Forensic odontology principles and practice

FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Edited by Thomas J David Forensic Odontology Consultant, Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Division of Forensic Sciences, Decatur, GA, United States; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of General Dentistry, Forensic Dentistry Fellowship, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States James M Lewis Forensic Odontology Consultant, Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, Madison, AL, United States; Assistant Professor, Department of General Dentistry, Forensic Dentistry Fellowship, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States; Adjunct Faculty, Center for Education and Research in Forensics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States www.ajlobby.com Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-805198-6 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Mica Haley Acquisition Editor: Elizabeth Brown Editorial Project Manager: Joslyn Chaiprasert-Paguio & Pat Gonzalez Production Project Manager: Priya Kumaraguruparan Cover Designer: Mark Rogers Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals www.ajlobby.com Dedication I would like to thank three individuals who have played an important role in my professional success in Forensic Odontology First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr Ed Herschaft for his encouragement in motivating me to become a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO) and become actively involved in organized forensic odontology Secondly, I would like to thank Dr David Senn for his continuous leadership by example He always endeavors to make those around him, myself included, strive for excellence in forensic odontology and all that they I would also like to thank Dr Paula Brumit not only for her diligence and work ethic in education as well as her selfless devotion to the ABFO, but, more importantly, for passing along what she has learned to others as a means of maintaining the never-ending quest for excellence in forensic odontology Finally, I would like to thank my wife Donna, whose constant support has been invaluable to my success She has persistently sacrificed countless hours of personal and family time over the years without complaint In addition, she has always been willing to provide valuable feedback for my many forensic endeavors She has been by my side through both success and heartache Regardless, she has always been there for me, a guiding light and shining beacon of faithfulness and love Many people have said “behind every successful man is a woman.” In my case, I would say “beside this successful man is his wife,” because she has been alongside me the entire time Donna, I can never thank you enough for what you have done for me! Thomas J David Professionally, I wish to thank three individuals who have greatly influenced me over the years First, to Dr Roy Cowan, who mentored and encouraged me to strive for perfection and accept only excellence as a dental practitioner To Dr David Senn, who provided educational opportunity, mentorship, and continues to inspire me to grow professionally in the endeavor to improve the field of forensic odontology And to Dr Richard Weems, who has been a wonderful forensic colleague opening doors for me to practice forensics But primarily, I dedicate this book to my late loving wife, Teri, who encouraged me to pursue my passions in life and sacrificed for me to so: When you really love someone.you will fight for them to the end And you have to make it work; no matter how far you have to bend You are going to have to hold on tight and never, never let them go And if you are not willing to just that; then the love will not grow If you start to play games with the other persons heart and emotions You will end up losing their love for you.when all is set into motion When it comes to true love; listen to the sages and take their advice Never take someone’s love for granted.for true love takes sacrifice d William John Palmer James M Lewis www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com Contents List of Contributors Biographies Foreword xiii xv xvii Forensic Sciences and Forensic Identification SCOTT HAHN, MELISSA MOURGES, ALEXANDER SIMPSON A Law Enforcement Perspective A Prosecution Perspective A Defense Perspective Conclusion 17 History and Scope of Forensic Odontology BRUCE A SCHRADER Introduction History Scope References 19 19 21 23 Dental Identification & Radiographic Pitfalls PETER W LOOMIS, JACQUELINE S REID, MICHAEL P TABOR, RICHARD A WEEMS Introduction Scientific Methods of Identification Techniques of Human Identification Collection and Preservation of Postmortem Dental Evidence Types of