Mosbys review for the NBDE part II 2nd edition

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Go to evolve.elsevier.com/html/shop-promo.html to search and browse for products www.ajlobby.com Mosby’s Review for the NBDE Part Two SECOND EDITION edited by FRANK DOWD, DDS, PhD Professor Emeritus Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine School of Dentistry Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska www.ajlobby.com 3251 Riverport Lane St Louis, Missouri 63043 MOSBY’S REVIEW FOR THE NBDE, PART II, SECOND EDITION Copyright © 2015 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc ISBN: 978-0-323-22568-7 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/ permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-22568-7 Executive Content Strategist: Kathy Falk Senior Content Development Specialist: Brian Loehr Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Senior Project Manager: Marquita Parker Design Direction: Brian Salisbury Printed in the United States Last digit is the print number:  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  www.ajlobby.com Section Editors Myron Allukian, Jr., DDS, MPH Sanjay Mallya, BDS, MDS, PhD Oral Health Consultant Boston, Massachusetts Assistant Professor Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences School of Dentistry University of California Los Angeles, California Nikola Angelov, DDS, MS, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Periodontics School of Dentistry University of Texas Health Sciences Center Houston, Texas Karen Novak, DDS, MS, PhD Oscar Arevalo, DDS, SCD, MBA, MS Private Practice Miami Children’s Hospital Pediatric Dentistry Doral, Florida Professor Department of Periodontics School of Dentistry University of Texas Health Sciences Center Houston, Texas Alejandro Peregrina, DDS, MS Larry L Cunningham, Jr., DDS, MD, FACS Professor and Chief Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky Clinical Associate Professor Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Kenneth L Reed, DMD, FADSA, NDBA Private Practice Tucson, Arizona Frank Dowd, DDS, PhD Professor Emeritis Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine School of Dentistry Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska André V Ritter, DDS, MS Professor and Graduate Program Director Department of Operative Dentistry School of Dentistry University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Jarshen Lin, DDS Director, Predoctoral Endodontics Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Science Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Jeffrey C.B Stewart, DDS, MS Steven J Lindauer, DMD, MDSc Mark Taylor, DDS, FACD Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry Richmond, Virginia Associate Professor Department of Pathology and Radiology Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon Chair, Department of Pediatric Dentistry School of Dentistry Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska iii www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com Contributors Marla W Deibler, Psy.D Director, The Center for Emotional Health of Greater Philadelphia Cherry Hill, New Jersey Florence Kwo, DMD Section of Endodontics Division of Associated Clinical Sciences School of Dentistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Assistant Professor, Department of Health Policy & Health Services Research Boston University Henry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Bhavna Shroff, DDS, MDentSc, MPA Professor, Department of Orthodontics Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry Richmond, Virginia Philip Lin, DDS Eser Tufekci, DDS, MS, PhD Resident Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Kentucky Tom C Pagonis, DDS, MS Catherine Frankl Sarkis, JD, MBA Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Science Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry Richmond, Virginia v www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com Preface How to Use This Text This review book is the compiled work by experts in each of the relevant disciplines represented on the National Board Dental Exam (NBDE) This second edition includes recent updates and important changes from the first edition for each NBDE subject This text is a tool to help prepare students for taking the NBDE and to help identify strengths and weaknesses so students can better utilize their study time This text is not meant to replace years of professional training nor to simply provide questions so that students may pass the exams if they memorize the answers Instead, this book will help direct students to the topic areas they may need to further review and will strengthen students’ knowledge and exam-taking skills Dental schools generally well in preparing their students for practice and for board exams Usually, there is a good correlation between students who well in their dental courses and those who score well on their board exams Therefore to best prepare for board exams, students should focus on doing well in their course work It is in the students’ best interest to focus more board exam study time on the areas in which they have not performed as well in their dental coursework Most students are aware of their areas of weakness and therefore will have the opportunity to focus more resources on these areas when studying for boards Helpful Hints for Preparing to Take Your Board Examinations Pace yourself and make a study schedule As when taking a course, it is always better to give yourself sufficient assimilation time rather than “cramming” over a short period of time, and if you start studying early enough, you should not have to make major changes in your daily schedule Study in a quiet environment similar to that in which the test is given Stick to your schedule and minimize distractions to avoid last minute panic and the urge to “cram.” Know your weaknesses and focus more of your resources on strengthening these areas Look back at your grades from the courses that relate to the exam topics These will indicate areas that need more attention Also, use this book as a trial run to help point to content areas that may need more review Many find practice exams useful You can employ practice exams in several ways: study with others by asking each other questions; test yourself with flashcards or notes that are partially covered from view; or answer questions from this text In each case, be sure to check your answer to find out whether you achieved the correct answer Each section of this review book has practice exam questions There is also a sample exam with questions from each discipline This book also contains explanations as to why an answer is a correct answer and why the distracters are not See if these explanations agree with the reasons for making your selections The questions are written in the formats used on the National Boards including the new formats of matching, ordering and multiple correct/multiple responses Block off time for practice examinations, such as the review questions and sample exam in this text Time yourself and practice your test speed; then compare your time to the estimated time needed to complete each section of the NBDE If your school offers board reviews, we highly recommend taking them These may assist you with building your confidence with what material you have already mastered and may help you focus on material that you need to spend more time studying Stay positive about the board exam If you prepare well, you should well on the exam Besides, think of all the people who have preceded you and have passed the exam What has been done can be done Consider making a study group composed of people who will be good study partners and who are able to help the other members in the group review and build confidence in taking the exam Exams are administered by the Joint National Commission on Dental Education (JNCDE) contracting with Prometric, Inc (Prometric.com) at various testing centers Exams are taken electronically Students seeking to take the National Board Exam must be approved by their Dean, who recommends eligibility for the exam to JNCDE More information on the exam is available at the American Dental Association (ADA) website Helpful Hints During the Taking of Examinations It is important to note that questions that are considered “good” questions by examination standards will have incorrect choices in their answer bank that are very close to the correct answer These wrong choices are called “distracters:” they are meant to determine vii www.ajlobby.com viii  Preface those who have the best knowledge of the subject The present NBDE review questions should be used to help the test taker better discriminate similar choices, as an impetus to review a subject more intensively (Distractors in questions on the actual board exam help determine which students have the best knowledge of the subject.) Most test takers better by reading the question and trying to determine the answer before looking at the answer bank Therefore consider trying to answer questions without looking at the answer bank Eliminate answers that are obviously wrong This will allow a better chance of picking the correct answer and reduce distraction from the wrong answers Only go back and change an answer if you are absolutely certain you were wrong with your previous choice, or if a different question in the same exam provides you with the correct answer Read questions carefully Note carefully any negative words in questions, such as “except,” “not,” and “false.” If these words are missed when reading the question, it is nearly impossible to get the correct answer; noting these key words will make sure you not miss them If you are stuck on one question, consider treating the answer bank like a series of true/false items relevant to the question Most people consider true/false questions easier than multiple choice At least if you can eliminate a few choices, you will have a better chance at selecting the correct answer from whatever is left Never leave blanks, unless the specific exam has a penalty for wrong answers It is better to choose incorrectly than leave an item blank Check with those giving the examination to find out whether there are penalties for marking the wrong answer Some people better on exams by going through the exam and answering known questions first, and then returning to the more difficult questions later This helps to build confidence during the exam This also helps the test taker avoid spending too much time on a few questions and running out of time on less difficult questions that may be at the end In addition, you may find additional insight to the correct answer in other exam questions later in the exam Pace yourself during the exam Determine ahead of time how much time each question will take to answer Do not rush, but not spend too much time on one question Sometimes it is better to move to the next question and come back to the difficult ones later, since a fresh look is sometimes helpful Bring appropriate supplies to the exam, such as reading glasses, appropriate for a computer screen If you get distracted by noise, consider bringing ear plugs It is inevitable that someone will take the exam next to the person in the squeaky chair, or the one with the sniffling runny nose Most exams will provide you with instructions as to what you may or may not bring to the exam Be sure to read these instructions in advance 10 Make sure that once you have completed the exam all questions are appropriately answered Review before you submit your answers electronically 11 Before coming to the exam, read over the checklist provided on the ADA website under “National Boards” Presently, the part II exam is constructed as follows: Day Description # of Items Time Optional Tutorial NA 15 minutes Discipline-based, multiple-choice test items ~200 3.5 hours Optional scheduled break NA One hour max Discipline-based, multiple-choice test items ~200 3.5 hours Day Description # of Items Time Optional tutorial NA 15 minutes Patient case problems with