oral Med Pathol 1986;61:289 Valvassori GE, Potter GD, Hanafee WN, Carter BL, Buckingham RA Radiologie in der Hals-NasenOhren-Heilkunde Stuttgart: Thieme; 1984 Van Aken J Untersuchungen zum Indikationsbereich von Panoramaaufnahmen In: Jung T Panoramaröntgenographie Symposium Hannover Heidelberg: Hüthig; 1982 Van der Waal I Diseases of the Jaws Diagnosis and Treatment Textbook and Atlas Copenhagen: Munskgaard; 1991 van Waes JM, Stöckli P Farbatlas der Kinderzahnmedizin Stuttgart: Thieme; 2001 Verdun FR, Aroua A, Valley J-V Evaluation der Strahlenbelastung von Patienten in der Zahnärztlichen Radiologie Lausanne: IRA; 2004 Verordnung über den Schutz vor Schäden durch ionisierende Strahlen (Strahlenschutzverordnung), in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 30.6.1989 (BGB1 I S 1321, 1926), geändert durch Vierte Änderungsverordnung vom 18 August 1997 (BGB1 I, S 2113), Neufassung verabschiedet am 20.7.2001 (GMBI T.1), G5702 N 38 (26.7.2001) Visser H Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Digitalisierung von Zahnfilmen Zahnärztl Welt 1994;103:282–287 Visser H Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der parodontologischen Röntgendiagnostik Berlin: Quintessenz; 2000 Visser H, Böhm O Parodontitis und Erkrankungen der Nasennebenhöhlen Parodontologie 2003;14:31 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature T 333 Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 334 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_10/06_Umbruch www.ajlobby.com Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Visser H, Hermann KP, Köhler B Phantomuntersuchungen zur Strahlenexposition des Patienten bei der intraoralen zahnärztlichen Diagnostik mit digitalen Röntgensystemen In: Schmidt R Medizinische Physik 1997 Hamburg: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Medizinische Physik; 1997c:177–178 Visser H, Hermann KP, Schorn C, Krüger W Doses to critical organs from computed tomography (CT) In: Farman AG, Ruprecht A, Gibbs SJ, Scarfe WC Advances in Maxillofacial Imaging Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1997b:401–406 Visser H, Krüger W Can dentists recognize manipulated digital radiographs? Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1997;26:67–69 Visser H, Lewandowski P, Krüger W Comparison of storage phosphor and conventional radiography for periodontal diagnosis J Dent Res 1999;78:209 (Abstr 824) Visser H, Matheis B, Richter B, Hermann PK, Harder D, Krüger W Zahnfilmstatus und PanoramaSchichtaufnahme – Ergebniss einer klinisch-dosimetrischen Untersuchung Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1997a;52:492–494 Völke H Rayonnement ionisant et risques sanitaires Actes du 5e Colloque transfrontalier CLUSE: University of Geneva, 21–22 September; 2000 W Wächter R, Remagen W, Stoll P Kann man zwischen Odonto-Ameloblastom und ameloblastischem Fibro-Odontom unterscheiden? Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1991;46:74 Wambersie A Radiologie et radioprotection en médecine dentaire Première partie: Effets biologiques résultant d’une exposition aux rayonnements ionisants Rev Belge Méd Dent 1991;46:9–29 Webber RL The future of dental imaging Where we go from here? Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1999;28:5 Wehrbein H, Harhoff R, Dietrich P Wurzelresorptionsrate bei orthodontisch bewegten, parodontal geschädigten und gesunden Zähnen Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1990;45:176–178 Wesely RK, Cullen CL, Bloom WS Gardner’s syndrome with bilateral osteomas of coronoid process resulting in limited opening Pediat Dent 1987;9:53–57 Westesson PL Diagnostic imaging of oral malignancies Oral Maxillofac Surg N Am 1993;5:2 White SC 1992 assessment of radiation risk from dental radiography Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1992;21:118–126 White SC, Pharoah MJ, eds Oral Radiology: Principles and interpretation 4th ed St Louis: Mosby; 1999: 622–635 White St C, Pharoah