Mosbys orthodontic review 2nd edition 23mb

To review for the ABO clinical exam, please go to the ABO website below: www.americanboardortho.com/professionals/ clinicalexam/default.aspx www.ajlobby.com SECOND EDITION MOSBY’S ORTHODONTIC REVIEW Jeryl D English, DDS, MS Professor, Chairman, and Program Director Department of Orthodontics The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston Houston, Texas Sercan Akyalcin, DDS, MS, PhD W Bonham Magness, D.D.S Endowed Professor Department of Orthodontics The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston Houston, Texas Timo Peltomäki, DDS, MS, PhD Professor, School of Medicine University of Tampere Chairman, Oral and Maxillofacial Unit Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland Kate Litschel, DDS, MS Private Practice Woodbridge, Virginia www.ajlobby.com 3251 Riverport Lane St Louis, Missouri 63043 MOSBY’S ORTHODONTIC REVIEW, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-18696-4 Copyright © 2015 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Copyright © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-18696-4 Vice President and Publisher: Loren Wilson Executive Content Strategist: Kathy Falk Content Development Manager: Jolynn Gower Senior Content Development Specialist: Brian Loehr Content Coordinator: Sarah Vora Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Project Manager: Jan Waters Design Direction: Margaret Reid Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.ajlobby.com To my orthodontic family—faculty, colleagues, residents, and alumni—for their assistance and encouragement To my family and especially to my wife, Kathy, whose love, encouragement, and support have helped make this book a reality —Jeryl D English To the three most influential women in my life; my mother, my sister, and my better half… —Sercan Akyalcin I want to thank my wife, Sari, and my children, Tuomo, Anna, and Saara, for reminding me that there are values more precious than the field of orthodontics —Timo Peltomäki I want to show gratitude to my intelligent friend and Teacher, Reverend Wanarathana Kowlwewe for teaching me the true meaning of good work —Kate Litschel www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com Contributors Sercan Akyalcin, DDS, MS, PhD W Bonham Magness, D.D.S Endowed Professor Department of Orthodontics The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston Houston, Texas David A Covell, Jr., DDS, PhD Associate Professor and Chair Department of Orthodontics Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon David M Alfi, DDS, MD Department of Dental Surgery Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas G Fräns Currier, DDS, MSD, MEd Professor, Program Director, and Chair Department of Orthodontics University of Oklahoma Adjunct Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Chair, Division of Developmental Dentistry Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry University of Oklahoma Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Burcu Bayirli, DDS, MS, PhD Associate Professor Orthodontics University of Washington School of Dentistry Seattle, Washington Thuy-Duong Do-Quang, DDS, MS Department of Oral Surgery Zahnklinik Schloss Schellenstein Olsberg, Germany Barry S Briss, DMD Past Professor and Chairman Department of Orthodontics Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Steven A Dugoni, DMD, MSD Private Practice San Francisco, California Jeryl D English, DDS, MS Professor, Chairman, and Program Director Department of Orthodontics The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston Houston, Texas Peter H Buschang, PhD Professor and Director of Orthodontic Research Department of Orthodontics Baylor College of Dentistry Dallas, Texas Thomas J Cangialosi, DDS Professor and Chairman Department of Orthodontics Rutgers University School of Dental Medicine Newark, New Jersey Winthrop B Carter, DDS Associate Professor, Director Advanced Specialty Education Program in Periodontics Department of Periodontology Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry Portland, Oregon Chun-Hsi Chung, DMD, MS Chauncey M F Egel Endowed Chair Associate Professor and Director of Postdoctoral Program University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine Department of Orthodontics Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jaime Gateno, DDS, MD Professor Department of Surgery, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Weill Medical College Cornell University New York, New York Chairman Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Methodist Hospital Research Institute Houston, Texas Peter M Greco, DMD Clinical Professor Department of Orthodontics University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania André Haerian, DDS, MS, FRCD(c) PhD Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan v www.ajlobby.com vi CONTRIBUTORS Brody J Hildebrand, DDS, MS Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Graduate Prosthodontics Baylor College of Dentistry Dallas, Texas International Team for Implantology (ITI) Basel, Switzerland James A McNamara, Jr., DDS, MS, PhD Thomas M and Doris Graber Endowed Professor of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dentistry Professor Emeritus of Cell and Developmental Biology School of Medicine Research Professor Emeritus Center for Human Growth and Development The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Frank Tsung-Ju Hsieh, DDS, MSD Private Practice Scappoose, Oregon Onur Kadioglu, DDS, MS Assistant Professor Department of Developmental Dentistry The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Laurie McNamara, DDS, MS Adjunct Clinical Lecturer Department of Orthodontics University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Hitesh Kapadia, DDS, PhD Seattle Children’s Hospital Seattle, Washington Sunil Kapila, DDS, MS, PhD Robert W Browne Endowed Professor and Chair Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Chung How Kau, BDS, MScD, MBA, PhD, Morth, RCS (Edin), DSC, RCPS, FFD RCSI (Ortho), FAMS (Ortho) Professor and Chair Department of Orthodontics The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry Birmingham, Alabama Richard Kulbersh, DMD, MS Chairman and Program Director Department of Orthodontics School of Dentistry University of Detroit Mercy Detroit, Michigan Kate Litschel, DDS, MS Private Practice Woodbridge, Virginia John Morton Director of Research and Technology Align Technology, Inc San Jose, California Peter Ngan, DMD Professor and Chair Department of Orthodontics West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia Jonathan L Nicozisis, DDS, MS Private Practice Princeton Professional Park Princeton, New Jersey Faculty and Speaker’s Bureau Member Aligntech Institute Valmy Pangrazio-Kulbersh, DDS, MS Adjunct Professor Department of Orthodontics School of Dentistry University of Detroit Mercy Detroit, Michigan Steven D Marshall, DDS, MS Visiting Associate Professor Department of Orthodontics University of Iowa College of Dentistry Iowa City, Iowa Timo Peltomäki, DDS, MS, PhD Professor, School of Medicine University of Tampere Chairman, Oral and Maxillofacial Unit Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland Kathleen R McGrory, DDS, MS Clinical Director, Associate Professor Dan C West Endowed Professor Department of Orthodontics The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston Houston, Texas Stephen Richmond, BDS, MScD, PhD, DOrth, RCS (Edin), FDS, RCS (Eng), FDS, MILT Professor Department of Dental Health and Biological Sciences University Dental Hospital Cardiff University South Glamorgan, Wales www.ajlobby.com CONTRIBUTORS Christopher S Riolo, DDS, MS, PhD Affiliate Professor Department of Orthodontics University of Washington School of Dentistry Seattle, Washington John F Teichgraeber, MD, FACS Professor Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas Michael L Riolo, DDS, MS Associate Professor Orthodontics University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry Detroit, Michigan Angela Marie Tran, DDS, MS Department of Orthodontics The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston Houston, Texas P Emile Rossouw, BSc, BChD, BChD (Hons-Child-Dent), MChD (Ortho), PhD, FRCD(C) Professor Department of Orthodontics University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Anna Maria Salas-Lopez, DDS, MS Clinical Associate Professor Department of Orthodontics The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston Houston, Texas Marc Schätzle, DDS, MS, PhD Assistant Professor, Dr med dent., Odont Dr., MOrtho RSCEd Specialist in Orthodontics Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Center for Dental and Oral Medicine and CranioMaxillofacial Surgery University of Zürich Zürich, Switzerland Kirt E Simmons, DDS, PhD Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Otolaryngology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Director, Craniofacial Orthodontics Department of Pediatric Dental Department Arkansas Children’s Hospital Little Rock, Arkansas Karin A Southard, DDS, MS Professor Emeritus Department of Orthodontics University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Thomas E Southard, DDS, MS Professor and Chair Department of Orthodontics University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Terry M Trojan, DDS, MS Chair and Graduate Program Director Department of Orthodontics University of Tennessee School of Dentistry Memphis, Tennessee Orhan C Tuncay, DMD, FCPP Former Chairman and Gerald D Timmons Professor Department of Orthodontics Kornberg School of Dentistry Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Private Practice Rittenhouse Orthodontics Philadelphia, Pennsylvania James L Vaden, DDS, MS Professor and Chairman Department of Orthodontics University of Tennessee Memphis, Tennessee Sam A Winkelmann, DDS, MS Associate Clinical Professor Department of Orthodontics The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston Houston, Texas James J Xia, MD, PhD, MS Professor Department of Surgery, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Weill Medical College Cornell University New York, New York Director, Surgical Planning Laboratory Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Methodist Hospital Research Institute Houston, Texas Larry Tadlock, DDS, MS Private Practice Keller, Texas www.ajlobby.com vii Preface Orthodontics is an ever-developing and rapidly growing branch of dentistry Therefore there is a high need for both the training students and practicing professionals to keep pace with the growth of this relatively young specialty Moreover, orthodontics is a clinically-driven practice with the mentorship model using case studies being one of the most efficient ways to learn Mosby’s Orthodontic Review is designed to not only have answers to questions regarding what professionals need to know about orthodontics but also to provide a comprehensive understanding of clinical knowledge and excellent patient care It should be the understanding of the reader that there is no specific “recipe” to use in a given case that makes orthodontics formulated Malocclusions are composed of many aspects in all dimensions of the space, and all underlying tissues contribute to the complexity of the problem It is the provider’s ultimate responsibility to collect necessary information and to properly analyze the findings This will eventually lead to correct diagnosis, well-established treatment goals, and systemized treatment mechanics I, on behalf of the co-authors, would like to thank our readers for purchasing this