multiple-choice questions 100 3.5 hours Optional Post-exam Survey NA 15 minutes Helpful Hints for the Post-Examination Period It may be a good idea to think about what you will be doing after the exam Most people are exhausted after taking board exams Some reasons for this exhaustion may be the number of hours, the mental focus, and the anxiety that exams cause some people Be aware that you may be tired, so avoid planning anything that one should not when exhausted, such as driving across the country, operating heavy machinery or power tools, or studying for final exams Instead, plan a day or two to recuperate before you tackle any heavier physical or mental tasks Consider a debriefing or “detoxification” meeting with your positive study partners after the exam Talking about the exam afterwards may help reduce stress However, remember that the feelings one has after an exam may not always match the exam score (e.g., students who feel they did poorly may have done well, or students who feel they did well may not have.) Consider doing something nice for yourself After all, you will have just completed a major exam It is important to celebrate this accomplishment We wish you the very best with taking your exams and trust that this text will provide you with an excellent training tool for your preparations www.ajlobby.com 458  Index Carved amalgam, proximal portion (evaluation), 65 Carvedilol, 298 Carving occlusal margins, 64f Case-control study, 224 Case selection, 1-12 Cast ceramic, 47 Casting, accuracy, 360 Cast metal restorations, indications, 47 Cast restorations clinical examination, 44 delivery, 364 Casts evaluation, 345 mounting, 344 Cathode, 132 Cavitated lesions, restorations, 39 Cavitation, process, 37f Cavities, checking (methods), 192 Cavosurface margin, 58 CBCT See Cone-beam computed tomography C clasps, 199 Cell kinetics, radiation (impact), 136 Cell surface adhesion receptors, 291 Cellular differentiation, occurrence, 167 Cellular radiation effects, 135 Cellulose wafers, 56 Cemental dysplasia, 10 Cement base, insertion, 75f Cementifying fibroma, 126 Cementoblastoma, 10, 126, 126f Cement-retained implant crown, 347 Cements, action, 357 Cementum radiographic anatomy, 144 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 236 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 235-236 Central giant cell granuloma, 10, 128 Central nervous system (CNS) pharmacology, 302-308 Central odontogenic fibroma, 126 Central tendency, measures, 226-227 Centric bearing cusps, metal thickness, 357 Centric occlusion, 344 Centric relation (CR), 344 record, 349 Cephalometrics (skeletal relationships), 163-164 landmarks, definitions, 164f measures, 164-165 radiographs, usage, 346 Cephalosporins, 281, 332 generations, 332t Ceramic brackets, 173 Cervical headgear, 179 Cervical-pull headgear, 174 Cervical resorption, 26 Cevimeline, usage, 300 C fiber pain, Chancre (primary lesion), 113 Change model, stages, 239 Change talk, 242 Charge-coupled device (CCD), 142 Charts, copies (provision), 246-247 Checkerboard analyses, 257 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 261 Cheek biting, 353 Cheek trauma, 194 Chemical burn, 111 Chemical (cold) sterilization, 232 Chemotaxins, 261 Chemotaxis, 262f Cherubism, 128, 128f Child behavior classification, 189-192 functional inquiry, 190 management, dental setting, 189-192 variables, 190 Children abuse/neglect, 211-212 types, 212 acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 205 adults, physiologic differences, 194 blood pressures, 194t caries, epidemiology, 218 dental trauma, 205-207 dosages, 192-195 Frankl behavioral rating scale, 190 frenum attachment, abnormality, 204-205 gingivitis, 204-205 herpes simplex infection, 204 local anesthesia, 192-195 techniques, 193 minimal attached gingiva/recession, 204 nitrous oxide sedation, 194-195 periodontal disease, 205 periodontal problems, 204-205 puberty gingivitis, 204 pulse rates, 194t recurrent aphthous ulcer, 204 respiratory rates, 194t restorative dentistry, 195-196 Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), 235 Chin cup (chin cap), 174-175, 179 Chisels, intention, 48 Chi-square (χ2) test, 228 Chloral hydrate, 304-305 Chlorhexidine, 13, 61 availability, 282 Chloride channel, 304 GABA, usage, 304f Cholesterol absorption, inhibitors, 323 Cholinergic agonists, muscarinic effects, 299 Cholinergic drugs, dental implications, 300 Cholinergic receptor agonists, 299, 299t Cholinesterase inhibitors, 300t Chondrosarcoma, 130 Christensen’s phenomenon, 349 Chronic aspirin toxicity, 315 Chronic heart failure, drugs (usage), 319 Chronic osteomyelitis, 129-130 proliferative periosteitis, combination, 129 Chronic periodontitis, 219, 256, 258 Chronic recurrent dislocation, occurrence, 92 Cigarette smoking, risk factor, 264-266 Cingulum rest, 355 Ciproflaxin, 282 Clasps assembly parts, function/position, 355t selection guidelines, 355 Classical conditioning, 240 Class I composite incremental insertion, 71f Class I elastics, 177 Class II amalgam tooth preparations, diagrams, 56f Class II correction, impact, 181 Class II elastics, 177 Class III elastics, 177 Class III initial composite restorations, preparation designs, 61f Class III malocclusion, 162 Class III restorations, preparation designs, 60f Class III treatment, impact, 181 Class II malocclusion, 162 Class I malocclusion, 162 Class I normal occlusion, 162 www.ajlobby.com Class IV initial composite restorations, preparation designs, 61f Class IV restorations, preparation designs, 60f Class V initial composite restorations, preparation designs, 61f Class V restorations, preparation designs, 60f Cleft lip developmental abnormality, 159 Cleidocranial dysplasia, 130 Clindamycin, 333 spectrum, 281 Clinical attachment loss, 252 Clinical diagnosis, 1-12 Clinical examination, requirements, 40f Clinical factors, 270 Clinical findings, summarizing, 253-254 Clinical interviewing, 237-238 Clinical trials, 224 Closed model, 235 Closed questions, 238 options, inclusion, 238 Closing rotation, 157-158 Cobalt-chromium RDPs, fracture, 356 Cocaine, usage, 310 Coccidioidomycosis, 114 Cognitive-behavioral interventions, usage, 243 Cognitive coping (reframing), 243 Coherent scattering, 134 Cohort study, 224 Cold test, Cold-working, 356 Collar, 73 usage, 138 Collimation, 134, 138 Colonization, 257 Combination syndrome, 348 Combined lesions, 255 Commitment talk, 242 Communication listening techniques, 236 skills, 236-239 Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), 218 Community trials, 224 Community water fluoridation, 219-220 Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), 142 Complementary treatment strategies, 272f Complete buccal crossbite, 162 Complete dentures, 344, 347-353 clinical examination, 347 examination, 347-353 fabrication, anatomic considerations, 350-351 insertion/postinsertion, 352-353 optimal function, 348-349 phonetic considerations, 350 preprosthetic treatment, 348-349 radiographic examination, 348 Complete final maxillomandibular relation procedures, 352-353 Complete lingual crossbite, 162 Complicated crown fractures, 23f Complicated fractures, 22 Composite restorations, 69-72 clinical examination, 44 clinical technique, 59-60 insertion, 70 tooth preparation, 59-60 types, 69 usage, 62 Comprehensive treatment, 180-181 stages, 180-181 Compression side, 165-166 Compromised host defenses, 97b Compton scattering, 134 Index  459 Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), 47 Computer-generated onlays/inlays, 47 Concussion, 24 Condensation silicone, 359 Condensing osteitis (focal sclerosing osteomyelitis), 129 Condylar cartilage, development, 157 Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts), 112 Condylotomy, 93 Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), 10, 253 Cone image shifting, 17 Confidentiality, 246-247 Congenital absence (hypodontia), 187 Congenitally absent teeth, 204 Congenital syphilis, 113 Connective tissue cuff, blood supply (schematic illustration), 279f tumors, types, 118-120 Conscious sedation, antihistamines (usage), 312 Consent elements, 245 exceptions, 245 Consequences, alteration, 241 Contact allergies, 115 Contaminated waste, disposal, 232 Contrangle air-turbine handpiece, air-water supply line connection, 49f Control, internal locus, 241 Controlled (scheduled) substances, examples, 338t Controlled tipping, 170 Cooperative patients, types, 189-190 Copper stem, 132 Cores buildups, 357 construction, 356 Coronal caries (adults), 218 Coronal leakage, 30-31 Coronal perforation, 20 Coronal pulp tissue, removal, 197f Coronal root fracture, 22 Coronoplasty, 283 Correlation coefficient, 227f Correlation/correlation coefficient (r), 227 Corrosion, 252 resistance, 360 Cortical anchorage, 172 Cortical bone, quantity, 83f Cotton roll isolation, 56 Couples, 170 diagrammatic representation, 170f Coxsackievirus infections, 112 CR See Centric relation Cracked tooth syndrome, 10-11 clinical features, 10-11 diagnosis, 10 incidence, 10 prognosis, 10 radiographic evidence, 10 treatment, 10 Cranial base, 156 synchrondroses, diagrammatic representation, 156f Cranial vault, 156-158 Craniofacial complex, growth sites, 156-158 Crevicular incision, 274 Cromolyn, 324 Crossbite, 162 elastics, 177 Cross-linking, degree, 356 Cross-sectional studies, 223-224 Crowding, 177 obtaining, 211 Crown fracture, 22 Crown movement, 170 Crucibles, 367 Cryptococcosis, 114 Cultural factors, 240 Culture sensitivity testing, indications, 98b Curare-type drugs, 301 Curare-type neuromuscular junction blockers, 301t Curettes, usage, 272-273 Curved canal, enlargement (excess), 19 Cusp capping, rule, 54f Cusp counterbevel, 73 Cusp inclines, sharpness, 348f Custom-fabricated mouth guards, 208 Custom incisal guide tables, 344 Cutting hand instruments, 47-49 mechanisms, 50-51 Cutting instruments applications, 48 hazards, 51 powered cutting instruments, 49 rotary cutting instruments, 49-50 Cvek pulpotomy, 28-29 Cyclooxygenase (COX) COX-2 selective drugs, impact, 315 inhibition, 314 pathway, 314f Cystic ameloblastoma, 126 Cysts classification, 101 surgical management, 100-102 Cytokines, 262-263 D Dantrolene, 301 Decayed/Missing/Filled Surface (DMFS), 217 Decayed/Missing/Filled Teeth (DMFT), 217 Decision making, biostatistics, 228-229 Deep excavation, 55, 62 Deep fascial spaces, borders, 95t Deep fungi, 114 Delaire-type facemask, 179f Delivery models, 235 Demineralization, 35-36 Dendritic cells, 262 Denosumab, 329 Dens evaginatus, 187 Dens invaginatus, 188 Dental arches, dimensional changes, 161 Dental burs, 50 Dental care delivery systems, 234-236 Dental caries, 35-40 balance, 35-36 definition, 35 etiology, 35-38 objective, 35-38 plaque hypothesis, 36 prevention, community/preventive measures, 220t Streptococcus mutans (impact), 36 teeth, examination, 251-252 Dental development, 159-161 Dental extractions bleeding complication, 82 indications, 79 Dental facility compliance, methods, 231 engineering controls, 231 exposure control plan, 231 exposure determination, 231 implementation schedule, 231 www.ajlobby.com Dental facility (Continued) infection control precautions, 231 practice controls, 231 Dental gypsum classification, 366 products, particle size, 366 Dental health maintenance organization (D-HMO), 234 Dental history, 5-6, 251 questions, 206 Dental implants, 258-259 Dental literature descriptive epidemiology, 223 evaluation, 223-229 studies, types, 223-229 Dental managed care, 234-235 Dental materials, 365-367 Dental pain, 243-244 Dental plaque bacterial biofilm, 257 biofilm formation, factors, 257 composition, 255-257 formation, phases, 257 Dental preferred provider organization (D-PPO), 234 Dental team, attire, 192 Dental trauma (children), 205-207 etiology, 205-207 injury, 205-206 patient assessment, 206 reactions, 205 treatment, 206-207 Dental treatment plan, development, 44 Dental x-ray machine circuitry, components, 133f Dentigerous cyst, 124, 124f Dentin bonding, 66-69 demineralization, 37f dysplasia, 131f, 189 fracture, 207 microstructural features, 67 porcelain, 361 radiographic anatomy, 144 Dentinal caries, 36 Dentinal pain, Dentinoenamel