MJ Oral Radiology St Louis: Mosby; 2000 Witkowski R, Prokop O, Ullrich E Lexikon der Syndrome und Fehlbildungen Berlin: Springer; 1995 Wood NK, Goaz PW Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions 5th ed St Louis: Mosby: 1997 Worth HM Principles and Practice of Oral Radiologic Interpretation Chicago: Yearbook Med Pub Inc; 1969 Y 334 Yamamoto K, Farman AG, Webber RL, Horton RA, Kuroyanagi K Effect of number of projections on accuracy of depth discrimination using tuned-aperture computed tomography for 3-dimensional dentoalveolar imaging of low-contrast details Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999; 88:100–105 Yanagisawa K, Friedmann CD, Vining EM, et al DentaScan imaging of the mandible and maxilla Head Neck 1993;15:1–7 Yang J, Cavalcanti MG, Ruprecht A, Vannier MW 2-D and 3-D reconstructions of spiral computed tomography in localization of the inferior alveolar canal for dental implants Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;87:369–374 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 335 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Z Further Reading and Medical Historical Literature Zebedin D Fotter R, Preidler KW, Mache C, Szolar DH Chronisch rekurrierende multifokale Osteomyelitis des Unterkiefers Fortschr Röntgenstr 1998;551–554 Ziedses des Plantes BGA Planigraphie en Subtractie Röntgenographische differentiatie methoden [thesis] Utrecht: Kemnik en Zoon NV; 1934 Ziegler CM, Hfeld S, Heil U, Tigưr B, Mühling J Transversale Schichtaufnahmen der Kiefer ZWR 1999;108:91–96 Zilkha A Computed tomography in facial trauma Radiology 1982;144:545–548 335 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 336 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 337 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Index A abscess – periodontal 190, 191 – subperiosteal 196, 197 Abt–Letterer–Siwe syndrome 278 acrofacial dysostosis 220, 222 addition effects 30, 32, 70 adenomatoid odontogenic tumor 262, 263, 264 Albers–Schönberg syndrome 292, 293 Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy 160 alveolar ridge – age-related involution 194, 195 – atrophy 160, 194, 195 – course of 184–187 – fracture 304, 305, 308, 309 amalgam particles 320, 323 ameloblastic fibro-odontoma 256, 257, 260 ameloblastic fibrodentinoma 260 ameloblastic fibroma 256, 257, 258 ameloblastic fibrosarcoma 298, 299 ameloblastoma 254, 255, 256, 258 amelogenesis imperfecta 152–154, 153, 172 anatomy, maxillary sinuses 208, 209 – see also radiographic anatomy aneurysmatic bone cyst 278, 279, 280 ankylosis, temporomandibular joint 230, 231 apical granuloma 210, 211 apical projection 40–51 arteriosclerosis 168 A arthritis, temporomandibular joint 222, 224, 226, 227 arthro-ophthalmopathy 150 arthropathies – diagnosis 234, 235 – primary 220–231 – secondary 232–237 articular disk 236, 237 – displacement 236, 237 atrophy, alveolar 194, 195 B bite plane 4, 5, 12, 13 bitewing radiographs 40, 54–57, 70, 71 Böök syndrome 162 bone cysts – aneurysmatic 278, 279, 280 – solitary 278, 279 bone resorption 194, 195 – subperiosteal implant and 316, 317 bone scars 204 brown tumors 294 burn-out effect 16, 17, 180, 181 C calcifications 166–171 – arteries 168 – cervical lymph node 166, 167, 168 – parotid gland 166, 167, 168 calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor 260, 261, 262 calcifying odontogenic cysts 262, 263, 264 calculus see dental calculus canines – impacted 114, 115, 158, 159 – mandibular 48, 49, 76, 77 – maxillary 44, 45, 72, 73 Capdepont syndrome 150, 151, 152, 164 carcinoma 194, 296, 297 caries 164, 165, 172–181, 186, 186, 210, 211 – cervical 178, 179 – deciduous dentition 174, 175 – impacted teeth 178, 179 – occlusal fissures 178, 179 – residual 210, 211 – secondary 180, 181 cemental dysplasia 152, 154–156 – periapical 198, 268, 269 cemento-osseous dysplasia 268, 269 – florid 268, 269 cementoblastoma 270, 271 central granuloma 164, 165, 194, 195 cervical lymph