Forensic odontology, an essential guide

www.pdflobby.com Forensic Odontology www.pdflobby.com www.pdflobby.com Forensic Odontology: An Essential Guide Edited by Catherine Adams UKDVI & Powys Teaching Health Board, UK Romina Carabott expertFORENSICS Ltd, Cardiff, UK Sam Evans School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK www.pdflobby.com This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Forensic odontology (Adams) Forensic odontology : an essential guide / [edited by] Catherine Adams, Romina Carabott, and Sam Evans p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-119-96145-1 (cloth) I Adams, Catherine, 1960- editor of compilation II Carabott, Romina, editor of compilation III Evans, Sam, 1976- editor of compilation IV Title [DNLM: Forensic Dentistry–methods W 705] RA1062 614 18–dc23 2013024348 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Typeset in 10/12pt Times-Roman by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India 2014 www.pdflobby.com Sam Evans To Emma, Jacob, Zach, Eli and Mabel Romina Carabott To Lee www.pdflobby.com www.pdflobby.com Contents List of contributors xiii Acknowledgements xv Brief introduction to forensic odontology Romina Carabott 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Introduction Forensic odontology in the 21st century Training and experience How to use this book References Development of the dentition 6 Alastair J Sloan 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Early tooth development Later tooth development Dentinogenesis Tooth root formation Epithelial/mesenchymal interactions in tooth development Amelogenesis Biomineralisation of enamel Further reading Acting as an expert witness 13 14 16 17 19 20 21 23 Jason Tucker 3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction The nature of expert evidence 3.2.1 What is evidence? 3.2.2 What is expert evidence? 3.2.3 Who can act as an expert witness? 3.2.4 The expert witness’s role in court proceedings The rules of court 3.3.1 Why is expert evidence governed by rules of court? 3.3.2 Which rules apply? 3.3.3 Key differences between the procedural regimes www.pdflobby.com 23 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 CONTENTS viii 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 The expert’s duties 3.4.1 The Ikarian Reefer 3.4.2 The overriding duty 3.4.3 The particular duties Report writing 3.5.1 The content of an expert’s report 3.5.2 Drafting your reports: Some suggestions 3.5.3 The required declarations Giving evidence at court 3.6.1 The process of giving evidence 3.6.2 Questioning 3.6.3 Addressing the court Ancillary topics 3.7.1 Written questions to experts 3.7.2 Experts’ meetings and ‘hot tubbing’ 3.7.3 Obtaining directions from the court 3.7.4 Acting as a single joint expert 3.7.5 Getting feedback on your work 3.7.6 Keeping up to date Things to avoid 3.8.1 Being sued for negligence 3.8.2 Being reported for misconduct 3.8.3 Wasted-costs orders 3.8.4 Contempt and perjury A final thought References Mortuary practice 28 28 29 29 30 31 32 34 36 37 38 40 41 41 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 47 47 47 48 49 Alison Anderson 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Definitions of a mortuary 4.1.1 Permanent mortuary 4.1.2 Emergency mortuary The Human Tissue Act and the Human Tissue Authority Legal requirements for licence issue 4.3.1 Designated individuals 4.3.2 Licence holders Mortuary facilities 4.4.1 Mortuary layout 4.4.2 Mortuary equipment The Anatomical Pathology Technologist 4.5.1 Training and qualifications of APTs 4.5.2 Responsibilities of APTs The odontologist in the mortuary: Specialist resection techniques Health and safety in the mortuary 4.7.1 Safe working practices 4.7.2 Hygiene 4.7.3 Personal protective equipment (PPE) 4.7.4 Cleaning and decontamination 4.7.5 Waste disposal 4.7.6 Immunisation References www.pdflobby.com 49 49 49 50 51 52 52 52 52 54 54 55 55 56 57 58 59 60 60 61 62 62 Plate 5.6 Composite fillings seen in normal light and with ultraviolet (395 nm) illumination Plate 5.15 Moderate and mild fluorosis with distinctive discoloration of the anterior teeth Courtesy of Professor Barbara Chadwick www.pdflobby.com Plate 5.16 Tetracycline staining in deciduous and adult dentition (unrelated cases) Courtesy of Professor Barbara Chadwick www.pdflobby.com Plate 6.2 F1 and F2 ante-mortem Interpol forms Plate 6.3 F1 and F2 post-mortem Interpol forms www.pdflobby.com Plate 7.1 Human tooth development and eruption © 2009: all rights reserved www.pdflobby.com Plate 8.1 Plate 8.2 Posture distortion in a bite mark on the right breast photographed on successive days with the right arm raised to an unknown position on day (Fig 8.1) and the arm down by the victim’s right side on day (Fig 8.2) The police photographer was not supervised by an odontologist The photographs demonstrate posture distortion that produced a significant variation in the size and shape of the bite mark The variation measures approximately 25% in the vertical axis and 12.5% in the horizontal axis www.pdflobby.com Plate 8.3 The odontologist holds the ABFO no type scale adjacent to the bite mark The planes of the scale and bite mark must be parallel and coincident www.pdflobby.com Plate 8.10 Low evidential value bite mark demonstrates a few class characteristics www.pdflobby.com Plate 8.11 Average evidential value bite mark demonstrates a few individual characteristics www.pdflobby.com Plate 8.12 High evidential value bite mark demonstrates numerous individual characteristics www.pdflobby.com Plate 10.2 Illustration of the effect of depth of field www.pdflobby.com Plate 9.5 Summary of the Glowing Edges technique, showing the step-by-step procedure in overlay production www.pdflobby.com www.pdflobby.com Plate 10.8 Demonstration of the difference in detail and colour in RAW and JPEG capture The top image is captured in the NEF format, while the bottom image is captured in Nikon’s highest quality (lowest compression) JPEG In the NEF image, notice more detail in background and better tonal range on the skin of the hand The colour of the green carpet is a more faithful representation www.pdflobby.com Plate 10.6 Colour checker chart Plate 10.27 The electromagnetic spectrum www.pdflobby.com Plate 10.28 Sequence of images over a 19-day period, using IR, UV, CP and standard imaging Courtesy of child health bruising study, Cardiff University and Medical Research Council www.pdflobby.com ... Austrian Society of Forensic Medicine (OGGM) British Association for Forensic Odontology Canadian Society of Forensic Science Croatian Association of Forensic Stomatologists Danish Society of Forensic. .. 1.3 TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE Table 1.1 Forensic odontology/dentistry organisations American Board of Forensic Odontology American Society of Forensic Odontology Australian Society of Forensic Odontology... Consultant in Forensic Odontology, UKDVI & Powys Teaching Health Board, UK Sakher AlQahtani Paediatric and Forensic Dentist, Assistant Professor, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Alison Anderson