junction (DEJ), 44, 57 lesions, 46 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 131f, 189 Dentin-pulp complex, 28 Dentition development, space management, 199-204 mixed dentition, 199 primary dentition, 199 Dentition, calcification/eruption, 185-187 Dentoalveolar injuries, classification, 84b Dentoalveolar surgery, 79-83 alveoplasty, 82 contraindications, 80 impacted teeth, classifications, 80 radiographic examination, 80 surgical extractions, 80 indications, 80 surgical impactions, 80 surgical principles, 80-82 Dentrifice-associated slough, 111 Dentures base resins, chemical composition, 356 impression surface, factors, 351 removal, 351 resilient liners, 351-352 retention, 351 support, 351 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), DNA-DNA hybridization, 257 460  Index Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 235-236 Depolarizing noncompetitive blockers, 301 Dermoid cyst, 110 Descriptive epidemiology, 223 Descriptive statistics, 226 Desflurane, 312 Detailing, 180 Developing dentition, space management, 199-204 Developmental abnormalities, 159 Developmental cysts, 10 Developmental defects, 251-252 Developmental jaw cysts, 110-111 Developmental soft tissue cysts, 110 Dextromethorphan, 314 Diabetes, 266 DIAGNOdent (laser fluorescence), 40 Diagnosis, 40-47, 251-255 treatment planning, 343-347 Diagnostic impressions/casts, 344-345 Diagnostic radiographs, 17-18 Diagnostic tests, sensitivity/specificity, 229t Diamond abrasive instruments, 50 terminology, 50 Diamond cutting instruments, shapes/designs, 51f Diamond particle factors, 50 Diaphragmatic (paced) breathing/relaxation, usage, 243 Diet, impact, 225 Differential diagnosis, 150 Differential nerve blockade, 102-103 Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis, 129 Diffusion hypoxia, 195 Digital detectors, 142 characteristics, 142 Digital image display, 142 Digital imaging, 141-142 analog imaging, differences, 141-142 Digital imaging fiberoptic transillumination (DIFOTI), 40 Digitalis, 319 action, 319f adverse effects, 319 Digit-sucking habits, 209 Dilaceration, 188 Diphenhydramine, 308 Diphenoxylate, 314 Direct composite restorations, indications, 47 Direct contact, 229 Direct dopamine receptor agonists, 308 Direct genetic control, 156 Direct pulp cap, 28, 197 Direct retainer, 354-355 types, 355 Direct thrombin inhibitors, 323 Disc displacement disorders, 91 Discoloration, causes, 30 Discolored teeth, bleaching, 30 Disc repair/removal (discectomy), 93 Disc repositioning surgery (open arthroplasty), 93 Diseases, 229-232 Disinfectants, 281-282 Disinfection, 17, 232 Dispersion, measures, 227 Displacement injuries, 24 Distal extension RDPs, 356 Distal step, 160 Disto-occlusal preparation, proposed outline, 72f Distraction, 243 Distraction osteogenesis (DO), 83, 87 Distractor appliance, usage, 90f Distress scale, subjective unit, 243 Distribution bimodal distribution, 226 drugs, 292-293 frequency distribution, 226 normal distribution, 226 skewed distribution, 226 Diuretics, 317-323 actions, sites, 322f loop diuretics, 322 Documentation, 246 Dopamine, 308 Dopaminergic cell groups, 302t Doripenem, 332 Doses, recommendations, 192t Dosimetry, 134 Double-ended instruments, 48 example, 48f Down syndrome, 267 Drainage, 13-15 indications, 14 Droplets, usage, 229 Drug-drug interactions, 293-294 examples, 294t genetics/pharmacology, 293 Drugs abbreviations/definitions/receptors, 295-296 actions, targets, 291 adverse reactions, 293 allergy, 293 antiepileptic mechanisms, 306t classes, mnemonics, 290-291 clinical testing, 294 dose-response relationships, 291-292 idiosyncratic reaction, 293, 294t legislation, 294 legislative acts, 295t metabolism, 292-293 occurrence, 292 reactions, types, 292 plasma concentration, semilog plot, 293f pregnancy, relationship, 294 side effect, 293 testing phases, 294t toxicity, 293 unequal distribution, 292f Dry heat sterilization, 16 Dry-heat sterilization, 231 E Early childhood caries (ECC), 210, 218 AAPD definition, 210 definition, 210 Early Periodic Screening Diagnostic and Treatment (EPSDT), 235 Ears, precautions, 51 Ecologic plaque hypothesis, 258 periodontal diseases, relationship, 258f Ectopic eruption, 178, 199-200 mandibular permanent central incisors, 200f Ectopic permanent molars, eruption, 202-203 Ectopic premolars, 203 EDTA See Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid Elastic impression materials, 360t Elasticity, high modulus, 360 Elastics, 177 Electrical conductance, 40 Electrical pulp tests, technique, Electromagnetic radiation, 132 Electrosurgery, 359 Emancipated minors, sliding scale, 245 Embedded, term (usage), 80 www.ajlobby.com Embryonic craniofacial development, stages, 159t Emergence profile, 357 Emotional abuse/neglect, 212 Empathy, 237-238 Enamel bonding, 66-69 caries, 36 etching, 68, 174 fracture, 22, 207 hatchets, 48 hypocalcification, 189 hypoplasia, 188-189 microstructural features, 67 prophylaxis, pumice (usage), 174 radiographic anatomy, 143 Endochondral bone formation, 156 intramembranous bone formation, differences, 156 Endocrine pharmacology, 324-330 Endodontically treated teeth coronal leakage, 30-31 ferrule, 30 restoration, 30-31 structural considerations, 30-31 Endodontic diagnosis, 5-6 dental history, 5-6 medical history (developing data), patient, triage, 5-6 Endodontic emergencies, 15-16 categories, 15-16 definition, 15-16 treatment, 16 Endodontic examination/testing, 6-10 Endodontic failure, 31 causes, 32 Endodontic lesions periodontitis, association, 255 types, 11-12 Endodontic pain, orofacial diseases (mimicry), Endodontic pathosis, differential diagnosis, 17-18 Endodontic-periodontal lesions, 255 Endodontic-periodontal relationships, 11-12 Endodontic radiographic anatomy, 17-18 Endodontics microbiology, 18 success, principles, 31 Endodontic success, 31 rate, factors, 31 Endodontic term, usage, Endodontic treatment, 55 procedures, 12-18 Endoperiodontal problems, types (diagrammatic representation), 255f Endorcine pharmacology, 324-330 Endosteal implant, 345-347 Enflurane, 312 Engaging (motivational learning), 242 Entacapone, 308 Environmental contaminants, 232-233 Environmental growth control, 156 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 229 Epidemiology, 217-219 measures, 217-218 Epidermolysis bullosa, 130 Epigenetic growth control, 156 Epinephrine reversal, 298 Epinephrine usage, 324 Epitactic concept, 260 Epithelial attachment, histologic scheme, 278f Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 112-114 infections, 113 Index  461 Epulis fissurata, 348 Equipment, safety, 232-234 ADA Council on Scientific Affairs recommendations, 232 Equivalent force systems, 170 Ergot alkaloids, 316 Erosion, 252 treatment, 46 Ertapenem, 332 Eruption cyst, 124 obstruction, supernumerary tooth (impact), 185f problems, 178 sequence, 161 Erythema multiforme, 115 Erythromycin, 282 Erythroplakia (erythroplasia), 117, 117b Esters allergies, 310 metabolism, 310 Estrogens, 329 Etch-and-rinse three-step systems (multibottle/fourth-generation systems), 67-68 Etch-and-rinse two systems (one-bottle/ fifth-generation systems), 68 Ethical principles, 246 Ethmoid bones, 156 Ethosuximide, 307 Ethyl alcohol, 304-305 Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 13 Ethylene oxide (Chemiclave), 231-232 Etiology, 255-260 Eubacterium species, 259 Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA), 310 Event sampling, 241 Evoking (motivational interviewing), 242 Ewing’s sarcoma, 130 Examination, 40-47 Exarticulation (avulsion), 24-25 Excavations, 62 Excavators, subdivisions, 48 Excisional biopsy, 100 Excretion (drugs), 292-293 occurrence, 293 Exenatide, 327 Exfoliation, occurrence, 199 Exostoses, 110 Exothermia, 366 Experimental design, 225 Experimental epidemiology, 224 Expert testimony, usage, 247 Exploratory strokes, 273 Exposure incident/follow-up, 231 time, 134 Extended-shank curettes, 273 External oblique ridge, 148 External root resorption, 26t internal root resorption, differences, 27t External walls, finishing, 55 Extinction, 242 Extracoronal retainer, 355 Extraction, 196 indications, 180 Extraoral examination, Extrusion (primary teeth), 207 Extrusion arch, 176 Extrusive luxation, 24 Eyes autonomics, 300 precautions, 51 F Facebow transfer, 365 Facial asymmetry, treatment, 179 Facial convexity, 163 Facial esthetics/proportions, 155 Facial fractures, 84 Facial pain, 87-91 differential diagnosis, 87 Facial proportions, 86f Facial (lingual) smooth-surface caries, presence, 43 Factitious traumatic lesions, 255 Fact witnesses, usage, 247 False negative (FN), 228 False readings, causes, Fascial spaces, 94 Fat, liposarcoma, 120 FDP See Fixed dental prosthesis Feedback, provision, 242 Fee schedules, 234 Feldspathic porcelain, 47 Fentanyl, 314 congeners, 314 Ferric sulfate/ferric chloride, 359 Ferrule, 30 Fertility drugs, 330 Fibric acid derivatives, 322 Fibromatosis, 119 Fibromyxoma (odontogenic myxoma), 126 Fibro-osseous lesions, 127 Fibrous dysplasia, 127 Fibrous lesions, 119 Fibrous maxillary tuberosity, 348 Fifth-generation systems, 68 Filtration, 134 Fine-needle aspiration, 100 Finishing, 180 Finish lines, smoothness, 356 First-generation histamine receptor blockers, comparison, 317 First premolars, eruption, 202f Fissured tongue, 110 Fissure sealants, 212 Fistula, 196 Fixed appliances, 173-177 completion, 180-181 Fixed dental prosthesis (FDP), 343-347 connectors, 357 nonrigid connector, 357 rigid connectors, 357 Fixed digit sucking appliance, 209f Fixed kiddie partial, 200f Fixed prosthodontics, 356-367 Fixed retainers, 181 Flaps, 100 classification, 274 design, 14, 274 Flare-ups, 16 Flecainide, 318 Florid osseous dysplasia, 127 Fluid control, 357-359 Flumazenil, 304 Fluorescence, 361 Fluoride drops, 221 foams, 222 gels, 222-223 mouth rinse, 221 rinses, 39 supplements, 221 usage, 38 varnishes, 222 Fluoride supplementation schedule, basis, 209t www.ajlobby.com Fluoroquinolones, 334 Flush terminal plaque, 160 Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck’s disease), 112-113 Focal fibrous hyperplasia, 119 Focal (frictional) hyperkeratosis, 111 Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis (condensing osteitis), 129 Focal trough, 150 Focusing (motivational interviewing), 242 Fondaparinux, 323 Force-deflection curve, 172f Force system, 165 equivalent force systems, 170 Fordyce granules, 109 Foreign body reactions, occurrence, 255 Formocresol pulpotomy, pulp tissue zones, 198f Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device, 175 Foundation restorations, 356 Fourth-generation systems, 67-68 Fracture injuries, 22-24 lines, detection, 43 resistance (increase), ferrule (impact), 30 Frankl behavioral rating scale, 190 Free gingival graft, 348 Frenectomy, 348 Frenum attachment abnormality, 204-205 problem, 275 Frequency distribution, 226 Fricatives, 350 Frictional (focal) hyperkeratosis, 111 Full-mouth radiographs, 165 Full-thickness flap horizontal incisions, 274 reflection, 282 vertical incisions, 274 Fully adjustable articulators, 345 Functional appliances, 175 Functional inquiry, 190 Functional matrix theory, 156 Fungal infections, 114 Furcal perforation, 20 Furcation assessment, 253 involvements, classification, 253 radiolucency, 196 Fusobacterium nucleatum, 259 impact, 257 G Gabapentin, 307 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB), effect (enhancement), 304 Gardner’s syndrome, 130 Garré’s osteomyelitis, 129 Gases, environmental contaminants, 232 Gastrointestinal disorders (treatment), drugs (usage), 323-324 Gastrointestinal pharmacology, 323-324 Gate-control theory, 243 Gates-Gliddon instrument, 12 General anesthetics, 310-313 action, mechanism, 311 drugs, 311 properties, terms (application), 311 stages, 311 Generalized aggressive periodontitis, 205 Generalized gingival hyperplasia, 119 systemic modifying factors, 119b Generalized spacing, 178 Genial tubercles, 146-147 Genioplasty, 182 462  Index Genital warts (condyloma acuminatum), 112 Geographic tongue, 110, 110f Germination, 187 primary mandibular lateral incisor, 188f Ghost images, 150 Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis), presenting