node calcifications 166, 167, 168 cheilognathopalatoschisis 148–150 children – bitewing radiographs 54, 55, 70, 71 – caries 174, 175 – fibrous dysplasia 272, 273 – occlusal radiographs 62, 63 – positioning 14, 15, 54, 55, 62, 63 – tooth and jaw development 36–39 chin 64, 65 chondroblastic osteosarcoma 298 chondroma 282, 283 chondromatosis – synovial 228 – temporomandibular joint 228, 229 cleft lip/jaw/palate 148–150 cleidocranial dysplasia 146, 148, 149, 160 concrements 166–171 condyle – fracture 230, 231 – osteochondroma 228, 230, 231, 282, 283 contamination in film processing 130, 131, 132, 133 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations 337 Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 338 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Index D coronal projection see bitewing radiographs Costello syndrome 154 Craig cysts 238, 252, 253 cysts – bone 278, 279 – – aneurysmatic 278, 279, 280 – – solitary 278, 279 – calcifying odontogenic 262, 263, 264 – classification 238, 239 – developmentally induced 238, 240–247 – – nonodontogenic 238, 246–247 – – odontogenic 238, 240–245 – eruption 238, 242, 243 – follicular 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245 – inflammation-induced 238 – lateral periodontal 238, 244, 245 – nasoalveolar 246, 247 – nasolabial 238 – nasopalatine 238, 246, 247 – paradental (Craig) 238, 252, 253 – primordial 238, 240, 241 – radicular 238, 304, 305 – – inflammation induced 248–253 – radiographic signs 238, 242, 246, 250 – Stafne 148, 149, 280, 281 – see also pseudocysts D 338 3D surface reconstructions 106, 107 De-Barsy syndrome 152 dens in dente 154, 155, 156 dens invaginatus 154 dental calculus 166, 167, 186, 187 – periodontal disease and 188–190, 191 – subgingival 166, 167, 190, 191 dental CT programs 104–107 dentes concreti 156, 157 dentes confusi 154, 155, 156 denticles 156, 157, 158 dentin dysplasia 152 dentinogenesis imperfecta 150, 151, 152 development of dentition 36–39 development of radiographs 128, 129 diabetes mellitus 192, 193 digital radiography 134, 135 – image processing 136, 137 – image quality 140, 141 – image storage 138, 139 – length measurements 136, 137 – sensors 138, 139 duplicature 154, 155, 156 dysmorphia, mandibulooculo-facial 148 dysostosis – acrofacial 220, 222 – mandibulofacial 220, 222 – pyknodysostosis 172 dysplasia – cemental 152, 154–156 – – periapical 198, 268, 269 – cemento-osseous 268, 269 – – florid 268, 269 – cleidocranial 146, 148, 149 – dentin 152 – ectodactyl-ectodermal dysplasia clefting syndrome (EEC) 150 – ectodermal 172 – – hypohidrotic 154 – fibrous 272, 273 – jaw 148, 149 – mandibulo-acroteric 312 – oculoauriculovertebral 150, 222 – temporomandibular joint 220, 221, 222, 223 E ectodactyl-ectodermal dysplasia clefting syndrome (EEC) 150 ectodermal dysplasia 172 edentulous patients 16, 17, 80, 81 edge effect 180 Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 158, 192 emulsion technique 126, 127 enamel – hypocalcification 154 – hypoplasia 154 enamel pearls 156, 157, 158 encapsulated granuloma196 197, 198 eosinophilic granuloma 190, 191, 192, 193, 230, 276, 277, 278 epulis 276 eruption – impacted teeth and 160, 161 – permanent dentition 38, 39 – – disturbed 70, 71, 160, 322, 323 – primary dentition 36, 37 eruption cysts 238, 242, 243 Ewing sarcoma 296, 297 exostoses 288, 290, 291 F facial skeleton 94, 95 – fractures 312, 313 fibro-odontoma, ameloblastic 256, 257, 260 fibroblastic osteosarcoma 298 fibrodentinoma, ameloblastic 260 fibroma – ameloblastic 256, 257, 258 – ossifying 284, 285 fibrosarcoma 230 – ameloblastic 298, 299 fibrous dysplasia 272, 273 film packet construction 126, 127 film processing 128, 129 – errors 130–133 florid cemento-osseous dysplasia 268, 269 focal sclerosing osteomyelitis 196, 197, 198, 199, 202 follicular cysts 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 339 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com G Gardner syndrome 146, 148, 