textbook We believe this new edition will provide an excellent review of orthodontic concepts that will help solidify your knowledge on clinical orthodontics and keep the reader up-to-date with new information and technologies Who is the intended audience for this book? This book is intended for three different segments of the profession: students and orthodontic residents, general dentists, and orthodontists Senior dental students that are about to join the dental practice and community will find this textbook very useful as they prepare for the National Board Dental Exam Orthodontic residents and recent graduates will also benefit from reviewing the text in preparation for the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) written and clinical examinations Second, we intend this book to be a good resource for general dentists in their clinical practices and in their discussion of cases with orthodontists Basic cephalometric radiographs and treatment plans are included so that discussions are easily understood and communicated Last but not least, experienced orthodontists will be provided updates in clinical issues and technological advancements in our profession What is unique about the format of this book? We have chosen to use a question-and-answer format for each chapter With this format, the reader can quickly focus on a specific area of interest to answer a question, such as the indication for removal of third molars, interpretation of threedimensional images, or how long to wear a bonded lingual 3×3 retainer Each chapter on treatment or treatment planning is subjective; we wanted expert clinicians to share their thoughts and treatment experiences when correcting various malocclusions Numerous clinical case reports are presented, incorporating learning around real patient scenarios How is this book organized? In organizing this book, we begin with basic foundational information first and then delve into more subjective areas of treatment planning and clinical treatment in the later chapters Chapter is a review of craniofacial growth and development with current updates based on clinical research Chapter is a review of the development of the occlusion with a focus on arch development and eruption sequence Chapter focuses on the appropriate timing for early orthodontic intervention in specific malocclusions Chapter addresses orthodontic records and case review Chapter discusses three-dimensional imaging Chapter emphasizes the diagnosis of orthodontic problems in three tissues (dental, skeletal, and soft tissue) and in three planes of space (anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical) We have included a 3D-3T diagnostic grid to aid in creating a problem list Diagnosis is objective, but all problems must be listed to avoid something being overlooked Misdiagnosis is costly when one overlooks or ignores a patient’s problem, such as periodontal disease We have updated a section on specific objectives of treatment, as well as expanding on superimposition of cephalometric radiographs In Chapters and 8, basic concepts in orthodontic appliances and biomechanics are discussed The remaining 18 chapters focus on specific areas of orthodontic treatment; these areas are subjective and depend on both the training and experience of the clinician Areas addressed in these chapters include the Invisalign system, minor tooth movement, implants, hygiene, craniofacial deformities, and more What is on the accompanying website? Sample cases can be viewed on the ABO website under the Clinical Examination section by visiting www.americanboardortho com/professionals/clinicalexam/default.aspx These cases represent the latest updates for cases required by the ABO Who are the contributors and why were they asked to participate? Because we are targeting both general dentists and orthodontists for this book, we asked some of the very best clinicians and educators to write chapters We also included younger faculty members so that their perspectives could be included These authors understand the needs of prospective students and residents, as well as what information the practicing professional will find useful viii www.ajlobby.com Index A AAO See American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) ABO See American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) ACE See Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Acetaminophen, 289 Achondroplasia, 277 Acrofacial dysostosis, 277 Activator appliance, 169–170, 209, 211–212 Active self-ligating bracket, 103 ADA See American Dental Association (ADA) Adjunctive orthodontics, 198 Adolescent interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment for, 220 maxillary arch expansion in, 73–76 Phase II treatment for, 137, 206–219 (See also Class III malocclusions treatment; Class II malocclusions treatment; Class I malocclusions treatment) crossbites, 215 defined, 24 open bites, 215 orthodontist referral for, 206–207 “problem-oriented” approach to, 206 special considerations, 215–217 Adult/adulthood interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment, 220–234 adolescent vs 220, 221f contraindications for, 220 dental alignment, 224–225 dental esthetics and, 227–230, 228f, 229f, 230f eruption, forced, 223–224, 224f, 225f goals of, 220 indications for, 225 for molar uprighting, 222–223, 223f options for, 222 orthodontic records for diagnosis and, 221–222 periodontal tissue, effects of, 221 retention considerations for, 225–226 sequence of, 222 surgery as, 226–227, 226f temporary anchorage devices and, 230, 230f, 231f, 232f, 233f tooth movement and, 221, 222 lips, length and thickness of, 10 maxillary arch expansion in, 73–76 nose growth during, 10 Phase II treatment for, 137, 206–219 (See also Class III malocclusions treatment; Class II malocclusions treatment; Class I malocclusions treatment) crossbites, 215 defined, 24 open bites, 215 orthodontist referral for, 206–207 “problem-oriented” approach to, 206 special considerations, 215–217 soft-tissue facial profile for, 10 Age clinical evaluation, considerations for, 37–38 malocclusions treatment, for early, 24 minor tooth movement, for considering, 198–199 peak height velocity and, Agenesis of teeth, 21 Air powder polishing (APP) system, 264–265 Air rotor stripping (ARS), 72, 297 Airway, 56, 334–335 Alcohol embryopathy, 277 Alignment, 224–225, 298 Align Technology, 154 Alpha blockers, 289 Alprazolam (Xanax), 289 Altman’s method for assessing measurement agreement, 320, 322 Alveolar bone destruction of, 137–138 heights/volume assessment of, 56 procedures for, 164 American Academy of Laser Dentistry, 304 American Association for Dental Research, 290 American Association of Orthodontists (AAO), 245, 329 American Board of Orthodontics (ABO), 67, 89, 105–106 Clinical Examination, 297–298 Objective Grading System of, 293, 297–298 Structural Method of, 89, 95 American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Dental Therapeutics, 264 Council on Scientific Affairs, 329 Seal of Acceptance, 264 American Time self-ligating bracket, 104–105 Amitriptyline (Elavil), 289 Amnion rupture sequence, 277 Analysis anterior space, 131–132 Bolton, 40–41 cast, 39 cephalometric, 44–45 ANB angle for, 46, 210, 254–256 cone beam computed tomography and, 330–332 diagnostic database and, 61 essentials of, 45–46 landmarks, 44–45 facial profile, 47 frontal, 62–63 functional, 61 midarch space, 132–133 of photographs, 61 posterior space, 133–134 predictive, 46–47 Steiner’s, 65 study cast, 61 for three-dimensional imaging, 57 Anatomic landmarks, 44 Anatomic reference planes, 45 ANB angle, 46, 210, 254–256 Anchorage, 235 See also Skeletal anchorage Anchor teeth, 216 Andersen gauge, 108 Andrews, Larry F., 108 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 289 Angle, Edward Hartley, 60, 98, 100, 250 occlusion development, classification of, 16 orthodontic models, dental classification for, 41, 42f Angle of torque, 110, 111f Angles ANB, 46, 210, 254–256 gonial, 250–251 Holdway, 116 low, 204 mandibular plane, 62 sella-nasion to gonion-gnathion, 209, 250–251 SNA, 45, 46, 65, 210, 212 SNB, 45, 46, 65, 210, 212 Z, 116 Angle System, 98, 99f Angular values for space, 45–46 Ankylosis, 10, 20f, 82–85 Anodontia, 21 ANS See Anterior nasal spine (ANS) Anterior cranial base, 45 Anterior crossbites, 24, 188–191, 200 Anterior crowding, timing for, 28–31 Anterior facial height, 66 Anterior limit of dentition, 122 Anterior nasal spine (ANS), 44 Anterior open bites dental, 215 dentoalveolar, 250–253 habitual, 252–253 skeletal, 215, 250–252, 253, 254–257 Anterior space analysis, 131–132, 132f Anterior trauma, 203 Anterior vertical face height, 204 Anteroposterior component of skeletal pattern, 130–131 Anteroposterior discrepancies, 140–144 Class II malocclusion elastics, 140 fixed appliances for correcting, 140 tooth movement for correction of discrepancy in, 142, 143–144 crowding, treatment options for correcting, 140–141 extraction circumstances for considering, 140, 141–142 for Class III anteroposterior discrepancy, 143 serial, 141 extra-oral traction therapy, 140 functional appliances for, 142–143 headgear and facebow, 140 protection facemask therapy for, 143 Anteroposterior interjaw, 208 Anteroposterior maxillomandibular relationship, Anteroposterior planes of space, 62 Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, t indicate tables and b indicate boxes 341 342 INDEX Anteroposterior profile view, 63 Anteroposterior skeletal measurements, 45–46 Anticoagulants, 289 Anxiolytics, 289 Apert syndrome, 277, 279–280 Aphthous ulcer management, 302 “A” point (A), 44 APP See Air powder polishing (APP) system Appliances See also specific types of Activator, 169–170, 209, 211–212 Begg, 99 Bionator, 169–170, 174, 209, 210, 211–212, 294 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 174 Dental Contour, 154 distalizing, 165 edgewise, 98, 99–100 archwire in, 100 Dr Charles H Tweed and, 100 evolution of, 99–100 pin and tube vertical bracket vs., 100 Essix, 154 fixed, 98 characteristics of, 98 Invisalign® System vs., 159, 162 tooth movement with, 102 fixed-removable, 98 Flex-O-Tite gum-massaging, 154 Forsus, 169–170, 177–179 friction-free, 106 functional for anteroposterior discrepancies, 142–143 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 169–172 clinical response to, variations in, 179–180 stability of, long-term, 180–182 therapy using, 168–169 Headgear Activator, 211 Herbst, 65, 140, 165, 142, 169, 175, 211–212 Hyrax jackscrew, 215 Invisalign® System, preceding of, 154 lingual, 110 Lower Schwartz, 139, 140 mandibular anterior repositioning, 65, 120, 142, 169–170, 176–177 molar distalizing “noncompliance,” 213 Pendex, 139 Pendulum, 140, 213 Positioner, 154 rapid palatal expander, 24–25, 137, 174, 198 fixed, 199 four-tooth, 199 two-tooth, 199 surgically-assisted rapid palatal expansion, 73–76 Twin Block, 65, 149–150, 151, 169–170, 174, 211–212 W, 199 Arches circumference discrepancy in, 39 depth of, 5, 5f diagnostic, 39 expansion, 235 length of, 18–19, 39, 207 limited, 147 lingual, 145–146 lower, 199 lower lingual holding, 207, 215 Arches (Continued) minor tooth movement, problems with, 201–202 perimeter of, 4f perimeter of, untreated, ribbon, 99 spacing in, 203 transpalatal, 145–146, 240, 254–256 W, 139 width of, changes in, 19 Archwire cold welding of, 106 C-shaped, 107, 108f cuspid retraction on, 116 D-shaped, 107, 108f dual-dimension, 107, 108f in edgewise, 100 Hooke's law and, 110, 110f initial, 106, 107f properties of ideal, 107 ARS See Air rotor stripping (ARS) Arthrography, 289 Articulare (Ar), 45 Articulator orthodontic models, 43 Ascending