Antemortem Information Rationale for Comparison Report Writing Testifying in Court in a Forensic Identification Case Forensic Odontology Software Missing and Unidentified Persons Databases Conclusion vii www.ajlobby.com 26 27 27 29 33 34 37 38 38 40 40 viii CONTENTS Most Common Pitfalls in Forensic Odontology Radiography Practices Manufacturer’s Indicators of Determining Left and Right Spatial Orientation When Using Digital Radiographic Systems Reference Further Reading 41 42 42 44 44 Forensic Dental Photography MARK L BERNSTEIN, FRANKLIN D WRIGHT Introduction Understanding the Basics of Photography Electromagnetic Spectrum and Its Application in Forensic Photography Visible Light (Conventional) Photography Guidelines for Collecting Photographic Evidence in Identification Cases Guidelines for Collecting Photographic Evidence of Patterned Injuries Guidelines for Collecting Photographic Evidence on Suspects Photographic Documentation in Abuse Cases References 48 48 58 59 61 62 66 68 80 Disaster Victim Identification PETER W LOOMIS Definitions and Types of Disasters Response to a Multiple Fatality Incident Federal Authorities for Disaster Response Emergency Support Functions Emergency Support Function Disaster Site Management Components of Mortuary Operations Protocol for a Local or State DVI Dental Section Formation of a Dental Identification Team Dental Section Team Leader Postmortem Dental Section Antemortem Dental Section Dental Comparison Section Dental Examination Supplies Morgue Shifts Portable Dental X-ray Generator Digital Dental Radiography Sensors Computer-Assisted Dental Identification Software Technological Advances in Dental Identification/Flight 3407 References Further Reading www.ajlobby.com 82 82 83 84 84 87 89 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 CONTENTS ix Missing and Unidentified Persons JAMES P FANCHER, PETER HAMPL Introduction Summary References 104 118 118 Domestic Violence JOHN D MELVILLE, JOHN D MCDOWELL Adult and Elder Abuse and Maltreatment Introduction Records Violent Behaviors Intimate Partner Violence Physical Injuries during Adolescent/Teenage Dating Relationship Spouse Abuse (Intimate Partner Violence) Abuse During Pregnancy Elder Abuse and Neglect Techniques for Recording Evidence of Traumatic Injuries Conclusion Child Abuse and Maltreatment Epidemiology Recognizing Abuse and Neglect Physical Abuse Abusive Head Trauma Neglect Sexual Abuse Talking to Children About Abuse Mandated Reporting Child Advocacy Centers Conclusion References Further Reading 122 122 123 125 126 127 129 130 131 133 134 134 135 135 136 137 138 138 139 140 140 141 141 144 Assessment of Dental Age JAMES M LEWIS, KATHLEEN A KASPER Introduction Infant/Child Techniques Adolescent Techniques Adult Techniques Biochemical Techniques Guidelines and Standards References 145 150 154 158 165 166 168 www.ajlobby.com 10: UNITED STATES JURISPRUDENCE 19 Evaluate the scientific validity of patterned (e.g., bitemarks, ballistics, and fingerprints) image analysis and evaluation as an effective nonbench science utilizing observation, measurement, and comparison to detect patterns and regularities/irregularities to formulate hypotheses that ultimately develop and produce general conclusions 20 Distinguish between the processes of deductive and inductive reasoning regarding the effects of acquisition of new evidence, the intentions of the observer or investigator, and the influence of the forensic odontologist being trained and educated as a clinician 21 Describe how abductive reasoning differs from inductive and deductive reasoning and how it is used by jurors to reach a verdict 22 Explain how the three components of the totalitarian ego process allow the ego to fabricate and revise information or justify a conclusion through cognitive biases, which must be avoided by the forensic odontologist 23 Summarize how blinding, independent verification (second opinions), following patterned injury analysis methodology, and providing conservative opinion statements can minimize the bias of the forensic odontologist reviewing evidence and providing expert testimony in a bitemark pattern case CHAPTER 10: UNITED STATES JURISPRUDENCE Clarify why a forensic dentist should have a basic understanding of the law and legal system in the country in which his or her work is performed Compare the powers and duties granted to the federal and district courts by the United States Constitution, and state courts by their respective constitutions 307 Explain how some state systems further subdivide “entry-level” courts by jurisdictional methods (i.e., specific courts and judges for criminal or civil matters, and some for family/juvenile matters such as divorce, custody, wills, and probate) Name the court level in which a