152, 160, 288, 290, 291 gemination 154, 155, 156, 220, 221 genetically associated progeria syndrome (GAPO) 160 giant cell granuloma 194, 230, 274, 275, 276 – central 274, 275, 276 – peripheral 274, 275, 276 glossopalatal-ankylosis syndrome 288 Goldblatt syndrome 152 Goldenhar–Cortin syndrome 150, 222 Gorlin–Chaudry–Moss syndrome 160 granuloma 198 – apical 210, 211 – central 164, 165, 194, 195 – encapsulated 196, 197, 198 – eosinophilic 190, 191, 192, 193, 230, 276, 277, 278 – giant cell 194, 230, 274, 275, 276 – internal 162–164 gray-value palette 134 greenstick fractures 302 H habitual occlusion 4, 5, 12, 13 HajduCheney syndrome 312 HallermannStreiffFranỗois syndrome 148 hamartoma 266 Hand–Schüller–Christian disease 192, 278 hemangioma 230, 294, 295 – central 190, 191, 194 histiocytosis X 278 – see also eosinophilic granuloma histograms 134 hypercementosis 152, 153, 154 hyperodontia 146, 147, 148 hyperostosis 204, 205 hyperparathyroidism 294, 295 hyperplasia, temporomandibular joint 224 hypodontia 146, 147 hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 154 hypoplasia – dentin 164 – enamel 154 – temporomandibular joint 222 I impacted teeth 158–161, 159, 314, 315 – canine 114, 115, 158, 159 – caries 178, 179 – molars 52, 53, 116, 117, 122, 123, 158, 159, 314, 315 inflammation – cysts and 238, 248–253 – maxillary sinuses 218 – radiographic signs of 194 – temporomandibular joint 224, 225, 226, 227 – see also osteomyelitis; periodontitis injuries see fracture; trauma intestinal polyposis 146, 148, 288 intraoral radiographic survey 40, 41 G J Jaffé–Lichtenstein dysplasia 272 jaws – cleft 148–150 – development 36–39 – dysplasia 148 – malformations 148–150 – pseudocysts 278–281 Johanson–Blizzard syndrome 148 juvenile chronic polyarthritis (JCP) 226, 227 Index – differential diagnosis 244 foreign bodies 20, 21, 314–323 – maxillary sinuses 218, 219 fracture 302–313 – alveolar ridge 304, 305, 308, 309 – artifact 306, 307 – condyle 230, 231 – facial skeleton 312, 313 – iatrogenic 306, 307, 308, 310, 311 – mandibular 306, 307, 308, 309 – maxillary 310 – pathologic 310, 311 – radiographic indications 306 – temporomandibular joint 310 – tooth 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 310, 311 – zygomatic arch 308, 309, 318, 319 – see also trauma fracture line osteomyelitis 204, 205 Franceschetti syndrome 220, 222 Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome 172 free joint bodies 226, 228, 229 K keratocysts 238, 240, 241 keratosis palmoplantaris 194 Kohlschütter–Tönz syndrome 154 L lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome (LADD) 172 Langerhans-cell granulomatosis 278 – see also eosinophilic granuloma latent osseous cavity 280, 281 lateral cephalometric radiograph 94, 95 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 339 Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 340 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com M lateral periodontal cysts 238, 244, 245 Levy–Hollister syndrome 172 linear zonography 24, 25 Lobstein syndrome 292, 293 localization 110–123 luxation 302, 303 – temporomandibular joint 312 Index M 340 Mach-effect 214 macrodontia 148, 156 malformations, jaw 148–150 mandible 58, 59, 62, 63, 80, 81 – axial CT 98, 99, 188, 189 – fracture 306, 307, 308, 309 – half-arch radiograph 60, 61, 92, 93 – malformations 150 – spiral tomography 26, 27 mandibular ramus 92, 93 mandibulo-acroteric dysplasia 312 mandibulo-oculo-facial dysmorphia 148 mandibulofacial dysostosis 220, 222 Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome 172 Marshall–Smith syndrome 148 Marshall–Smith–Stickler syndrome 150 maxilla 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 80, 81 – axial CT 100, 101, 188, 189 – fractures 310 – half-arch radiograph 60, 61 – multiplanar reconstruction 104, 105 – spiral tomography 26, 27 maxillary sinuses 74, 75 – anatomy 208, 209 – chatarrhal sinusitis 214, 215 – dentogenic infections 210–215 – foreign bodies 218, 219 – polyposis 218, 219 – pseudocysts 216, 217 – rhinogenic infections 214–218 – root canal filling material 218, 219, 314, 315 – root fragment 218, 219 metastases 300, 301 Meyer–Schwickerath–Weyer syndrome 150 microdontia 148 micrognathia 222, 223 mixed dentition 14, 15, 70, 71 – bitewing radiographs 54, 55 – caries 174, 175 – disturbed eruption 70, 71 – intraoral radiographic survey 40, 41 molars – impacted 52, 53, 116, 117, 122, 123, 158, 159, 314, 315 – localization 116, 117, 122, 123 – mandibular 50, 51, 52, 53, 64, 65, 78, 79 – maxillary 46, 47, 52, 53, 72, 73, 74, 75 – third 52, 53, 64, 65 multi-layer procedure 24, 25, 26, 27 myxoma 230 – odontogenic 258, 259, 262 N Naegeli syndrome 172 Nager syndrome 220, 221, 222, 223 nasoalveolar cysts 246, 247 nasolabial cysts 238 nasopalatal structures 72, 73 nasopalatine cysts 238, 246, 247 neoplasms, temporomandibular joint 228–230 neutropenia 192, 193 O occlusal plane 4, occlusal projection 40, 58–65, 80–81 oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia 150, 222 oculodentodigital syndrome 150 odontodysplasia 154–156, 155 odontogenic myxoma 258, 259, 262 odontoma 264–267 – complex 266, 267, 314, 315 – compound 264, 265, 266 oligodontia 146, 147 onycholysis 154 orofaciodigital syndrome (OFD) 172 orthopantography (OPG) 2, – positioning 4–23 ossifications 168, 170, 171 ossifying fibroma 284, 285 osteoblastoma 286, 287 osteocartilaginous exostoses 288, 290, 291 osteochondroma 228, 282, 283 – condyle 228, 230, 231, 282, 283 osteoclastoma 278 osteodystrophy deformans 152, 290 osteogenesis imperfecta tarda 292, 293 osteoma 286, 288, 289 – osteoid 286, 287 osteomyelitis 194, 198, 199, 200–206 – acute 198, 199, 200, 201 – chronic 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 226, 227, 318, 319 – focal sclerosing 196, 197, 198, 199, 202 – fracture line 204, 205 – with sequestration 206, 207 osteomyelitis Garré 204 osteopetrosis 292, 293 osteoporosis 292, 293 osteoradionecrosis 206, 207 osteosarcoma 296, 297, 298, 299 – chondroblastic 298 – fibroblastic 298 oto-palato-digital syndrome 160 overlapping teeth 72, 73 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 341 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 www.ajlobby.com Paget disease of bone 152, 170, 200, 290, 291 Papillon–Léage–Psaume syndrome 172 Papillon–Lefevre syndrome 194 paradental (Craig) cysts 238, 252, 253 parotid gland calcifications 166, 167, 168 periapical cemental dysplasia 198, 268, 269 pericoronitis 192, 193 periodontal bone loss 10, 11, 166, 167, 182–199 periodontal projection 40–51 periodontal survey 40, 41 periodontitis – advanced 190, 191, 192, 193 – apical 164, 165, 196–199, 210, 211 – – sinus pathology 212, 213, 214, 215 – chronic 194 – juvenile 194 – – localized (LJP) 194 – marginal 182, 183, 186–195 – rapidly progressive (RPP) 194 permanent dentition 72, 73 – eruption 38, 39 phleboliths 166, 167, 168, 294, 295 Pierre-Robin sequence 220 pixels 134 pneumosinus dilatans 212 polyarthritis 222, 224, 226 – juvenile chronic (JCP) 226, 227 polyposis – intestinal 146, 148, 288 – maxillary sinuses 218, 219 premature hereditary canities (PHC) 162 premolars – mandibular 50, 51, 76, 77, 78, 79 – maxillary 46, 47, 72, 73, 74, 75 primary dentition 72, 73 – caries 174, 175 – eruption 36, 37 primordial cysts 238, 240, 241 processing see digital radiography; film processing pseudoarthroses 170, 171 pseudocysts – jaws 278–281 – maxillary sinuses 210, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219 pulp stones 156, 157, 158 pulpitis 210, 211 pyknodysostosis 172 R radiation exposure 142, 143 radicular cysts 238, 304, 305 – differential diagnosis 252 – inflammation induced 238, 248–253 radiographic anatomy – intraoral radiographs 70–81 – panoramic radiographs 28–35 radium needles 322, 323 Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome 172 reactive intraosseous hyperostosis 204, 205 Recklinghausen disease of bone 294 regressive alterations 160, 162–165 