ramus, 240 Asymmetric extraction, 144 Asymmetric occlusal relationships, 41–42 Average faces, 53–54 B Balance of face, factors affecting, 127–128 Band expanders, 137, 149 Banding of teeth, 235 Barbiturates, 289 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 277 Begg, Raymond, 99 Begg appliance, 99, 100f Behavioral clinical evaluation, 37 Bell stage, Bends, 101–102 Beta blockers, 289 Beta-titanium (TMA), 107–108 Beta-titanium wires, 107–108 Bicuspid extraction, 144 Bilateral cleft lip and palate, 271 Bilateral hard tissue landmarks, 44–45 Bilateral posterior crossbite without a functional shift, timing for, 27 Biological width, 223–224 Biomechanics, 112–119 center of resistance, 113 center of rotation, 113–114 controlled tipping, 114, 114f couple center of rotation for movement created by, 116 defined, 116, 116f moment of, 116, 117f defined, 112 equilibrium, 116–117, 117f force concurrent, 113, 113f defined in physics, 112 horizontal and vertical components of, 112, 113f moment of, 115, 115f, 116f one-couple, 117, 118f system of, 112–113 two-couple, 117, 118f Biomechanics (Continued) Newtonian mechanics, 112 Newton's three Laws of Motion, 112 root torque, 115f temporary anchorage device, 118, 119 translational tooth movement, 114, 114f uncontrolled tipping, 114, 114f vector, 112 Bionator appliance, 169–170, 174, 209, 210, 211–212, 294 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 174 Bisphosphonates, 156 Bite Brodie, 67, 199–200 deep, 162, 174, 299 open, 31f, 215 anterior, 215 posterior, 215 relapse in, 299 registration of, 320 scissor, 67 Sunday, 37 Biteplate, headgear with, 209 Bit jig, fabrication of, 315–320 Björk-type dental implants, 211, 212 Black triangle, 228–230 Blade implants, 235–236 Bleaching, 159 Blockers, 289 Bollard plates, 140 Bolton analysis, 40–41 Bolton’s discrepancy, 23, 159, 202–203 Bonded acrylic splint expander, 147–148, 148f Bonded expander, 149 Bonded lingual retainers, 294–295 Bonded rapid maxillary expander, 151 Bonded rapid palatal expander, 137–138 Bonding, 110, 159, 235 Bone grafting procedures, 221 Bony chin, Boone gauge, 108 Botulinum toxin, 289 “B” point (B), 44 Brachycephalic, 250 Brachyfacial, 66, 250 Bracket double-tube, 104f single-tube, 104f triple-tube, 104f Brackets ceramic, 109–110, 110f characteristics of, 98 cold welding of, 106 contamination of, impact on bonding to enamel, 110 convertible, 106 Damon, 100, 103 direct bonded components of, 103 construction of, 102–103 mechanism for securing to tooth enamel, 104–105 double-tube, 104 elastomeric ligated, 265 In-Ovation, 100, 103 ligated, elastomeric, 265 pin and tube vertical, 100 INDEX Brackets (Continued) position of, influence on treatment, 108 power arm attached to, 108, 109f prescription, 101–102 self-ligating, 100 active, 103 defined, 103 passive, 103 single-tube, 104 slot dimension, 105–106 SPEED, 100, 102–103, 104–105, 106 spring-wing, 103–104 systems, full banded vs full direct bonded, 101 Time, 100, 103 Tip-Edge, 99 tooth-colored (“esthetic”), 265 triple-tube, 104 Bracket spring-clips, dual-action, 103 Branchial arch syndrome, 277 Brodie bite, 67, 199–200 Bruxism, 159 B-titanium wires, 235 Buccal corridors, 47, 62 Buccolingual inclination, 298 Buccoversion, 38 Butalbital, 289 C CAD See Computer-aided design (CAD) CAM See Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) Camouflaged Class III malocclusions treatment, 192 Canines permanent, 202 substitution vs implant, 79–82 upper, problems with, 20 Cap stage, Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, 277 Carisoprodol (Soma), 288–289 Carpenter syndrome, 277 Case history, 61 CASS See Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) Cast analysis, 39, 41f Cast Radiograph Evaluation (CRE), 297–298 Caucasians, craniofacial growth and development of, CBCT See Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) CEJ See Cementoenamel junction (CEJ) Cementoenamel junction (CEJ), 113 Center of resistance, 113 Center of rotation, 113–114, 116 Centrally acting muscle relaxants, 288–289 Centric occlusion (CO), 65, 67, 222 Centric relation (CR), 65, 67, 222 Centroid, 113 Cephalograms, 222 Cephalometry/cephalometric analysis, 44–45, 45t ANB angle for, 46, 210, 254–256 cone beam computed tomography and, 330–332 diagnostic database and, 61 essentials of, 45–46 anteroposterior skeletal measurements, 45–46 incisor measurements, 46 soft tissue measurements, 46 vertical skeletal measurements, 46 Cephalometry/cephalometric analysis (Continued) landmarks, 44–45, 44f hard tissue, 44–45 reference planes connecting, 45–46, 45f soft tissue, 45 serial, 212 three-dimensional (3D), 313–315, 317f Ceramic bracket, 109–110 Ceramics, 235 Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome, 277 Cervical-pull facebow, 139 Cervical traction, 212 CFC See Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome Chaos theory, 60 Chemical cure, 104–105 Child/children See Adolescent Chin, bony, Chin cup duration of, 192 effects of, 192 force magnitude and direction for, 192 high-pull, 214 indications for, 191 timing for, 192 Chlorhexidine digluconate, 264 Chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte), 288–289 Circular toothbrush, 264 Circumference discrepancy in arch, 39 Circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy (CSF), 297 Class III malocclusions treatment, 186–197, 214–215 camouflaged, 192, 193f chin cup for duration of, 192 effects of, 192 force magnitude and direction for, 192, 192f high-pull, 214 indications for, 191, 192f timing for, 192 early, 149 elastics for, 214 extraction for, 143, 214–215 facemask therapy for, 186, 189f clinical response to, 191 Delaire, 186, 188f effects of, 188–191 expansion for protraction of, 186–188, 191f retention and, 191, 191f reverse-pull, 214 skeletal discrepancy and, 214 timing for, 188 with overbite, 214 with overjet, 214 posttreatment occlusal stability in, 299 pseudo, benefits of, 186, 187f stability of, long-term, 191 surgical, 192, 195f with underbite, 214 Class II malocclusions treatment, 41, 164–185, 208–214 anteroposterior interjaw and, relationship between, 208 Bionator appliance for, 174, 178f, 181f components of, 164, 165t, 166t with convex profile, 213 343 Class II malocclusions treatment (Continued) of discrepancies anteroposterior, 140 tooth movement for correction of, 142, 143–144, 144f early, 149–150 in early mixed dentition, 150 in maxilla, 150 “spontaneous correction” of, 150 elastics for, 140, 213 etiology of, 164–165, 169f with excessive overjet, 213 extraction patterns for, 213–214 extra-oral traction and, 165, 171f facemask therapy for, 213 fixed orthodontic appliances for, 209–210 Forsus appliance for, 177–179, 184f functional appliances used for, 169–172, 173f, 209–210 Bionator, 211 clinical response to, variations in, 179–180 Fränkel Function Regulator type (FR-2) appliance, 211 Headgear-Activator appliance, 211 Herbst appliance, 211 long-term skeletal effects of, 210–211 process for, 211–212 stability of, long-term, 180–182 therapy using, 168–169 functional jaw orthopedics and, 167, 174 headgear for, 209–210 cervical traction, 212 effects of, 212 high-pull, 212–213 mandibular propulsive profile change and growth modification with, 213 vertical-pull, 212–213 Herbst appliance for, 175, 182f impact on pattern of, 298 long-term success of, factors affecting, 298–299 mandibular anterior repositioning appliance for, 176–177 with moderately retrusive lower jaw, 213 molar distalizing “noncompliance” appliances for, 213 Moyers' differential diagnosis of horizontal/ vertical, 164, 168t prevalence of, 164 protocols for, 165–167, 172f referral for, 208 surgical, 183–184 Twin Block appliance for, 174, 175f Class I malocclusions treatment, 207–208 crowding extraction of second molars vs premolars for, 208 interproximal reduction for, 207–208 mandibular anterior, 207 mandibular incisor, 207 extraction and, 208 lower lingual holding arch, 207 Cleft lip and palate (CLP), 271, 332–333 Cleft lip only, 271 Cleft palate only, 271 Clefts/clefting, 271, 277 See also Facial clefts Cleidocranial dysplasia (dysostosis), 277, 283–284 ClinCheck™, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162 344 INDEX Clinical evaluation, 36–38 age considerations for, 37–38 aspects of, 36 of jaw and occlusal function, 36–37 of malposition of teeth, 38 medical/dental history, key points clarified in, 36 of physical growth and maturation status, 38 social/behavioral, 37 of temporomandibular joint function, 37 of tooth anomalies, 38 Clinical examination, 61 Clinical Examination of ABO, 297–298 Clinical setting for three-dimensional imaging, 58 Clonazepam (Klonopin), 289 CLP See Cleft lip and palate (CLP) CMF See Craniomaxillofacial surgery (CMF) CO See Centric occlusion (CO) Cochrane Oral Health Group, 264 Cold welding, 106 Complete cleft, 271 Composite skull model for craniomaxillofacial surgery, 313 Computed tomography-based physical models, 310 Computed tomography models, 309–310 Computer-aided design (CAD), 154, 317f, 318f Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 154, 317f, 318f Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS), 311, 312 accuracy of, 320–322, 321t, 322t clinical protocol for, 311–312 cost-effectiveness of, 323–324 outcome of, 322–323 plaster dental models for, 311f, 324 techniques for, 315 Concrescent teeth, 38 Concurrent force, 113 Condylar growth, 129–130 Condylion, 8–9 Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 329–340, 330f for airway, 56, 334–335 for alveolar bone heights/volume assessment, 56 cephalometry and, 330–332, 331f dental models/measurements, derived from, 333, 333f for facial asymmetry, evaluation of, 335, 335f incidental findings in, 332–333, 332f limitations of, 58 oral abnormalities and, 56 radiation from, 329–330, 331f radiography vs., 337–338, 337f rapid maxillary expansion and, 336, 337f for root resorption detection, 335–336 as standard of care, 329 temporary anchorage devices, placement of, 334, 334f Conservative care, 290 Controlled tipping, 114 Conventional fixed appliances, 140 Conventional ligation, 235 Conventional radiographs, 289 Convertible tube/bracket, 106 Convex profile, 213 Corticosteroids, 289 Council on Dental Therapeutics, 264 Council on Scientific Affairs, 329 Couple center of rotation for movement created by, 116 defined, 116 moment of, 116 COX-2 See Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors CR See Centric relation (CR) Cranial base, superimposition on, 92–93 Craniofacial deformities, 271–285 in craniosynostoses syndromes, 279–280 facial clefts mixed dentition and, 272–276 orthodontic/orthopedic treatment for, 271 permanent dentition and, 276–277 primary dentition and, 272 skeletal discrepancies and, 277 types of, 271 in mandibulofacial dysostosis, 280–281 in oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum of conditions, 277–279 orofacial clefting and, 271, 277 presurgical orthopedics and, 271–272 in Trisomy 21 syndrome, 282–283 in Turner syndrome, 281 types of, 277 Craniofacial dysostosis, 277, 279–280 Craniofacial growth and development, 1–13 of arch, 4, 4f, 5, 5f of bony chin, in Caucasians, ceasing of, 10 of condylion, 8–9 of craniofacial sutures, closing of, 9, 9t crowding and horizontal/vertical mandibular growth and, incisor, prevalence of, third molars and, 3–4 differences in relative, 6, 7f equilibrium theory of tooth position and, 2–3 eruption and, facial heights, sex differences in, 6, 7f of glenoid fossa, of gonion, 8–9 growth spurt and, 2, 7–8 of hyperdivergent patients, morphology of, of intercanines, 5–6, 6f of intermolara, 4, 5f of lip, length and thickness of, 9–10 malocclusion and class II, class