Mosbys review for the NBDE part i 2nd edition

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Go to evolve.elsevier.com/html/shop-promo.html to search and browse for products www.ajlobby.com Mosby’s Review for the NBDE Part One SECOND EDITION edited by Frank Dowd, DDS, PhD Professor Emeritus Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine School of Dentistry Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska www.ajlobby.com 3251 Riverport Lane St Louis, Missouri 63043 MOSBY’S REVIEW FOR THE NBDE, PART I, SECOND EDITION Copyright © 2015 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an ailiate of Elsevier Inc ISBN: 978-0-323-22561-8 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/ permissions his book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this ield are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identiied, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-22561-8 Executive Content Strategist: Kathy Falk Senior Content Development Specialist: Brian Loehr Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Senior Project Manager: Marquita Parker Design Direction: Brian Salisbury Printed in the United States Last digit is the print number: www.ajlobby.com Section Editors Nisha J D’Silva, BDS, MSD, PhD Joseph W Robertson, DDS, BS Associate Chair, Division of Oral Pathology/Medicine/ Radiology School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Faculty Department of Nursing and Health Professions Oakland Community College Bloomield Hills, Michigan Michael G Schmidt, PhD Katherine M Howard, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Biomedical Sciences School of Dental Medicine University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada Professor of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Microbiology and Immunology Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Stanley J Nelson, DDS, MS Professor and Co-Chair Department of Clinical Sciences School of Dental Medicine University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada iii www.ajlobby.com Preface How to Use This Text his review book is the compiled work by experts in each of the relevant disciplines represented on the National Board Dental Exam (NBDE) his second edition includes recent updates and important changes from the irst edition for each NBDE subject his text is a tool to help prepare students for taking the NBDE and to help identify strengths and weaknesses so students can better utilize their study time his text is not meant to replace years of professional training or to simply provide questions so that students may pass the exams if they memorize the answers Instead, this book will help direct students to the topic areas they may need to further review and will strengthen students’ knowledge and exam-taking skills Dental schools generally well in preparing their students for practice and for board exams Usually, there is a good correlation between students who well in their dental courses and those who score well on their board exams herefore to best prepare for board exams, students should focus on doing well in their course work It is in the students’ best interest to focus more board exam study time on the areas in which they have not performed as well in their dental coursework Most students are aware of their areas of weakness and therefore will have the opportunity to focus more resources on these areas when studying for boards Helpful Hints for Preparing to Take Your Board Examinations Pace yourself and make a study schedule As when taking a course, it is always better to give yourself suficient assimilation time rather than “cramming” over a short period of time, and if you start studying early enough, you should not have to make major changes in your daily schedule Study in a quiet environment similar to that in which the test is given Stick to your schedule and minimize distractions to avoid last minute panic and the urge to “cram.” Know your weaknesses and focus more of your resources on strengthening these areas Look back at your grades from the courses that relate to the exam topics hese will indicate areas that need more attention Also, use this book as a trial run to help point to content areas that may need more review Many ind practice exams useful You can employ practice exams in several ways: study with others by asking each other questions; test yourself with lashcards or notes that are partially covered from view; or answer questions from this text In each case, be sure to check your answer to ind out whether you achieved the correct answer Each section of this review book has practice exam questions here is also a sample exam with questions from each discipline his book also contains explanations as to why an answer is a correct answer and why the distracters are not See if these explanations agree with the reasons for making your selections he questions are written in the formats used on the National Boards including the new formats of matching, ordering, and multiple correct/multiple responses Block of time for practice examinations, such as the review questions and sample exam in this text Time yourself and practice your test speed; then compare your time to the estimated time needed to complete each section of the NBDE If your school ofers board reviews, we highly recommend taking them hese may assist you with building your conidence with what material you have already mastered and may help you focus on material that you need to spend more time studying Stay positive about the board exam If you prepare well, you should well on the exam Besides, think of all the people who have preceded you and have passed the exam What has been done can be done Consider making a study group composed of people who will be good study partners and who are able to help the other members in the group review and build conidence in taking the exam Exams are administered by the Joint National Commission on Dental Education (JNCDE) contracting with Prometric, Inc (Prometric.com) at various testing centers Exams are taken electronically Students seeking to take the National Board Exam must be approved by their Dean, who recommends eligibility for the exam to JNCDE More information on the exam is available at the American Dental Association (ADA) website Helpful Hints During the Taking of Examinations It is important to note that questions that are considered “good” questions by examination standards will have incorrect choices in their answer bank that are very close to the correct answer hese wrong choices are called “distracters:” they are meant to determine iv www.ajlobby.com Preface those who have the best knowledge of the subject he present NBDE review questions should be used to help the test taker better discriminate similar choices, as an impetus to review a subject more intensively (Distractors in questions on the actual board exam help determine which students have the best knowledge of the subject.) Most test takers better by reading the question and trying to determine the answer before looking at the answer bank herefore consider trying to answer questions without looking at the answer bank Eliminate answers that are obviously wrong his will allow a better chance of picking the correct answer and reduce distraction from the wrong answers Only go back and change an answer if you are absolutely certain you were wrong with your previous choice, or if a diferent question in the same exam provides you with the correct answer Read questions carefully Note carefully any negative words in questions, such as “except,” “not,” and “false.” If these words are missed when reading the question, it is nearly impossible to get the correct answer; noting these key words will make sure you not miss them If you are stuck on one question, consider treating the answer bank like a series of true/false items relevant to the question Most people consider true/false questions easier than multiple choice At least if you can eliminate a few choices, you will have a better chance at selecting the correct answer from whatever is let Never leave blanks, unless the speciic exam has a penalty for wrong answers It is better to choose incorrectly than leave an item blank Check with those giving the examination to ind out whether there are penalties for marking the wrong answer Some people better on exams by going through the exam and answering known questions irst, and then returning to the more diicult questions later his helps to build conidence during the exam his also helps the test taker avoid spending too much time on a few questions and running out of time on less diicult questions that may be at the end In addition, you may ind additional insight to the correct answer in other exam questions later in the exam Pace yourself during the exam Determine ahead of time how much time each question will take to answer Do not rush, but not spend too much time on one question Sometimes it is better to move to the next question and come back to the diicult ones later, since a fresh look is sometimes helpful Bring appropriate supplies to the exam, such as reading glasses, appropriate for a computer screen If you get v distracted by noise, consider bringing ear plugs It is inevitable that someone will take the exam next to the person in the squeaky chair, or the one with the snifling runny nose Most exams will provide you with instructions as to what you may or may not bring to the exam Be sure to read these instructions in advance 10 Make sure that once you have completed the exam all questions are appropriately answered Review before you submit your answers electronically 11 Presently, the part I exam is constructed as follows; Description # of Items Time Optional Tutorial NA 15 minutes Discipline-based, multiple-choice test items with 3-5 testlets (Testlets contain patient cases with related questions.) ~200 3.5 hours Optional scheduled break NA One hour max Discipline-based, multiple-choice test items with 3-5 testlets ~200 3.5 hours Optional Post-examination Survey NA 15 minutes Helpful Hints for the Post-Examination Period It may be a good idea to think about what you will be doing ater the exam Most people are exhausted ater taking board exams Some reasons for this exhaustion may be the number of hours, the mental focus, and the anxiety that exams cause some people Be aware that you may be tired, so avoid planning anything that one should not when exhausted, such as driving across the country, operating heavy machinery or power tools, or studying for inal exams Instead, plan a day or two to recuperate before you tackle any heavier physical or mental tasks Consider a debrieing or “detoxiication” meeting with your positive study partners ater the exam Talking about the exam aterwards may help reduce stress However, remember that the feelings one has ater an exam may not always match the exam score (e.g., students who feel they did poorly may have done well, or students who feel they did well may not have.) Consider doing something nice for yourself Ater all, you will have just completed a major exam It is important to celebrate this accomplishment We wish you the very best with taking your exams and trust that this text will provide you with an excellent training tool for your preparations www.ajlobby.com Additional Resources his review text is intended to aid the study and retention of dental sciences in preparation for the National Board Dental Examination It is not intended to be a substitute for a complete dental education curriculum For a truly comprehensive understanding of the basic dental sciences, please consult these supplemental texts Anatomical Basis of Dentistry, hird Edition Bernard Liebgott Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, Seventh Edition Richard W Brand, Donald E Isselhard Rapid Review Gross and Developmental Anatomy, hird Edition N Anthony Moore, William A Roy Molecular Cell Biology, Seventh Edition Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A Kaiser, Monty Krieger Oral Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Fourth Edition Barry K B Berkovitz, G R Holland, Bernard J Moxham Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition John E Hall Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion, Ninth Edition Stanley J Nelson, Major M Ash Jr Berne & Levy Physiology, Sixth Edition Bruce M Koeppen, Bruce A Stanton Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion, Seventh Edition Jefery P Okeson Medical Biochemistry, hird Edition John W Baynes, Marek H Dominiczak Medical Microbiology, Seventh Edition Patrick Murray, Ken Rosenthal, and Michael