symptoms, 91 Giant cell lesions, 127-129 Gingiva attachment, width (increase), 275 Gingival abscesses, 284 Gingival ameloblastoma, 126 Gingival bevel, 73 Gingival cysts (newborns), 125 Gingival disease, 253 malnutrition, impact, 254 modification medications, impact, 254 systemic factors, impact, 254 Gingival enlargements, 285 blood dyscrasias, association, 285 Gingival excess (removal), amalgam knives (usage), 65f Gingival graft, healing, 282 Gingival index (GI), 217-218 Gingival margin trimmers, 48 Gingival recession, 252-253 Gingival show on smile, 163 Gingival surgery, 274-275 Gingival tissues, attachment, 277-279 Gingiva/recession, attached (minimum), 204 Gingivectomy, 274-275 Gingivitis, 204-205, 219, 261 clinical features, 254-255 histologic stages, 264b pathogenesis, 263 Gingivoplasty, 275 Glass-ionomer cement, adherence, 364 Glazing, 361 Globulomaxillary lesion, 111 Gloves, usage, 230 Glucocorticoids actions, 327-328 adverse effects, 328 dental applications, 328 potencies, 327 uses, 328 Glutaraldehyde, 61 Glycopyrrolate, 359 Gold inlay restorations, 72-73 clinical procedure, 72-73 definition, 72 requirements, 72 tooth preparation, 73 Gonorrhea, 113 Gow-Gates technique, 105-106 Gowns, usage, 230 G protein-linked receptors, 291 Gracey curettes (area-specific curettes), 272-273 Granular cell tumor, 119-120, 119f Greater palatine, 104 Grooves boxes, addition, 357 extension bevel, 73 usage, 357 Group function occlusion, 365 Growth, 156-159 absence, 182 cephalocaudal gradient, 158-159 cephalometric radiographs, 159 control, theories, 156 directions, 159 modification, 179 timing, 179 plotting, 159f Growth (Continued) predictions, basis, 158 predictors, 158-159 Scammon’s curves, 158 sex differences, 158 timing, 158-159 velocity curve, 158 Guanethidine/guanadrel, 299 Guided imagery, 243 Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), 277 Guide planes, 356 Gum pad stage, 159-160 Gutta-percha, 13 Gypsum, 366-367 setting expansion, 366 Gypsum-bonded investments, usage, 367 H Haas appliance, 176 Hairy leukoplakia, 113, 113f Hairy tongue, 111 Halogen-containing anesthetics, 312 Halothane, 312 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 112 Hand-held casts, 345 Hand instruments, 47-49 techniques, 48-49 Hand signals, usage, 243 Hangover, risk, 305 Hard bristle toothbrushes, usage, 286 Hard tissues biopsy techniques, 100 graft materials, usage, 277 injury, initial assessment, 206 surgery, 349 trephination, indications, 14 Hawley retainer, 181 Hawley-type removable appliance, jackscrew (usage), 176 Hazardous chemicals, 233-234 Head alignment, 150 deep fascial spaces, borders, 95t Headaches, differential diagnoses, 92t Headgear, 174-175, 179 Health behavior change, 239-242 understanding, 240 Health belief model, 239-240 Health physics, 137-138 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 236 Heart anatomic sites, 317 arrhythmias, 317-319 failure (acute treatment), drugs (usage), 319 failure (treatment), drugs action, mechanisms, 319 usage, 319 Heat test, Heavy force, 166 Heavy metals, 267-268 Heck’s disease (focal epithelial hyperplasia), 112-113 Hedstrom files, 12 Hemangioma, 110 Hemisection, 14-15 indications, 14 procedure, 14-15 surgical division, 14 Hemorrhage (perforation symptom), 20 Heparin, 323 action sites, 323f Hepatitis B vaccination, 231 www.ajlobby.com Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 229 diagnosis, 229 etiology, 229 prevention, 229 transmission, risk, 229 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 229 diagnosis, 229 etiology, 229 prevention, 229 transmission risk, 229 Herbst appliance, 175 Hereditary conditions, 130-132 Hereditary ectodermal dysplasia, 130, 131f Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 130 Heroin, 314 Herpangina, 112 Herpes infections, 112t Herpes simplex infection, 204 Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 112-114 Herpes zoster, 112 Heterogenous nucleation, 260 High-energy electrons, production, 133 High noble alloys, 360 High-pull headgear, 174 High-voltage transformer, potential difference generation, 133 High-volume evacuation systems, 232 His-Purkinje automaticity, reduction, 317 Histamine, 316-317 H1 receptor blockers, 317 H2 receptor blockers, 317 receptor blockers, 316f mechanisms/effects, 316t Histoplasmosis, 114 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), 322-323 Hoes, 48 Holding instruments, 273 Horizontal bone loss, 149 Horizontal control, 173 Horizontal root fracture, 22-24 biologic consequences, 22 diagnosis, 22 treatment, 22-24 Host modulation, 280-281 Host response cells, 261-262 Howship’s lacunae, 165-166 Hue, 361 Human biologic width, 285f Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 229 diagnosis, 229 etiology, 229 prevention, 229 transmission risk, 229 Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, 112-114 Hybrid composites, 69 Hydroxyapatite, 349 Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), 61 application, 67 Hyperalgesia, Hyperglycemia, impact, 266 Hypermobile ridge, 348 Hyperparathyroidism (bone, von Recklinghausen’s disease), 128 Hyperplastic pulpitis, Hyperplastic scar, 119 Hypersensitivity, 252 Hypertension, drug treatment, 319-321 Hypodontia (congenital absence), 187 Hypothyroidism cause, iodine deficiency (impact), 325 treatment, drugs (usage), 325 Hyrax appliance (banded type), 176 Index  463 I Iatrogenic traumatic lesions, 255 Idiopathic leukoplakia, 117, 117b Image layer, three-dimensional curved zone, 150 Image receptors, 150 Image shape distortion, minimization, 139 Image size distortion, minimization, 139 Immediate dentures, 352 Immunity, compromise, 208 Immunization, 231 Impacted teeth angulation, 80 classifications, 80 Pell and Gregory classification, 80 Impaction surgery difficulty, factors, 81b factors, 81b Impedance measurement, 40 Implants attachment, 347f biologic complications, 279 clinical applications/evaluations, 279 complications, types/prevalence, 279 contraindications, 279 implant-supported prosthesis, 344 placement, guidelines, 347 minimum distances, 346f placement, 346-347 anatomic limitations, 83t posttreatment evaluation/management, 279 risk factors, 279 therapy, risk factors/contraindications, 280t types, 345-347 Impression materials, 359 Incidence, 223 Incident report, 245 Incipient lesions, treatment, 44-46 Incisal porcelain, 361 Incisal rest, 356 Incisional biopsy, 100 Incisions, 13-15 indications, 14 Incisive foramen, 145 Incisors loss, 199-200 measurements, 211t restoration, 195-196 Incisor show at rest, 163 Indian Health Service (IHS), 236 Indirect contact, 229 Indirect pulp cap, 28, 197 Indirect retainer, 355 Indirect tooth-colored restorations, indications, 47 Indwelling vascular catheters, 208 Infection control, 142-143, 229-232 precautions, 231 Infection source, location, 7f Infectious sialadenitis, 121 Infectious waste, disposal, 232 Inferential statistics, 227-228 Inferior alveolar nerve block (mandibular block), 105, 193 trauma, occurrence, 82 Inferior repositioning, 182 Inflammation, resolution, 261 Inflammatory diseases, 129-130 Inflammatory resorption, 26 Inflammatory root resorption, replacement root resorption (differences), 28 Informed consent, 244-245 Infrabulge, 355 Inhalation precaution, 51 Injectable anesthetics, 312 Injuries displacement injuries, 24 fracture injuries, 22-24 types, 22-24 Instruments, sharpening, 273 Instrument separation, 19-20 avoidance, 19 definition, 19-20 process, 19 Insulin, 325-327 action, mechanism, 327f effects, 325 preparations, 326t Intensifying screens, 138-139 Intentional reimplantation, 15 Interarch, 180 discrepancies, 162 Intercuspal position, maximum, 344 Interdental cleaning, 223 Interdental incision, 274 Interdisciplinary treatment, 181-182 sequence, 182 Intermaxillary elastics, 177 Intermaxillary suture, 145 Internal bleaching techniques, 30 Internal hemorrhage, 205 Internal resorption, Internal root resorption, external root resorption (differences), 27t International normalized ratio (INR), 323 Interocclusal appliance therapy, 283 Interocclusal records, 344 Interpersonal skills, 236-239 Interpretation, usage, 236 Interproximal bone, 276 Interproximal cleaning, 286 Interproximal contact, location, 285-286 Interproximal reduction (IPR), 180 Interpupillary line, 350 Interviewing motivational interviewing, 242 techniques, 238 Intestinal polyps, 130 Intestine, cholesterol absorption (inhibitors), 323 Intraarch, 180 Intracellular nuclear receptors, 291 Intracellular structures, radiation (impact), 135 Intracoronal bleaching techniques, 30 Intracoronal retainer, 355 Intramaxillary elastics, 177 Intramembranous bone formation, 156 endochondral bone formation, differences, 156 Intraoral diagnostic tests, 6-10 Intraoral endodontic examination, 6-10 Intraoral radiographic examinations, 143 quality, criteria, 143 Intraoral radiographic techniques, 143f Intraoral radiographs, usage, 148 Intraoral x-ray film, 138 Intraosseous biopsy techniques, 100 Intrusion, 166, 206-207 arch, 176 Intrusive luxation, 24 Inverse square law, 134 Inverted cone bur, 50 Investments, expansion, 367 Iodides, 325 Ion channel receptors, 291 Ionization, 132 Ionizing radiation, 132 Irreversible hydrocolloid/alginate, 344 www.ajlobby.com Irreversible pulpitis, management, 16 Irrigation, 13 Irritation fibroma, 119 Isoflurane, 312 Isolation devices, 56 J Jackscrew, usage, 176 Jaws bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis, 98-99 cysts, treatment, 101t metastatic malignancies, 130b neuropathology/osteonecrosis, 87-91 profile convexity/concavity, 163f tumors, 101-102 primary treatment modalities, 102t types, 102t J-hook headgear, 174 K Kaposi’s sarcoma, 120 Kennedy classification system, 353-356 application, Applegate’s rules (impact), 353-354 Kennedy class III arch forms, 355 Ketamine, 312 K-files, 12 Kidneys diuretic drugs, impact, 322 excretion, occurrence, 293 Killing, processes, 262f Kilovoltage, 134 Kinematic facebows, 345 L Labial bar (swinglock), 354 Labiodental sounds, 350 Lactation, local anesthetics (impact), 104 Lamina dura, radiographic anatomy, 144 Langer curettes, 273 Langerhans’ cell disease, 128-129, 128f classification, 128b Laser equipment, 49 Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent), 40 Lateral cephalometric radiograph, 87f Lateral fossa, 145 Lateral luxation, 24 Lateral periodontal cyst, 9, 124 Lateral pharyngeal space, location, 97f Latin abbreviations, 338t Laundry list questions, usage, 238 Laxatives, mechanisms, 324f Leaded aprons, usage, 138 Leading questions, 238 Leaf gauge, usage, 344 Ledge definition, 18-19 formation, 18-19 correction, 19 occurrence, reasons, 19 prognosis, 19 Leeway space, 160 Le Fort midfacial fractures, 85f Leiomyosarcoma, 120 Leukemias, 123-124 incidence, increase, 136 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 261 Leukoedema, 109 Leukotriene pathway modifiers, 324 Leveling (overbite correction), 180 Levodopa, 308 carbidopa, combination, 307 Lichen planus, 115-116, 115f Lidocaine, 309f, 318 urinary metabolite, 309 464  Index Light force, 166-167 Linea alba, 111 Liners, 61-62 Lingual bar, 354 Lingual crossbite, 162 Lingual eruption, 203 Lingual frenum (tongue tie), 205 area, 351 Lingual holding arch impact, 202f usage, 202f Lingual nerve block, 193 Lingual plate, 354 Lingual (facial) smooth-surface caries, presence, 43 Lingual thyroid, 109 Lingual vestibuloplasty, 349 Linguoalveolar sounds, 350 Linguodental sounds, 350 Lipoxygenase enzymes, 314f Lips bumper, 176 pits, 109 posture/competence, 162-163 prominence, 163 trauma, 194 Liraglutide, 327 Listening communication, 236-239 techniques, 236 Liver, drug metabolism (occurrence), 292 Local anesthesia/anesthetics, 102-106, 192t, 308-310 action, mechanism, 309 cardiovascular effects/receptor preferences, 309 chemistry, 309 complications, 193-194 drug-drug interactions, 310 drugs, 308 overview, 102-104 effects, 309-310 greater palatine, 104 mandibular techniques, 105-106 metabolism, 309 needles, dimensions, 104-106 nerve fibers, relative sensitivity, 310b nerve sensitivity, 309 pediatrics, 104 pharmacodynamics, 102-103 pharmacokinetics, 103, 