forensic dentist will be called upon to testify regardless of whether the case is in federal or state jurisdiction Contrast the requirements between the selection processes of judges in federal and state courts Describe the factors that differentiate the jurisdiction of “lesser” courts from district courts Define felony, misdemeanor, appellate court, circuit court, remanded appellate cases, oral argument, stare decisis, a brief, tort, negligence, malpractice, punitive damages, trier of fact, directed verdict, bona fides, double jeopardy, direct-, cross-, and redirect examination, Daubert hearing, motion in limine, voir dire, curriculum vitae, standard of care, Brady Rule, Miranda Warning, ex parte communication, subpoena ad testificandum, and subpoena duces tecum Identify the basic rules that apply to the appellate process and procedures in the ultimate appeals court in federal and state systemsd“supreme court.” Discuss the reasons that decisions in appellate cases form the basis for what is considered the “law.” 10 Compare the three types of legal cases in which a practicing dentist may be involved regarding the parties responsible for bringing the case, and the party having the burden of proof and at what standard (i.e., preponderance of evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt.) 11 Describe the two foundational principles of the American judicial system not always embraced in the legal systems of other countries www.ajlobby.com 308 EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES 12 Discuss the differences between the roles of an expert witness and fact witness in the American judicial system 13 Illustrate the procedures required to admit a witness as an expert 14 Explain how the Federal Rules of Evidence (Rule 702 and Rule 703) standardize practice and procedure in all federal district courts regarding admission of expert testimony, which has gained general acceptance in the particular field and the expert witnesses presenting such evidence 15 List the four questions that judges require answered as the gatekeepers responsible for admitting an expert opinion in a case 16 Explain how General Electric v Joiner (522 U.S 136, 1997) and Kuhmo Tire Co v Carmichael (526 U.S 137, 1999) added further definition and bounds to the admission of expert testimony and opinion 17 Identify the four factors that a plaintiff must prove when bringing a suit for negligence against a dentist in civil court 18 Describe the rights granted to a defendant in a criminal matter, which are specified in the US constitution and its first 10 amendments, The Bill of Rights 19 Contrast the questioning of an expert under direct examination with that experienced by an expert under cross-examination 20 Prepare to provide forensic dental expertise according to the highest ethical standards and in the pursuit of truth and advancement of the cause of justice while fulfilling the expert’s role to educate attorneys, judges, and juries regarding the dental facts at issue in a case 10 11 12 CHAPTER 11: EXPERT WITNESS GUIDELINES AND TESTIMONY Illustrate why the forensic odontologist must attain proficient legal skills in addition to 13 those of a scientific nature to be an effective expert witness List the three categories that represent the guideline subdivisions for the expert witness Discuss the five tenets that form the basis for moral and principled behavior for an expert witness Discuss the 10 tactics that are the basis for professional conduct and behavior for an expert witness Evaluate the strategic responses that an expert witness should consider when replying with an absolute opinion, qualified response or responses to yes or no questions, compound questions, badgering questions, and questions related to compensation Describe the strategic response by an expert witness to a prolonged pause prior to the next question by an attorney Explain the rationale for establishing language choices that create a communications bridge between the jury and the expert witness presenting dental information Summarize the importance of avoiding the use of the collective “we” term, technical jargon, and terms, which can create the impression that the expert opinion may not be objective Recognize the importance of presenting potential problems in an expert’s testimony during direct testimony Compare the similarities and differences between court testimony and deposition testimony Describe the difference between a discovery deposition and an evidentiary deposition Identify the six strategies that should be considered as a forensic odontologist prepares to provide expert testimony in a deposition List the three essential elements of the science of report writing and factors that may influence the content of the report