Pfaller Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fourth Edition Margaret J Fehrenbach, Susan W Herring Robins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Eighth Edition Vinay Kumar, Abul K Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Jon C Astor Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, hird Edition Mary Bath-Balogh, Margaret J Fehrenbach Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Brad W Neville, Douglas D Damm, Carl C Allen, Jerry E Bouquot vi www.ajlobby.com Contents SECTION Anatomic Sciences Joseph W Robertson 1.0 Gross Anatomy 1.1 Head and Neck 1.2 Axilla, Shoulders, and Upper Extremities 30 1.3 horacic Cavity 41 1.4 Abdominopelvic Cavity 51 1.5 Central Nervous System and Neuroanatomy 62 2.0 Histology 68 2.1 Ultrastructure 68 2.2 Basic Tissues 70 2.3 Bone, Cartilage, and Joints 74 2.4 Lymphatic and Circulatory Systems 80 2.5 Endocrine System 83 2.6 Respiratory System 87 2.7 Gastrointestinal System 89 2.8 Genitourinary System 91 2.9 Integument 95 3.0 Oral Histology 97 3.1 Tooth and Supporting Structures 97 3.2 Sot Oral Tissues 103 3.3 Temporomandibular Joint 105 4.0 Developmental Biology 108 4.1 Osteogenesis 108 4.2 Tooth Development, Eruption, and Movement 109 4.3 Facial and Branchial Arch Development 111 4.4 General Embryology 116 Acknowledgments 118 Sample Questions 118 SECTION Biochemistry and Physiology 127 Katherine M Howard 1.0 Biologic Compounds 127 1.1 Sugars and Carbohydrates 127 1.2 Amino Acids and Proteins 128 1.3 Lipids 129 1.4 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 131 1.5 Micronutrients 132 2.0 Cellular and Molecular Biology 133 2.1 Cellular Organization 133 2.2 DNA Replication 133 2.3 RNA Synthesis 133 2.4 Protein Synthesis 134 2.5 Cell Cycle for Growth and Division 135 2.6 Genetic Engineering 136 3.0 Membranes 136 3.1 Structure 136 3.2 Functions 137 3.3 Membrane Transport 137 3.4 Membrane and Action Potentials 138 4.0 Metabolism 139 4.1 Bioenergetics 139 4.2 Enzymology 139 4.3 Basic Concepts of Metabolism 140 4.4 Catabolism 140 4.5 Anabolism 147 5.0 Connective Tissue and Bone 148 6.0 Nervous System 149 6.1 General Properties 149 6.2 Central Nervous System 149 6.3 Autonomic Nervous System 150 6.4 Sensory Systems 152 6.5 Neurotransmission 153 6.6 Somatic Nervous System (Motoneurons) 153 7.0 Muscle 154 7.1 Skeletal Muscle 154 7.2 Smooth Muscle 156 7.3 Cardiac Muscle 156 8.0 Circulation 156 9.0 Respiration 163 9.1 Mechanical Aspects 163 9.2 Gas Exchange and Transport 166 9.3 Regulation 168 10.0 Renal System 169 10.1 Acid-Base Balance 172 11.0 Oral Physiology 173 11.1 Oral Cavity 173 11.2 Taste 173 11.3 Salivary Glands and Secretions 174 11.4 Mastication 175 11.5 Swallowing 176 12.0 Digestion 176 13.0 Endocrine System 179 13.1 Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 179 13.2 Reproduction 182 13.3 Signaling Systems 184 13.4 Pancreas and Parathyroid 185 13.5 Adrenal and hyroid 188 Acknowledgments 189 Sample Questions 190 vii www.ajlobby.com viii Contents SECTION Host Defense, Microbiology, and Pathology 198 Michael G Schmidt and Nisha J D’Silva 1.0 Immunology and Immunopathology 198 1.1 Host Defense Mechanisms 198 1.2 Hypersensitivity 204 1.3 Immunopathology 205 2.0 General Microbiology 206 2.1 Biology of Microbes 206 2.2 Bacterial Cell Walls and heir External Surfaces 214 2.3 Antimicrobials 218 2.4 Sterilization and Disinfection 220 3.0 Microbiology and Pathology of Infectious Microbes 221 3.1 Bacterial Manifestations 221 3.2 Viruses 235 3.3 Vaccines 246 3.4 Prions 246 3.5 Fungi 250 4.0 Systemic Pathology 256 4.1 Cardiovascular Pathology 256 4.2 Respiratory Pathology 258 4.3 Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Pathology 260 4.4 Genitourinary Pathology 262 4.5 Blood and Lymphatic Pathology 263 4.6 Lymphoproliferative Diseases 264 4.7 Plasma Cell Pathology 265 4.8 Endocrine Pathology 265 4.9 Musculoskeletal Pathology 267 4.10 Skin Pathology 270 4.11 Genetic Diseases 270 4.12 Nervous System 272 5.0 Growth Disturbances 273 5.1 Neoplasms—Etiology, Epidemiology, and Biology 273 5.2 Speciic Neoplasms 274 Sample Questions 275 SECTION Dental Anatomy and Occlusion 287 Stanley J Nelson 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Introduction to Dental Anatomy 287 Development of Human Dentitions 294 Chronology of Primary Dentition 295 Morphology of Primary Teeth 295 Chronology of Permanent Dentition 299 Morphology of Permanent Teeth 299 Development of Dental Occlusions 301 Occlusal Contact Relations and Mandibular Movements 304 9.0 Anatomy, Physiology, and Function of the Temporomandibular Joint 311 10.0 Masticatory Muscles 314 11.0 Masticatory System and Role of Occlusion 316 Acknowledgments 316 Sample Questions 318 Sample Examination 329 Answer Key for Section 361 Answer Key for Section 367 Answer Key for Section 374 Answer Key for Section 380 Answer Key for Sample Examination Index 404 www.ajlobby.com 384 410 Index Epidermis, 95-96 Epinephrine, 145 Epiphyseal plate (physis), 76, 109 zones, 109 Epiphyseal surfaces, 109 Epiphysis (epiphyses), 76 closure, 109 Epiphysis cerebri (pineal gland), 86-87 Epithelial cells, 18 junctions, 70 Epithelial dysplasia, 273 Epithelial root sheath (Hertwig’s sheath), 111 Epithelial surfaces, 70 Epithelium (epithelia), 73 change, 88 classiication, 70 distribution, 70 types, 72t Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 238, 245 infection, 265 Equilibrium constant (Keq), 139 Eruption, term (usage), 295 Erythema infectiosum (ith disease), 240 slapped cheek appearance, 240 Erythrovirus (human parvovirus B19), 240 Escherichia coli (E coli), 227-228 Esophageal plexus, 14 Esophageal varices, 261 Esophagus, 90, 177 autonomic nerves, 49 Barrett’s esophagus, 261 constrictions, 49 extension, 49 pathology, 261 Essential amino acids, 147 Essential fatty acids, synthesis (problem), 129 Essential nutrients, scarcity, 208 Estrogen, 187-188 actions, 183b Ethmoid bone, 19 housing, 19 Ethmoid bulla, 22 Ethmoid cranial bone, 18 Ethmoid sinuses, 19 Eukaryotic cells, 218 Ewing’s sarcoma, 269 Exchange capillary exchange, 159-160 net exchange, 159 types, 159-160 Excitation-contraction coupling, 154, 155f cardiac muscle, 156 smooth muscle, 156 Exergonic, term (usage), 139 Exocrine function, 92 Exocrine pancreas pathology, 261 Exocytosis, 138 Exophthalmos, 269 Exopolysaccharides, role, 210 Exotoxin, 226 botulinum toxin, 226 tetanus toxin, 225 Expiration, 46, 166 Extended-spectrum penicillins, 218 Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 38t Extensor carpi radialis longus, 38t Extensor carpi ulnaris, 38t Extensor digiti minimi, 38t Extensor digitorum, 38t Extensor indicis, 38t Extensor pollicis brevis, 38t Extensor pollicis longus, 38t External auditory meatus (external ear), 16-17 External carotid artery, 1-4 shit, 114 External ear, 16-17 display, 16f External face, 113 External jugular vein, External laryngeal nerve, 14 External oblique muscle, 53 External skull, lateral view, 18f Extracellular bufers, 172 Extracellular luid (ECF), 137-138 compositions, 138t presence, 169 Extracellular hormones, 184 Extracellular K+, increase (impact), 188 Extracellular matrix, 74 Extraembryonic coelom, 118 Extraoral structures, 16-18 Extrasystoles, 161 Extrinsic asthma, 260 Extrinsic muscles (tongue), 29 Extrinsic proteins, 137 Eyeball blood supply, 17f concentric coats, 17f horizontal section, 17f inner lining, vitreous humor, 17 Eyebrows, muscles, 22-23 Eyelids, droop (ptosis), 269 Eyes, 17-18 diplopia (double vision), 269 ibrous layer, 17 muscles, 22-23 ptosis (drooping eyelids), 269 F Face bones, 113 cartilages, 113 external face, 113 internal face, 113 lymphatic drainage, 7f protective bones, 113 structures, formation, 113-114 sutures, 113 vascular blood supply, development, 114 vascular supply, shit, 115f Facial arches cartilaginous skeletal development, 113 development, 111-116 Facial artery, 2, 16 branches/structures, 3t Facial bones, 18 formation, absence, 113 orbit formation, 22t Facial expression, muscles, 22-26, 23f Facial nerve (CN VII), 13 Facial (motor) nucleus, 9t Facial, term (usage), 288-289 Facial veins, communications, 5f venous drainage, 5-6 Facilitated difusion, 137 Factor IX deiciency (hemophilia B) (Christmas disease), 264 Factor VIII deiciency (hemophilia A), 264 Facultative anaerobes, 213 Facultative intracellular parasite, 224 Falciform ligament, 60 False vocal cords, 87 Fanconi’s syndrome, 263 Fascia, 95f Fasciolopsis buski, 256 Fat-soluble vitamins, 132t Fatty acids, 129 activation, 145 beta oxidation, 145 www.ajlobby.com Fatty acids (Continued) synthase, 147 synthesis, 147 F cells, 86 Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) system, 294 Female reproductive system, 92-93, 183-184 Fenestrated capillaries, 81 Fermentation, 213 Fertilized ovum (zygote), implantation, 117f Fibers, 148-149 types, 155 Fibrillin, 73 Fibrin clot, formation (intrinsic/extrinsic pathways), 165f Fibrocartilage, 77t Fibronectin, 73 Fibrosa, 89 Fibrosis, 167 Fibrous connective tissue, 160 Fibrous dysplasia, 268 types, 268 Fight-or-light response, 63 Filiform papillae, 27, 90 Filtrate, colloid osmotic pressure, 170 Fimbria, 92 First branchial arch, 115 First mandibular molars, right side contact relations, 310f First maxillary molars, right side contact relations, 310f First molar contacts mesiobuccal cusp, 308 mesiolingual cusp, 308 First-order neuron, 153 First permanent molar, mixed dentition, 305f First premolar, mesial triangular fossa (contact), 308 Fissure, term (usage), 290-292 Fitness islands, 209-210 Flagella, 69 Flatworms (cestodes), 256 Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN), 144 Flavors, categories, 173 Flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris, 37t, 38 Flexor digitorum profundus, 37t, 38 Flexor digitorum supericialis, 37t, 38 Flexor pollicis longus, 37t, 39 Floppy valves, 258 Fluid movement, 159 Flukes (trematodes), 256 Foliate papillae, 29 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 83, 182 Food poisoning, diferential guide, 247t-249t Foramen cecum, 26-27, 116 Foramen magnum, 21t Foramen ovale, 21t Foramen rotundum, 19, 21t Foramen spinosum, 19, 21t Forcheimer’s sign, 237 Forearm, 32 muscles, division, 36-39 Foreign body, lysis, 203 Formed elements (cells), 78-79 Fort Bragg fever, 233 Fossa, 22, 292 canine fossa, 14 infratemporal fossa, 22 Fossa ovalis, 47 Fourth branchial arch, 115 Fourth-order neuron, 153 Fovea centralis, 17 Free energy (dG), 139 Free gingiva, 104 Free gingival groove, 104-105 Index Frontal cranial bone, 18 Frontal process, 19 FSH See Follicle-stimulating hormone Functional anatomy, 170 Functional ligaments, 107 Functional proteins, 129 Functional residual capacity (FRC), 164 Fundus, 57 Fungal disease, 252 Fungal infections, 199 Fungiform papillae, 29, 90 Fungus (fungi), 218, 250-256 black fungi, 250 characteristics, 218 classiication, 250-251 dimorphic fungi, 250-251 eukaryotic cells, 218 fungal disease, 252 human fungal diseases (mycoses), 251-256 identiication, 250-251 immune response, 218 opportunistic fungi, 251-252 systemic fungus, 252 Fungus balls, formation, 252 Fusobacterium, 229 characteristics, 229 G Gag relex, 8t Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 153 precursor, 148 Gamma-carboxyglutamate, 128 Gamma-hemolytic bacterial classiication, 222 Ganglion, 62 Ganglion cells, 18 Gap junctions, 70 Gardasil quadrivalent, viral protection, 240 Gaseous exchange, 88 Gas exchange, 166-168 limitations, 166-167 occurrence, 166-168 partial pressure, 166 pulmonary-capillary gas exchange, 166 tissue-capillary gas exchange, 166 Gas transport, 167-168 Gastric mucosa, 90 Gastrocolic relex, 178 Gastroduodenal artery, 58 Gastroenteritis, 246t Gastroesophageal relux disease (relux esophagitis), 261 Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, summary, 180t Gastrointestinal (GI) pathology, 260-262 Gastrointestinal (GI) relexes, 177 Gastrointestinal (GI) secretions, summary, 180t Gastrointestinal (GI) system, 89-91 innervation, 89 major layers, 89 scheme, 90f Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 198 autonomic innervation, features, 176f functional considerations, 176-179 tributaries, 56 Gaucher’s disease, 271 Generalized type III reactions, examples, 204 Genes, expression (regulation), 208 Genetic diseases, 270-272 Genetic disorders, 273-274 Genetic engineering, 136 Genetic transmission, 271 autosomal recessive, 270 Geniohyoid muscle, 25t Genitourinary glands, tributaries, 56 Genitourinary pathology, 262-263 GH See Growth hormone Ghon complex, 226 Giardia intestinalis, 253 Giardia lamblia, 253 Giardiasis, results, 253 Gigantism, 266 Gigantobilharzia, 256 Gingiva, 104-105 attached gingiva, 104 free gingiva, 104 Gingival attachment, means, 