309 pharmacology, 102-104 potency, 103 pregnancy/lactation, 104 properties, 309t systemic toxicities, 103 techniques, 104-106 toxicity, 193 true anterior superior alveolar nerve block, 104 vasoconstrictors addition, 103-104 usage, 309 Local anesthesia/anesthetics’ characteristics, 310 Local factors, 271 Localized aggressive periodontitis, 205 Localized amyloidosis, 123 Locally administered host-modifying agents, 281 Long buccal block, 193 Long-span metal-ceramic FDPs, 362 Loop diuretics, 322 Loperamide, 314 Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), 322-323 Lower incisor angulation, 164 Lower incisors alignment, 181 position, 183f Lower lingual arch, 176 Lower lingual holding arch (LLHA), 199, 201 Low-molecular-weight heparins, 323 Lupus erythematosus, 116 Luting agents (cements) comparison, 365t types, indications/contraindications, 366t usage, 364 Luxation, 24 Lymphangioma, 110 Lymphocytes, 262 Lymphoid neoplasms, 122-124 Lymphomas, 123b, 123f Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 123 M MAC See Minimum alveolar concentration Macrodontia, 187 Macrofilled composites, 69 Macroglossia, 109 causes, 110b Macrolide antibiotics, 332 Macrolides, comparison/adverse effects, 332t Macrophages, 261 Magnetostrictive ultrasonic instruments, 273 Maintenance, 286-287 Major salivary glands, metabolic enlargement, 121 Malignant ameloblastoma, 126 Malignant connective tissue tumors, 120 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (neurosarcoma), 120 Malignant tumors, 101 salivary gland diseases, 122 Malnutrition, impact, 254 Malocclusion, 260 crowding, 155-156 epidemiology, 155-156 prevalence, 155-156 Management strategies, 242-243 Mandible, 146-148, 157-158 anterior-posterior position, 164 diagnostic radiolucency, 110 fractures, 84-85 treatment, 84-85 types, classification, 85f growth curves, 158f physiologic rest position, 349 Mandible ramus, division, 87f Mandibular advancement, distractor appliance, 90f Mandibular anterior frenum, 205 Mandibular anterior labial area, extension, 350 Mandibular anterior primary teeth, size, 160 Mandibular anterior repositioning appliance (MARA), 175 Mandibular arch, 354 eruption sequence, 161 Mandibular canal, 147 Mandibular deficiency, treatment, 179 Mandibular denture, limiting structures, 350-351 Mandibular excess case report, 88f-89f treatment, 179 Mandibular first primary molar pulpotomy, 198f taurodontism, 188f Mandibular fractures, anatomic distribution, 84f www.ajlobby.com Mandibular growth, 158 rotation, 157-158 Mandibular intercanine width, increase, 161 Mandibular labial frenum, 350 Mandibular midline, shift, 200f Mandibular permanent central incisors, ectopic eruption, 200f Mandibular plane angle, 164 Mandibular primary anterior teeth, 193 Mandibular primary intermolar width, increase, 161 Mandibular second primary molar, mesial tipping, 197f Mandibular surgery, 87 MARA See Mandibular anterior repositioning appliance Marble bone, 131 Marginal gap/ditching, 43 Marginal ridge fractures, causes, 65-66 Marginal voids, 65 Margins, preparation, 356 Masks, usage, 230 Masseter area, 350 Mast cells, 261 Masticator space, boundaries, 96f Materia alba, concentration, 260 Materials, safety, 232-234 ADA Council on Scientific Affairs, recommendations, 232 Material safety data sheets (MSDSs), 233-234 Maternal anxiety, 190 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 252f, 261 Matrix placement, 63, 70 Matrix stabilization, 63, 70 Matter, x-rays (interactions), 134 Maxilla, 156-157 anterior-posterior position, 164 growth curves, 158f radiographic anatomy, 145-146 zygomatic process, 146 Maxillary anterior primary teeth, size, 160 Maxillary arch eruption sequence, 161 Maxillary cast, relationship, 365 Maxillary complete denture, support, 350 Maxillary constriction, 182 Maxillary deficiency, treatment, 179 Maxillary denture, limiting structures, 350 Maxillary expansion, 182 Maxillary first permanent molar, ectopic eruption, 203f Maxillary first primary molars, ankylosis, 203f Maxillary fractures, description, 85 Maxillary growth, 158 Maxillary intercanine width, increase, 161 Maxillary intermolar width, increase, 161 Maxillary Le Fort fractures, requirements, 86 Maxillary midline diastema, 177-178 Maxillary molar, caries, 74f Maxillary primary molars, 193 Maxillary sinus, 145-146 retention cyst, 121, 121f Maxillary surgery, 86, 182 Maxillary tuberosity, fractures, 82 Maxillofacial surgery, 84 Maxillomandibular relationships, 344 Maximal intercuspal position, 344 Maximum intercuspation (MI), 344 McCune-Albright syndrome, 127 Mean, determination, 227 Measles (rubeola), 112 Measurement strategies/instruments, 225 Mechanical anterior guide table, 344 Mechanical modes, 359 Meckel’s cartilage, disintegration, 157 Median, 226-227 Index  465 Median suture, 145 Medical history, 251 developing data, functional inquiry review, 190 Medicaments, 13 Medications, impact, 268 Meglitides, 326 Melanoma, 119f oral melanoma, 118 Melanotic macule, 111 Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, component, 110 Menopause, 267 Menstruation, 266 Mental foramen, 147 Mental fossa, 147 Mental nerve block, 105 Mental protuberance, 147 Mercury collection/disposal problems, 66 controversy, 63 environmental contaminants, 233 hygiene, 232-234 spills, cleanup, 232 Meropenem, 332 Mesial step, 160 Mesiodistal tip control, 173 Metabolic changes, impact, 167 Metabolism drugs, 292-293 importance, 292 induction, 293 inhibition, 293 Metal oxidation, 361 porcelain, bonding, 360-361 Metal brackets, 173 Metal-ceramic failures, 361-362 Metal-ceramic restorations, 359-362 alloys, properties, 360 Metamerism, 361 Metastatic carcinoma, 130 Metformin, 326-327 Methadone, 314 Methemoglobinemia, 103 Methylphenidate, 192 Methysergide, 316 Metronidazole, 281, 333 Metyrosine, 298 Microdontia, 187 Microfilled composites, 69 Microhybrid composites, 69 Microleakage, 28 Midazolam, 312 Midface fractures, 85-86 Midline elastics, 177 Midline granuloma, 115 Midroot fracture, 24 Miglitol, 327 Migraine, drugs (usage), 316 Mild periodontitis, 149 Milliamperage, 134 Mineralocorticoids, potencies, 327 Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), 28 advantages, 30 placement, 14 usage, 21 Mini-bladed curettes, 273 Mini-Langer curettes, 273 Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 311 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 330-334 Minor aphthous ulcer, 114f Minor connector, 354 Minor salivary gland tumors, 122t Misoprostol, 316 Mixed dentition, 199, 201 analysis, 210-211 incisor measurements, 210t summary, 211t analysis (Moyer), 210-211 appliances, usage, 176 characteristics, 160 stage, 160 Mixed tumor, 122f pleomorphic adenoma, 122 Mobility, 8-9, 196 assessment, 253 Mode, 227 Moderate crowding, 177 Moderate periodontitis, 149 Modified Keyes-Jordan diagram, 37f Modified Widman flap, 274 Moisture control, 55-56 cellulose wafers, 56 cotton roll isolation, 56 isolation devices, 56 operating field, isolation, 55-56 rubber dam, 55-56 Moisture-free field (maintenance), dry angle (usage), 212f Molar relationship correction, 180 description, 160 prediction, 160 Moments, 169-170 Moniliasis, 114, 209 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, 299, 302 Monocytes, 261 Monomorphic adenomas, 122 Morphine acute overdose, signs/symptoms, 313 effects, 313 pharmacokinetics, 313 Motivation, consideration, 241 Motivational interviewing, 242 Mouth-formed mouth guards, 207-208 Mouth guards, 207-212, 222 types, 207-208 Moyer’s mixed dentition analysis, 210-211 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 122 Mucogingival surgery, 275 Mucormycosis, 114 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 122-124 Mucosal lesions, 111 contact allergies, 115 drug reactions, 115 immunologic diseases, 114-117 infections, 112-114 malignancies, 118 premalignant conditions, 117-118 Mucosal pontics, 357 Mucous extravasation phenomenon, 120 Mucous membrane pemphigoid, 116-117, 116f Mucous retention cyst, 120 Multibottle systems, 67-68 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type (mucosal neuromas), 120 Multiple myeloma, 123, 130 Multiple regression, 227-228, 228f Multirooted teeth, 150 Muscarinic receptors adverse effects, 299 agonists, stimulation, 300 divisions, 296 Muscarinic sites, 296 www.ajlobby.com Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 230 diagnosis, 230 etiology, 230 prevention, 230 transmission risk, 230 Mylohyoid area, 351 Mylohyoid ridge, 147 Myocardial infarction, risk (reduction), 322 Myofascial pain disorder (MPD), 91 N Nance appliance, 176 Nanofilled/nanohybrid composites, 69 Narrow-spectrum antibiotics, 98 Nasal fossa, 145 Nasiolabial angle, 163 Nasopalatine, local anesthetics (usage), 104-105 Nasopalatine duct (canal) cyst, 111 Natal teeth, 209 National Fire Protection Association, color/ number method, 233 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 236 Natural teeth, implant attachment, 347f Neck, deep fascial spaces, borders, 95t Necrotizing diseases, 258 Necrotizing periodontal diseases, 255 Necrotizing sialometaplasia, 121 Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 254 Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, 284 Nedocromil, 324 Negative punishment, 240 Negative reinforcement, 240 Neglect, 211-212 Neonatal teeth, 209 Neoplastic connective tissue tumors, 119-120 Network model, 235 Neurilemoma (Schwannoma), 120 Neurofibroma, 120 Neuromas, occurrence, 90 Neurosarcoma (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor), 120 Neurotransmission, dynamics, 296 Neutrophils, exit, 262f Newborns, gingival cysts, 125 Nickel-titanium archwire materials, 173 Nickel-titanium rotary instruments, 12 Nicotine stomatitis, 111, 111f Nicotinic acid, 323 Nicotinic receptors agonists, 299 distinction, 296 Nicotinic sites, 296 Nitrates/nitrites, 322 Nitrous oxide (N2O), 311-312 adverse effects, 312 exposure, risk (reduction), 312 use, contraindications, 312 Nitrous oxide (N2O), sedation, 194-195 contraindications, 195 purpose, 194 saturation, signs, 194-195 Noble alloys, 360 Noble metals, 359 Nodular fascitis, 119 Noise control, 233 Nonanatomic radiolucencies, 10 Nonarcon, 345 Noncompliant appliances, 175 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 123 Noninfectious waste, disposal, 232 Nonmucosal contact pontics, 357 Nonmucosal pontics, 357 Nonnarcotic analgesics, 314-316 466  Index Nonodontogenic lesions (bone lesions) fibro-osseous lesions, 127 giant cell lesions, 127-129 inflammatory diseases, 129-130 malignancies, 130 occurrence, 127 Nonphysiologic occlusion, signs/symptoms, 282 Non-plaque-induced gingival conditions, 254-255 Nonspecific plaque hypothesis, 258 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 314-316 nonselective COX inhibitors, 315 Nonsurgical endodontics, 12-13 access preparation, 12 apical preparation, 13 cleaning/shaping, 13 instruments, 12 file dimensions, 13 irrigation/medicaments, 13 objectives, 12-13 working length determination, 12-13 Nonverbal communication, 236-239 characteristics, 237 Nonverbal facilitation, 238 Nonvital bleaching techniques, 30 Nonworking condyle, 364 Nonworking interferences, 364 Normal distribution, 226, 226f Nose, 145 Null hypothesis, 227 Nursing bottle caries, 210 Nutrient canals, 147 Nutrition, 267 Nystatin oral rinse, 351 O OARS See Open questions, affirmations, Reflective listening, Summarizing Objectivity, impact, 245-246 Object localization, 139 Observation, 238 Observational epidemiology, 223-224 Observational learning (modeling), 241-242 Obturation, 13 Occipital bones, 156 Occlusal adjustment, 283 Occlusal bearing cusps, metal thickness, 357 Occlusal bevel, 73 Occlusal correction, 282-283 Occlusal equilibration, 364 Occlusal point contacts, 357 Occlusal radiography, 143 Occlusal relationship, problems, 178 Occlusal rest, 355 Occlusal schemes, 357 Occlusal surfaces, 149 Occlusal tables, impact, 348f Occlusal therapy, 282-283 Occlusion, 347 angle classifications, 86 development, 159-161 factors, 364-365 impact, 282 plane, 350 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 230-231 blood borne-pathogens standard, 230-231 Odontalgia, 90 