www.ajlobby.com 13: ETHICAL ISSUES IN FORENSIC SCIENCE AND FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY 14 Use the ABFO guidelines for report writing, which specifically pertain to bitemark analysis and comparison 15 List the seven components that comprise the contents of a report 16 Explain why the length of a report and its language style may raise “red flags” and be viewed with skepticism by opposing attorneys 17 Identify the four caveats that must be considered when preparing a report as an expert witness 18 Defend the opinion of a report written by a forensic dental expert witness based on analysis of evidence reviewed 19 Describe the eight sections that should be included in a curriculum vitae, the four items that should not, and the three that may be listed CHAPTER 12: EXPERT WITNESS LIABILITY Discuss how the absolute immunity from civil lawsuit resulting from fact and expert witness testimony is being eroded by recent decisions in the courts of England and the United States Explain why an expert witness had little concern regarding future liability by offering an opinion in court unless perjury was committed Compare the risk of liability for the forensic dentist testifying as a private party or providing testimony when employed by a government agency Summarize the significance of US Code 42 U.S Code x1983 “Civil Action for Deprivation of Rights” in regard to an odontologist being named as a codefendant in cases where the government agency retaining them have been accused of violating the constitutional rights of the defendant 309 Describe the seminal case and those circumstances that distinguish between the substance of an expert opinion versus the methods and care used to arrive at that opinion, which determine whether an expert witness is or is not immune from a civil suit brought by the attorney who hired them List the five factors used in the Daubert standard to determine whether the methodology used by the expert witness is valid Discuss the case that clarified the fact that the scientific method can be applied to all testimony given by an expert, including their observations and opinions Identify the four factors that depict the concept of negligence Compare the three rules of negligence regarding proof of negligence and the impact of the degree of negligence ascribed to defendant or plaintiff 10 Summarize the factors that a forensic dental expert should consider when structuring a forensic practice to protect personal assets and deciding to purchase Errors and Omission expert witness liability insurance 11 Recognize the differences between the coverage provided by an average dental professional liability policy and those tasks not covered in forensic dental practice 12 Define risk and the nine factors that can impact the exposure to risk for the forensic odontologist CHAPTER 13: ETHICAL ISSUES IN FORENSIC SCIENCE AND FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY Compare the terms morals and ethics Compare the terms facts and opinions Provide examples of how the cultural moral and ethical norms of American society are exhibiting a continued lowering of www.ajlobby.com 310 10 11 12 EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES expectations for what is viewed as acceptable Clarify why the concept that “the ends lead to the means therefore the ends are justified by the means” is a desired concept, which may allow development of a useful ethical conduct and memorable script by which to perform as a forensic odontologist Summarize the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) definition of forensic science and the methods employed by this organization to provide leadership to advance science and its application to the legal system List the four proscriptive components of the AAFS ethics code Describe how the apparent goal to ensure uniformity among all levels and disciplines of forensic practice may inadvertently conceal important inherent differences in methodology and purpose among the disparate forensic science fields Identify the components of the sworn duties of a law enforcement officer Explain the rationale for the NAS’s report on forensic sciences to affirm that, “Scientific and medical assessment conducted in forensic investigations should be independent of law enforcement efforts either to prosecute criminal suspects or even to determine whether a criminal act has indeed been committed.” Review the evolution of the current American Bar Association (ABA) Code of Professional Conduct which delineates proper and ethical conduct involving the courts, other attorneys, and clients Illustrate how the ABA code is only a model and that, “in each state it is the state Supreme Court that has the ultimate authority to adopt legal ethics and