105f Gingival ibers, 102 Gingival hyperplasia, causes, 264b Gingival junctional tissue, 104f Gingival margin, proximal contact areas (relationship), 307f Gingiva mucosa, mucosal structures (diferences), 105t Ginglymoarthrodial joint, 311-314 Glands of von Ebner, 90 Glenoid fossa, 30 Glial cells, 74 Glide (translation), occurrence, 311-314 Global regulation, 209 Globular processes, appearance, 114 Glomerular iltration, 170-171 Glomerular membrane, permeability, 171 Glomerulonephritis, 262 Glomerulus, 93 Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), 13-14 Glucagon, 145, 185-186 action, mechanism, 185 secretion, regulation, 185 structure/synthesis, 185 Glucocerebrosidase, 205 Glucocerebroside, 271 Glucocorticoids, 188 secretion, 188 Glucokinase, 141 Glucose-6-phosphate, conversion, 147 Glucose reabsorption, 171 Glutamate, 148 presence, 153 Glutamine, 148 Glycerol phosphate, 147 Glycine, 148, 153 Glycochenodeoxycholic acid, 145 Glycocholate, 145 Glycogen, 127 storage diseases (glycogenoses), 271 synthesis enzymes, impact, 147 regulation, 147 Glycogenolysis, 145 Glycogenoses (glycogen storage diseases), 271 Glycogen phosphorylase, 145 Glycogen storage disease, 145 Glycolipids, 130, 136 Glycolysis, 140-142, 155 endocrine regulation, 142 metabolic pathways, interactions, 141f Glycolytic pathway, 142f Glycoproteins, 73 Glycosaminoglycan (GAG), 149 chains, 73 types, 73 Glycosphingolipids, 130 Goblet cells, 87, 91 Goiter, 265 Golgi apparatus, 69 Gomphosis, 77 Gonadotropic hormones, 83 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), response, 182 www.ajlobby.com 411 Gonorrhea, 230 Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, 274 G protein-mediated activation, 151 G proteins, 184 Graaian follicle, 93 Graded membrane potentials, 138 Gram-negative bacteria, 213-214, 227-234 cell wall characteristics, 214 comparison, 216f mixed gram-negative infections, role, 234-235 Gram-negative bioilms, formation, 210 Gram-negative/gram-positive bacteria, 208 Gram-positive bacteria, 213 cell wall, comparison, 216f cocci-shaped gram-positive bacteria, 221-223 Granular layer of Tomes, 100 Granules, 94 Granulocytes, 79 Granulomas, types, 199-200 Granulomatous inlammation, 199-200 Graves’ disease, 214 Gray matter, 62 Gray rami, exit, 67 Great cardiac vein, 48-49 Greater alveolar cells, 88 Greater curvature, 57 Greater omentum, 57 Greater palatine nerves, 10, 11t Greater petrosal nerve, 13 Gross anatomy, 1-68 head/neck, 1-30 Ground substance, 149 Group function occlusion, 311 Growth disturbances, 273-275 Growth hormone (GH), 182 decrease, causes, 266 deiciency, 266 production, excess, 266 secretion, 179-181 somatotropin, 83 Growth-promoting actions, 182 Guanine, chemical structures, 131f Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 131 hydrolyzation, 135 Guanylate cyclase, usage, 185 Gums, bleeding, 268 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 89 Gynecomastia, 272 H H1 receptors, 202 H2 receptors, 202 Haemophilus group, 232 Hairy leukoplakia, 238 Hand-foot-and-oral disease, 242 Hand, muscles (division), 36-39 Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, 269 Hansen’s disease (leprosy), cause, 227 Hard palate, 90 inferior view, 20f Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 265 Haustra, 59 Haversian canals, 75 Haversian systems (osteons), 75 Hay fever, 204 Head arteries, 2f cavities, 14-16 deep veins, 5f deoxygenated blood, drainage, 4-6 gross anatomy, 1-30 oral cavity, 1-8 412 Index Head (Continued) postganglionic ibers, 67 preganglionic ibers, 67 spaces, 14-16 Hearing, receptors (hair cells), 17 Heart, 46-49, 80-81 attack (myocardial infarction), 257-258 block, 161 blood vessels, 48f chambers, 47 conducting tissues, 160 disease, 268 entrances/exits, 47 features, 47 innervation, 49 surfaces, 47 valves, microbial infection, 231 wall, 47 Heartbeat, intrinsic control, 49 Heberden’s nodes, 269 Helicobacter pylori, 208, 229-230 characteristics, 229 virulence factors, 229 Helminths, 255-256 Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis), 79-80 Hemiazygos system, 50-51 Hemidesmosomes, 72 Hemoglobinopathies, 129 Hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve, 167-168 changes, 167-168 Hemolytic anemia, 220 Hemolytic jaundice, 261 Hemophilia A (factor VIII deiciency), 264 Hemophilia B (factor IX deiciency), 264 Hemorrhage, 257 Hepatic architecture, abnormality, 261 Hepatic artery, 57-58, 60 Hepatitis characteristics, 243 viruses, 243-244, 244t Hepatitis A, 242 virus, 243 Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), 244 Hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb), 244 Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), 244 Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), 244 Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 244 Hepatitis B virus (serum hepatitis), 244 Hepatitis C virus, 244 Hepatitis D virus, 244 Hepatitis E virus, 244 Hepatobiliary pathology, 260-262 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 261 Hepatocellular jaundice, 261 Hepatotoxicity, 219 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 263 Herpangina (summer illness), 242 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, 237 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2, 237-238 Herpesvirus family (Herpesviridae), 237-240 Hertwig’s sheath (epithelial root sheath), 111 Hexamethonium, impact, 151 Hexokinase, 141 Hexosaminidase A, 271 Hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway), 142 HHV See Human herpesvirus High-risk cervical lesions, 239 Hinge joint, 105 Hinge (rotation), occurrence, 311-314 Hippocampus, 150 Hirschsprung’s disease, 262 Histamine, 202 synthesis, 153 Histidine, 148 Histidine-rich proteins, 174 Histiocytosis X (Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis), 268-269 Histology, 68-97 cell, 68-70 histologic staining, 74 oral histology, 97-108 thyroid gland, 85f ultrastructure, 68-70 Histoplasma capsulatum, 252 Histoplasmosis, 252 Hodgkin’s disease, 265 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 243 Homeostasis, 156-163 control mechanisms, 157 Homoserine lactone (structure), acyl side chain (attachment), 211f Horizontal cells, 18 Hormones, 156 bacteria, cross-communication, 212 precursor, 130 Host cell lysis, 217 Host defense mechanisms, 198-204 acquired immune response, 200 anatomic barriers, 198-200 innate immune response, 198-200 physiologic barriers, 198 Howship’s lacunae, 76 HPV See Human papillomavirus HSV See Herpes simplex virus Human dentitions development, 294-295 timing, 295 formulas, 288 Human fungal diseases (mycoses), 251-256 Human herpesvirus (HHV) HHV 5, 238 HHV 8, 238 summary, 239t Human immunodeiciency virus (HIV), 243 genome, 243 infection, AIDS (diferences), 243 laboratory diagnosis, 243 pathogenicity, 243 treatment, 243 virion structure/characteristics, 243 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 239-240 Human parvovirus B19, 240 Humans bacteria, relationship, 206 microbiome, complexity, 206 sleeping disease, 254 tissues, development, 118 Humerus bone, 31 Humoral immunity (antibody-mediated immunity), 200 overview, 201f Hunter-Schreger bands, 98 Huntington’s disease, 272-273 Hyaline (articular) cartilage, 77t, 87 Hyaline cartilage model, 108-109 Hyaluronidase, 223 Hydrogen bonding, occurrence, 135 Hydrolases, 139 Hydrostatic pressures (capillary pressure), 170 Hydroxyapatite, 149 crystals, 97 Hydroxylysine, formation, 148 Hydroxyproline, 128 formation, 148 Hyoid muscles, 24 origins/insertions/innervation, 25t Hypercalcemia, 186, 266 Hyperchromatism, 273 www.ajlobby.com Hyperlipidemia, 145, 262 Hyperparathyroidism, 266 characteristics, 266 clinical manifestations, 266 Hypersensitivity, 204-205 Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), 265-267 clinical manifestations, 265-266 Hypertonic extracellular solution, 138 Hypertonicity, 172 Hyphae, 250 Hypoalbuminemia, 262 Hypocalcemia, 186 Hypodermis, 95 Hypogeusia, 173 Hypoglossal canal, 21t Hypoglossal motor nucleus, 175 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), 14 Hypoglossal nucleus, 9t Hypoparathyroidism, 266 Hypophosphatemia, 266 Hypophysis (pituitary gland), 83-84 Hypothalamic control, 83-84 Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, 84f Hypothalamic-releasing hormones, 181 Hypothalamohypophyseal (hypothalamopituitary) tract, 84 Hypothalamus, 150, 179-182 Hypothyroidism, 265 Hypotonic extracellular solution, 138 I IAA See Inferior alveolar artery IAN See Inferior alveolar nerve Ileocolic artery, 59 Ileum, 58-59 arterial supply, 59 venous drainage, 59 Ilium, 52 Imbrication lines of von Ebner, 100 Immature bone, remodeling, 108 Immune efector cells, 201-202 Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 203 Immunoglobulin D (IgD), 204 Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 204 accumulation, 204 Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 203-204 Immunoglobulin M (IgM), 204 Immunoglobulins (antibodies), 203-204 classes, 203-204 Immunology, 198-206 Immunopathology, 198-206 Incisal edge contact (IEC), 308-311 Incisal edge, term (usage), 290-292 Incisal guidance, 311 Incisive foramen, 21t Incisive nerve, 12t Incisors, 299 Incus, 17-18 Infants botulism, occurrence, 226 hypothyroidism, 265 Infectious agents, diferential guide, 247t Infectious microbes, microbiology/pathology, 221-256 Infective endocarditis, 256-258 Inferior abdominal wall, 55 Inferior alveolar artery (IAA), 3, 11-12 trigeminal nerve branch, 12t Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), 3, 11-12 anesthetic block, site, 15 Inferior concha, 18 Inferior constrictor muscle, 28t Inferior head of lateral pterygoid (IHLP), 315-316 Inferior meatus, 22 Index Inferior mesenteric artery, 59 Inferior ophthalmic veins, Inferior orbital issure, 21, 21t separation, 19 Inferior phrenic arteries, 56 Inferior phrenic veins, 56 Inferior vena cava, 47 Inlammatory mediators chemotaxis, 203 release, polymorphonuclear leukocytes/ neutrophils (usage), 198 Inluenza virus, 240, 241t Hemagglutinin/neuraminidase proteins, antigenicity (changes), 240 treatment, 240 Infrahyoid artery, Infrahyoid muscles, 24, 25t Infraorbital artery, Infraorbital nerve, 10 Infraorbital sulcus, 19 Infraspinatus muscle, 34, 35t Infratemporal fossa, 22 boundaries/communications, 23t Infratemporal (pterygoid) space, 15 communications, 16 infections, 15 Infundibulum, 84, 92 Inguinal ligament, 53 Innate immune response, 198-200 Innervation, 49 Inspiration, 46, 166 Insulin, 185 action, mechanism, 185 dephosphorylation, 145 efects, 186f secretion, regulation, 185 structure/synthesis, 185 Insulinlike growth factor (IGF), 182 Integument, 95-97 Interalveolar septa, 88 Intercellular signaling networks, protein composition, 294-295 Intercostal blood vessels/nerves, 44 Intercostal muscles (thorax), 44 Intercostal nerves, 51 Intercostal veins, 44 Intercuspal position (ICP), 308-311 Interdental (transseptal) ibers, 102 Interdental gingiva (interdental papilla), 105 Interdental papilla (interdental gingiva), 105 Interferon-gamma release assay tests, FDA approval, 227 Interferons (INFs), 202 actions, 202t Interglobular dentin, 99-100 Interleukins, 202 actions, 202t Internal acoustic meatus, 21t Internal carotid artery, shit, 114 Internal ear, 17 display, 16f Internal face, 113 muscle development, 115-116 neural development, 115 Internal facial development, 115-116 Internal jugular vein, 4-5 Internal laryngeal nerve, 14 Internal oblique muscle, 53 Internal thoracic artery, Interphase (mitosis phase), 70 Interradicular ibers, 102 Interstitial luid colloid osmotic pressure, 159 Interstitial luid pressure, 159 Intertubercular sulcus, 31 Intertubular dentin, 99 Intestinal lukes, 256 Intestinal lining, cells, 91 Intestinal metaplasia, 261 Intestinal schistosomiasis, 256 Intestinal villi, atrophy, 262 Intestine, triacylglycerol movement, 181f Intracellular bufers, 172 Intracellular luid (ICF), 137-138 compositions, 138t presence, 169 Intraepidermal nevus, 270 Intraepithelial lymphocytosis, 262 Intramembranous ossiication, 108-109 appositional growth, 76-77 Intraoral melanomas, rarity, 274 Intrapleural pressure, 166 Intrapulmonary bronchi, 87 Intrinsic asthma, 260 Intrinsic muscles (tongue), 29 Intrinsic proteins (integral proteins), 136-137 Invasive aspergillosis, 252 Invasiveness coding plasmids, impact, 207-208 Iodine deiciency, 265 Iris, 17 Irreversible regulatory enzymes, 143 Ischemic heart disease (IHD), 257-258 Ischial spine, projection, 52 Ischial tuberosity, 52 Islets of Langerhans, 86 Isocitrate dehydrogenase, 143 Isomerases, 139 Isotonic extracellular solution, 138 Isthmus, 92 J Jafe-lichtenstein syndrome (polyostotic ibrous dysplasia), 268 Jaundice, 261 hemolytic