Odontogenic cysts, 124-125 comparison, 124t Odontogenic infections, 94-98 anaerobic bacteria, role, 94t fascial spaces, 94 Odontogenic infections (Continued) microbiology, 98 organisms, 94 pathogens, 94t pathophysiology, 94-98 progression, 94 treatment principles, 94-98 Odontogenic keratocyst (keratocystic odontogenic tumor), 125, 125b, 125f Odontogenic lesions, 124-127 Odontogenic myxoma (fibromyxoma), 126 Odontogenic tumors, 125-127 characteristics, 126t Odontoma, 127 Office-based preventive measures, 222 Omalizumab, 324 One-bottle systems, 68 One-couple appliances, 170-171 One-couple system, equilibrium, 171f One-walled vertical defects, 276f Ongoing pain assessment, 243 Onlay restorations, 72-73 clinical procedure, 72-73 definition, 72 tooth preparation, 73 Opalescence, 361 Opaque porcelain, 361 Open bites, 160, 178 correction, impact, 181 Open-ended questions, 238 Opening rotation, 158 Open questions, affirmations, Reflective listening, Summarizing (OARS), 241 Operant conditioning, 240 Operating field, isolation, 55-56 Operative cutting instrument formulas, 48 Operative dentistry patient assessment/examination/diagnosis/ treatment planning, 40-47 procedures instrumentation, 47-51 terminology/classification, 48 Operative preventive treatment, 44 Operative treatment indications, 44-46 planning, interdisciplinary considerations, 44 Operator equipment, 233 Opioids, 313-314 action, mechanism, 313 agonists, receptor targets, 313t effects, 313 receptors, 313 signs/symptoms, 313 Opportunistic fungi, 114 Oral-antral communications, management, 81 Oral bisphosphonates, intravenous bisphosphonates (differences), 99 Oral brush cytology, 100 Oral cancer, 219 Oral cavity, radiation effects, 135-136 Oral contraceptives, 267, 330 composition, 309t Oral diseases community-based prevention, 219-222 diet, impact, 223 epidemiology, 218-219 health education/literacy, 222 home-based preventive methods, 222-223 prevention, 219-223 school-based prevention, 219-222 Oral-facial clefts, 109 Oral glucocorticoids, usage, 324 Oral hygiene procedures, access, 286 Oral hypoglycemics, 325-327 www.ajlobby.com Oral implantology, 277-279 Oral infections, types, 112-114 Oral jewelry, wearing (impact), 260 Oral lymphoepithelial cyst, 110 Oral malodor, 284 Oral-maxillofacial surgeon, referral (criteria), 97b Oral melanoma, 118 Oral mucous membrane, radiation (effects), 136 Oral radiology, 132-150 radiation physics, 132-134 Oral squamous cell carcinoma, clinical features, 118b Oral submucous fibrosis, 117 Oral surgery, 79-102 Oral tissues, radiation effect, 136 Orbital fractures, requirements, 86 Ordinary hatchets, 48 Organ level, radiation effects, 135 Organs, 296 Orofacial pain, classifications, 90-91, 90t Orofacial soft tissues, examination, 40 Orthodontic appliances, 173-177 Orthodontic archwire, 172f materials, 173 Orthodontic diagnosis, 161-165 Orthodontic forces, deleterious effects, 167-168 Orthodontic materials, 172-173 Orthodontics, 155-184 growth/development, 156-159 performing, 184 treatment planning, 165 Orthodontic therapy, 260 Orthodontic tooth movement, 168-172 biologic control, 166-168 Orthodontic treatment, surgical treatment (combination), 182-184 Orthognathic surgery, 86-87 diagnosis, 86 imaging, 86 patient evaluation, 86 surgery, 86-87 Orthognathic surgical procedures, stability, 184 Osseointegrated implants, advantages, 347b Osseous crater, 275 diagrammatic representation, 276f Osseous defect, combined type, 276f Osseous surgery, 275-277 resective osseous surgery, 276-277 Osseous windows, 100 Ossification, occurrence, 156 Ossifying fibroma, 127 Ostectomy, 276 Osteoblastoma, 127 Osteomyelitis, 10, 98 Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg disease), 131 Osteoplasty, 276 Osteoporosis, 270 Osteosarcoma, 130 Overassertive communication, 237 Overbite absence, 160 correction (leveling), 180 correction, impact, 181 defining, 160 Overdentures, 352 abutments, maxillary teeth (selection), 352t Overextension, 353 Overjet, 155 defining, 162f Overtreatment, 181 Oxidative elements, presence, 360 Index  467 Oxide-metal interface, 361 Oxycodone, 314 Oxygen reduction, 262f P Paget’s disease, 129, 349 Pain, 167 chronology, complexity, 243 control, 242-244 location, management strategies, 244 minimization, 243 occurrence, 167 perception, physiologic/psychological aspects, 87-90 quality, 5-6 referred pain, spontaneous pain, 196-197 suddenness (perforation symptom), 20 triage, 5-6 Palatal holding arch (PHA), 199 Palatal plate, 354 Palatal tissues, 193 Palatal vault, remodeling, 157f Palate, abnormalities, 159 Palpation, sensitivity, 196 Panoramic image advantages, 150 formation, principles, 150 interpretation, 150 Panoramic imaging, 150 Panoramic radiographs, 165 Panoramic radiology, disadvantage, 150 Papillary hyperplasia, 348 Papillomas, 112 Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, 261 Paralleling techniques, 139 Paraphrasing, usage, 236 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 328-329 Parenteral contact, 229 Partial dentures kiddie partials, 199 fixed kiddie partial, 200f removal, 260 Partially edentulous arches, examples, 353f Partial pulpotomy, 28-29 Partial veneer crowns, 357 Particulate radiation, 132 Patched (PTCH) tumor suppressor gene, mutation, 125 Pathogenesis, 261-268 Patients assessment, 40-47 considerations, 40 comprehension, verification, 238-239 experience, acknowledgement, 243 implants, clinical applications/evaluations, 279 information, provision, 242 management, 1-12 objectivity, 246 pain, behavioral/nonpharmacologic management, 244 positioning, 150 refractory patients, 284 treatment decision, 239 Pavlovian conditioning, 240 Pear-shaped bur, 50 Pediatric dentistry, 184-212 topics, 207-212 Peg lateral incisor, dens in dente, 188f Peg maxillary lateral incisors, 185f Pellicle, formation, 257 Pemphigus vulgaris, 116 Pendulous tuberosities, occurrence, 349 Pendulum appliance, 175 Penicillin G/Penicillin V, narrow-spectrum penicillin, 330 Penicillins, 330-332 drugs, comparison, 331t nucleus, 330f Pentazocine, 314 Percussion, sensitivity, 196 Perforation, 20-21 definition, 19 follow-up, 21 kinds, 20 nonsurgical internal repair, MTA (usage), 21 prognosis, 20-21 recognition, 20 radiographic evidence, 20 repair, timing, 20-21 surgical repair, 21 timing, 20 treatment, 21 Pergolide, 307 Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia, 126-127, 127f Periapical cyst (radicular cyst), 124 Periapical radiographs, 165 full-mouth series, 251 Periapical radiography, 143 Periimplantitis, 279 Periimplant soft tissues, dehiscence/recession, 279 Periodontal abscesses, 150, 255, 258, 284 Periodontal balance, 265f Periodontal conditions, classification, 254b Periodontal diagnosis, prognosis variation, 271-272 Periodontal disease, 218-219 cigarette smoking, risk factor, 264-266 classification, 254b ecologic plaque hypothesis, relationship, 258f etiology/pathogenesis, smoking (effects), 265t host response, characteristics, 261-268 matrix metalloproteinases, biologic activities, 264t microbiology, 258-259 prevalence/severity, smoking (effects), 265t radiographic appearance, 149-150 risk elements, categories, 269b tissue destruction, 262 Periodontal-endodontic lesions, 255 Periodontal examination, 8, 252-253 Periodontal health, 253, 258, 261 Periodontal improvement, 181 Periodontal indices, 218 Periodontal lesions, type, 11-12 Periodontal ligament (PDL) apical portion, thickening, compression, 166 inflammation, invasion, 130 perforation, 20 reorganization, occurrence, 181 space, radiographic anatomy, 144 Periodontal microbiology, 255-260 Periodontal packs, 274 Periodontal pockets, types, 252f Periodontal restoration, considerations, 285-286 Periodontal structures, oral/radiographic examination, 251 www.ajlobby.com Periodontal therapy maintenance (phase IV) therapy, 269 nonsurgical (phase I) therapy, 268-269 phases, 268-269, 268b restorative (phase III) therapy, 269 smoking, effects, 280 surgical (phase II) therapy, 269 Periodontal treatment, healing mechanisms, 277 Periodontitis, 149-150, 253, 261 clinical features, 255 complementary treatment strategies, 272f endodontic lesions, association, 255 histologic stages, 264b pathogenesis, 263 schematic illustration, 252f systemic disease manifestation, 256 types, 256b Periodontium abscesses, 255 communication, 11-12 Periodontopathogens, virulence factors, 259 PerioGlas, 277 Peripheral ameloblastoma, 126 Peripheral giant cell granuloma, 128 Peripheral root resorption, 205 Permanent dentition, 161, 200 stage, 161 Permanent incisors lateral ectopic eruption, 200 lingual eruption, 199-200 region, space loss, 200f Permanent retention, 181 Permanent teeth calcification, 186-187 start times, 186t covering, bone (usage), 202 eruption, 186-187 times, 186t primary teeth, anatomic differences, 195-196 replantation, 207 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 230 usage, 231, 233 Phagocytosis, 262f Pharmacokinetics, 292-293 mathematical calculations, 293 Pharmacology, principles, 291-294 Phenobarbital, 307 Phenytoin, 306 Phosphate-bonded investments, usage, 367 Photoelectric absorption, 134 Photopolymerization units/lasers, 233 Photostimulable phosphor plates (PSP), 142 Physical abuse/neglect, 212 Physical-chemical mucosal lesions, 111 Physical facility, liability (reduction), 245 Piezoelectric ultrasonic instruments, 273 Pilocarpine, usage, 300 Pindborg tumor (calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor), 126 Pink spot perforation, occurrence, 205 Pioglitazone, 327 Pit-and-fissure caries treatment decision making, 45t Pit sealants, 212 Planned behavior, theory, 240 Planning (motivational interviewing), 242 Plaque biofilm, organic constituents, 257 control, 272 hypothesis (hypotheses), 36, 258 maturation, 257 plaque-induced gingivitis, 254 Plasma cell myeloma, 123 468  Index Plasma concentrations, 293 Plasminogen activators, 323 Plasminogen inhibitor, 323 Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor), 122 Pocket depth, probing, 252 Polyether, 359 Polymer, molecular weight, 356 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 261 Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), 261 Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, 122 Polysulfide polymer, 359 Pontic design, 358f classification, 357 Porcelain composition, 361 thickness, requirement, 357 Porcelain-metal interface, 361 Porcelain-oxide interface, 361 Porphyromonas gingivalis, 257, 259 Positioner, 181 Positive punishment, 240 Positive reinforcement, 240 Positive skewed distribution, 226f Post and cores, service, 357 Posterior Adams clasps, 199 Posterior crossbite correction, appliances (usage), 176 types, 163f Posterior crossbites, 178 Posterior mandible, periapical radiograph, 147f-148f Posterior maxilla, periapical radiograph, 146f Posterior segments, 210 Posterior stainless steel crown preparation/ adaptation, 195 Posterior superior alveolar nerve block, 104, 193 Posterior teeth (mesial tipping prevention), lingual holding arch (usage), 202f Postherpetic neuralgia, 90 Postoperative sensitivity, 65 Posttreatment evaluation, 30-31 Power-driven mechanical spatulator, 366 Powered cutting instruments, 49 Powered toothbrushes, usage, 286 Praise, usage, 243 Pramipexole, 307 Pramlintide, 327 Prazosin, 298 Preadjusted edgewise appliances, 173-174 Preadolescents, skeletal problems (treatment), 179 Precarious pits, 42 Pregnancy, 266-267 drugs, relationship, 294 gingival enlargements, association, 285 hormonal changes, 266 immune suppression, 266 local anesthetics, impact, 104 medications, limitations, 267 periodontal treatment, 267 Preimplantation preparation, 346 Premack principle, 241 Prenatal irradiation, impact, 136 Preparation, 236 Prescription writing, 337-338 parts, identification, 339f Pressure side, 165-166 Pressure sterilization, 16 Presuming, usage, 237 Pretreatment considerations, 40 Prevention, 286-287 Prevotella intermedia, 257, 259-260 Prevotella loescheii, 257 Prevotella melaninogenica, 260 Prevotella nigrescens, 259 Primary canines bilateral loss, 200-201 loss, 200-201 Primary dentition, 199-200 localized aggressive periodontitis, 205 