III, of mandible, 6, 8f, 10 of nose, 10 peak height velocity and, 2, 2f of soft-tissue facial profile, 10 transverse rotation and, Craniofacial sutures, closing of, Craniomaxillofacial deformities, population statistics for, 309 Craniomaxillofacial surgery (CMF), 309–328 bit jig, fabrication of, 315–320 composite skull model for, reorientation to neutral head posture and, 313 craniomaxillofacial deformities, population statistics for, 309 planning methods for, 309–311 (See also Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS)) computed tomography and, 309–310 computer for, 312–313, 312f, 315, 324–326 Craniomaxillofacial surgery (CMF) (Continued) plaster dental model surgery, 310–311 two-dimensional prediction tracings, 309 three-dimensional cephalometric analysis and, 313–315 Craniosynostoses syndrome, 277, 279–280 CRE See Cast Radiograph Evaluation (CRE) Crossbites anterior, 25f, 26f, 188–191 Invisalign® System, correction with, 162 Phase II treatment for, 215 posterior anterior vs., treatment of, 200 bilateral, without a functional shift, 27, 30f with lateral functional shift, timing for, 27, 30f lower arch and, 199 maxilla, treatment for, 199 with maxilla lingual and mandible facial, 199–200 problems with, 200–201 unsuccessful correction of, 201 untreated, 200 Crouzon syndrome, 277, 279–280 Crowding anterior, 33f anterior, timing for, 28–31 anteroposterior discrepancies and, treatment options for correcting, 140–141, 141f early treatment for, 146 extraction for, 208 of incisors, 3, 207 interproximal reduction for, 207–208 late, 10 of mandible, 4, 207 physiological, 5–6 secondary, 10 third molars and, 3–4 CSF See Circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy (CSF) C-shaped archwire, 107 Curve of Spee, 162, 174, 299 Cuspids impacted, 76–79 retraction of, on archwire, 116 Cyberware, 154–155 Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), 288–289 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, 289 D Damon bracket, 100, 103 DAP See Dental anomaly patterns (DAP) Deep bite, 162, 174, 299 Deformities craniofacial, 271–285 (See also Facial clefts) in craniosynostoses syndromes, 279–280 in mandibulofacial dysostosis, 280–281 in oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum of conditions, 277–279 orofacial clefting and, 271, 277 presurgical orthopedics and, 271–272 in Trisomy 21 syndrome, 282–283 in Turner syndrome, 281 types of, 277 craniomaxillofacial, population statistics for, 309 Delaire protraction facemask, 186 Dens evaginatus, 38 Dens in dente, 38 Dens invaginatus, 38 Dental anomalies, association with hypodontia, 22 Dental anomaly patterns (DAP), 22 INDEX Dental Contour appliance, 154 Dental history, key points clarified in, 36 Dental tissue, 67 Dentist/dentistry family, 216 implants in, 235 restorative, 203, 216 Dentition See also Teeth/tooth mixed, early, 145, 150 facial clefts and, 272–276 permanent, 276–277 Dentoalveolar anterior open bites, 250–253 Dentoalveolar development, 130 Dentofacial discrepancies in planes of space, treatment tactics for, 137–144 anteroposterior/vertical discrepancies, 140–144 Class II malocclusion, 140, 142, 143–144 crowding, treatment options for correcting, 140–141 extraction, 140, 141–142, 143 (See also Serial extraction) extra-oral traction therapy, 140 facebow, 140 functional appliances for, 142–143 headgear, 140 protection facemask therapy for, 143 transverse discrepancies, 137–140 (See also Maxillary expansion appliance) Depths of arch, Derived landmarks, 44 Diagnosis of orthodontic problems, 60–97 See also Diagnostic database Diagnostic arch, 39 Diagnostic database, 61–96 composition of, 61 case history, 61 cephalometric analysis, 61 clinical examination, 61 functional analysis, 61 photographic analysis, 61 radiologic examination, 61 study cast analysis, 61 discrepancy index of ABO, 67 case examples of, 67 frontal analysis, 62–63 buccal corridors, 62 lips, 62 midlines, 62 smile line, 63 planes of space, 62 anteroposterior plane, 62 sagittal, 65–66 transverse, 62, 67 vertical, 62, 66–67 prioritized problem list, 61, 62b profile view, 63 anteroposterior, 63 lips, 63 nose, 63 vertical, 63 superimposition on cranial base, 92–93, 92f, 93f on mandible, 95–96, 95f on maxilla, 93–95, 94f, 95f methods for, 89 necessity of, 89 required, 89 Diagnostic database (Continued) 3D-3T diagnostic grid, 63t, 68t advantages of, 64 defined, 63–64 information contained in, 64 patient record, importance in, 63–64 steps of, 64 treatment objectives, 64, 89 treatment plan, 64–65, 89 Diagnostic set-up, usefulness of, 42 Diagnostic “wax-up,” 216 Diazepam (Valium), 289 Differential diagnosis, 60 Moyers', 164 Digital models vs plaster of Paris models for diagnosis, 42 Digit-sucking habit, 32f Digit-sucking habit, time for, 28 Dilaceration, 85–88 Direct application, 236–237 Direct bonded brackets components of, 103 construction of, 102–103, 103f full banded vs., 101f tooth enamel, mechanism for securing to, 104–105, 105f Discrepancy index of ABO, 67 case examples of, 67 ankylosis, 82, 83f, 85t extraction vs non-extraction, 70, 71f, 73t headgear, 67, 68f, 70t impacted cuspid, 76, 77f, 79t maxillary arch expansion, 73, 74f, 76t missing maxillary lateral incisors, 79, 80f, 82t root resorption, 85, 88f transposition, 85, 86f, 88t Distalizing appliances, 165 Distal Jet, 140, 213 Distoversion, 38 Dolichofacial, 66 Dolicocephalic, 250 Dolicofacial, 250 Double-tube bracket, 104 Down syndrome, 277, 282–283 D-shaped archwire, 107 Dual-action bracket spring-clips, 103 Dual-dimension archwire, 107 Dysfunction of the joint complex, 286 Dysostosis acrofacial, 277 cleidocranial, 277, 283–284 craniofacial, 277, 279–280 mandibulofacial, 277, 280–281 Dysplasia cleidocranial, 277, 283–284 ectodermal, 21, 277 frontonasal, 277 E Early ankylosis, 10 Early mixed dentition, 150 Early treatment, 145–153 of arches, limited, 147 for Class III malocclusion, 149, 149f for Class II malocclusion, 149–150, 150f in early mixed dentition, 150 in maxilla, 150, 151f “spontaneous correction” of, 150 345 Early treatment (Continued) contraindications to, 145 for crowding, 146 duration of, 152 interim period after, 152 during mixed dentition, 145 rapid maxillary expansion and, 147 appliances for, 147–148 indications for, 149 of lower jaw, 149, 149f risks of delaying, 153 second phase following, 152, 152f serial extraction contraindications for, 146 defined, 146 indications for, 146 space maintenance, purpose of, 145–146 for vertical problems (open/deep bite), 151, 151f, 152f Ectodermal dysplasia, 21, 277 Ectopic eruption, 20, 201–202 Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome, 277 Edgewise appliance, 98, 99–100 archwire in, 100, 101f Dr Charles H Tweed and, 100 evolution of, 99–100 pin and tube vertical bracket vs., 100 Edgewise brackets, 101–102 Edgewise slots, stainless steel to, 235 EEC See Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasiaclefting (EEC) syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 277 Elastics, 140, 213, 214 Elastomeric ligated brackets, 265 Embryopathy, 277 Enamel, 104–105, 110 Enamel organ, Enlargement of gingivitis/gingival, 266 Entropy, 60 Environmental factors, 130 E plane, 46 Equilibration of occlusal interference, 221 Equilibrium example of, 117 law of, 116–117 static, 116 tooth position, theory of, 2–3 Equivalent force system, 102, 102f Eruption delay in, 207 ectopic, 20, 20f, 201–202 forced, 203, 223–224 of incisors, maxillary/mandibular, lingual, 201 of molars, permanent incisors and, rotation of, 203 of permanent teeth, 16–17 changes following, 19 second molars, problems with, 20–21 upper canines, problems with, 20 primary failure of tooth, 10 reasons for interference in, 19 sequence of, importance of, 15t, 17f, 17t, 18 stages of, 14, 15f timing of, 14–15, 15t, 16–17, 17f, 17t Essix appliance, 154 Esthetic line, 46 Esthetics, 159, 227–230 346 INDEX Ethmomaxillary sutures, 186–188 Evaluation of needs, 272–273 Evidence-based care, 290 Evidence-based treatments, 145 Excessive overjet, 213 Expanders, 149 Expansion arches, 235 maxillary arch, 73 adult vs child, difference between, 73–76 Hyrax, 186 for protraction, 186–188 slow maxillary, 139 Extraction asymmetric, 144 bicuspid, 144 circumstances for considering, 140, 141–142 for Class III malocclusions, 143, 214–215 for Class II malocclusions, 213–214 for Class I malocclusions, 208 extrusion to, 216 impacted cuspid and, 76–79 lower first bicuspid, 144 lower incisor, 144 permanent teeth, treatment plan for, 202–203 of premolars, 208 relapse and, 298 of second molars, 208 serial, 141 complicating factors for, 141 indications for, 141 for single mandibular permanent incisor, 215 vs non-extraction, 70, 71–73 Extra-oral forces, 140 Extra-oral traction, 139, 140, 165 Extrusion to extraction, 216 F Facebow, 139, 140, 310 Face/facial, 124 asymmetry of, evaluation of, 335 average, 53–54 balance and harmony of, factors affecting, 127, 127f, 128f bipartition advancements in, 280 evaluation of, 124 good, 124–126, 126f, 127f growth of, 21, 53 heights of, 6, 209 jaws, symmetry/proportions and relationship of, 206–207 musculature of, 65–66 orientation of, 201 photographs of, 221–222 profile analysis of, 47, 65–66 Facemask therapy, 186 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 213 clinical response to, 191 Delaire protraction, 186 effects of, 188–191 expansion for protraction of, 186–188 protection, 143 protraction, 198 retention and, 191 timing for, 188 Facial clefts, 272–276 mixed dentition and, 272–276 bilateral cleft lip and palate, 275–276 Facial clefts (Continued) evaluation of needs, 272–273 maxillary protraction, 275 pre-graft expansion, 274–275 traumatic occlusion, elimination of, 273–274 treatment planning for, 272–273 orthodontic/orthopedic treatment for, 271 permanent dentition and, 276–277 primary dentition and, 272 skeletal discrepancies and, 277 types of, 271 Facial/facemask, 149, 186 Facial plane, lower, 66 Facial thirds, proportion of, 66–67 Family dentist, 216 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 277 FH See Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane Fiberotomy, 203, 297 Field of view (FOV), 330, 331–332 Fioricet, 289 First-order bends, 101–102 Fixed mandibular expander, 138f, 139 Fixed orthodontic appliances, 98 characteristics of, 98 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 209–210 conventional, 140 Invisalign® System vs., 159, 162 tooth movement with, 102 Fixed rapid palatal expander, 199 Fixed-removable appliances, 98 Fixed retainers, 296 FJO See Functional jaw orthopedics (FJO) Flexion, 85–88 Flex-O-Tite gum-massaging appliance, 154 Fluconazole, 289 Force concurrent, 113 extra-oral, 140 horizontal components of, 112 intraoral, 140 one-couple, 117 physics, defined in, 112 system of, 112–113 two-couple, 117 vertical components of, 112 Forced eruption, 203, 223–224 Force magnitude, 192 Forsus appliance, 169–170, 177–179 Four-tooth rapid palatal expander, 199 FOV See Field of view (FOV) FR-2 See Function Regulator Type (FR-2) of Fränkel FR-3 See Function Regulator Type (FR-3) appliance Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane, 45, 61 Frenectomy, 297, 303 Friction-free appliance, 106 Frontal analysis, 62–63 buccal corridors, 62 lips, 62 midlines, 62 smile line, 63 Frontal cephalograms, 222 Frontal orthodontic photographs, 47 Frontomaxillary sutures, 186–188 Frontonasal dysplasia, 277 Full mouth periapical surveys, 222 Functional analysis, 61 Functional appliances for anteroposterior discrepancies, 142–143 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 169–172, 209–210 Bionator, 211 Fränkel Function Regulator type appliance, 211 Headgear-Activator