jaundice, 261 hepatocellular jaundice, 261 obstructive jaundice, 261 Jaw-closing relex, 175 Jaw relex, 8t Jejunum, 58-59 arterial supply, 59 venous drainage, 59 Joints, 74-80 actions, 311-314 capsule (articular capsule), 78, 106 pathology, 269 space (synovial cavity), 78 Jugular foramen, 21t Jugular veins, 4-5 Junctional complex, 70 Junctional epithelium, 104f, 105 Junctional nevus, 270 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 95 K Kaposi’s sarcoma, 238 Karyolysis, 69 Karyorrhexis, 69 Keratin, 103, 149 Keratinocytes, 95-96 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes), 260 Keratocystic odontogenic tumors, 274 Ketoacidosis, occurrence, 145 Ketone bodies, energy source, 145 Ketone metabolism, 145 Kidneys, 58f, 61 blood supply, 61 features, 61 iltration, 94f www.ajlobby.com 413 Kidneys (Continued) mesangial cells, 201 peritoneum, 61 structure, 61 Kinetics, 139 Kingella kingae, 232 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 228 Klinefelter’s syndrome, 272 Knee-jerk relex, 153 Koplik’s spots, 237 Krebs cycle, 142-143 Kuppfer’s cells, 201 L Lacrimal bone, medial orbital rim, 19 Lacrimal facial bones, 18 Lacrimal glands enlargement, 260 visceral motor branches, 13f Lactic acidosis, occurrence, 142 Lactiferous ducts, 93 Lactobacillus, 223-224 characteristics, 223-224 Lactoferrin, 175 Lacunae, 75, 101 Lambdoidal suture, 19 Lamina basement membrane, 72 development, 109 Lamina dura, 103 Lamina propria, 87, 89, 103-105 blood vessels, 87 difuse lymphatic tissue, 89 Laminar low, 158 Laminin, 73 Lamnia propria, 92 Langerhans’ cells, 96, 198 histiocytosis (histiocytosis X) (Langerhans’ cell granuloma), 268-269 types, 269 Large bowel pathology, 262 Large intestine, 91, 178-179 arterial supply, 60f motility, 178 secretion, 178 Larynx, muscles, 26 origins/insertions/actions, 28t Late diastole, 161 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, 28t Lateral epicondyle, 31 Lateral excursion, 24 Lateral ligament (temporomandibular ligament), 107 Lateral lingual swellings, 116 Lateral nasal processes, 114 Lateral palatal processes, 115 Lateral palatine processes, 115 Lateral pectoral nerve, 40 Lateral pterygoid muscles, 24, 24t, 315-316 nonworking side, 24 positions, 315f Lateral pterygoid nerve, 12t Lateral supracondylar ridge, 31 Laterotrusive contacts, 287-288 Laterotrusive movement, 308, 310 Late systole, 162 Late viral protein synthesis, 217 Latissimus dorsi, 33, 34t Let atrial pressure, 161f Let atrium, internal features, 47 Let coronary artery, 48 Let mandibular buccal cusps, 310-311 Let palatal process, 19-21 Let-sided CHF, 258 Let ventricle, internal features, 48 414 Index Let ventricular pressure, 161f Leiomyoma, 269 Leishmania, 255 Leishmaniasis cutaneous leishmaniasis, 255 mucosal leishmaniasis, 255 visceral leishmaniasis, 255 Length-tension relationship, 155 Lens, 18 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease), cause, 227 Leptospira, 233 prevention/treatment, 233 Lesser curvature, 57 Lesser omentum, 57, 60 Lesser palatine nerves, 10, 11t Letterer-Siwe disease, 269 Leukemia, 264-265 acute leukemias, 264 characteristics, 264-265 chronic leukemias, 264-265 oral manifestations, 264 signs/symptoms, 264 Leukocytes (white blood cells), 78-79 Leukotrienes, 202 Levator anguli oris, 23 Levator costarum muscles, 44 Levator labii superioris, 23 Levator scapulae, 34, 34t Levator veli palatini, 27t Leydig cells, 182 LH stimulation, 92 LH See Luteinzing hormone Lichen planus, 270 Ligaments, 311 Ligamentum venosum, 60 Ligand-gated protein channel, 137 Ligases, 139 Line angles, 290f division, 289-290 Lines of Retzius (enamel striae), 97-98 termination, 98 Lineweaver-Burk plot, 140f Lingual artery, Lingual mucosa, 90 Lingual nerve, 12, 12t Lingual papillae, 27-29, 90 Lingual, term (usage), 288-289 Lingual tonsil, 82 Lining mucosa, 104, 104t Linoleic acid, 129 Linolenic acid, 129 Lipase, 174 Lipid anchored proteins, 137 Lipids, 129-130 anabolism, occurrence, 147 bilayer, 136-137 catabolism, 145 classiication, 129-130 composition, 136 function, 130 glycolipids, 130 glycosphingolipids, 130 phosphosphingolipids, 130 sphingolipids, 130 Lipiduria, 262 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 214 endotoxin, 229 toxicity, 214 virulence factors, 228 Lipoproteins, 179 Lipoteichoic acids, 214 Lipoxygenase, pathways, 202f Lips, 89 muscles, 23 Listeria, 224 characteristics, 224 disease, 224 infections, treatment, 224 treatment, 224 virulence factors, 224 Listeriosis, ampicillin (usage), 224 Liver, 34, 179 bile, 179 blood low, 60 cirrhosis, 261 disease, 264 enzymes, increase, 261 function, 179 Kupfer’s cells, 201 pathology, 261 peritoneal attachments, 60 structure, 60 surfaces/features, 59-60 triacyglycerols, movement, 181f venous return, 60 Lobar pneumonia, 259 Long bones, anatomy, 76 Long buccal nerve, 12t Long thoracic nerve, 39 Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 272 Lower collagenous lamina, 107 Lower motor neurons, 63-64 Low-molecular-weight molecule, acyl side chain, 210 LPS See Lipopolysaccharide Lumbar arteries, 56 Lumbar attachments, 55 Lumbar nerves, 56 Lumbar veins, 56 Lumbar vertebrae, 51-52 Lumpy jaw, 223 Lungs, 44-45 abscess, 259 blood supply, bronchial arteries (impact), 46 borders, 44 cancer (bronchogenic carcinoma), 274 capacity, 164, 165f compliance, 166 change, factors, 166 control, 46 issures/lobes, 44-45 hilum, 45 infection, forms, 252 surfaces, 44 volume, 164, 165f Luteinzing hormone (LH), 83, 182 surge, 93 Lyases, 139 Lyme disease, 233 Lymphatic blockage, 160 Lymphatic circulation, 81-83, 158 Lymphatic drainage, 41 Lymphatic pathology, 263-264 Lymphatic systems, 80-83 Lymphatic vessels, lung entry/exit, 45 Lymph follicles, 89 Lymph nodes, 81 features, 82f groups, 42f macrophages, 201 Lymphocytes B/T cells, 79 antigen-stimulated activation, 82 proliferation, inhibition, 212 Lymphoid organs, 81 Lymphokines, 202 Lymphomas, 265 www.ajlobby.com Lymphoproliferative diseases, 264-265, 274-275 Lysogeny, 218 Lysosomal (lipid) storage diseases, 270-272 Lysosomes, 69, 133, 146 Lysozyme, impact, 198 M Macroconidia, 251 Macroglossia, 271 Macrolides, impact, 220 Macula densa (desmosomes), 70 Malabsorption syndromes, 261-262 Male hypogonadism, causes, 272 Male reproductive system, 182-184 hormonal control, 92 Malignant melanoma, 274 Malignant nephrosclerosis, 262 Malignant plasma cell neoplasm, 265 Malignant tumors characteristics, 273 diferences, 273 Malleus, 17-18 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 261 Malpighian (renal) corpuscle, 93-94 Mandible, 21 body, space, 15 communications, 15 border movements, 308-311 condyle, 105 facial bones, 18 retrusive movement, 310 surface landmarks, 21 units, 113 vestibular space, 14-15 Mandibular arch, 114 Mandibular bones, lateral growth, 113 Mandibular division, branches, Mandibular irst molars, 299f central fossa, mesiolingual cusp, 307f distobuccal cusps, 310 projected protrusive/working/balancing side paths, 310f Mandibular fossa, 105 articular fossa, 106 Mandibular growth, location, 21 Mandibular molars, 299 bifurcation, enamel projection, 292f occlusal landmarks, 293f position, importance, 299 Mandibular movements, 304-311 eccentric positions, 304-311 envelopment, sagittal plane (schematic representation), 309f frontal/coronal plane, 308 horizontal plane view, 308-310 Mandibular nerve (V3), 11-12 Mandibular premolars, addition, 288 Mandibular protrusion, 310 Mandibular region, spaces, 14-16 Mandibular second molars, 299f Mandibular supporting cusp, 308 Mandibular teeth, step relationship, 307f Mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome), 272 Mantle dentin, 99 Manubrium, 41 Maple syrup urine disease, 146 Marble bone disease (Albers-Schönberg disease), 268 Marfan’s syndrome, 271 Marginal gingiva, 104f Marginal ridge, 292 Marginal zone, 83 Index Masseteric artery, Masseteric nerve, 12t Masseter muscles, 24, 24t, 314-315, 315f supericial layer, 314 Mast cells, 202 Mastication control, 175-176 muscles, 24 origins/insertions, 24t rhythmic movements, 175 Masticator space, 15 Masticatory action, study, 316 Masticatory mucosa, 104, 104t Masticatory muscles, 314-316 temporalis/masseter muscles, 315f Masticatory system, 316 age/wear/disease, 316 function, impact, 316 Mastoid (postauricular) nodes, Maxilla, 19-21 facial bones, 18 landmarks, 20f premaxilla, 114 vestibular space, 14 Maxillary artery, 3-4 branches, 3f, 4t structures, 4t Maxillary bones, growth, 113 Maxillary central incisor facial aspect, 291f labial view, 290-292 Maxillary irst molar mesiolingual cusp, 307f projected protrusive/working/balancing side paths, 310f Maxillary irst molars, 299f Maxillary irst primary molar, 298-299 Maxillary mesiolingual cusp, mediotrusive movement (opposition), 310 Maxillary molars, 299 occlusal landmarks, 293f Maxillary nerve (V2), 11f branches, 11t, 22 Maxillary premolars, addition, 288 Maxillary second molars, 299f Maxillary teeth, step relationship, 307f Maxillary tuberosity, 19 McArdle’s syndrome (type V), 271 McCune-Albright syndrome, 268 M cells, 89 Mean arterial pressure (MAP), 158 Measles virus, 240-241 Mechanoreceptors, 152 Meckel’s cartilage, 115 appearance, 113 Medial nasal processes, 114 Medial orbital rim, 19 Medial palatal processes, 115 Medial palatine suture, 19 Medial pectoral nerve, 40 Medial pterygoid muscles, 24, 24t, 315 positions, 315f Medial styloid process, 32 Medial supracondylar ridge, 31 Median nerve, 40 Median sacral artery, 56 Median sacral vein, 56 Mediastinum, 45f, 46-51 anterior mediastinum, 49 middle mediastinum, 46-49 right mediastinum, lateral view, 50f superior/posterior mediastinum, 49-51 Mediotrusive movement, 308 maxillary mesiolingual cusp, opposition, 310 Medulla, 81, 149 cardiac control, 162 central zone, 83 Medullary respiratory center (reticular formation), 169 Meioitic nondisjunction, 272 Meiosis, 70, 72f, 136 divisions, 136 interphase, 136 Meissner’s corpuscles, 152 Melaninogenica, 230 Melanin, synthesis, 96 Melanocytes, location, 96 Melanocytic nevus (pigmented nevus), 270 Melatonin, 87 Membranes, 136-139 action potentials, 138-139 active transport, 138 cotransport systems, 138 countertransport, 138 disruption, 220 facilitated difusion, 137 functions, 137 graded membrane potentials, 138 large molecules, transport, 138 osmosis, 137-138 passive transport, 137-138 potentials, 138-139 primary active transport, 138 secondary active transport, 138 simple difusion, 137 structure, 136-137 transport, 137-138 Memory function, 200 Meningitis, 224, 230 bacterial meningitis, 272-273 causes, 245 viral meningitis, 272 Meniscus (articular disc), 107 Mentalis, 23 Mental nerve, 12t Mental status, alteration, 246t Merkel cells, 96 Mesangial cells, location, 93 Mesencephalic nucleus, 9t Mesial, term (usage), 288-289 Mesiodistal diameter, 304 Mesoderm, 118 formation, 116 Messenger RNA (mRNA), 131 Metabolic acidosis, 172 Metabolic alkalosis, 172 Metabolic inhibitors, impact, 220 Metabolic pathways, glycolysis (interactions), 141f Metabolism, 139-148 concepts, 140 Metacarpal bones, 33 Metaphase (mitosis phase), 70 Metaphysis, 76 Methionine, 148 Met-tRNA, 135 Michaelis-Menten equation, 139-140 Microbes biology, 206-214 HACEK group, 231-232 Microbiology, 206-220 infectious microbes, 221-256 Microconidia, 251 Micrognathia, 271 Micronutrients, 132 Microorganisms, inactivation, 220 Midbrain, 150 Middle constrictor muscle, 28t www.ajlobby.com 415 Middle ear (tympanic cavity), 16-17 display, 16f Middle meatus, 22 Middle mediastinum, 46-49 Middle meningeal/accessory arteries, Middle superior alveolar nerve, 11t Mineralization, 149 process, 149 Mineralized (calciied) matrix, 74 Mineralocorticoids, secretion, 188 Minerals, 132 Minute ventilation, 164 Mitochondria, 69, 133 Mitochondrial metabolism, urea cycle (integration), 146f Mitosis, 69-70, 136 phases, 70, 71f, 136 Mitotic activity, 273 increase, 273 Mitral valve, 47-48 prolapse, 258 Mixed dentition, 305f Mixed gram-negative infections, role, 234-235 MMR vaccine, usage, 241 Molars mandibular irst/second molars, 299f maxillary irst/second molars, 299f primary right molars, 298f Molds, 250, 252 form, 250-251 nonseptate molds, 250 Molecular biology, 133-136 Moles, 270 Molluscipoxviruses, 238 Monkeypox, 238 Monoamine oxidase (MAO), metabolism, 151 Monocytes, 79 Mononuclear cells, 201-202 Mononucleosis (kissing disease), 238 Monosaccharides, 127 Monostotic ibrous dysplasia, 268 Monosynaptic relex, 175 Morbilliform, 237 Morphogenesis, interactive mechanisms, 294-295 Morula, 116-117 Motoneurons, 153-154 Motor branches, 40 Motor ibers, 63 Motor nerves, postganglionic ibers, 97 Motor neurons, 62-64 types, 75f Motor (facial) nucleus, 9t Motor pathway, 10 Motor unit, 154 Mouth closure, 24 