loss, 201 stage, 160 Primary endodontic lesions, 11 Primary first molar loss, 201 Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, 204 Primary hyperparathyroidism, giant cell lesion, 10 Primary incisors, loss, 196, 199 replacement, 199 Primary lateral incisor/primary canine, fusion, 187f Primary lesion (chancre), 113 Primary mandibular lateral incisor, germination, 188f Primary molar teeth pulp therapy, decision-making tree, 199f restoration amalgam, usage, 195 composite, usage, 195 Rule of 7, 202 Primary periodontic lesions, 11-12 secondary endodontic involvement, 12 Primary second molar loss, 201 bilateral loss, 201 unilateral loss, 201 Primary teeth calcification start times, 186t eruption, 186 times, 186t extrusion, 207 intrusion, 206-207 options, 196-199 permanent teeth, anatomic differences, 195-196 pulp treatment, 196-199 clinical signs, 196-197 replantation, 207 Primary trauma, occlusion (impact), 282 Primidone, 307 Probing, 253 bleeding, occurrence, 252 usage, 238 Problem list development, 165 prioritization, 165 Procagulants, 323 Procainamide, 318 Procedural complications, 18-21 Processed composite, 47 Process indicators, 231 Procyclidine, 308 Professionalism, impact, 237 Professional responsibilities/liabilities, 244-247 Profile convexity/concavity, 163f Progestins, 329-330 Prognosis, 270-272 clinical factors, 270 determination, factors, 271b local factors, 271 systemic factors, 271 variation, 271-272 Progressive muscle relaxation, 243 Projection geometry, 139 Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, 117 Prophy-jet, water delivery, 274 Propionic acid derivatives, 315 Propofol, 312 www.ajlobby.com Propoxyphene, withdrawal, 314 Propranolol, 298, 318 Prospective cohort study, 224 Prostaglandins, 263 formation, inhibition, 280 Prosthodontics, materials (usage), 367t Protective glasses, usage, 230 Protraction headgear (reverse-pull) (facemask), 174 Protrusive record, 349 Provisional restorations, 362-364 direct procedure, 364 indirect procedure, 364 production, material types (usage), 362-364 resins, characteristics, 363t types, 364 Proximal box, 73 Proximal caries treatment decision making, 45t Proximal cavosurface margins, 58f Proximal embrasure areas, 65 Proximal overhangs, diagnosis, 43 Proximal plate, 356 Proximal-surface caries, 42 Proximal surfaces, 148 Pseudocysts, 110-111, 121 Pterygoid plates, 146 Puberty, 266 gingivitis, 204 hormonal changes, 266-268 Public health, government role, 235-236 Pulmonary hypertension, drugs (usage), 321 Pulp, 2-3 bacteria, entry portals, 18 biology, 28 canal obliteration (calcific metamorphosis), 26, 205 capping, 196-197 communication, 11-12 death, effects, 167 fracture, 207 necrosis, previous treatment, protection, 73 radiographic anatomy, 144 therapy contraindications, 196 decision-making tree, 198-199, 199f previous initiation, treatment, 196-199 vitality testers, 243 vitality testing, 21-22 Pulpal communication, 55 Pulpal diagnosis, 7t Pulpal diseases, 2-3, 284 classification, 2-3 Pulpal floor depth, 57f Pulpal hyperemia, 205 Pulpal inflammation, progression, Pulpal necrosis, 3, 26, 205 management, apical pathosis (impact), 16 Pulpal pain, physiology, Pulpal precautions, 51 Pulpectomy, 29, 196, 198 Pulpitis pain, Pulpodentinal complex, Pulpotomy, 29, 196-198 Pumice, usage, 174 Pure rotation, 170 Pure translation (bodily movement), 170 Q Quad-helix, 176 Quality assessment, 235 Index  469 Quality assurance, 235 Quantal dose-response curves, 292, 292f Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF), 40 Quantum theory, 132 Quenching, 367 Quinidine, 318 Quorum sensing, 257 R Radiation, 132 biology, 134-137 caries, 136 characteristic radiation, 134 chemistry, 135 direct effect, 135 electromagnetic radiation, 132 exposure, sources, 137 health physics, 137-138 indirect effects, 135 late somatic effects, 136-137 manmade sources, 137 distribution, 137f stochastic effects, 135 therapy, 266 ubiquitous background, 137 distribution, 137f units/quantities, 135t Radiation-induced cancers, 136 Radiation-induced solid cancers, 136-137 Radiation physics, 132-134 matter, 132-134 X-ray machines, 132-134 Radicular cyst (periapical cyst), 124 Radiographic anatomy, 143-148 Radiographic artifacts, 139 Radiographic assessment, 253 Radiographic blur, increase (causes), 139 Radiographic blurring, 139 Radiographic contrast, 139 Radiographic examination, 9-10 findings, Radiographic images, two-dimensionality, 9f Radiographic interpretation, Radiographic noise, 139 Radiographic quality assurance, 142-143 Radiographic speed, 139 Radiographic techniques, 17-18 exposure considerations, 17 Radiographs helpfulness, 149 limitations, 149 problems, causes, 140-141 Radiography dose limits, 138 reduction, 138 exposure dose, 137-138 methods, 138 risk, estimates, 138 Radiopaque lesions, characteristics, 17-18 Radiosensitivity, 135 Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 90 Range, 227 Ranula, 120f Rapid acceleratory phenomenon, 168 Rapport, usage, 237 Reactive connective tissue tumors, 119 Reactive lesions, salivary gland diseases, 120-121 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 261 Reassurance, providing, 237 Receptors, 291, 296t preferences, uses, 298t Recession, Miller classification, 275 Reciprocal clasp, 355 Reciprocal tooth movement, 172 Recombinant human BMP (rhBMP-2), 83 Reconstructive dentoalveolar surgery, 82-83 Recontouring, 276 Recurrent aphthous ulcer, 204 Recurrent caries, 149 Recurrent herpes simplex (cold sore) (fever blister), 204 Red complex, 257 Referred pain, Reflection, usage, 236 Refractory patients, 284 Refractory period, increase, 317 Reframing (cognitive coping), 243 Regional odontodysplasia, 132 Reinforced anchorage, 172 Relaxation, usage, 243 Remineralization, 36-38 Removable dental prosthesis (RDP), 343-347 components, 354-356 indications, 344 support, type, 356 Removable partial prosthodontics, 353-356 Removable retainers, 181 Renin-angiotensin system, drugs (impact), 320 Reparative dentin, 28 Replacement resorption (ankylosis), 26 Replacement root resorption, inflammatory root resorption (differences), 28 Resective osseous surgery, 276-277 Resective surgical therapy, difficulty, 283 Reserpine, 299 Residual root tips, 348 Resin-based sealants, 212 Resin-dentin bonds, longevity, 69 Resin luting agents, bonding, 364 Resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) base, 62 luting agents, 364 placement, 55 recommendation, 62 Respiratory pharmacology, 323-324 Respondent conditioning, 240 Rest, proximal plate, cast circumferential clasp (RPC), 355 Rest, proximal plate, I bar (RPI), 355 Rest, vertical dimension, 349 Restorations contouring/finishing, 70-72 criteria, 46 examination, 40-44 problem, 260 radiographic examination, 44 repair/resurface, 46 replacement, 46-47 Restorative implantology, 345-347 treatment planning, 345-346 Restorative margin placement, 285 Rests importance, 355-356 types, 355-356 Retainers, usage, 357 Retention, 181 class II correction, impact, 181 class III treatment, impact, 181 factors, 357 lower incisor alignment, impact, 181 open bite correction, impact, 181 overbite correction, impact, 181 permanent retention, 181 purpose, 181 Retentive clasps, 354 www.ajlobby.com Retrodiscal tissue (stress), anteriorly displaced disc (impact), 93f Retromolar pad, 351 Retromylohyoid area, 351 Retrospective cohort study, 224 Reverse bevel incision, 274 Reverse overjet, 155 Reverse pulpitis, Reverse smoking, 111 Reversible hydrocolloids, 359 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 120 Right lateral incisor, vertical defects, 276f Risk management/avoidance, 245-246 documentation, 245 Root canal infection, nature/dynamics, 18 obturation, 13 system, anatomic components, 18f Root correction, 180 Root development, amount, 202 Root end resection (apical surgery) (apicoectomy), 14 Root fracture, 22-24, 207 J-shaped radiolucency, 11f Root movement, 170 Root perforations, 20 Root planing, 272-273 Root resection, 15 Root resorption, 167-168, 199 occurrence/severity, 168 Root sensitivity, 284-285 Root surface caries, 218 treatment, 277 Root-surface caries, 43 Root-surface hypersensitivity, treatment, 46 Root surface preparations, 60 Root surfaces, 149 Ropinirole, 307 Rosiglitazone, 327 Rotary cutting instruments, 49-50 parts, designation, 50f Rotary speed ranges, 49 Rotational control, 173 Rotational movement, causes, 169f Rotation center, 169f Round bur, 50 Rubber cups, usage, 274 Rubber dam, 55-56, 212 Rubeola (measles), 112 Rudimentary supernumerary, conical form, 187f Rufinamide, 307 Rule of 7, 202 Ryan White CARE Act, 236 S Saddle pontic design, 357 Sagittal split osteotomy, 87f Salicylates, 315 Saliva, 36, 38 protective mechanisms, 36-38 Salivary flow, reduction, 300 Salivary gland diseases benign neoplasms, 121-122 malignant tumors, 122 reactive lesions, 120-121 Salivary glands, radiation effects, 136 Same lingual opposite buccal (SLOB), 9, 17, 139 Sampling strategy, 225 Sarcoidosis, 121 Saxagliptin, 327 Scaling, 272-273 Scammon’s growth curves, 158 470  Index Scarlet fever, 113-114 School water fluoridation, 220 Schwannoma (neurilemoma), 120 Schwartz periotrievers, 273 Scientific article abstract, 224 components, 224-226 discussion, 225 introduction/literature review/hypothesis, 224-225 methods, 225 references/bibliography, 225-226 results, 225 summary/conclusions, 225 title, 224 Scleroderma, 116 Sclerosis, 67 Screw-retained implant crown, 347 SDD See Sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline Sealants, 221 usage, 39 Sealers, 61-62 Secondary amyloidosis, 123 Secondary caries, 149 Secondary flare, 73 Secondary occlusal trauma, 282 Second bicuspid, distal eruption, 203f Second-generation histamine receptor blockers, comparison, 317 Second premolars, eruption, 202f Sedative hypnotics, 304-305 actions, 304 Seizures indications, 307 types, 306 Selective anesthesia test, Selective estrogen receptor modulators, 329 Selective grinding, 364 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 302 Selegiline, 308 Self-determination theory, 240 Self-etching primers, 174 Self-etching systems, 68 Self-etch one-step systems (all-in-one), 68 Self-etch two-step (self-etch primer), 68 Self-inflicted injuries, 260 Self-ligating brackets, 173 Self-monitoring bias, 241 Semiadjustable articulators, 345 usage, 345 Separated instruments prognosis, 20 Separated instruments, usage, 19-20 Sepsis, 16-17 Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 302 Severe closing rotation, 157-158 Severe crowding, 177 Severe periodontitis, 150 Sevoflurane, 312 Sex hormones, 329-330 Sexual abuse/neglect, 212 Shallow excavations, 62 Shallow pulpotomy, 28-29 Shank, term (usage), 51 Shaping (stimulus-response theory), 241 Sharps, disposal, 232 Shunts, 208 Sibilants, 350 Sickle scalers, usage, 272 Signal transduction, 293f Silence, usage, 238 Silica-bonded investments, usage, 367 Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), 218 Single organ amyloidosis, 123 Single palatal bar, 354 Single palatal strap, 354 Single-rooted teeth, root resorption, 168 Sinoatrial (SA) node, automaticity (reduction), 317 Sinus tract, tracing, 7f Sitagliptin, 327 Sjögren’s syndrome, 121 Skeletal movements, maximization, 184 Skeletal muscle, autonomic nerves/somatic nerves, 295f Skeletal neuromuscular blockers, 291-294 types, 301 Skeletal problems, treatment, 179 Skeletal relationships (cephalometrics), 163-164 Skewed distribution, 226, 226f Skirt, 73 SLOB See Same lingual opposite buccal Smear layer, 67 Smokeless tobacco-associated white lesion, 117-118 Smokeless tobacco use, impact, 266 Smoking-associated melanosis, 111 Smooth-surface caries, occurrence, 43 S-Nto-S-Gn, 164 Social cognitive theory, 239 Socket preservation, 83 Sodium hypochlorite, 13 Soft tissue diseases developmental conditions, 109-111 oral pathology/diagnosis, 109-132 Soft tissues benign soft tissue lesions, 348 growth, 157f incision/drainage, indications, 14 injuries, prevention, 81b precautions, 51 surgery, 82, 348-349 Solar cheilitis (actinic cheilitis), 117 Somatic nerves, 295f Sonic instruments, 273 Space closure, 180 maintenance, 177 planning factors, 