appliance, 211 Herbst appliance, 211 long-term skeletal effects of, 210–211 process for, 211–212 clinical response to, variations in, 179–180 stability of, long-term, 180–182 therapy using, 168–169 therapy using, initiation of, 142–143 types of, 142, 142f, 143f Functional jaw orthopedics (FJO), 165, 167, 174 Functional-occlusal plane, 164 Functional regulator, 169 Functional shift, timing for, 24 Function Regulator Type (FR-2) of Fränkel, 151, 169–170, 209, 211 Function Regulator Type (FR-3) appliance, 140, 191 Furosemide diuretics, 289 G Gemination, 38 Gingivitis/gingival enlargement of, 266 graft/grafting for, 221 hyperplasia and, 266 hypertrophy and, 266 mouthrinse and, 264 overgrowth, management of, 266 recession of, 137–138, 265–266 recontouring of, 302, 304–305 Glabella (Gla), 45 Glenoid fossa, Global positioning system (GPS), 324–325 Gnathion (Gn), 44 Gnomonic growth, 254 Goldenhar syndrome, 277–278 Gonial angle, 250–251 Gonion (Go), 8–9, 45 Good face, 124–126 GPS See Global positioning system (GPS) Graft/grafting for gingivitis/gingival, 221 Growth disorders, 286 Growth modification with headgear, 213 Growth spurt, 2, 7–8 GTR See Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), 266–267 H Haas expander, 137, 148, 148f Habitual anterior open bites, 252–253 Hard tissue imaging, 56–57 for airway analysis, 56 of alveolar bone heights/volume assessment, 56 of impacted teeth, 56 of oral abnormalities, 56 of temporomandibular joint morphology, 56–57 Hard tissue landmarks, 44–45 Harmony of face, factors affecting, 127 Harvold Type III, 277–278 INDEX Headgear, 67, 140 anteroposterior discrepancies and, 140 with biteplate, 209 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 209–210 cervical traction, 212 effects of, 212 high-pull, 212–213 mandibular propulsive profile change and growth modification with, 213 vertical-pull, 212–213 J-hook, 140 types of, 69–70 Headgear-Activator appliances, 211 Height assessment of alveolar bone, 56 Hellman, Milo, 250 Herbst appliance, 65, 134, 140, 142, 169, 211–212 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 175 Heterotopic pain, 286 High-pull chin cup, 214 High-pull headgear, 212–213 Holdway, Reed, 116 Holdway angle, 116 Hooke’s law, 110 Horizontal components of force, 112 Horizontal mandibular growth, Hydroxyzine pamoate (Vistaril), 289 Hyperdivergent patients, morphology of, Hyperdontia, 21, 22f Hyperplasia, 266 Hypertrophy, 266 Hypodontia, 21 commonality of, 22 dental anomalies, association with, 22 teeth most affected by, 21–22 Hypomobility, 286 Hyrax arch expansion, 186 Hyrax expander, 137, 138f, 148, 148f Hyrax jackscrew appliance, 215 Hyrax rapid maxillary expansion, 140, 186 I Imaging hard tissue, 56–57, 56f airway analysis, 56 alveolar bone heights and volume assessment, 56, 57f impacted teeth, 56, 57f oral abnormalities, 56, 57f temporomandibular joint morphology, 56–57, 57f for implants vs temporary anchorage devices, techniques for, 238–239 surface, 53–54, 54t average faces, 53–54, 55f facial growth, 53, 54f superimposition, 53–54, 55f surgical evaluations, 54, 55f of temporomandibular disorders, 289 three-dimensional, 53–59 analysis for, 57 classification system for, 53 clinical applications for, 53–57 clinical setting for, 58 costs of, 58 defined, 53 devices for, 53 future of, 58 Imaging (Continued) limitations of, 58 medicolegal issues with, 58 obtaining, 53 revolutionization of, 57–58 techniques for, 53 of virtual patient, 58, 58f Impaction of cuspid, 76–79 hard tissue imaging of, 56 LeFort I osteotomy and, 164 soft-tissue diode laser surgery for, 308 of teeth, 32, 34f Implants Björk-type, 211, 212 blade, 235–236 canine substitution vs., 79–82 in dentistry, 235, 236f legal implications of, 245 materials for, 235 mechanics of, 237–238 occlusion development, adverse effects of, 21 in orthodontics, 235–236, 236f Orthosystem palatal, 244 osseointegrated, 245 palatal, 239, 242, 244, 245 partial, clinical procedures and loading times for, 239–240 restorative, 204, 239, 240 restorative titanium, 236 temporary anchorage devices vs., 237 benefits of, 238 complications related to, 244–245, 246f disadvantages of, 237 imaging techniques for, 238–239 loading of, 240, 240f, 241f, 244 mini-screw, clinical procedures and loading times for, 239–240 placement of, 238 removing, 245 surgical considerations for, 239 Incisors crowding, prevalence of, crowding of, 3f extraction of lower, 144 mandible and, 4, 174 maxilla and, 4, 79–82 measurements of, 46 permanent, 17, 203 proclination of, 66 sagittal planes of space, relationships with, 66 Incomplete cleft, 271 Indirect application, 236–237 Infraocclusion, 10 Infraversion, 38 Initial archwire, 106 Initiation stage, In-out bends, 101–102 In-Ovation bracket, 100, 103 Instability of orthopedics, 287 Interarch molar, 66 Inter-bracket width, 104 Intercanines malocclusions treatment for, 5–6 mandible and, maxilla and, width of, 6f widths of, 5–6 347 Interceptive orthodontics, 198 Interim period after early treatment, 152 Intermaxillary sutures, 186–188 Intermolars width of, 5f Intermolar widths, International System of Units (SI), 115 Interproximal contacts, 298 Interproximal reduction (IPR), 159, 207–208 Intraoral forces, 140 Intraoral periapical orthodontic radiographs, 43 Invisalign® System, 154–163, 155f appliances preceding, 154 for crossbite correction, 162, 163f fixed appliances vs advantages of, 159 for deep bite, 162 interproximal enamel reduction (IPR), 159 intraoral scanner, scanned impressions vs teeth scanned with, 154–155 Invisalign-branded aligners force systems generated in, 155–156 plastic materials for, 156 process and software involved in creating, 155 tooth movement and thicker, 156 weakest elements of, 158–159, 158f for open bite correction, 159–161, 160f Optimized Attachments and SmartTrack combination in, 157–158, 158f for overbite correction, 161–162, 161f, 162f planning treatment for, 159–162 polyvinyl siloxane impressions, conversion to digital images/aligners, 154–155 tipping of teeth and premolar extraction, 156–157, 157f IPR See Interproximal reduction (IPR) Irregularities of tooth development, 207 Isolated tooth movement See also Minor tooth movement anterior trauma and, impact of, 203 arches and, spacing in, 203 face orientation and, 201 orthodontic database for, 201 permanent canines and, 202 permanent tooth extraction treatment plan for, 202–203 referral and, 204 skeletal pattern, impact on, 204 soft tissue profile and, impact of, 204 vertical plane and, 201 J Jasper Jumper, 65 Jaws clinical evaluation of, 36–37, 37f face/facial, symmetry/proportions and relationship of, 206–207 moderately retrusive lower, 213 J-hook headgear, 140 Joint complex, dysfunction of the, 286 K Kabuki syndrome, 277 Keratinized tissue, 265–266 Kesling, P.C., 99 Key to occlusion, 41 Kim, Young, 254 348 INDEX King’s College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kobayashi tie hooks, 105 L Labioversion, 38 Lacrimomaxillary sutures, 186–188 LAFH See Lower anterior face height (LAFH) Landmarks anatomic, 44 cephalometric, 44–45 hard tissue, 44–45 reference planes connecting, 45–46 soft tissue, 45 derived, 44 Lang antirotation arms, 103–104 Larsen syndrome, 277 Lasers for soft-tissue diode laser surgery, 303–304 Late ankylosis, 10 Late crowding, 10 Late primary dentition, Lateral cephalograms, 222 Lateral cephalometric orthodontic radiographs, 44 Lateral functional shift, timing for, 27 Lateral limit of dentition, 124 Laterocclusion, 41–42 Laterognathy, 41–42 Laws of entropy, 60 of equilibrium, 116–117 Hooke’s, 110 of motion, 112 of thermodynamics, 60 LDML See Lower dental midline (LDML) Leeway space, 6, 18, 145 LeFort III osteotomy, 280 LeFort I osteotomy, 164, 192, 235, 315 Length discrepancy in arch, 39 Lewis spring wings, 103–104 Ligated brackets, elastomeric, 265 Ligation, conventional, 235 Limited arches, 147 Linear values for space, 45–46 Lingual appliances, 110, 110f Lingual arch, 145–146 Lingual eruption, 201 Linguoverted tooth, 38 Linnaeus, Carolus, 60 Lip bumper, 138f, 139–140 Lips frontal analysis of, 62 length and thickness of, 9–10 profile view, 63 protrusion of, 66 retrusion of, 66 weak, 125 Listerine, 264 Lithium, 289 LLHA See Lower lingual holding arch (LLHA) L1-MP (lower incisor to mandibular plane), 46 L1-NB (lower incisor to NB line), 46 Loading of implants vs temporary anchorage devices process of, 240 stability during, 244 timing for, 240 Local anesthetics, 289 “Locking” effect of occlusion, 156 Lorazepam (Ativan), 289 Loss of function, 286–287 Low angle, 204 Lower anterior face height (LAFH), 209 Lower arch, 199 Lower dental midline (LDML), 67 Lower facial plane, 66 Lower first bicuspid extraction, 144 Lower incisor extraction, 144 Lower lingual holding arch (LLHA), 207, 215 Lower Schwartz appliance, 138f, 139, 140 M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 289 Major vs minor tooth movement, 198 Malocclusion treatment, 24–35, 124, 134 age for early, 24 for anterior crossbite with a functional shift, timing for, 24 for anterior crowding, timing for, 28–31 for bilateral posterior crossbite without a functional shift, timing for, 27 Class I, 207–208 crowding and, 207–208 extraction and, 208 lower lingual holding arch, 207 Class II, 5–6, 41, 164–185, 208–214 anteroposterior interjaw and, relationship between, 208 Bionator appliance for, 174 components of, 164 with convex profile, 213 craniofacial growth/development and, elastics for, 213 etiology of, 164–165 with excessive overjet, 213 extraction patterns for, 213–214 extra-oral traction and, 165 facemask therapy for, 213 fixed orthodontic appliances for, 209–210 Forsus appliance for, 177–179 functional appliances used for, 169–172 functional appliance treatment for, 209–210 functional jaw orthopedics and, 167, 174 headgear for, 209–210 Herbst appliance for, 175 mandibular anterior repositioning appliance for, 176–177 with moderately retrusive lower jaw, 213 molar distalizing “noncompliance” appliances for, 213 Moyers' differential diagnosis of horizontal/ vertical, 164 prevalence of, 164 protocols for, 165–167 referral for, 208 surgical, 183–184 timing for, 25–27, 29f Twin Block appliance for, 174 Class III, 186–197, 214–215 camouflaged, 192 chin cup for, 191, 192 craniofacial growth and development and, elastics for, 214 extraction for, 214–215 facemask therapy for, 186 Malocclusion treatment (Continued) mandibulra growth and, maxillary growth and, with overbite, 214 with overjet, 214 pseudo, benefits of, 186 stability of, long-term, 191 surgical, 192 timing for, 24–25, 27f, 28f with underbite, 214 dentition evaluation for, 131–134 anterior space analysis, 131–132 midarch space analysis, 132–133 posterior space analysis, 133–134 of digit-sucking habit, time for, 28 face, 124 balance and harmony of, factors affecting, 127 evaluation of, 124 good, 124–126 for impacted teeth, 32 intercanine, 5–6 for orthognathic surgery, 34–35 of posterior crossbite with lateral functional shift, timing for, 27 skeletal component of, 128–129 for skeletal open bite, 27–28 skeletal pattern and anteroposterior component of, 130–131 transverse component of, 131 vertical component of, 129–130 space-regaining procedures and, in mixed dentition, 32–34 for supernumerary teeth, 32 Malposition of teeth, 38, 39f Mandible arch depths and, crowding and, 207 facial posterior crossbite and, 199–200 growth of, 3, growth spurt and, 7–8 incisors and, 4, 174, 207, 299–300 intercanines and, length of, 209 position of, rotation of, 10 sex differences in, size of, spacing of, 174 superimposition on, 95–96 vertical position of the, 66 Mandibular anterior repositioning appliance (MARA), 65, 