muscles, 23 opening, 24 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 260-261 Mucopolysaccharide (glycosaminoglycan), 127-128 Mucormycosis, 252 Mucosa, 89, 176 nasal mucosa, 90 structure, diferences, 105t Mucosal leishmaniasis, 255 Mucosal membranes, 198 Mucous glands, 90 Mucous glycoproteins, 174 Mucous membrane pemphigoid, 270 Multicellular parasites, 255-256 Multilaminar primary follicle, 93 Multinucleated giant cells, 265 416 Index Multiple myeloma, 265 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 272 Multipolar extensions, 62 Multipolar motor neuron, 75f Multipolar neurons, 74 Mumps virus, 241 Mural endocardium, microbial infection, 256-257 Muscarinic receptors, 151 Muscles, 22-30, 154-156 activity coordination, occurrence, 175 variation, 175 anterior forearm compartment, 37t anterior right arm, 32f arms, 34-36, 35t axilla, 30-41 cardiac muscle, 74 cheek, 23 chin, 23 contraction, energy sources, 155 eyes/eyebrows, 22-23 larynx, 26 lateral excursion, 24 lips, 23 mastication, 24 mouth, 23 neck, 25f, 26 nose, 23 pathology, 269-270 pectoral region, 32f pharynx, 26 posterior forearm compartment, 38t posterior muscles, 33f protrusion, 24 relexes, 153-154 region, grouping, 33-39 retrusion, 24 shoulders, 30-41, 35t sot palate, 26 supericial back, 34t tongue, 26-29 trapezius muscle, 26 tumors, 269-270 types, 73-74, 73t upper extremities, 30-41 weakness, characterization, 269 Muscular arteries, 80 Muscularis contractions, 92 Muscularis externa, 89-90 Muscular triangles, 29 Musculoskeletal nerve, 40 Musculoskeletal pathology, 267-270 Myasthenia gravis, 153, 269 Mycelium, 250 Mycetoma, 251 Mycobacterial cell wall structure, 217f Mycobacterium, 226-227 characteristics, 226 treatment, 227 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, 227 Mycobacterium leprae, 227 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 226-227 exposure, test, 205 Mycoses (human fungal diseases), 251-256 cutaneous mycoses (skin fungi), 251 subcutaneous mycoses, 251 Mylohyoid muscle, 25t Myocardial cells, action potential, 160 Myocardial infarction (heart attack), 257-258 Myocarditis, 276 Myocardium, 80, 160 Myoibrils, sarcomere (thick/thin ilament organization), 154f Myoilaments, 156 Myogenic activity, increase, 159 Myosin dephosphorylation, 156 molecule, heads, 154 phosphorylation, 156 Myosin-light-chain kinase, phosphorylation, 156 Myxedema, 265 N NADH See Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nails, 96 Naked viruses, 236 Nanukayami fever, 233 Nasal branches, 10 Nasal cavities, 22, 87 minor glands, 13f Nasal facial bones, 18 Nasalis, 23 Nasal mucosa, 90 Nasal pits, 114 Nasal septal cartilage, 19 Nasopalatine nerve, 11t Nasopharynx, 87 Natural killer (NK) cells, activation, 198-199 Natural penicillins, 218 Neck arteries, 2f cavities, 14-16 deep veins, 5f deoxygenated blood, drainage, 4-6 gross anatomy, 1-30 landmark, 26 muscles, 25f, 26 origins/insertions/innervations, 26t schematic drawing, 314f oral cavity, 1-8 postganglionic ibers, 67 preganglionic ibers, 67 spaces, 14-16 swellings, viral infections, 245t triangles, 29-30 veins, 4-5 Needle licker’s osteomyelitis, 231 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 230 characteristics, 230 disease, 230 virulence factors, 230 Neisseria meningtidis, 230 characteristics, 230 disease, 230 transmission, 230 vaccine, 230 virulence features, 230 Nematodes (roundworms), 255-256 Neoplasms, 274-275 diferences, 273 etiology/epidemiology/biology, 273-274 Nephritic syndrome, 262 Nephropathy, 267 Nephrosclerosis, 262 benign (arterial) nephrosclerosis, 262 malignant nephrosclerosis, 262 Nephrotic syndrome, 262 Nephrotoxicity, 219 Nerves ibers, classiication, 152t plexus, 67 types, 101 types (thorax), 51 Nerve supply, 39-40, 46, 107 abdominal wall, 53 www.ajlobby.com Nervous system, 118, 149-154, 272-273 infections, 272-273 properties, 149 Nervous tissue, 74 Net exchange, 159 Neural crest cells, migration, 109 Neuroanatomy, 62-68 deinitions/terms, 62-63 Neuroblastoma, 267 Neuroendocrine hormones, bacteria (relationship), 212 Neuroglia, 62-68 Neurologic schistosomiasis, 256 Neurons, 62-68 motor neuron, 62 sensory neuron, 62 types, 74, 153 Neurosecretion, 84 Neurosecretory cells, nonmyelinated axons, 84 Neurotransmission, 153 Neurotransmitters, 153, 156 types, 62 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), 131 NADH-coenzyme Q, 144 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 131 Nicotinic receptors, 150-151 Niemann-Pick disease, 271 Nikolsky sign, observation, 270 Nitazoxanide, usage, 253 Nitric oxide (NO), 148 NK See Natural killer Nociceptors, 152 Nodes of Ranvier, 74 Nomenclature, application, 290f Nonciliated columnar cells, 87 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 243, 265 Nonhuman dentitions, formulas, 288 Nonkeratinocytes, 96 Nonnucleoside inhibitors, 243 Nonpolar side chains, 128 Nonpolio enteroviruses, 242 Nonseptate hyphae, septate hyphae (diferences), 250 Nose, muscles, 23 Nosocomial infections, causes, 245 Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, 273 Nucleic acids, 131-132 function, 132 Nucleolus, 68, 133 Nucleoside analogues, 243 Nucleotides, 131-132 anabolism, 148 catabolism, 147 functions, 131 Nucleus, 62, 68-69, 133 Nucleus ambiguus, 9t Nutrients digestion/absorption, mechanisms, 178t low, insulin (efects), 186f O Obligate intracellular parasites, 235, 253 protozoans, 254 Oblique arytenoid muscle, 28t Oblique ibers, 102 Oblique ridge, 292 Obstructive jaundice, 261 Obstructive lung diseases, 259-260 Occipital artery, 2-3 Occipital cranial bone, 18 Occipital nodes, 6, 7t Occipitofrontalis (epicranius) muscle, 22 Index Occlusal contacts, 310 relations, 304-311 Occlusal landmarks, 292 maxillary/mandibular molars, 293f Occlusion development, 301-304 permanent occlusion, development, 304 primary occlusion, development, 303-304 role, 316 term, deinition, 287-288 Ocular hypertelorism, 274 Oculocardiac relex, 8t Oculomotor nerve (CN III), 10 Oculomotor nuclei, 9t Odontoblastic layer, 100-101 Odontoblastic process (Tomes’ iber), 99 Ohm’s law, 158 Olecranon, 32 Olecranon fossa, 31 Olfactory mucosa, extension, 87 Olfactory nerve (CN I), 10-14 Oligodendrocytes, 74 Oligosaccharides, 127 Omentum, 55 greater omentum, 57 lesser omentum, 57, 60 Omohyoid muscle, 25t 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, synthesis (steps), 187f Oogenesis, 93 Ophthalmic artery, Ophthalmic nerve (V1), 10 Opportunistic fungi, 251-252 Opsonization, 203 Optic canal, 21, 21t Optic disc, 17 Optic nerve (CN II), 10 Oral cancer, 274 Oral cavities, 173 minor glands, 13f Oral epithelium, 103 Oral histology, 97-108 Oral motor function, study, 316 Oral mucosa, 103-105 tissue components, 103f types, 104, 104t ulcerative lesions, 270 Oral parasitology, 252-256 Oral physiology, 173-176 Oral vesicles, presence, 237t Orbicularis oculi, 23 Orbicularis oris, 23 Orbit, 21 bony openings, 21 cranial bones, 22t facial bones, 22t Orchitis (testicular inlammation), 241 Orientation, terms, 288-289 Orientobilharzia, 256 Oropharynx, development, 111-115 Orotate, synthesis, 148 Orthokeratinized epithelium, 103 Orthomyxoviruses, 245 Orthomyxovirus family (Orthomyxoviridae), 240-244 disease mediation, 241t Orthopnea, 258 Os coxae, 52 Oseltamivir (oral antiviral), 240 Osgood-Schlatter syndrome, 268 Osmoregulation, 172 Osmosis, 137-138 Os pubis, 52 Ossicles, 17-18 Ossiication diaphyseal center, formation, 108-109 epiphyseal centers, formation, 109 Osteitis deformans (Paget’s disease), 268 Osteoarthritis, 269 Osteoblasts, 108 matrix, 109 Osteochondroma, 269 Osteochondroses, 268 Osteoclasts, 76 abnormality, 268 Osteocytes, 76 Osteogenesis, 76-77, 108-109 Osteogenesis imperfecta brittle bone disease, 268 inheritance, 148 Osteoid matrix, calciication, 268 Osteology, 18-22 Osteomalacia, 268 Osteomyelitis, 268 Osteons (Haversian systems), 75 Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg disease) (marble bone disease), 268 Osteoporosis, 267-268 Osteoprogenitor cells, 109 Osteosarcoma, 268 osteogenic sarcoma, 269 Ototoxicity, 219 Ovarian arteries, 56 Ovarian cycle, 183-184 Ovarian follicles, maturation, 93 Ovaries, 92 follicular phase, 183-184 luteal phase, 184 parturition, 184 pregnancy, 184 structure, 183 Oviduct, ampulla, 117 Ovulation, 184 Oxaloacetate (aspartate), 146 Oxidative phosphorylation, 144-145, 155 schematic diagram, 144f Oxidoreductases, 139 Oxygen, gas transport, 167-168 Oxytalan ibers, 102 Oxytocin, 182 P Pacemaker, 160 potential, 160 Pacinian corpuscles, 152 Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans), 268 Pain receptors, 152 Palatal clets, 116 Palatal elevation, 115 Palatal processes, 19-21 Palatine aponeurosis, 21 Palatine bones, highlight, 20f Palatine facial bones, 18 Palatine nerves (greater/lesser), 10 Palatine tonsillar tissue, histologic features, 82f Palatine tonsils, 81-82 Palatoglossus muscle, 27t Palatopharyngeus muscle, 27t Palmaris longus, 36, 37t Palmer notation, 294f Panacinar (panlobular), 260 Pancreas, 58f, 60-61, 179, 185-188 arterial supply, 61 endocrine pancreas, 86 endocrine secretion, 179 exocrine pancreas pathology, 261 exocrine secretion, 179 features/parts, 60-61 hormones, 185-188 www.ajlobby.com 417 Pancreas (Continued) peritoneum, 61 secretion, regulation, 179 structure, 61 venous drainage, 61 Pancreaticoduodenal arteries, 61 Pancreaticoduodenal veins, 58 Pannus, 269 Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin’s tumor), 260 Papillary ducts of Bellini, 95 Papillary muscles, 48 Papillomavirus family (Papillomaviridae), 239-240 Papovavirus family (Papovaviridae), 239 Paradigm shit, 211-212 Parafollicular cells (clear cells), 85 Paraganglioma, 266 Parainluenza viruses, 241 Parakeratinized epithelium, 103 Paramyxovirus family (Paramyxoviridae), 240-241 disease mediation, 241t Parapharyngeal space, 16 Parapoxviruses, 238 Parasites, entry ports, 252 Parasitic disease, potential, 252 Parasitic immune evasion, 252-253 Parasympathetic division, 65 origins/distributions, 65f Parasympathetic ibers, 49 abdomen, 57 Parasympathetic nerves, 57 Parasympathetic nervous system, 150f Parasympathetic pathway, 10 Parasympathetics, 163 Parasympathetic stimulation, 175 failure, 175 Parasympathetic system, 150-151 Parathyroid gland, 85 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 85, 171, 185-188 action, mechanism, 187 function, 187 impact, 170 secretion, regulation, 186-187 structure/synthesis, 186 Parathyroid pathology, 266 Parietal occipital bone, 18 Parietal peritoneum, 53 Parietal pleura, 89 Parkinson’s disease, 272 Parotid glands, 174 Parotid (preauricular) nodes, Parotid saliva, average composition, 175f Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 258 Pars distalis, 83 Pars intermedia, 84 Pars intramuralis, 92 Pars nervosa, 84 Pars tuberalis, 84 Partial pressure, 166 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), values, 167f Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), values, 167f Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), 263 Parturition, 184 Passive immunity, 246 Passive transport (difusion), 137-138 Patau’s syndrome (trisomy 13), 271-272 Pathogenecity island (PAI), 208 clinical relevance, 211-212 colonization, 209 global regulation, 209 instability, 209 molecular features, 209-210 418 Index Pathogenecity island (PAI) (Continued) occurrence, 208 PAI-associated genes, products, 208 Patterning, interactive mechanisms, 294-295 Peak systole, 162 Pectinate muscles, 47 Pectoralis minor muscle, 33 Pectoral muscles, 33 Pectoral region, muscles, 32f Pelvic cavity, 52 Pelvic splanchnic nerves, 57 Pelvic viscera, preganglionic/postganglionic ibers, 67 Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (antistaphylococcal penicillins), 218 Penicillins, 218 extended-spectrum penicillins, 218 natural penicillins, 218 types, 218 Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt), 142 Pepsinogen, 177 Peptic ulcers, 261 Peptide bond, 129 formation, 128f Peptidoglycan degradation, 209 multilayer structure, 214 structure, 215f synthesis, schematic representation, 219f Perfusion, 167 Pericardial sac, 46 Pericarditis, 242 acute pericarditis, 258 Perichondrium, 77 vascularization, 109 Perikymata, 98 Perineum, 55 Periodontal disease etiology (bacterial plaque), 234 mixed gram-negative infections, role, 234-235 Periodontal ligament (PDL), 74, 101-102 iber groups, 102f Sharpey’s ibers, 103 Periodontal probe, division, 292f Periodontium, 101-103 Periosteal bud, 109 Periosteum, 75-76 Peripheral amino acids, transportation, 146 Peripheral chemoreceptors, 169 Peripheral nerve, 62 Peripheral nervous system, 63 interface, 149 Peripheral neuropathy, 267 Peripheral process, 62 Peripheral proteins, 137 