professional discipline standards that govern lawyer ethics in that state.” Describe the specific judicial canons regarding certain ethical behaviors that 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 judges must follow in addition to the ABA code and their impact on the admission of forensic scientific evidence at trial Discuss the process by which witnesses are designated experts and granted special privilege in testimony including the ability to formulate opinions and respond to hypothetical scenarios Define the terms forensic practitioner and forensic medicine service provider according to the National Commission on Forensic Science (NCFS) Evaluate the circumstances in which questions and challenges are generated when evidence is consumed during forensic testing, leaving no sample remaining for subsequent reanalysis or additional testing List the four major categories included in every code of ethics established to guarantee impartial, objective analysis of evidence in the pursuit of justice List the 21 topics included in the National Code of Professional Responsibility for Forensic Science and Forensic Medicine Service Providers developed by the NCFS Assess the potential practical limitations to the National Code of Professional Responsibility for Forensic Science and Forensic Medicine Service Providers Identify the similar practice and ethical standards shared by physicians, dentists, and nurses, which distinguish these practitioners from other forensic-associated specialists Explain how abductive reasoning in medicodental practice is identical to the reasoning employed by jury members when incomplete observations lead to best-fit hypotheses based on available data Define the terms “evidence-based medicine” (EBM) and “evidence informed medicine” (EIM) Describe the shortcomings related to the use of EBM and EIM practices when evaluating correct collection, examination, and www.ajlobby.com 14: FORENSIC ODONTOLOGYeRELATED SPECIALTIES 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 interpretation of generally static, variably degraded, or otherwise less than optimal evidence in an isolated forensic case Assess the current relationship between the disciplines of law and science and the need for a paradigm shift, which addresses the requirement that forensic medicodental practitioners and members of the legal profession work collegially in the interest of justice Define the term engineering Compare the ethical codes related to engineering that are similar to those established for attorneys List the three AAFS voluntary codes of ethics to which expert forensic witnesses are subject in addition to practice and ethical duties created by respective professional organizations and licensing authorities Compare seven major (capital) and minor (venial) ethical violations and contrast them with the seven cardinal virtues Define the term ad hominem attack Recall the “case-based” philosophical approach that Percival’s Medical Ethics employed to illustrate ethical and moral principles Summarize the ethical and moral principles described in the forensic case studies used to exemplify the seven deadly sins (lust, envy, greed, sloth, gluttony, anger, and pride) and seven cardinal virtues (chastity, charity, abstinence, kindness, diligence, patience, and humility) Describe the various ethical scenarios that may create legal dilemmas for the forensic dental expert during the course of their practice of this dental specialty CHAPTER 14: FORENSIC ODONTOLOGYeRELATED SPECIALTIES Summarize the scientific history related to forensic use of DNA analysis for human identification 311 Explain why DNA has become the preferred method to individualize biological samples compared with other methods of identification Define the terms variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), short tandem repeats (STRs), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Describe the rational for using STRs as the most common method of DNA identification Collect DNA evidence from biological and evidentiary material using proper protocols required to maintain chain of custody Compare the sensitivity and specificity regarding presumptive tests (e.g., KM test) and confirmatory tests (e.g., Takayama test) for bodily fluids List the major steps in the DNA testing process, which generate a DNA profile for comparison with that of a known individual (e.g., victim or suspect) to determine correspondence When interpreting results of a DNA analysis, differentiate between single and mixture sources in a specimen sample Discuss how an investigator can determine a match between two samples in a forensic DNA analysis and how random match probability statistics are applied to provide weight to those conclusions 10 Define likelihood