120, 142, 169–170 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 176–177 Mandibular plane (MP), 45, 164, 204 Mandibular plane angle (MPA), 62 Mandibular propulsive profile change, 213 Mandibular retractor, 191 Mandibulofacial dysostosis, 277, 280–281 MARA See Mandibular anterior repositioning appliance (MARA) Marfan syndrome, 277 Marginal ridges, 298 Masticatory disorders, 286 Maturation status, clinical evaluation of, 38 Maxilla arch depths and, Class III malocclusions treatment and, Class II malocclusions treatment and, 150 INDEX Maxilla (Continued) growth spurt and, 7–8 incisors and, intercanines and, LeFort I impaction and, 164 lingual posterior crossbite and, 199–200 posterior crossbite, treatment for, 199 superimposition on, 93–95 Maxillary arch expansion, 73–76, 186 Maxillary expansion appliance, 137 initiation of, 140 types of, 137–140 band expanders, 137 bonded rapid palatal expander, 137–138 conventional fixed appliances, 140 fixed mandibular expander, 139 lip bumper, 139–140 Lower Schwartz appliance (removable), 139 Pendex, 139 quadhelix, 139 W arch, 139 Maxillary lateral incisors, missing, 79–82 Maxillomandibular relationship, anteroposterior, Maximum entropy production (MEP), 60 Maximum intercuspation (MI), 324–325 Measurements Altman’s method for assessing, 320, 322 anteroposterior skeletal, 45–46 cone beam computed tomography, derived from, 333 good face, for quantifying or measuring, 125–126 of incisors, 46 skeletal, 45–46 soft tissue, 46 vertical skeletal, 46 Mechanotherapy, 60, 238 Median cleft face syndrome, 277 Medical history, key points clarified in, 36 Menton (Me), 44 MEP See Maximum entropy production (MEP) Mesial angulation tipping, of permanent second molar, 202 Mesiodens, 22 Methotrexate, 289 Mf See Moment of force (Mf) MI See Maximum intercuspation (MI) Midarch space analysis, 132–133, 132f, 133f Mid-childhood growth spurt, Midline diastema, frontal analysis of, 62 lower dental, 67 upper dental, 67 Midsagittal hard tissue landmarks, 44 Milling and injection molding, 106 Mineralization of permanent teeth, 17 Mini-screw implants vs temporary anchorage devices, 239–240 Minor tooth movement, 198–205 See also Isolated tooth movement age for considering, 198–199 arches and, problems with, 201–202 crossbites posterior, 199–200 problems with, 200–201 unsuccessful correction of, 201 untreated, 200 Minor tooth movement (Continued) eruption and, 203 major vs., 198 mesial angulation tipping, of permanent second molar, 202 restorative implants and, 204 MI Paste Plus®, 263 Missing maxillary lateral incisors, 79–82, 215–216 Missing permanent teeth, 207 Mixed dentition, early, 145, 150 facial clefts and, 272–276 bilateral cleft lip and palate, 275–276 evaluation of needs, 272–273 maxillary protraction, 275 pre-graft expansion, 274–275 traumatic occlusion, elimination of, 273–274 treatment planning for, 272–273 space-regaining procedures in, 34f Models derived from CBCT, 333 Moderately retrusive lower jaw, 213 Molars distalizing “noncompliance” appliances for, 213 eruption of, interarch, 66 second, 20–21, 202 6-year, Molar uprighting, 202 diagnostic considerations for, 222 retention protocol after, 223 tooth movement for, types of, 222–223 types of, 222–223 Moment of couple, 116 Moment of force (Mf), 115 Monobloc, 280 Moss, Melvin, 250 Motion, laws of, 112 Mouth breathing, 130 Mouthrinse, 264 Moyers' differential diagnosis, 164 MP See Mandibular plane (MP) MPA See Mandibular plane angle (MPA) MRI See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Muscle relaxants, centrally acting, 288–289 N NAM technique See Nasal alveolar molding (NAM technique) Nasal alveolar molding (NAM technique), 271–272 Nasion (N), 44 Nasolabial angle (NLA), 47, 204 Nasomaxillary sutures, 186–188 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, 3–4, 41, 164 National Health Survey, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 3–4 Natural/neutral head position (NHP), 45, 311, 312, 313, 313f, 314f Needs, evaluation of, 272–273 Neurofibromatosis, 277 Newton, Isaac, 112 Newtonian mechanics, 112 Newton meter (Nm), 115 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion, 112, 235, 237 New York Times, 137 NHANES See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III 349 NHP See Natural/neutral head position (NHP) Nickel-titanium, 107–108 NIH See National Institutes of Health (NIH) Nitinol, 107–108 Nitinol wires, 107–108 NiTi wire, 235, 254 NLA See Nasolabial angle (NLA) Nm See Newton meter (Nm) Non-extraction vs extraction, 70, 71–73, 298 Non-opiate analgesics, 289 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), 156, 289 Nonsuccedaneous teeth, space/spacing of, 18 Noonan syndrome, 277 Nose, 10, 63 NSAIDs See Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) O Objective Grading System (OGS), 293, 297–298 Occlusal adjustment, 288 Occlusal factors, 287 Occlusal function, 36–37 Occlusal interference, equilibration of, 221 Occlusal loading, 244 Occlusal relationship, 41–42, 42f, 298 Occlusal splints, 287–288 Occlusal stability, 299 Occlusion, 14–23 Angle's classification of, 16 ankylosis and, 19–20 of arches, 18–19 centric, 65, 67, 222 eruption and ectopic, 20 of permanent teeth, 16–17, 19, 20–21 reasons for interference in, 19 sequence of, importance of, 18 stages of, 14 timing of, 14–15, 16–17 facial growth and, relationship between, 21 hypodontia and commonality of, 22 dental anomalies, association with, 22 teeth most affected by, 21–22 implants and, adverse effects of, 21, 22f key to, 41 “locking” effect of, 156 space/spacing and anterior, 18 deficit in, 17–18 leeway, 18 of nonsuccedaneous teeth, 18 of teeth/tooth development of, 14 permanent, 17 position and, 21 primary, 15–16, 17 size and, impact on, 23 variations in number of, 21 wisdom, 19 terminal plane and of permanent molars, 16 of primary dentition, 15–16 of primary second molars, 16 Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum of conditions, 277–279 OGS See Objective Grading System (OGS) 350 INDEX Okeson, Jeffrey P., 291 Oligodontia, 21 One-couple force, 117 Onplant, 237 Open bites, 215 anterior, 215 posterior, 215 relapse in, 299 skeletal, 6, 27–28, 62 Open flap surgery, 221 Operculum removal, 302 Opiate analgesics, 289 Optimized Attachments, 155, 157, 158 Oral abnormalities, 56 Oral-acral syndromes, 277 Oral hygiene, 159, 263–270 gingivitis and, 265–266 mouthrinse for, 264 periodontitis and periodontal attachment and, 265 prevention methods for, 265 regeneration procedure and, 266–267 treatment for, 265 prophylaxis technique for, 264–265 toothbrush for, power vs manual, 264 tooth movement and, relationship between, 266–267 white spot lesions and, 263 Orbitale (Or), 44 Orofacial clefting, 271, 277 OrthoCAD, 42 Orthodontic anchorage, 235 Orthodontic appliances, 98–111 See also specific types of angle of torque, 110 Angle System, 98 archwire cold welding of, 106 C-shaped, 107 D-shaped, 107 dual-dimension, 107 Hooke's law and, 110 initial, 106 properties of ideal, 107 Begg, 99 beta-titanium wires, 107–108 brackets ceramic, 109–110 cold welding of, 106 contamination of, impact on bonding to enamel, 110 direct bonded, 102–103, 104–105 double-tube, 104 full banded vs full direct bonded, 101 position of, influence on treatment, 108 power arm attached to, 108 prescription, 101–102 self-ligating, 100, 103 single-tube, 104 slot dimension, 105–106 spring-wing, 103–104 Tip-Edge, 99 triple-tube, 104 convertible tube, 106 edgewise, 98 archwire in, 100 Dr Charles H Tweed and, 100 Orthodontic appliances (Continued) evolution of, 99–100 pin and tube vertical bracket vs., 100 equivalent force system in, 102 fixed, 98 brackets/appliances, characteristics of, 98 tooth movement with, 102 friction-free, 106 inter-bracket width, 104 lingual, 110 milling and injection molding, 106 nitinol wires, 107–108 pin and tube, 98–99 preadjusted, 101–102 ribbon arch, 99 sliding mechanics, 106 stainless steel wires, 107–108 straight wire, 108 tie-wings, 105 torquing moment, 111 Orthodontic casts, 43 Orthodontic database, 201 Orthodontic models, 39–43 Angle's dental classification, 41 articulator, 43 asymmetric occlusal relationships, classification of, 41–42 Bolton analysis, 40–41 cast analysis, 39 diagnostic set-up, usefulness of, 42 digital models vs plaster of Paris models for diagnosis, 42 Orthodontic photographs, 47 facial profile analysis, 47 frontal, 47 views captured in, 47 Orthodontic plates, 239 Orthodontic radiographs, 43–47 See also Cephalometry/cephalometric analysis lateral cephalometric, 44 panoramic vs series of intraoral periapical, 43 posteroanterior cephalometric film, primary rationale for taking, 43 predictive analysis, 46–47 superimposition of serial cephalograms, 47 supplemental intraoral periapical films for, 43 Orthodontic records and case evaluation, 36–52, 37b adult interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment and, 221–222 clinical evaluation, 36–38 age considerations for, 37–38 aspects of, 36 of jaw and occlusal function, 36–37 of malposition of teeth, 38 medical/dental history, key points clarified in, 36 of physical growth and maturation status, 38 social/behavioral, 37 of temporomandibular joint function, 37 of tooth anomalies, 38 orthodontic models, 39–43 Angle's dental classification, 41 asymmetric occlusal relationships, classification of, 41–42 Bolton analysis, 40–41 cast analysis, 39 diagnostic set-up, usefulness of, 42 Orthodontic records and case evaluation (Continued) digital models vs plaster of Paris models for diagnosis, 42 orthodontic casts on articulator, indications for mounting, 43 orthodontic photographs, 47 facial profile analysis, 47 frontal, 47 views captured in, 47 orthodontic radiographs, 43–47 (See also Cephalometry/cephalometric analysis) lateral cephalometric, 44 panoramic vs series of intraoral periapical, 43 posteroanterior cephalometric film, primary rationale for taking, 43 predictive analysis, 46–47 superimposition of serial cephalograms, 47 supplemental intraoral periapical films for, 43 Orthodontics, 236 adjunctive, 198 facial clefts, treatment for, 271 implants in, 235–236 interceptive, 198 Orthodontic therapy, 290 Orthodontic treatment, sequence of normal, 216–217 Orthodontist referral, 206–207 arch length analysis, 207 facial symmetry/proportions and relationship of jaws, 206–207 irregularities of tooth development, 207 Orthognathic surgery, 34–35 Orthopedics facial clefts, treatment for, 271 functional jaw, 165, 167, 174 instability of, 287 presurgical, 271–272 stability of, 287 Orthosystem palatal implants, 244 Osseointegrated implants, 245 Osseointegration, 235, 244 Osteotomy LeFort I, 192, 235, 315 Le Fort III, 280 LeFort III, 280 Overbite, 214 Overgrowth of gingivitis/gingival, management of, 266 Overjet, 66, 210, 298 Class III malocclusions treatment with, 214 excessive, 213 P Pain, 286–287 Palatal auxiliaries, 237 Palatal implants, 239, 242, 244, 245 Palatal plane (PP), 45, 164 Palatal plane to gonion-gnathion (PP-GoGn), 250–251 Panoramic radiographs, 43, 289 Panoramic x-rays, 222 PAR See Peer assessment rating (PAR) Parallax technique, 56 Partial implants, clinical procedures and loading times for, 239–240 Passive self-ligating bracket, 103 Patient record, importance in, 63–64 PDL See Periodontal ligament (PDL) INDEX Peak height velocity (PHV), 2f age and, skeletal indicators associated with, timing of, Peer assessment rating (PAR), 210, 299 Pendex appliance, 138f, 139 Pendulum appliance, 140, 213 Periapical surveys, full mouth, 222 Perimeter of arch, Periodontal attachment, 265 Periodontal ligament (PDL), 43, 82, 334 Periodontal regeneration procedure, 266–267 Periodontal tissue, 221 