resorption see bone resorption; tooth resorptions restoration overhang 186, 187 retrognathia 222, 223 reverse Towne’s projection 90, 91 rhinoliths 168 Robinow syndrome 194 Robinson–Millerworth syndrome 152, 154 root – fragment within maxillary sinus 218, 219 – localization 116, 117 root canal – filling material in maxillary sinus 218, 219, 314, 315 – localization 116, 117 Rothmund–Thomson syndrome 148, 172 Rutherford syndrome 160, 162 P S sarcoma 194, 296, 298 – Ewing 296, 297 Scheuthauer–Marie–Sainton syndrome 146, 148, 149, 160 seborrhea 154 sequestration 202, 206, 207, 318, 319 shotgun injury 322, 323 Shwachman syndrome 172 sialoliths 168–170, 169 – localization 124, 125 sinus, maxillary see maxillary sinuses sinusitis, maxillary 214, 215 skull – axial projection 86, 87, 122, 123 – lateral cephalometric radiograph 94, 95 – lateral projection 84, 85 – newborn 70, 71 – positioning 8, 9, 82–93 – posteroanterior mandibular overview 90, 91 – posteroanterior projection 82, 83 – reverse Towne’s projection 90, 91 – Waters projection 88, 89 slot-technique 2, spiral tomography 26, 27, 234, 235 Stafne cyst 148, 149, 280, 281 Still–Chauffard syndrome 226 subgingival calculus 166, 167 sublingual gland, sialolith localization 124, 125 submandibular gland, sialolith localization 124, 125 subtraction effects 30–32, 70 summation effects 30–32, 70, 72, 73, 76, 77 sunburst effect 296, 297 synovial chondromatosis 228 synovialoma 230 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Index P 341 Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite 342 Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler_Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com T Index T tangential effect 34, 70 taurodontism 78, 150, 151, 152, 258, 259 Taybi syndrome 160 technical errors 66–69 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 12, 13, 96, 97 – ankylosis 230, 231 – articular disk 236, 237 – – displacement 236, 237 – axial CT 104, 105 – chondromatosis 228, 229 – coronal CT 102, 103, 104, 105 – dysplasia 220, 221, 222, 223 – fractures 310 – hyperplasia 224 – hypoplasia 222 – inflammation 224, 225, 226, 227 – luxation 312 – MRI 108, 109 – multi-layer procedure 24, 25 – trauma 230 – traumatic occlusion 232, 233 – tumors 228–230 tomography 2, tongue position 16, 17 tooth buds 14, 15 tooth fracture 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 310, 311 tooth luxation 302, 303 tooth resorptions 162–165 – external resorption 164 – internal resorption 162–164 – physiologic resorption 162 – unphysiologic resorption 162 transition phenomenon 180 trauma – periodontal pathology 194, 195 – temporomandibular joint 230 – tooth 304, 305 – see also fracture traumatic occlusion 232, 233 tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO) 152, 154 tuberosity region 74, 75 tumors – temporomandibular joint 228–230 – see also specific tumors twinning 156 V Van-der-Hoeve syndrome 292, 293 Van-der-Woude syndrome 150 volume tomography 106, 107 W Waters projection 88, 89 Weyers–Thier syndrome 150 wisdom teeth 52, 53 Witkop–Brearley–Gentry syndrome 154 Z zygomatic arch fracture 308, 309, 318, 319 342 Pasler,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license ... conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler _Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_ 3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Pasler ,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology. .. conditions of license Buch_Pasler_eng.book Seite Mittwoch, 18 April 2007 11:15 11 OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler _Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_ 3/2007 1.AK www.ajlobby.com Pasler ,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology. .. OADF_Langner_Thieme_Pasler _Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology_ 10/06_Umbruch www.ajlobby.com Pasler ,Pocket Atlas of Dental Radiology © 2007 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license