202-204 Specific plaque hypothesis, 258 Sphenoid bones, 156 Spherical amalgam, 66 Spinal pain transmission pathways, 91f Splinting, 207, 282-283 materials, 283 Spongiosa, 144 Spontaneous pain, 196-197 Spoons, usage, 48 Sprues, 367 Squamous cell carcinoma, 118 oral squamous cell carcinoma, clinical features, 118b Stability, hierarchy, 184f Stabilizing clasp, 355 Staff model, 235 Stafne bone cyst, 110f Stage I anesthesia (analgesia), plateaus, 194 Staining, 361 Stainless steel archwire materials, 173 Stains, 260 Standard deviation, 227 State Children’s Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP), 235 Static equilibrium, 170-171 Statins, 322-323 Stationary anchorage, 172 Statistical analytical procedures, 225 www.ajlobby.com Statistical significance, 227 Statistics, 226 basic statistics, 226-229 inferential statistics, 227-228 Statute of limitations, 246 Sterilization, 16-17, 231-232 chemical (cold) sterilization, 232 dry heat sterilization, 16 dry-heat sterilization, 231 pressure sterilization, 16 process, 231-232 rationale, 16-17 type, 16 Steroids, comparison, 328t Stimulus control alteration, 241 incompatibility, 242 Stimulus-response theory (shaping), 241 Stock mouth guards, 207 Strain, internal characteristics, 172f Streptococcus mutans impact, 36 levels, 210 Stress, 267 internal characteristics, 172f Stress-strain relationship, 172 Strip perforations, 20 Stubbed margin, 73 Sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD), usage, 270, 280-281 Subgingival calculus, 260 Subgingival margins, 260 Sublingual gland area, 351 Subluxation, 24 Submandibular gland fossa, 147-148 Submandibular space, location, 96f Submucosal nodule, 120 Subperiosteal implant, 345-347 Succinylcholine, 301 Sucrose, 38-39 Sulfonamides, 333 Sulfoylurea oral hypoglycemic drugs, 325-326 Summarizing, 238 Superinfection, 330-334 Superior repositioning, 182 Supernumerary teeth, 187 eruption obstruction, 185f Supporting structures, radiographic anatomy, 144-148 Supportive periodontal therapy, 269 Suppuration, 253 Suprabulge, 355 Supracrestal fiberotomy, 181 Supragingival calculus, 259-260 Supragingival margins, 357 Surface apposition, occurrence, 157 Surface covers, usage, 230 Surface resorption, 25-26 Surgery principles, 79 timing, 184 Surgical crown lengthening, 357 Surgical endodontics, 13-15 incision/drainage/trephination, 13-15 Surgical extractions, 80 indications, 80 Surgical impactions, 80 Surgical treatment, orthodontic treatment (combination), 182-184 sequencing, 184 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, 219 Sustain talk, 242 Swelling, 196 Symptomatic apical periodontitis, Index  471 Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, 2-3 Symptoms, intensity/severity, Synapses/junctions, 295-296 Synchondroses, 156 Syphilis, 109 Systematic desensitization, 243 Systemic antibiotics, usage, 283 Systemic arthritic conditions, 91-92 Systemic disease, 10 aphthous ulcers, presence, 115t Systemic factors, 271 impact, 254 Systemic fluoride supplementation, 208 tablets/lozenges, usage, 221 Systemic toxicities, 103 T Table of allowances, 234 Talk, type, 242 Talon cusp, lateral incisor, 188f Tanaka-Johnson analysis, 211 Tannerella forsythia, 257, 259, 266 Taste buds, radiation (impact), 136 Taurodontism, 188 Technical jargon, reliance, 237 Teeth absence, 178 avulsion, cases, 24f development, 185-189 developmental disturbances, 185-189 examination, 40-44 form, anomalies, 251-252 fractures, 84-86 histodifferentiation/morphodifferentiation (bell stage), 185 horizontal forces, 364 initiation (bud stage), 185 large surface area, 357 mobility, 8-9 number, anomalies, 187-189 position, resistance center (indication), 168f proliferation (cap stage), 185 radiation effects, 136 radiographic anatomy, 143-148 radiographic examination, 44 restorations, 42f, 61-73 considerations, 357 reasons, 52 root resorption, 168 rotation, resistance center, 169f sectioning, 81 shape, anomalies, 187-188 size analysis, 162 anomalies, 187 calculation, 211 discrepancies (Bolton discrepancy), 180 space availability (prediction), 211t splinting, 343 structure anomalies, 188-189 bonding, status, 66 conservation, 52 traumatic injuries, examinations, 21-22 Teething, 209 Telangiectasias, 130 Tell-Show-Do (TSD), 190, 243 technique, 191 Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis), presenting symptoms, 91 Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), 91-93 screening evaluation, 282 surgical treatments, 93 TMJ dysfunction, nonsurgical therapy, 92-93 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, 181 nonsurgical therapy, 92-93 Tension side, 166 Terminal hinge position, 364 Test cavity, Tetracyclines, 332 usage, 281 Theophylline, 324 Theory of planned behavior, 240 Therapy, 272-286 Thermal expansion linear coefficient, 67 surface caries, proximal coefficient, 42 Thermal tests, 6-8 responses, 6-8 Thiazides, 322 Thioamide drugs, 325 Thiopental, 312 Third-party reimbursement, 234 Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography, usage, 165 Three-walled vertical defects, 276f Thrush, 114, 209 Thyroglossal tract cyst, 109-110 Thyroid congenital abnormalities, 109 Thyroid hormones, 324-325 synthesis, 326f Thyroid pharmacology, 324-325 Time sampling, 241 Time structuring, 242-243 Tipping, 166, 170 controlled tipping, 170 uncontrolled tipping, 170 Tissues, 296 comparison, 279 displacement (achievement), modes (usage), 359 inflammation, 167 level, radiation effects, 135 management, usage, 357-359 receptors, 297t responses, 297t Titanium implants gingival tissue, attachment, 277-279 placement, 277 Titanium-tissue interaction, 277-279 three-dimensional diagram, 278f Tolcapone, 308 Tooth-borne RDPs, rest location, 356 Toothbrushing, 286 Tooth-colored restorations clinical examinations, 44 indications, 47 Tooth movement biology, 165-168 mechanical principles, 168-172 types, 166, 170 Tooth preparation, 59-60 amalgam/composite, differences, 53t considerations, 52b contour space, 356 definition, 52 depth, 57 factors, 52 final tooth preparation, 55 objectives, 52 occlusal preparations, 53 principles, 56-57 smooth-surface preparations, 53 stages, 52-55, 54f steps, 52-55 Tooth size-arch length differences, calculation, 211 Tooth slooth, usage, 10 www.ajlobby.com Topical anesthetic, usage, 193 Topical fluoride, 222 Tori removal, 82 Torque, 173-174 Total joint replacement, indication, 93 Total necrosis, symptoms (absence), Toxicology, 337 Toxic symptoms/therapy, 338t Toxins, 338t Trabecular bone, 144 Training program, 231 Tramadol, 314 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 93 Transitioning, usage, 238 Translation, 166, 364 Transmissible diseases, 229-230 Transmission direct contact, 229 droplets/aerosols, usage, 229 indirect contact, 229 parenteral contact, 229 routes, 229-230 Transosteal implant, 345-347 Transpalatal arch, 176 Transportation, 19 Transtheoretical model, 239 Transverse corrections, 182 Transverse deficiency, treatment, 179 Trauma, occlusion/occlusal trauma (impact), 282 Trauma surgery, 84-86 Traumatic bone cyst, 10, 111f Traumatic (simple) bone cyst, 111 Traumatic fibroma, 119 Traumatic injuries, 21-28 apical neurovascular supply damage, 26 attachment damage, 25-26 biologic consequences, 25-26 examinations, 21-22 treatment, 206-207 Traumatic lesions, types, 255 Traumatic ulcer, 111 Treatment objectives, development, 165 Treatment planning, 1-12, 40-47, 238-239, 268-270 age, 269-270 considerations, 44 diagnosis, 343-347 genetic factors, 269 joint agreement, 238 Treatment plans, elements, 238-239 Treatment plan sequencing, 44 Trephination, 13-15 indications, 14 Treponema denticola, 257 Treponema species, 257 Triamterene, 322 Tricyclic antidepressants, 302 Trigeminal pain modulation system, 91f Trigeminal pain transmission pathways, 91f Trihexyphenidyl, 308 Tripoding, 182 Triptans, 316 True anterior superior alveolar nerve block, 104 True combined lesions, 12 True positive (TP), 228 t-test, 228 Tuberculosis, 113 Tumors, surgical management, 100-102 Tungsten target, 132 Twin block appliance, 175 Two-couple appliances, 171 472  Index Two-walled vertical defects, 276f Type I dose-response curves, 291 Tyrosine hydroxylase, catalysis, 296 U Ultrasonic instruments, 273 Ultrasonic scalers, 272 Uncomplicated fractures, 22-24 Uncontrolled tipping, 170 Undermining resorption, occurrence, 166 Undisplaced flap, 274 Unerupted, term (usage), 80 Universal curettes, 272 Upper incisors angulation, 164 position, 183f U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 236 U-shaped palatal (horseshoe), 354 Usual, customary, and reasonable (UCR), 234 V Valproic acid, 307 Value adjustments, 361 lightness/darkness, 361 Vancomycin, 333 Variance (s2), 227 Varicella (chickenpox), 112 Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 112 Vasoconstrictors addition, 103-104 amounts, calculation, 310 systemic effects, 309t usage, 309 Vazirani-Akinosi technique, 105 V bend couple, 171f Ventricle, conduction velocity (reduction), 317 Verbal communication, care, 237 Verbal facilitation, 238 Verrucous carcinoma, 118 Vertical corrections, 182 Vertical defects, 276 Vertical deficiency, treatment, 179 Vertical dimension, 350 insufficiency, effects, 349 Vertical excess, treatment, 179 Vertical fractures, occurrence (process), 21 Vertical incisor position (control), appliances (usage), 176 Vertical osseous defect, 149 Vertical overbite, 162 Vertical root fracture, 9, 11, 21 clinical findings, 11 definition, 21 diagnosis, 11 etiologies, 11 prognosis, 11 treatment, 11, 21 Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), 322-323 Vestibuloplasty, 349 Vinyl polysiloxane (addition silicone), 359 Viral infections, 112-113 Vital pulp therapy, 28-30 apexification, 29-30 materials, 28-30 methods, 28-29 pulpectomy, 29 Vita Lumin Vacuum Shade Guide, 361 Vitamin D, 328-329 Vitamin D3, synthesis/activation, 328f Vitapan 3D-Master Shade Guide, 361 Voglibose, 327 Voids, 43 Volume equivalents, 338t von Recklinghausen’s disease, 128 W W-arch, 176 Warfarin, oral anticoagulants, 323f Warthin’s tumor, 122 Waterlines, 233 Water/powder ratio, increase, 366 Wave theory, 132 Wedge positions, 64f Wegener’s granulomatosis, 115 Weight equivalents, 338t White sponge nevus, 130 Whole-body irradiation, effects, 136 Willful negligence, 212 Wire cross section, 173 Wire length, 173 Wire material, 173 properties, 172-173 Wire selection, 173 Witnesses, 247 Working films, 17 www.ajlobby.com Wound healing/repair/regeneration, 282 irrigation, 81 Wraparound retainer, 181 X Xenograft, 83, 277 material, 277 Xerostomia, 351 X-linked recessive condition, 130 X-ray beam, factors, 134 X-ray film, 138-139 automatic film processing, 140 development times, temperature (relationship), 140t exposure development, problems, 141b fixing solution, 140 image characteristics, 138-139 latent image, formation, 140 latitude, 139 penny test, 140 processing, 140-141 solutions, 140 rinsing, 140 safelighting, 140 X-ray machines, 132-134 anode, 132 cathode, 132 high-voltage transformer, potential difference generation, 133 power supply, 133 X-rays copies, provision, 246-247 deterministic effects, 135 dose, fractionation, 136 health physics, 137-138 intensifying screens, 138-139 matter, interactions, 134 production, 133-134 X-ray tube, components, 133f Xylitol, 39 Z Zero-order elimination kinetics, 293 Ziconotide, 316 Zinc phosphate cement, mixture, 364 Zinc polycarboxylate cement, viscosity, 364 Zolpidem/zaleplon, 304-305 Z-plasty, 348 Zygoma, 146 Zygomatic fractures, requirements, 86 ... why the distracters are not See if these explanations agree with the reasons for making your selections The questions are written in the formats used on the National Boards including the new formats... to the correct answer These wrong choices are called “distracters:” they are meant to determine vii www.ajlobby.com viii  Preface those who have the best knowledge of the subject The present NBDE. .. Outline of Review A practice analysis was conducted using the 63 Competen­ cies of the New Dentist, developed by the American Dental Education Association.† For NBDE Part II, the findings of the dental