Peristalsis, continuation, 176 Peritoneal attachments, 58 Peritoneal cavity, 55 Peritoneal coverings/attachments, 57 Peritoneum, 55 Peritubular dentin, 99 Permanent dentition casts, 289f chronology, 299 FDI system, 294f Permanent occlusion, development, 304, 306f Permanent teeth chronologies, 300t dimensions, 300t names/numbers, usage, 294f right side, schematic representations, 301f Perpendicular plate, 19 Persistence islands, 209-210 Pertussis (whooping cough), 229 Pertussis toxin, 228 Petriellidium (soil fungi), 251 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 262, 270 Phagocytosis, 138, 202 occurrence, 202 prevention, 215 Phalanges, 33 Pharyngeal arches (branchial arches), 111 cartilages, derivation, 113f cross section, 112f sagittal view, 112f structures, 114f Pharyngeal branches, 14 Pharyngeal constrictor, 90 Pharyngeal grooves, structures, 114f Pharyngeal mucosa, 90 Pharyngeal pouches, 111-112 structures, 114f Pharyngeal tonsil, 82 Pharyngitis, 239 viral causes, 245 Pharynx mucous membranes, 26 muscles, 26 origins/insertions/actions, 28t Phasic receptors, 152 Phenylalanine, 148 Phenylketonuria, 146 Pheochromocytoma, 266-267 Phosphatidic acid (PA), 129 structure, 129f Phosphofructokinase, 141-142 Phosphoglycerides, 129-130 Phospholipase C G protein-mediated activation, 151 usage, 185 Phospholipids, 129-130, 136 bilayer, 68 Phosphorylase, allosteric inhibitors, 145 Phosphorylated ceramide (PC), 130 Phosphorylation, 147 Phosphosphingolipids, 130 Photoreceptors, 18, 152 cones, 18 membrane potentials, 18 rods, 18 Phrenic nerve, 51 pleura supply, 46 Phycomycosis, 252 Physiologic barriers, 198 Physiologic dead space, 164 Physiologic tooth movement, 111 Physis (epiphyseal plate), 76 Picornavirus, 245 family (Picornaviridae), 242 Pigmented nevus (melanocytic nevus), 270 Pili, 227, 230 Pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri), 86-87 Pinocytosis, 138 Pinworm, 255 Pituitary gland, 179-182 anterior lobe, 179-181 hypophysis, 83-84 parts, 83-84 pathology, 266 posterior lobe, 179 Pituitary hormones, 83f, 92 Plaque, 234-235 bacterial plaque, 234 complications, 257 maturation, 234 Plasma, 78-80 colloid osmotic pressure, 159, 170 membrane, 68-70 www.ajlobby.com Plasma cells, 79 myeloma, 265 pathology, 265 Plasmid transmission, conjugation (usage), 206-208 Plasmodium (malaria), 253-254 Platelets (thrombocytes), 78 defects, 263 number, education, 263 production, decrease, 263 survival, decrease, 263 Platysma, 26 Pleomorphic adenoma, 260 Pleomorphic bacteria, 213 Pleomorphism, 273 Pleural cavities, 44, 45f Pleural recesses, 44 Pleurodynia, 242 Plummer’s disease, 266 Pneumoconioses, 260 Pneumocystis jiroveci (impact), 243 Pneumonia, 222 bronchopneumonia, 259 inlammatory process, 258-259 lobar pneumonia, 259 Point angles, division, 289-290 Poiseuille’s law, 158 Poliomyelitis, 242 Poliovirus, 242 Polycystic kidney disease (adult), 262 Polydipsia, 267 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 136 sensitivity, 243 Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes/ neutrophils, impact, 198 Polyostotic ibrous dysplasia (JafeLichtenstein syndrome), 268 Polypeptide synthesis, 135 Polyphagia, 267 Polysaccharides, 127-128 Polysynaptic relex, 176 Polyuria, 267 Pompe’s disease (type II), 271 Pons, 149 apneustic center, 169 Pore size, variation, 159 Porphyromonas, 231 capsular polysaccharide, 231 characteristics, 231 role, 231 virulence factors, 231 Porphyromonas aeruginosa, 232 characteristics, 232 disease, 232 virulence factors, 232 Porphyromonas gingivalis type strain, 231 Portal hypertension, 261 causes, 261 Portal vein, 60 blockage, 261 Postauricular (mastoid) nodes, Posterior abdominal wall, 55 Posterior auricular artery, Posterior belly, attachments, 316 Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, 28t Posterior cusp/fossa/cusp-embrasure occlusion, 306-308 Posterior cusp-fossa/cusp-fossa occlusion, 308 Posterior deep group, 39 Posterior deep temporal nerve, 12t Posterior forearm compartment, muscles, 38t Posterior hard palate, coverage, 21 Posterior intercostal arteries, 44 Posterior lobe, parts, 84 Posterior mediastinum, 49-51 Index Posterior muscles, 33f Posterior pituitary hormones, 84 Posterior supericial group, 39 Posterior superior alveolar artery, Posterior superior alveolar nerve, 11t Posterior teeth line angles, 290f longitudinal sections, schematic drawings, 291f Posterior triangles, 25f, 30 Postganglionic cell bodies, presence, 150 Postganglionic ibers, 67 abdominal/pelvic viscera, 67 head/neck, 67 thorax, 67 Postganglionic sympathetic ibers, distribution, 67 Postmenopausal osteoporosis, 267 Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, 262 Postsynaptic neuron, 153 Poxvirus family (Poxviridae), 238 PPD skin test, 226-227 P-Q-R-S-T wave, production, 160 Preauricular (parotid) nodes, Precapillary sphincters, 81 Prefunctional eruptive phase, 111 Preganglionic ibers, 66-67 abdominal/pelvic viscera, 67 head/neck, 67 Preganglionic neurons, cell bodies (presence), 150 Pregnancy, 184 abnormalities, viral infections (impact), 246t Premalignant lesions, 273 Premaxilla, 114 Premolars, 299 Presynaptic neuron, 153 Pretibial fever, 233 Prevotella, 230-231 characteristics, 230-231 role, 231 treatment, 231 Prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum), 103 Primary active transport, 138 Primary adrenocortical deiciency, 267 Primary bronchus, division, 45 Primary dentin, 98 Primary dentition arch form/width, 304 casts, 289f chronology, 295, 296t example, 295f notation, FDI system, 294f notation scheme, simpliication, 293f Palmer notation, 294f schematic views, 295 spacing, 304f Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, 237 Primary hyperparathyroidism, 266 Primary ligaments, 311 Primary lymphoid organs, 81 Primary mandibular irst molars, identifying characteristics, 298-299 Primary maxillary irst molars, identifying characteristics, 298-299 Primary occlusion, development, 303-304, 305f Primary oocyte, diferentiation, 93 Primary palate, 115 Primary right anterior teeth incisal teeth, 297f labial aspect, 297f lingual aspect, 297f mesial aspect, 297f Primary right molars buccal aspect, 298f lingual aspect, 298f mesial aspect, 298f Primary syphilis, 232 Primary teeth alignment, 303-304 identiication characteristics, 298-299 letters, usage, 293f letter notations, 293f measurements, 296t morphology, 295-299 Primary wound healing, 200-201 Primordial follicles, formation, 93 Prinzmetal’s angina, 257 Prions, 246-250 characteristics, 250 Productive cough (production), diseases (impact), 259b Progeny release, dependence, 236-237 Progesterone, 183 actions, 183b Programmed cell death (apoptosis), 69 Prolactin, 83, 182 Prolapse (loppy valves), 258 Proline, 148 Proline-rich proteins, 174 Pronator quadratus, 37t, 39 Pronator teres, 36, 37t Proopiomelanocortin, 181 Prophase (mitosis phase), 70 Propionibacterium, 224-225 characteristics, 224 disease, 224 treatment, 225 Propionibacterium granulosum (opportunistic pathogen), 224 Prostaglandins, 202 Prostate cancer, 275 Prostate gland, 92 Protease inhibitor, 243 Protein A, presence, 223 Proteins, 128-129 anabolism, 147-148 carriers, binding, 138 catabolism, 146 classiication, 129 composition, 136-137 C-terminus, 137 extrinsic proteins, 137 function, 129 functional proteins, 129 misfolding, 129 N-terminus, 137 peripheral proteins, 137 structural proteins, 129 structure, 129 synthesis, 134-135, 147 inhibitors, 219-220 Proteinuria (albuminuria), 262 Proteoglycans, 149 Proteus, 228 Prothrombin time (PT), 263 Proto-oncogenes, 274 Protrusion, 24 Protrusive movements, 310 Proximal bones, 32 Proximal contact areas, schematic illustration, 307f Pruritic rash, 237 Pseudohyphae, 250, 252 Pseudomonas (aquatic bacteria), 210f Pseudostratiied epithelium, 70 Pseudounipolar neurons, 74 www.ajlobby.com 419 Psoriasis, 270 Pterygoid arteries, Pterygoid division, branches, Pterygoid muscles, 315-316 Pterygoid plexus, 5-6 Pterygoid (infratemporal) space, 15 Pterygomandibular space, 15-16 Pterygomaxillary issure, 3-4 Pterygomaxillary ganglion, 22 Pterygopalatine division, branches, 3-4 Pterygopalatine fossa, 19 boundaries/communications, 22, 22t PTH See Parathyroid hormone Ptosis (drooping eyelids), 269 Pulmonary anthrax, 225 Pulmonary artery, unoxygenated blood, 45 Pulmonary blood low, distribution zones, 169 Pulmonary-capillary gas exchange, 166 Pulmonary circulation, 159 Pulmonary infections, 258-259 Pulmonary lobules, 88 Pulmonary plexus, 51 Pulmonary surfactant, 88 Pulmonary valve, three-pocket valve, 48 Pulmonic valve, 160 Pulp, 89, 100-101 central zone, 101 organ, diagram, 100f proliferative zone, 111 Pulpal innervation, 101 Pulp (root) canal, term (usage), 290-292 Pulp chamber, term (usage), 290-292 Pulp horn, term (usage), 290-292 Purines biosynthesis, 148 chemical structures, 131f nucleotides, 147 Purkinje ibers, 160 Purpura, 263 Pyelonephritis, 263 acute pyelonephritis, 263 chronic pyelonephritis, 263 Pyknosis, 69 Pylorus, 57 Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6), coenzyme importance, 146 Pyrimidine biosynthesis, 148 Pyrimidines chemical structures, 131f nucleotides, 147 Pyruvate (alanine), 146 Pyruvate kinase, 141-142 Q QRS complex, representation, 161 Quelling reaction, 215 Quorum sensing, 210-211 disease, 211 economics, 210-211 R Radial artery, 40 Radial nerve, 40 Radial tuberosity, 32 Radius, head, 32 Ramus, anterior border, 21 Rat catcher’s yellows, 233 Rathke’s cysts, 84 Rathke’s pouch, 83-84 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 205 Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 138 Receptors (hair cells), 17 Rectum, 59 Rectus abdominis muscle, 53 Recurrent laryngeal branches, 14 420 Index Red blood cell (RBC) carbonic anhydrase, catalysis (action), 168 Red bone marrow, 79 Red hepatization (consolidation), 222 Red pulp, 83 Reed-Sternberg cells, presence, 265 Relexes, 8t activity, 175-176 Relux esophagitis (gastroesophageal relux disease), 261 Refractive media, 17f Regulation, 168-169 Regurgitation, 258 Reichert’s cartilage, 115 Renal activities, 170-171 Renal arteries, 56, 61 Renal blood low, 171 Renal circulation, 159 Renal clearance, 171 Renal (malpighian) corpuscle, 93-94 Renal function, 170-172 Renal pathology, 262-263 Renal system, 169-172 activities, 170-171 body luid balance, 169-170 body luids, 169-172 functional anatomy, 170 glomerular iltration, 170-171 osmoregulation, 172 tubules, 170 urination, 172 Renal tubule, 94-95 diseases, 262-263 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 95 Renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system, 164f Renin-angiotensin system, 163 Renin, release, 188 Replacement teeth, dimensions, 304 Reproduction, 182-184 Resistance plasmid, information, 206 Resorption, 159 tubular resorption, 171 Respiration, 163-169 breathing cycle, 166 compliance, 166 conducting zone, 166 control, 169 elastance, 166 mechanics, 164-166 physics, 164-166 terminology, 164 ventilation rate, 164 Respiratory acidosis, 172 Respiratory alkalosis, 172 Respiratory epithelium, 87, 90 Respiratory illnesses, 239 Respiratory pathology, 258-260 Respiratory portion, 88 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 241, 244 Respiratory system, 87-89 Respiratory tract, 198 Respiratory zone, 163 Restriction endonucleases, 136 Rests of Malassez, 102 Rete cutaneum, 96 Rete subpapillare, 96 Reticular layer, 104 Retina cells, 18 Retinopathy, 267 Retroauricular nodes, 7t Retromandibular veins, Retroperitoneal viscera organs, 55 Retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 8t Retropharyngeal nodes, 6-7 Retropharyngeal space, 16 Retruded contact position, 287-288 Retrusion, 24 Reverse transcriptase, inhibitors, 243 Reye’s syndrome, 240 Rhabdomyoma, 269 Rheumatic fever, 258 Rheumatoid arthritis, 204, 260, 269 Rhinitis, 241 Rhinoviruses, 242, 245 Rhomboids, 34t Rib anomalies, 274 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 68, 128, 131-132 synthesis, 133-134 viruses, 240-244 Ribose phosphate, addition, 148 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 131 Ribosomes, 69, 133, 135 Rice-water diarrhea, 234 Rickets, 268 Rickettsia bacteria, 235 Rickettsial organisms, 235 Rickettsia prowazekii, 235 Rickettsia ricketsii, 235 Right atrium, internal features, 47 Right branchial plexus, branches, 39f Right bronchus, 45-46 Right coronary artery, passage, 48 Right external carotid artery/branches, 2f Right forearm anterior muscles, 36f posterior muscles, 37f Right internal carotid artery/branches, 2f Right mediastinum, lateral view, 50f Right palatal process, 19-21 Right shoulders, posterior muscles, 33f Right-sided CHF, 258 Right subclavian artery, 40 Right upper limb arterial supply, 41f venous return, 42f