Periodontitis periodontal attachment and, 265 prevention methods for, 265 treatment for, 265 Permanent canines, 202 Permanent dentition, 276–277 Permanent incisors, rotation of, 203 Permanent second molar, 202 Permanent teeth eruption of, 16–17 changes following, 19 second molars, problems with, 20–21 upper canines, problems with, 20 extraction treatment plan for, 202–203 incisors, initial location and size of, 17 mineralization of, 17 missing, 207 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 277 PFE See Primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE) Pfeiffer syndrome, 277 PFH/AFH See Posterior to anterior face height (PFH/AFH) ratio Pharmacologic modalities for TMDs, 288–289 Phase II treatment, 137, 206–219 See also Class III malocclusions treatment; Class II malocclusions treatment; Class I malocclusions treatment crossbites, 215 defined, 24 open bites, 215 anterior, 215 posterior, 215 orthodontist referral for, 206–207 arch length analysis, 207 facial symmetry/proportions and relationship of jaws, 206–207 irregularities of tooth development, 207 “problem-oriented” approach to, 206 special considerations, 215–217 extraction, 215, 216 missing maxillary lateral incisors, 215–216 orthodontic treatment, sequence of normal, 216–217 skeletal anchorage, 216 Phase I treatment, 24, 137 See also Early treatment Phenytoin (Dilantin), 266 Philadelphia Center for Research in Child Growth, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton), 112 Photographs analysis of, 61 facial, 221–222 orthodontic, 47, 48f, 50f PHV See Peak height velocity (PHV) Physical growth, clinical evaluation of, 38 Physical models, computed tomography-based, 310 Physics, force defined in, 112 Physiological crowding, 5–6 Pierre-Robin syndrome, 164–165 Pin and tube, 98–99, 99f Pin and tube vertical bracket, 100 Planes E, 46 facial, 66 Frankfort horizontal, 45, 61 functional-occlusal, 164 lower facial, 66 mandibular, 45, 164, 204 reference, 45 anatomic, 45 linear and angular values for space in, 45–46 sella-nasion cranial base, 164 vertical, 129, 201 Planes of space, 62 anteroposterior, 62 sagittal, 65–66 dental tissue in, 66 skeletal issues in, 65 soft tissue in, 65–66 transverse, 62, 67 vertical, 62, 66–67 dental tissue in, 67 posterior/anterior facial height in, 66 skeletal tissue in, 66 soft tissue in, 66–67 Planning methods for craniomaxillofacial surgery, 309–311 See also Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) computed tomography-based physical models, 310 computed tomography models, 309–310 computerized, transfer to patient, 315, 324–326 computer model for, process for creating, 312–313 plaster dental model surgery, 310–311 face-bow transfer, 310 transfer of plan to patient at time of, 310–311 two-dimensional prediction tracings, 309 Plaster dental models for CASS, 324 Plaster dental model surgery, 310–311 Plaster of Paris models for diagnosis, 42 Plates Bollard, 140 orthodontic, 239 surgical, 244 PNS See Posterior nasal spine (PNS) Pocket depth, 221 Pog-NB (pogonion to NB line), 46 Pogonion (Pog), 44 Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impressions, 155, 159 Porion (P), 44 Positioner appliance, 154 Positioners as retainers, 296 Postemergent spurt, Posterior crossbite anterior vs., treatment of, 200 bilateral, without a functional shift, timing for, 27 with lateral functional shift, timing for, 27 lower arch and, 199 maxilla, treatment for, 199 with maxilla lingual and mandible facial, 199–200 351 Posterior facial height, 66 Posterior limit of dentition, 122–124 Posterior nasal spine (PNS), 44 Posterior open bites, dental vs skeletal, 215 Posterior space analysis, 133–134, 133f Posterior to anterior face height (PFH/AFH) ratio, 250–251 Posteroanterior cephalometric film, 43 Posttreatment occlusal stability, 299 Power arm attached to bracket, 108 Power Ridge™, 158–159, 162 Power vs manual toothbrush, 264 PP See Palatal plane (PP) PP-GoGn See Palatal plane to gonion-gnathion (PP-GoGn) Prader-Willi syndrome, 277 Preadjusted, 101–102 Predictive analysis, 46–47 Prescription bracket, 101–102 Presurgical orthopedics, 271–272 Primary dentition/teeth facial clefts and, 272 features of, 15, 15f initial location and size of, 17 late, terminal plane and, 15–16, 16f Primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE), 10 Primary pain, 286 Primate spaces, 15 Primum non nocere, 290 Prioritized problem list, 61 Probing, 221 “Problem-oriented” approach, 206 Profile view, 63 anteroposterior, 63 lips, 63 nose, 63 vertical, 63 Prophy Jet, 264–265 Prophylaxis technique, 264–265 Prosthodontics, 240 Protection facemask therapy, 143 Protraction facemask therapy, 198 Pseudo Class III malocclusions, 186 Pterygopalatine sutures, 186–188 Pure titanium, 235 PVS See Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impressions Q Quadhelix, 138f, 139 R Radiation, 329–330 Radiographs/radiography cone beam computed tomography vs., 337–338 conventional, 289 examination using, 61 intraoral periapical orthodontic, 43 orthodontic, 43–47, 48f lateral cephalometric, 44 panoramic vs series of intraoral periapical, 43 posteroanterior cephalometric film, primary rationale for taking, 43, 44f predictive analysis, 46–47 superimposition of serial cephalograms, 47 supplemental intraoral periapical films for, 43 panoramic, 43, 43f, 289 352 INDEX Rapid maxillary expansion (RME), 139 appliances for, 147–148 bonded acrylic splint expander, 147–148 Haas expander, 148 Hyrax expander, 148 bonded, 151 cone beam computed tomography and, 336 Hyrax, 140 indications for, 149 of lower jaw, 149 protocol for, 139 U6 type of, 140 Rapid palatal expander (RPE), 24–25, 137, 174, 198, 199 RCP See Rubber cup prophylaxis (RCP) Reapproximation, 129 Recession of gingivitis/gingival, 137–138, 265–266 Recontouring osseous surgery, 221 Reference planes, 45–46 Referral for Class II malocclusions treatment, 208 isolated tooth movement and, 204 orthodontist, 206–207 arch length analysis, 207 facial symmetry/proportions and relationship of jaws, 206–207 irregularities of tooth development, 207 Regeneration defined, 266 guided tissue, 266–267 periodontal, 266–267 Regression to the means, 286–287 Relapse in deep bite, 299 defined, 297 extraction vs non-extraction and, 298 Class III malocclusion, 299 Class II malocclusion, 298–299 incisal changes, relationship to, 299 occlusal characteristics of, 299 in open bite, 299 third molars and, 297 Removable retainers, 295, 296 Reorientation to neutral head posture, 313 Resistance, center of, 113 Restorative dentist/dentistry, 203, 216 Restorative implants, 204, 239, 240 Restorative titanium implants, 236 Retainers bonded lingual, 294–295, 295f fixed, 296 positioners as, 296, 296f removable, 295, 295f, 296 scientific approach to, for mandibular incisor stability, 299–300 spring, 297 vacuum-formed, 295–296 Retention adult interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment, considerations for, 225–226 in Class III malocclusions, 294 in Class II malocclusions, 294 in deep bite, 294 defined, 293 extraction/non-extraction and, 294 facemask therapy and, 191 growth and, 293–294 Retention (Continued) long-term, 296 molar uprighting, protocol after, 223 necessity of, 293 in open bite, 294 Retraction, 116, 191 Retromolar pad, 240 Reverse-pull facemask therapy, 214 Reverse swallow, 254 Reversible care, 290 Ribbon arch, 99, 99f Ricketts’ E-line, 66 RME See Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) RMSD See Root mean square deviation (RMSD) Robotic technology, 154 “Room for error” during treatment plan/ planning, 120 Root angulation, 298 Root mean square deviation (RMSD), 320, 322 Root planing, 221 Root resorption, 85, 159 cone beam computed tomography, detection with, 335–336 delacerations and, measures for management of, 85–88 prevalence of, 221 Root torque, 115 Rotation center of, 113–114 of mandible, 10 of permanent incisors, 203 transverse, Rotation oscillation toothbrush, 264 Rubber cup prophylaxis (RCP), 264–265 Rule of Fifths, 47 Rule of Thirds, 47 S Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, 277 Sagittal planes of space, 65–66 dental tissue in, 66 skeletal issues in, 65 soft tissue in, 65–66 Salentijn, Letty, 250 SAM Anatomical Face-Bow, 310 SARPE See Surgically-assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) appliance Scalar, 112 Scaling, 221 Schroeder, Andre, 235 Scientific body of evidence, 120 Scissor bite, 67 Seal of Acceptance of ADA, 264 Secondary crowding, 10 Secondary pain, 286 Second molars, 20–21, 202 Second-order bends, 101–102 Second phase following early treatment, 152 See also Phase II treatment Self-ligating bracket, 100, 235, 265 active, 103, 103f American Time, 104–105 defined, 103 passive, 103 Self-ligation, 102–103 Sella (S), 44 Sella-nasion (SN), 45, 164 Sella-nasion-gonion gnathion (SN-GoGn) angle, 209, 250–251 Sella-nasion to palatal plane (SN-PP), 250–251 Serial cephalometry, 47, 212 Serial extraction contraindications for, 146 defined, 146, 147f indications for, 146 Sex differences, SGn-FH (Y-axis), 46 SI See International System of Units (SI) Side-to-side action toothbrush, 264 Silver-Russell syndrome, 277 Single-tube bracket, 104 6-year molars, Skeletal anchorage, 216, 235–249 See also Implants advantages of, 240–244, 241f, 242f, 243f defined, 237, 237f disadvantages of, 240–244, 241f, 242f, 243f future of, 246–247, 247f as standard of care, 245–246 temporary anchorage device and, 236–237, 240f Skeletal anterior open bites, 250–252, 253, 254–257 Skeletal discrepancies, 214, 277 Skeletal indicators associated with peak height velocity, Skeletal issues in sagittal planes of space, 65 Skeletal measurements, anteroposterior, 45–46 Skeletal open bite, 6, 27–28, 62 Skeletal pattern anteroposterior component of, 130–131, 131f balance and harmony of face, factors affecting, 127–128 isolated tooth movement, impact on, 204 vertical component of, 129–130 condylar growth and, 129–130, 129f dentoalveolar development and, 130 environmental factors and, 130 in vertical plane, 129 Skeletal tissue, 66 Skull model for craniomaxillofacial surgery, 313 SLA See Stereolithography (SLA) Sleep apnea, 282–283 Sliding mechanics, 106, 107f Slot dimension, 105–106 Slow maxillary expansion, 139 SmartClip Self-Ligating Appliance System, 103 SmartTrack™, 156, 157, 158 Smile, structures composing, 227 “Smile design,” 227 Smile line, 63 SN See Sella-nasion (SN) SNA angle, 45, 46, 65, 210, 212 SNB angle, 45, 46, 65, 210, 212 SN-GoGn See Sella-nasion-gonion gnathion (SN-GoGn) angle SN-MP, 46 SN-PP See Sella-nasion to palatal plane (SN-PP) Social clinical evaluation, 37 Soft tissue balance and harmony of face, factors affecting, 128 cephalometric landmarks and, 45 facial profile and, 10, 65–66 lip protrusion/retrusion and, 66 measurements for, 46 profile and, impact of, 204 in sagittal planes of space, 65–66 in vertical planes of space, 66–67 INDEX Soft-tissue diode laser surgery, 302–308 frenectomy and, 305–308 lasers for, 303–304 procedures for, 302–303 aphthous ulcer management, 302 frenectomy, 303, 305–308 gingival recontouring, 302, 304–305 impacted teeth, 308 operculum removal, 302 tooth exposure, 302 Space-regaining procedures, 32–34 Space/spacing angular values for, 45–46 anterior, 18 in arch, 203 deficit in, 17–18 leeway, 18 linear values for, 45–46 maintenance of, purpose of, 145–146, 146f of mandible, 174 of nonsuccedaneous teeth, 18 planes of, 62 anteroposterior plane, 62 sagittal, 65–66 transverse, 62, 67 vertical, 62, 66–67 primate, 15 SPEED bracket, 100, 102–103, 104–105, 106 Splint Biocryl, 139–140 Splints, occlusal, 287–288 “Spontaneous correction” of Class II malocclusions treatment, 150 Spring