ratio and apply this statistical ratio to cases in which the DNA profile from a contributor cannot be determined 11 Illustrate how other genetic markers (e.g., X chromosomal STRs, Y chromosomal STRs) can be useful in the resolution of forensic cases requiring identification 12 Describe the transmission and cellular location of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 13 Clarify why single nucleotide polymorphisms are markers used to determine differences between mtDNA sequences and reference samples 14 Describe how the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) database is used to find matches to unknown profiles from crime scenes, missing person investigations, and convicted felons www.ajlobby.com 312 EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES 15 Summarize the legal challenges to DNA evidence and eventual acceptance of this evidence by the legal and forensic science communities 16 Discuss how future technologies are providing capabilities to harvest DNA from smaller samples, provide phenotype characteristics, and significantly decrease the time required for laboratory analysis 17 Summarize the advantages and disadvantages regarding the analysis of DNA evidence obtained from a bitemark References The United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging, National Center on Elder Abuse available at: http://www.ncea.aog.gov.Library/ Data/index.aspx Further Reading Anderson, L.W., et al (Eds.), 2001 A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Complete Edition) Longman, New York http://www.celt.iastate.edu/teaching/ effective-teaching-practices/revised-blooms-taxonomy Gronlund, N.E., 1991 How to Write and Use Instructional Objectives MacMillan, New York Kern, D.E., et al., 1998 Curriculum Development for Medical Education The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD March, G., 2015 http://www.bumc.bu.edu/fd (Gail March (Ph.D.) (617) 414e7440, gmarch@bu.edu) Mayer, R.E., 2010 Applying the Science of Learning to Medical Education http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10 1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03624.x/full www.ajlobby.com Index ‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables.’ A Absolute confidence, 246 Abuse case documentation, head and neck, 68e77 Abusive head trauma (AHT), 137e138 Academy of General Dentistry, 251e252 Accidental and nonaccidental trauma, 122 Adolescent/teenage dating relationship, physical injuries, 127e129, 128f Adult and elder abuse and maltreatment abandonment, 131 accidental and nonaccidental trauma, 122 adolescent/teenage dating relationship, physical injuries, 127e129, 128f emotional abuse, 131 exploitation, 131 facial bruising, 132, 132f false negative, 122e123 head and neck complex, 132 health care provider, 122e123 intimate partner violence (IPV) See Intimate partner violence (IPV) investigative process, 133 National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA), 131e132 National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse, 132 National Institute of Justice, 122 neglect, 131 oral health care providers, 133 physical abuse, 131 physical evidence, 122 records assessment, injury patterns, 124e125 bite-mark analysis, 124e125 electronic health record, 123 objective data, 124 plan, 125 SOAP format, 123 subjective data, 123e124 self-neglect, 131 signs and symptoms, 132 traumatic injuries evidence, 133e134 violent behaviors, 125e126 Adult/juvenile crime, 22 Adversarial justice system, 254 Age assessment, 19, 21e22 adolescent techniques “censoring” data, 155e156, 157t continuous distribution function, 156e157 Demirjan third molar developmental stages, 154e155, 155f Dental Age Assessment Procedures Chart, 154 early and late adolescence, 154 forensic dental age estimation, 154 governmental agencies, 156e157 Mincer study, 154e155 population-specific data, 154e155, 156t adult techniques cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), 162e163 chronologic age, 158 Computer imaging software programs, 159 Draft Age Estimation (DAE) Quicksheets, 159 labio-lingual and mesial projections, 161 Lamendin technique, 163 Maxillary canines, 159 mean error (ME), 164 mesial and distal roots, 163 morphologic variables, 161, 163 313 www.ajlobby.com noninvasive dental age assessment, 160 occlusal function, 158e159 periodontosis, 163 population-specific data, 165 radiographic/morphological evaluation, 158 regression formulas, 160e163 root height (RH), 163 root translucency and secondary dentin, 158 root transparency, 161e162 Secondary Dentin Apposition and Root Transparency, 161e162 skeletal indicators, 165 tooth measurement, 158e159, 159f uncertainty rate, 163 American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO), 148 biochemical