Right ventricle, internal features, 47-48 Right working movement, 310 Rimantadine, 240 Ringer’s lactate, usage, 234 Risorius, 23 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 235 Rods, 18 Root sheath, 110-111 Root surface caries, 223 Rotator cuf muscles, 34, 35t Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 69 Roundworms Ascaris lumbricoides, 255 nematodes, 255-256 RSV See Respiratory syncytial virus Rubella virus, 242 Rubor (redness), 198 Rupture/embolization, 257 S Sabin vaccine, 242 Sacrum, 52 Sagittal suture, 19 Saliva, 174-175 Salivary glands enlargement, 260 pathology, 260-262 secretions, 174-175 compound tubuloalveolar glands, 174-175 ducts, 174 Salivary pedicle, formation, 234 Salivary peroxidase, 174 Salk vaccine, 242 Salmonella, 228 www.ajlobby.com Salpingopharyngeus muscle, 28t Salt, lavor category, 173 Sandlies, 255 Saturated fatty acid, 129 Saw-tooth rete ridges, 270 Scapula, 30-31 Scarpa’s fascia, 52 SCC See Squamous cell carcinoma Schistosoma haematobium, 256 Schistosoma japonicum, 256 Schistosoma mansoni, 256 Schistosomiasis, 256 intestinal schistosomiasis, 256 neurologic schistosomiasis, 256 urinary schistosomiasis, 256 Schwann cells, 74 Sclera (sclerae), 17 icterus, 261 Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), 205-206 Sclerotic (transparent) dentin, 99 SCM See Sternocleidomastoid Scurvy, 263, 268 Seborrheic keratosis, 270 Sebum, consumption, 224 Secondary active transport, 138 Secondary bronchus, division, 45 Secondary dentin, 98 Secondary (antral) follicle, 93 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, 266 Secondary lymphoid organs, 81 Secondary oocyte, ovulation, 93 Secondary syphilis, 232 Secondary wound healing, 201 Second branchial arch, 115 Second molar contacts distobuccal cusp, 308 mesiobuccal cusp, 308 Second-order neuron, 153 Second premolar, mesial triangular fossa (contract), 308 Secretory cells, arrangement, 86 Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), 175 Sella turcica, 19 Semicircular canals, 17 Semilunar hiatus, 22 Semilunar valves, 160 Seminal vesicles, 92 Seminiferous epithelium, composition, 92 Seminiferous tubules, 182 Sensory adaptation, 152 Sensory distribution, 10 Sensory ibers, 63 Sensory nerve endings, 97 Sensory neurons, 62, 75f Sensory pathway, 10 Sensory receptors, classiication, 152 Sensory systems, 152-153 Sensory transduction, 152 Septa (alveolar crest), 103 Septomarginal trabecula, 48 Sequestration, 263 Serine, 148 Serosa, 89 Serotonin, synthesis, 153 Serratus anterior, origination, 33 Serratus posterior superior/inferior muscles, 44 Sertoli cells, 92, 182 FSH stimulation, 92 Serum, 78 sickness, 204 Serum hepatitis (hepatitis B virus), 244 Seven-day fever, 233 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, responsibility, 183 Index Sexually transmitted disease (STD), occurrence, 232 Sharpey’s ibers, 103 Sheehan’s disease, 266 Shiga toxin, production/impact, 208 Shigella, 228 Shigella lexneri strains, virulence plasmid (presence), 209 Shoulders, muscles, 30-41, 35t Sicca syndrome, 260 Sigmoid colon, 59 Signaling systems, 184-185 classiication, 184 communication, mechanism, 184 guanylate cyclase, usages, 185 phospholipase C, usage, 185 principles, 185 tyrosine kinase, usage, 185 Silicosis (stonemason’s disease), 260 Simple carbohydrates, chemical structure, 128f Simple difusion, 137 Simple epithelium, 70 Sinoatrial (SA) nodes, 47, 49, 160 Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries), 81 Sixth branchial arch, 115 Sjögren’s syndrome, 260 Skeletal muscle, 73-74, 154-155 contraction, 154 cross-bridge cycle, 155f cross section, 74f excitation-contraction coupling, 154, 155f iber types, 155 histologic appearance, 74 length-tension relationship, 155 mechanics, 154 muscle contraction, energy sources, 155 structural considerations, 154 sympathetic innervation, 159 Skin, 95f cancer, 274 diseases, oral manifestations, 270 fungi (cutaneous mycoses), 251 glands, 96, 97t grat, rejection, 205 jaundice, 261 layers/structures, 199f lesions, 270 nerves, 97 nevi, types, 270 pathology, 270 petechiae, 263 pigmentation, 267 ulcerative lesions, 270 vasculature, 96-97 Skull, 18-22 anterior view, 20f coronal section, 16f Sliding joint, 105 Slime capsules, role, 210 Small bowel pathology, 261-262 Small intestine, 91, 177-178 absorption, 177-178 arterial supply, 60f digestion, 177 motility, 177 secretion, 177 wall, 59 Smallpox virus (variola virus), 238 Smoking, impact, 259, 259f Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 69 Smooth (visceral) muscle, 73 Smooth muscle, benign tumor, 269 Smooth muscles, 156 excitation-contraction coupling, 156 structural considerations, 156 Sodium channels, closure, 18 Sodium hypochlorite, impact, 220 Sot oral tissues, 103-105 Sot palate, 90 muscles, 26, 27f origins/insertions/actions, 27t Soil fungi Cladosporium, 251 Petriellidium, 251 Solitary tract, nucleus, 9t Somatic eferent motor distribution, 10 Somatic nervous system, 63 motoneurons, 153-154 Somatic peripheral nerves (CNS origins), 63-68 Somatosensory pathways, 152-153 Somatostatin, 186 structure/synthesis, 186 Somatotropin (growth hormone), 83 SOS genes, activation, 208 Spatial summation, 154 occurrence, 153 Specialized mucosa, 104, 104t Spermatogenesis, 92 requirements, 183 Sphenoid bone, 19 components, 19 Sphenoid cranial bone, 18 Sphenoid sinus, 22 Sphenomandibular ligament, 107, 311 Sphenopalatine artery, Sphenopalatine foramen, 22 Sphingolipids, 130 Spicules anastomose, 108 Spinal cord, cross section, 64f Spinal nerves nomenclature, 67 origin, 44 primary neurons, cell bodies, 64 thoracic spinal nerves, 56 Spinal trigeminal nucleus, 9t Spirochetes, 232-233 characteristics, 232 disease, 232-233 SPI triggers, 208 Splanchnic nerves, 56-57 Spleen, 58f, 61, 82-83 features, 61 peritoneum, 61 splenocytes, 201 structure, 61 Splenic artery, 57 Spongy bone, 76 Sporangioconidium (sporangiospore), 251 Sporangiospores, formation, 218 Spore-forming gram-positive bacteria, 225-226 Spores, 215, 218 presence, 225-226 Sporothrix schenckii (dimorphic fungi), 251 Sporotrichosis, 251 Squames, shedding, 96 Squamosal suture, 19 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 273-274 oral cancer, 274 risk, increase, 273 Stable angina, 257 Stapes, 17-18 Staphylokinase (ibrinolysin), impact, 223 Statherin, 174 Static occlusal relationships, 304-308 Statin drugs, 147 Stellate mesenchymal ossiication, 108 Stem cells, 80f www.ajlobby.com Stenosis, 258 Sterilization, 220 techniques, summary, 221t Sternal slip, 55 Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) artery, Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, 26 Sternohyoid muscle, 25t Sternothyroid muscle, 25t Sternum, 41 Steroid hormones adrenocortical hormones, 188-189 precursor, 130 Sterols, 130 Stomach, 57-58, 90-91, 177 arterial supply, 57-58 cephalic phase, 177 emptying, 177 gastric phase, 177 intestinal phase, 177 motility, 177 pathology, 261 secretion, 177 venous return, 58 wall, 57 Stonemason’s disease (silicosis), 260 Stratiied epithelium, 70 Stratum basale, 95 Stratum corneum, 96 Stratum granulosum, 96 granular layer, 103 Stratum intermedium, 110 Stratum lucidum, 96 Stratum spinosum, 95-96 prickle cell layer, 103 Streptococci glycosyl transferase, sucrose breakdown, 222f Streptococcus aureus, 222-223 characteristics, 222-223 virulence factors, 223 Streptococcus mutans, 222 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 222 virulence factors, 222 Streptococcus pyogenes, 222 virulence factors, 222 Streptococcus sanguis, 222 Striae formation, cause, 98 Stricture, development, 261 Stroke volume, 162 Stromal cells, formation, 93 Structural proteins, 129 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 266 Stylohyoid muscle, 25t Stylomandibular ligament, 107, 311 Stylomastoid foramen, 21t Stylopharyngeus muscle, 26, 28t Subacute endocarditis, 257 Subclavian artery, 1, 40-41 Subclavian (supraclavicular) triangle, 30 Subclavius, 33 Subcutaneous fatty layer, 52 Subcutaneous mycoses, 251 Sublingual artery, Sublingual glands, 174 Sublingual space, 16 Submandibular glands, 174 visceral motor branches, 13f Submandibular lymph nodes, 16 Submandibular nodes, 7t Submandibular salivary gland, 16 Submandibular space, 16 Submandibular (digastric) triangles, 29 Submasseteric space, 15 Submental nodes, 6, 7t Submental space, 15 communications, 16 421 422 Index Submental triangle, 29 Submucosa, 89, 104, 176 separation, 87 Subscapular fossa, 30 Subscapularis muscle, 34, 35t Substernal pain (heartburn), 261 Succinyl-CoQ reductase, 144 Sucrose, breakdown, 222f Sugars, 127-128 Sulcular epithelium, 104f Sulcus terminalis, 26 Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs), 220 Summation, occurrence, 153 Supericial back, 33-34 muscles, 34t Supericial fascia, 52 Supericial lymph nodes, types, 7t Supericial parotid nodes, 7t Supericial (buccal) space, 14 Supericial temporal artery, Supericial veins, 41 Superior constrictor muscle, 28t Superior deep cervical lymph nodes, 8t Superior head of lateral pterygoid (SHLP), 315-316 Superior laryngeal artery, Superior laryngeal branches, 14 Superior meatus, 22 Superior mediastinum, 49-51 Superior mesenteric artery, 59 Superior ophthalmic veins, Superior orbital issure, 19, 21t location, 21 Superior retrodiscal lamina (upper elastic lamina), 107 Superior salivatory nucleus, 9t Superior thyroid artery, 1-2 Superior vena cava, 47, 50 formation, 50 Supinator, 38t Supplemental groove, 292 Suppuration, localized area, 259 Supraclavicular (subclavian) triangle, 30 Supragingival plaque, 213 Suprahyoid artery, Suprahyoid muscles, 24, 25t, 26 Supraorbital artery, Suprarenal arteries, 56 Suprarenal (adrenal) gland pathology, 266-267 Suprarenal glands, 62, 85-86 Suprascapular nerve, 39-40 Supraspinatus muscle, 34, 35t Suprasternal notch, 41 Swallowing, 176 coordination, occurrence, 176 esophageal phase, 176 movements, 176 oral phase, 176 pharyngeal phase, 176 Sweet, lavor category, 173 Swimmer’s itch, 256 Symbolic system, 293-294 Sympathetic division, 65-67 origins/distributions, 66f Sympathetic nervous system, 150f Sympathetics, 163 Sympathetic stimulation, 175 Sympathetic system, 151 Sympathetic trunk branches, 51 preganglionic ibers, 67 Symphyses, 78 Synapses, 62, 74 Synaptic transmission, 153 Synchondroses, 77 Syndesmoses, 77 Synostoses, 77 Synovial cavity (joint space), 78 Synovial joints, 78f, 311 diarthrodial/diarthroses joints, 78 Synovial membrane (synovium), 78 Synthesis (S) phase, 70 Syphilis, 199, 232-233 congenital syphilis, 233 primary syphilis, 232 secondary syphilis, 232 tertiary syphilis, 232 treatment, 233 Systemic fungus, 252 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 204 Systemic pathology, 256-273 Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), 205-206 Systole early systole, 161 late systole, 162 peak systole, 163 T Tachycardia, 265 Taenia (genus), 256 infections, 256 Taeniae coli, 59 Tapeworms (cestodes) (latworms), 256 Target tissues estrogen, actions, 183b progesterone, actions, 183b Taste, 173 abnormalities, 173 anatomic considerations, 173 discrimination, 173 transduction, mechanisms, 174f Taurine, addition, 145 Tay-Sachs disease, 271 T cells, 201-202 deiciency, 205 lymphocytes, 79 lymphomas, 262 Teeth, 89 arches, division, 294f bell, 110 bud, 110 cap, 110 dental age, 295 development, 109-111 stages, 110, 110f discoloration, 220 eruption, 109-111 eruption/emergence, 295 Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) system, 294 morphogenesis, 294-295 movement, 109-111 multiple root formation, 111 numbering systems, 292-294 numbers, 290f orthodontic movement, 111 permanent teeth, names/numbers (usage), 294f physiologic tooth movement, 111 prefunctional eruptive phase, 111 primary right anterior teeth, 297f primary right molars, 298f primary teeth (identiication), letters (usage), 293f root sheath, 110-111 single root formation, 111 size, 304 socket, 103 www.ajlobby.com Teeth (Continued) structural characteristics/microscopic features, 97-98 supporting structures, 97-103, 111 symbolic system, 293-294 universal system, 292-293 Teichoic acid, 214 Telophase (mitosis phase), 70 Temperate phage, 218 Template strand, 134 Temporal bone, 19 petromastoid portion, 19 portions, 19 squamous portion, 19 tympanic portion, 19 Temporal cranial bone, 18 Temporalis muscle, 24, 24t, 315, 315f posterior ibers, 24 Temporal space, 15 Temporal summation, 154 occurrence, 153 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 11, 105-108, 287-288 accessory ligaments, 313f anatomy, 311-314 anterior view, 312f articular disc, 313f capsule, 312f features, 106f function, 311-314 innervation, 311 ligaments, 312f movement, 107-108 physiology, 311-314 primary