retainers, 297 Spring-wing bracket, 103–104, 104f Stability of Class III malocclusions, treatment of, 191 curve of Spee, 299 factors affecting, 293 of functional appliances, 180–182 during loading of implants vs temporary anchorage devices, 244 occlusal, 299 of orthopedics, 287 Stainless steel, 235 Stainless steel to edgewise slots, 235 Stainless steel wires, 107–108 Standard edgewise brackets, 101–102 Standard of care, 245–246, 290, 329 Static equilibrium, 116 Steiner’s analysis, 65 Steiner wings, 103–104 Stereolithography (SLA), 155, 333 Stickler syndrome, 277 Stomion (St), 45 Straight wire, 108, 108f Structural Method of ABO, 89, 95 Study cast analysis, 61 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 277 Submental x-ray, 222 Subnasale (Sn), 45 Subspinale, 44 Sunday bite, 37 Superimposition, 212 on cranial base, 92–93 on mandible, 95–96 on maxilla, 93–95 methods for, 89 necessity of, 89 Superimposition (Continued) required, 89 of serial cephalograms, 47 surface imaging of, 53–54 Supernumerary teeth, 32 Supplemental intraoral periapical films, 43 Supportive therapy, 288 Supracrestal gingival fiberotomy, 203 Supraeruption, 38 Supramentale (B), 44 Surface imaging, 53–54 of average faces, 53–54 of facial growth, 53 of superimposition, 53–54 of surgical evaluations, 54 Surgery as adult interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment, 226–227 for Class III malocclusions treatment, 192 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 183–184 open flap, 221 orthognathic, 34–35 plaster dental model, 310–311 recontouring osseous, 221 surface imaging and, 54 for temporary anchorage devices vs implants, 239 for temporomandibular disorders, 289–290 Surgically-assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) appliance, 73–76 Surgical plates, 244 Sutures, 9, 186–188 Swallowing, 130 Syndromes Apert, 277, 279–280 Beckwith-Wiedemann, 277 branchial arch, 277 cardio-facio-cutaneous, 277 Carpenter, 277 cerebro-costo-mandibular, 277 craniofacial dysostosis, 277 craniosynostoses, 277, 279–280 Crouzon, 277, 279–280 Down, 277, 282–283 ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting, 277 Ehlers-Danlos, 277 Goldenhar, 277–278 Kabuki, 277 Larsen, 277 Marfan, 277 median cleft face, 277 Noonan, 277 oral-acral, 277 Peutz-Jeghers, 277 Pfeiffer, 277 Pierre-Robin, 164–165 Prader-Willi, 277 Saethre-Chotzen, 277 Silver-Russell, 277 Stickler, 277 Sturge-Weber, 277 Turner, 277, 281 Van der Woude, 277 velocardiofacial, 277 System of force, 112–113 T TAD See Temporary anchorage device (TAD) Taurodontia, 38 353 Teeth/tooth See also Dentition agenesis of, 21 anchor, 216 ankylosis of, 19–20 balance and harmony of face, factors affecting, 127 banding of, 235 clinical evaluation of anomalies, 38, 40f concrescent, 38 development of, 14, 207 displacement of, 207 drifting, 207 enamel of, 104–105 exposure of, 302 hypodontia, most affected by, 21–22 impacted, 32 linguoverted, 38 malposition of, 38 missing permanent, 207 nonsuccedaneous, 18 permanent extraction treatment plan for, 202–203 incisors, initial location and size of, 17 mineralization of, 17 missing, 207 position of, 2–3, 21 primary features of, 15 initial location and size of, 17 terminal plane and, 15–16 size of, 23, 40–41, 137–138, 207 supernumerary, 32 transposition of, 85 wisdom, 19 Temporary anchorage device (TAD) adult interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment and, 230 cone beam computed tomography, placement of, 334 defined, 118 implants vs., 237 benefits of, 238 complications related to, 244–245 disadvantages of, 237 imaging techniques for, 238–239 loading of, 240, 244 mini-screw, clinical procedures and loading times for, 239–240 placement of, 238 removing, 245 surgical considerations for, 239 skeletal anchorage and, 236–237 tooth movement and, changes in, 119 Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), 286–292 alternative forms of management for, 287–288 imaging modalities for, 289 indications for, 286–287 occlusal adjustment and, 288 occlusal factors in, 287 occlusal splints for, 287–288, 288f orthodontic therapy and, relationship between, 290 pharmacologic modalities for, 288–289 standard of care for, 290 surgery for, 289–290 Temporomandibular joint, 37, 56–57 354 INDEX Terminal plane of permanent molars, 16 of primary dentition, 15–16 of primary second molars, 16 of primary teeth, 15–16 Therapy functional appliances, initiation of, 142–143 orthodontic, 290 supportive, 288 using functional appliances, 168–169 Thermodynamics, law of, 60 Thiazide diuretics, 289 Third molars, 3–4, 297 Third-order bends, 101–102 Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric analysis, 313–315 Three-dimensional (3D) technology, 53 Three-dimensional imaging, 53–59 analysis for, 57 classification system for, 53 clinical applications for, 53–57 hard tissue imaging, 56–57 surface imaging, 53–54 clinical setting for, 58 costs of, 58 defined, 53 devices for, 53 future of, 58 limitations of, 58 medicolegal issues with, 58 obtaining, 53 revolutionization of, 57–58 techniques for, 53 of virtual patient, 58 3D-3T diagnostic grid advantages of, 64 defined, 63–64 information contained in, 64 patient record, importance in, 63–64 steps of, 64 Thrombocytopathy, 266 Thrombocytopenia, 266 Tie-wings, 105, 105f Time bracket, 100, 103 Time self-ligating bracket, American, 104–105 Time/timing of chin cup, 192 of Class III malocclusions treatment, 24–25 of Class II malocclusions treatment, 25–27 for digit-sucking habit, 28 of eruption, 14–15, 16–17 of facemask therapy, 188 for loading of implants vs temporary anchorage devices, 240 of peak height velocity, Tip-Edge bracket, 99, 100f Tip-Edge Plus bracket, 99 Titanium alloys, 235 TMA See Beta-titanium (TMA) TMDs See Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) TMJ tomograms, 222 Tongue posture, 130 Toothbrush circular, 264 manual, 264 power, 264 rotation oscillation, 264 Toothbrush (Continued) side-to-side action, 264 ultrasonic, 264 unknown action, 264 Tooth-colored (“esthetic”) brackets, 265 Tooth movement adult interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment and initiation of, 221 limited, benefits of, 222 with fixed appliances, 102 isolated (See also Minor tooth movement) anterior trauma and, impact of, 203 arches and, spacing in, 203 face orientation and, 201 orthodontic database for, 201 permanent canines and, 202 permanent tooth extraction treatment plan for, 202–203 referral and, 204 skeletal pattern, impact on, 204 soft tissue profile and, impact of, 204 vertical plane and, 201 molar uprighting, types of, 222–223 periodontal regeneration procedure and, relationship between, 266–267 translational, 114 Torquing moment, 111, 111f Torsiversion, 38 TPA See Transpalatal arch (TPA) Traction cervical, 212 extraoral, 139, 140, 165 Tranpalatal bars, 237 Translational movement , creation of, 116 Translational tooth movement, 114 Transpalatal arch (TPA), 145–146, 240, 254–256 Transposition, 38, 85 Transverse component of skeletal pattern, 131, 131f Transverse discrepancies, 137–140 See also Maxillary expansion appliance Transverse planes of space, 62, 67 Transverse rotation, Transversion, 38 Trauma, anterior, 203 Treacher Collins syndrome, 164–165, 277, 280–281 Treatment See also Class III malocclusions treatment; Class II malocclusions treatment; Early treatment See also specific types of for ankylosis, 82–85 of anterior open bites dentoalveolar, 252–253 habitual, 252–253 skeletal, 254–257 during early mixed dentition, 145 objectives of, 64, 89 orthodontic, sequence of normal, 216–217 for periodontitis, 265 Phase I, 24, 137 (See also Early treatment) Treatment plan/planning, 64–65, 120–136 See also Malocclusion treatment concept of, 120–124 anterior limit of dentition, 122, 123f lateral limit of dentition, 124, 124f posterior limit of dentition, 122–124, 123f vertical limit of dentition, 124, 125f Treatment plan/planning (Continued) evidence-based, 145 for extraction, 202–203 goal of, 120 importance of, 89 patients desires and, consideration of, 120, 121f, 122f “room for error” during, 120 Treat software, 156, 158 Tricyclic antidepressants, 289 Triple-tube bracket, 104 Trisomy 21 (Down) syndrome, 277, 282–283 Tubes convertible, 106 pin and, 98–99 shift method for, 56 Turner syndrome, 277, 281 Tweed, Charles H., 100 Tweed Foundation for Orthodontic Research, 100 Twin Block appliance, 65, 149–150, 151, 169–170, 211–212 for Class II malocclusions treatment, 174 Twinning, 38 Two-couple force, 117 Two-dimensional prediction tracings, 309 Two-tooth rapid palatal expander, 199 U UDML See Upper dental midline (UDML) UFH/LFH See Upper to lower face height (UFH/LFH) Ugly duckling, U1-L1 (interincisal angle), 46 Ultrasonic toothbrush, 264 U1-NA (upper incisor to NA line), 46 Uncontrolled tipping, 114 Underbite, 214 Unilateral cleft lip and palate, 271 University of Iowa, 216 University of Michigan, University School Growth Study, Unknown action toothbrush, 264 Untreated crossbites, 200 Upper canines, problems with, 20 Upper dental midline (UDML), 67 Upper to lower face height (UFH/LFH), 250–251, 253 U1-SN (upper incisor to SN), 46 US News and World Report, 137 U6 type of rapid maxillary expansion, 140 V Vacuum-formed retainers, 295–296 Van der Woude syndrome, 277 VCA See Vertical cephalometric analysis (VCA) Vector, 112 Velocardiofacial syndrome, 277 Vertical cephalometric analysis (VCA), 250–251, 252, 253, 254 Vertical components of force, 112 Vertical dimension, 250–262 anterior open bite and, 250–253 etiology of, 250 gnomonic growth, 254 Vertical discrepancies, 140–144 Class II, 140, 142, 143–144 crowding, treatment options for correcting, 140–141 INDEX Vertical discrepancies (Continued) extraction and circumstances for considering, 140, 141–142 for Class III anteroposterior discrepancy, 143 serial, 141 extra-oral traction therapy and, 140 facebow for, 140 functional appliances for, 142–143 headgear for, 140 protection facemask therapy for, 143 Vertical face height, 204 Vertical limit of dentition, 124 Vertical mandibular growth, Vertical plane, 129, 201 Vertical planes of space, 62, 66–67 anterior facial height in, 66 dental tissue in, 67 posterior facial height in, 66 skeletal tissue in, 66 soft tissue in, 66–67 Vertical position of the mandible, 66 Vertical problems, 151 Vertical profile view, 63 Vertical-pull chin cup, 151 Vertical-pull headgear, 212–213 Vertical skeletal measurements, 46 Views captured in orthodontic photographs, 47 Virtual patient, three-dimensional imaging of, 58 Visual treatment objective (VTO), 46–47 Vitallium, 235 Volume assessment of alveolar bone, 56 VTO See Visual treatment objective (VTO) W Walker point, 92 Wall Street Journal, The, 137 W appliance, 199 W arch, 138f, 139 Weak lips, 125 White spot lesions, 263 Wires beta-titanium, 107–108 β-titanium, 235 NiTi, 235, 254 nitinol, 107–108 stainless steel, 107–108 straight, 108 Wisdom teeth, 19 X X-ray, 222 Y Y-Axis, 45 Z Z angle, 116 Zirconia, 235 Zygomaticomaxillary sutures, 186–188 Zygomaticotemporal sutures, 186–188 355 ...To review for the ABO clinical exam, please go to the ABO website below: www.americanboardortho.com/professionals/ clinicalexam/default.aspx www.ajlobby.com SECOND EDITION MOSBY’S ORTHODONTIC REVIEW. .. purchasing this textbook We believe this new edition will provide an excellent review of orthodontic concepts that will help solidify your knowledge on clinical orthodontics and keep the reader up-to-date... early orthodontic intervention in specific malocclusions Chapter addresses orthodontic records and case review Chapter discusses three-dimensional imaging Chapter emphasizes the diagnosis of orthodontic