changes, 146e147 biochemical techniques, 165e166 chronologic age, 145e146 criminal and civil prosecution cases, 145e146 definition, 145 environmental factors, 147, 150 error rate, 148 guidelines, 167 infant/child techniques American Dental Association, 151 Atlas techniques, 150 dental developmental atlas, 151 dental morphologic staging system, 153e154 development stages, 151 emergence, 151e152 eruption, 150 gingival and alveolar emergence, 150 London Atlas of Human Tooth Development, 151e152 Quicksheets, 153e154 314 Age assessment (Continued) radiographic techniques, 152 self-weighted score, 153e154 sex-specific graph, 152e153 tooth mineralization, 150e151 tooth selection, 152e153 International Organization for Forensic Odonto-Stomatology (IOFOS), 166 normal distribution curve, 147e148, 148f Organization for Scientific Area Committees (OSACs), 166 parameters, 148 population-specific data, 148 postformation changes, 146e147 postformation techniques, 148 procedures chart, 148, 149f sex-and ancestry-specific data sets, 147 standard deviation (SD), 147e148 standard error of estimate (SEE), 148 standards, 167e168 tooth formation and developmental growth changes, 146e147 Age estimation techniques, 113 Alternate light imaging, 69t AL case presentation, 69, 69fe70f narrow band illumination/ monochromatic light imaging, 68 Stokes Shift, 68 visible light spectrum, 68 American Bar Association (ABA), 246 American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO), 6, 22, 26e27, 148 American Dental Association, 251e252 American Society of Forensic Odontology, 26e27 Anger vs patience (tolerance/ sufferance), 264e266 Antemortem and postmortem charting, 38 Antemortem dental information cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 33e34 DICOM protocols, 33 evidence preservation, 34 medical radiographs, 34 panoramic radiographs, 33 Phosphor Storage Plates, 33 INDEX records, 33 responsibility of, 33 Antemortem fingerprints, 112e113 Antemortem radiographic images, 31e32 Antemortem records, 21 Anthropological and odontological examination and analysis, Appeals/appellate courts, 208e209 Armed Forces Central Identification Laboratory (CIL), 86 Aspartic acid racemization (AAR), 165e166 Attorney’s perspective, expert witness absolute immunity, 231e232 blood pressure deception test, 232 burglary crime scene, 232 common-law witness immunity, 231e232 D.C Circuit Court of Appeals, 232 Federal Rules of Evidence, 232e233 Government agency, 233 plaintiff, 233e234 private party, 233 testimony, 232e233 B Baader lens filters, 75 Baader UV filter, 75, 75f Battlefield forensic odontology, Bill of Rights, 214e215 Biochemical techniques, 165e166 Biometric method, 28 Bite-mark evidence, 19, 21, 124e125 case study, 175e178 evidentiary value, 182e184, 184f history admissibility, 175 early reports, 174 exonerations, 175 20th-century reports, 174e175 wrongful convictions adversarial legal system, 185e187 DNA evidence, 184e185 DNA exonerations, 184e185, 187f eyewitness evidence, 184e185 factors, 187e188 forensic disciplines, 185e187 Innocence Project, 184e185, 194, 194fe205f testimony, 185e187 Blake Emergency Services, 86e87 Brady rule, 214 www.ajlobby.com British Association of Forensic Odontology, 26e27 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 106 C California Innocence Project, 10 California Legislature, 11 California Supreme Court, 10 Cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), 162e163 Center for Human Identification at the University of North Texas, 29 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 126 Chain of custody, 278 Charley Project, 40 Charting methods, 35 Child abuse and maltreatment, 134, 139 abusive head trauma (AHT), 137e138 child advocacy center (CAC), 140e141 epidemiology, 135 mandated reporting, 140 neglect, 135e136, 138 physical abuse, 136, 136fe137f sexual abuse, 138e139, 139t Child abuse case, 5, 21 Child advocacy center (CAC), 140e141 Child protective services (CPS), 140 Codes and compliance adversarial justice system, 254 anger vs patience (tolerance/ sufferance), 264e266 envy vs kindness, 257e259 ethical standard, 254 ethical violation, classification, 253e254 gluttony vs temperance (moderation), 262e263 greed vs charity, 259e261 lust vs chastity, 256e257 medical philosophy, 255 Percival’s Medical Ethics, 253e254 pride vs humility, 266e268 self-regulation, 254e255 sloth vs diligence, 261e262 Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals, 212 Combined DNA index system (CODIS), 282e283 INDEX Comparison techniques, 35e36 Computer-assisted postmortem identification (CAPMI), 98 Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 33e34 Court testimony tactics, 220e221, 220f tenets, 219 Crime scene investigation, 13 Criminal justice system, 8e9, 14 Criminal