movements, 308-311 schematic representation, 313f Temporomandibular ligament (lateral ligament), 107 Temporozygomatic suture, 19 Tenascin, 73 Tensor veli palatini, 26, 27t Teres major muscle, 34, 35t Teres minor muscle, 34, 35t Terminal bronchioles, 88 Terminal sulcus, 116 Tertiary dentin, 99 Tertiary syphilis, 232 Testes glandular function, 92 structure, 182 Testicular arteries, 56 Testicular hormones, efects, 92 Testicular inlammation (orchitis), 241 Testosterone, 92, 183 metabolism, 183 Tetanus, 154 toxin (tetanospasmin), 225 Tetracycline, impact, 219-220 halamus, 150 hermodynamics, 139 hermoreceptors, 152 hick ilaments, 154 organization, 154f hin ilaments, organization, 154f hird branchial arch, 115 hird-order neuron, 153 hirds, division, 289-290, 290f horacic cavity, 41-51 horacic diaphragm, origins, 53-55 horacic skeleton, 41-43 horacic spinal nerves, 56 horacic vertebrae, 51 horax intercostal muscles, 44 nerves, types, 51 Index horax (Continued) postganglionic ibers, 67 sections, 45f veins, 50-51 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, conversion, 183 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase, regulation, 147 hrombocytes (platelets), 78 hrombocytopenia, 263 hrombosis, 257 hrombus, presence, 257 hrush (candidiasis), 252 hymine, chemical structures, 131f hymus, 83 hymus gland, composition, 51 hyroarytenoid muscle, 28t hyrocervical trunk, hyroglossal duct, 116 hyrohyoid muscle, 25t hyroid, 84-85 hyroid follicles, 85 hyroid gland, histology, 85f hyroid hormone, 84-85, 188-189 action, mechanism, 188 structure/synthesis, 188 synthesis/secretion, regulation, 188 hyroid pathology, 266 hyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 83, 182 secretion, 179-181 hyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism), 265-266 hyroxine (T4), 84, 182 Tick-borne disease (ixodid disease), 233 Tidal volume, 164 Tissue-capillary gas exchange, 166 Tissues, 70-74 cells, 79f nervous tissue, 74 regulatory factors, 159 Togavirus family (Togaviridae), 242 Tomes’ iber (odontoblastic process), 99 Tomes’ processes, absence, 97 Tongue, 90, 115-116 development, 116f dorsal view, 28f dorsum, 26 extrinsic muscles, 29 origins/insertions/actions, 29t innervation, 29 intrinsic muscles, 29 landmarks, 28f mucosa, 90 muscles, 26-29 surface anatomy, 26-29 Tonic receptors, 152 Tonsils, 81-82 lingual tonsil, 82 palatine tonsils, 81-82 pharyngeal tonsil, 82 Total peripheral resistance (TPR), 162 Toxic megacolon, 262 Toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), 209 Toxins, 206, 223 Toxoplasmosis, responsibility, 254 Trabeculae carneae, 47-48 Trabecular bone, 76 Trabecular (cancellous/spongy) bone, 103 Trachea, 87, 88f Tract, 62 Transaldolase, 142 Transferases, 139 enzymes, 145 Transfer RNA (tRNA), 131-132 loci, representation, 209 Transient hypogammaglobulinemia, 205 Transitional epithelium, 70 Transketolase, 142 Transmural edema, presence, 262 Transparent (sclerotic) dentin, 99 Transseptal (interdental) ibers, 102 Transversalis fascia, 53 Transverse arytenoid muscle, 28t Transverse colon, 59 Transverse palatine suture, 19 Transverse ridge, 292 Transverse tubules (T-tubules), 154 depolarization, 154 Transversus abdominis muscle, 53 Trapezius muscle, 26, 34t Treacher Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis), 272 Trematodes (lukes), 256 Triacylglycerides, synthesis, 147 Triacylglycerols (triglyceride), 129 movement, 181f Triangular ridge, 292 Triatominae subfamily, 254-255 Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, 142-143 intermediates/enzymes, 143f Triceps brachii, 35t, 36 Trichobilharzia, 256 Trichomonas gondii, 254 Trichomonas hominis, 253 Trichomonas tenax, 253 Trichomonas vaginalis, 253 Trichomoniasis, 253 oral-oral transmission, 253 Trichophyton mentagrophytes pathogen, 218 Trichuris trichiuria (whipworm), 255-256 Trigeminal main sensory nuclei, 9t Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, 175 Trigeminal motor nucleus, 9t, 175 Trigeminal nerve (CN V), 10-12 distribution, 303f mandibular division, 12f branches, 12t visceral motor branches, 13f Trigeminal sensory nucleus, 175 Triglyceride, structure, 129f Triiodothyronine (T3), 84, 182 Triple cocktail therapy, 243 Trisomy 13 (Patau’s syndrome), 271-272 Trisomy 18 (Edwards’ syndrome), 271-272 Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), 271 Trochlea (process), 31 Trochlea nerve (CN IV), 10 Trochlear notch, 32 Trochlear nucleus, 9t Trophoblast, 117 Tropomyosin, 154 Troponin, 154 True vocal cords, 87 Trunks, groups, 42f Trypanosoma brucei, 254-255 Trypanosoma cruzi, 254-255 Trypanosomes, 254-255 two-stage disease process, 254-255 Tryptophan, 148 TSH See hyroid-stimulating hormone Tuberculosis (TB) infections, 199, 259 interferon-gamma release assay tests, FDA approval, 227 Tubular resorption, 171 Tumor secretions, 266 suppressor genes, 274 swelling, 198 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), inhibition, 212 Tunica adventitia, 81 www.ajlobby.com 423 Tunica albuginea, 92 Tunica intima, 81 Tunica media, 81 Turbulent low, 158 Turner’s syndrome, 272 T wave, representation, 162 Tympanic cavity (middle ear), 16-17 Tympanic membrane (eardrum), 16-17 Type diabetes, 267 Type diabetes, 267 Type I collagen, 73 Type I ibers (oxidative metabolism), 155 Type IIA ibers (oxidative metabolism), 155 Type IIB ibers (glycolytic metabolism), 155 Type II collagen, 73 Type III collagen, 73 Type III secretion apparatus, role, 208-209 clinical relevance, 211-212 Type I immediate hypersensitivity, 204 Type II pneumocytes, 88 Type I pneumocytes, 88 Type IV collagen, 73 Type IV delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity, 205 Tyrosine, 148 Tyrosine kinase, usage, 185 Tyrosine-rich proteins, 174 Tzanck’s cells, 270 U Ubiquitin-proteosome mechanism, 146 Ulcerative colitis, 262 Ulna, 32 Ulnar artery, 41 Ulnar nerve, 40 Ulnar notch, 32 Ultrailtration, 159 Umami, lavor category, 173 Uncharged polar side chains, 128 Unconjugated serum bilirubin, impact, 261 Uncontrolled diabetes, oral complications, 267 Unicellular lagellated heteroxenous protozoa, 254 Unilaminar primary follicle, 93 Unipolar sensory neuron, 75f Universal numbering system, permanent teeth names/numbers (usage), 294f Universal system, 292-293 Unsaturated fatty acid, 129 Unstable angina, 257 Upper elastic lamina (superior retrodiscal lamina), 107 Upper extremities, muscles, 30-41 Upper limb, cutaneous innervation, 40f Upper motor neurons, 63 Upper right limb, skeleton, 31f Uracil, chemical structures, 131f Urea reabsorption, 171 result, 171 Urea cycle, 146 mitochondrial metabolism, integration, 146f Urease, production, 229 Ureters, 61 blood supply, 61 Uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucose, production, 147 Urinary schistosomiasis, 256 Urinary system, 93-95, 94f Urinary tract infection, 263 acute pyelonephritis, 263 Urination, 172 424 Index Urine production, 93-95 Uriniferous tubules, 93-95 Urogenital tract, 198 Uterus, 92 fertilized ovum (zygote), implantation, 117f Uvula, 90 Uvular muscle, 27t V Vaccines, 246 Vagus, dorsal motor nucleus, 9t Vagus nerve (CN X), 14, 57 exit, 51 Vallate (circumvallate) papillae, 29, 90 Valvular disease, 258 Valvular insuiciency, 258 Vancomycin, impact, 219 Variant angina, 257 Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 238 infections, recurrence, 243 Vascular blood supply, development, 114 Vascular coat, 17 Vascular compliance, 158 Vascular supply, 1-4, 107 Vascular tone, 158 Vasoconstriction, production, 158-159 extrinsic factors, impact, 159 Vasodilation, production, 158 extrinsic factors, impact, 159 Vasopressin, 163 Vegetative function, 63-68 Veins, 80-81 azygos/hemiazygos system, 50-51 circulation, 158, 160 Venous drainage, 4-6, 48f pancreas, 61 Venous plexuses, 96 Venous pressure, increase, 159 Venous return, 41, 160 abdomen, 56 colon, 59 duodenum, 58 liver, 60 right upper limb, 42f stomach, 58 Venous walls, 81 Ventilation/perfusion relationships, 168-169 Ventilation rate, 164 Ventricles, 47, 160 let ventricle, internal features, 48 right ventricle, internal features, 47-48 Ventricular ibrillation, 161 Venules, 81 Verruca vulgaris, 243, 270 Vertebral artery, Vesicles, 94 circumscribed luid-containing elevation, 237 Vessel wall abnormalities, 263 Vestibular nucleus, 9t Vestibular space (maxilla), 14 Vestibule, 17 Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), 13 Vibrio, 233-234 characteristics, 233 disease, 233-234 gastroenteritis, 233-234 Vibrio cholerae, 208 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 233-234 Vibrio vulniicus, 234 Villi, 59 Viral budding, 217f Viral diseases, oral vesicles (presence), 237t Viral enanthem, 237 Viral genome, uncoating, 217 Viral growth curve, 217f detection, 217 eclipse period, 217 latent growth, 217 Viral infections, 245t, 259 coryza manifestation, 246t fever manifestations, 246t impact, 246t manifestations, 246t Viral meningitis, 272 Viral proGramming naked viruses, release, 236-237 Viral replication, stages, 236-237 Viral shedding, 239 Viral vaccines, 246, 250t Viremia, 239 Viridans streptococci, 222 Virion assembly, 217 structure, 237 Viropexis, 236 Virulence, 206-212 mechanisms, 209 phage, 218 plasmids, 206 presence, 209 temperate phage, 218 Virulence factors, 206 genes, expression (regulation), 208 genetic exchange, 206-208 Viruses, 215-218, 235-246 bacterial interactions, 218 bacteriophages, 218 budding, 217 characteristics, 215-218, 235-237, 245t diarrhea, 244 disease-causing viruses, 244-246 early viral protein synthesis, 217 enveloped viruses, 236 families, characteristics, 236t growth cycle, 216-217 host cell lysis, 217 impact, 235-236 late viral protein synthesis, 217 life cycle, 235-237 naked viruses, 236 nucleic acid, 235 obligate intracellular parasites, 216 outer envelope, acquisition, 216 release, 217 replication, 216-217 rhinoviruses, 242 RNA viruses, 240-244 size, 235 structure, 235-237 viral budding, 217f viral growth, detection, 217 virion, assembly, 217 Visceral eferent parasympathetic distribution, 10 Visceral leishmaniasis, 255 Visceral motor branches, 13f Visceral (smooth) muscle, 73 Visceral organs, involuntary regulation, 150-151 Visceral pericardium, 46 Visceral pleura, 89 lung lining, 44 Viscosity, 158 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deiciency, 268 Vitamin D, 187-188 action, mechanism, 187-188 deiciency, 268 hydroxylation, occurrence, 187 www.ajlobby.com Vitamin D (Continued) structure/synthesis, 187 synthesis, regulation, 187 Vitamin K deiciency, 264 Vitamins, 132 fat-soluble vitamins, 132t water-soluble vitamins, 132t Vitreous humor, 17 Vocal apparatus, 87 Voltage-gated protein channel, 137 Vomer, 19 facial bones, 18 von Ebner’s glands, 29 von Gierke’s disease (type I), 271 von Willebrand disease, 264 VZV See Varicella-zoster virus W Warthin’s tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum), 260 Warts, 270 treatment, 239 Water-soluble vitamins, 132t Weak acids/bases, characteristics, 129 Weil’s syndrome, 233 Western blot, usage, 243 Whipworm, 256 White blood cells (leukocytes), 78-79 White matter, 62 White pulp, 82-83 Whooping cough (pertussis), 229 catarrhal stage, 229 paroxysmal stage, 229 vaccination, 229 Wickham’s striae, 270 Wilson’s disease, 261 Working side contacts, 287-288 Wound healing, 200-201 primary wound healing, 200-201 secondary wound healing, 201 X Xanthine, oxidization, 147 Xerostomia, 260 Xiphoid process, 41 X-linked recessive trait, inheritance, 264 XO karyotype, 272 Y Yeasts, 250 form, 251 Yellow bone marrow, 79 Yersinia pestis, 228 Yolk sac, 117 Z Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 177 Zona fasciculata, 85-86 glucocorticoids, secretion, 188 Zona glomerulosa, 85 mineralocorticoids, secretion, 188 Zona pellucida, 93 Zona reticularis, 86 adrenal androgens, secretion, 188 Zone of Weil (cell-free/cell-poor zone), 101 Zonula adherens (adhering junctions), 70 Zonula occludens (tight junctions), 70 Zygoma facial bones, 18 Zygomatic nerve, 10 Zygomaticomandibular muscle, 314-315 Zygomatic process, 19 Zygomaticus major, 23 Zygomycetes fungi, 250 Zygomycosis, 252 Zygote, 117 ... opening of the iris is the pupil he size of the pupil is controlled by two muscles a Constrictor pupillae muscle—constricts the pupil It is innervated by PNS ibers from CN III via the ciliary... man­ dibular central incisor, if the apex of the incisor lies below the mylohyoid line Note: infection in this space causes swelling of the chin If the infection spreads bilaterally to involve the. .. the superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus (via the straight sinus), and occipital sinuses drains at the conluence of sinuses, which is located in the posterior cranium From here, the