Offender Database Index System (CODIS), 13e14 D Daubert test, 213 Deceased persons, 27 Deductive approach, 188, 188f Defense perspective angular distortion, 10 fiber analysis, 14 biological material, 10e11 California Innocence Project, 10 California Legislature, 11 California Supreme Court, 10 case study, 11 crime scene investigation, 13 criminal justice system, 8e9, 14 Criminal Offender Database Index System (CODIS), 13e14 dental records, 13e14 direct evidence, DNA testing, 13 evidence collection and investigation techniques, 12 expert witnesses, 10 fingerprint evidence, 12 forensic evidence, 11e12 forensic experts abilities, 7e8 forensic science and expert testimony, benefits, 13 forensic science disciplines, impartial forensic science, 15e16 law enforcement investigators, modern tool-mark analysis, 12 President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), 15 standardized training/material, 14e15 statistical probability, 14 Defense POW/MIA Accounting Command (DPAA), 86 Demirjian methods, 154 Dental impression material, 22 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) autosomal STRs, 282 and bite-mark cases, 283e284 combined DNA index system (CODIS), 282e283 evidence collection, 277e279, 278f human identification, 276 massively parallel sequencing (MPS), 283 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 282 results, 280e282, 281f short tandem repeat (STR), 276e277, 277f single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 282 statistical analysis, 282 testing, 279e280, 279f Y chromosomal STR (YSTR) markers, 282 Department of Defense agency, 86 Department of Health and Human Services, 251e252 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 83 Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Deposition testimony, 223e224, 225f location, 224 predeposition meeting, 226 preparation, 224 read and sign, 224e226 timing, 224 Digital camera, 48 Digital dental bitewing, 31 Digital dental radiography sensors, 97e98 Direct evidence, Direction of change, 36 Direct secondary DNA sources, 28 Direct testimony, 223 Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), 85 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT), 26e27, 85 Disaster Portable Morgue Units (DPMUs), 85e86 Disaster victim identification (DVI) antemortem dental section, 94e95 classification, 82 www.ajlobby.com 315 computer-assisted dental identification software computer-assisted postmortem identification (CAPMI), 98 unified victim identification system (UVIS), 99e100 UVIS Dental Identification Module (UDIM), 99e100 WinID3, 98e99 definition, 82 digital dental radiography sensors, 97e98 disaster site management DMORT model, 89 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 87 morgue location, 87 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), 87 search and recovery, 87e88 security and safety, 88e89 emergency support function (ESF #8), 84e87 emergency support function (ESF), 84 examination supplies, 95 federal authorities, 83 FLIGHT 3407 case, 100e101 local/state DVI dental section, 92e93 morgue shifts, 95e96 mortuary operations components anthropology, 91 body storage, 92 clerical/Information Resource Center, 92 decontamination, 89e90 dental, 91e92 DNA, 92 embalming/casketing, 92 examination workstations, 89 fingerprint, 90 pathology/autopsy, 90e91 radiography, 90 reception/registration, 90 multiple fatality incident (MFI), 82e83 portable dental X-ray generator, 96e97 postmortem dental section, 94 team formation, 93 team leader, 93e94 Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) System International, 39 316 “District” court, 208 DNA analysis, Doe Network, 40 Domestic abuse, 22 Domestic violence adult and elder abuse and maltreatment See Adult and elder abuse and maltreatment child abuse and maltreatment See Child abuse and maltreatment Draft Age Estimation (DAE) Quicksheets, 159 E Elder abuse recognition, 21 Electromagnetic spectrum, 58f absorption, 59 digital images, 59 fluorescence, 59 photographic documentation, 58 reflection, 59 skin penetration, 59, 60f transmission, 59 ultrashort wavelength gamma radiation, 58 ultraviolet spectrum, 58e59 visible light, 58 Electronic health record, 123 Emergency support function (ESF #8), 84e87 Emergency support function (ESF), 84 Emotional abuse, 131 “Entry-level” courts, 208 Envy vs kindness, 257e259 Ethical issues, 269e270 American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS), 243 attorneys, 246e247 code of, 244e245 codes and compliance adversarial justice system, 254 anger vs patience (tolerance/ sufferance), 264e266 envy vs kindness, 257e259 ethical standard, 254 ethical violation, classification, 253e254 gluttony vs temperance (moderation), 262e263 greed vs charity, 259e261 lust vs chastity, 256e257 medical philosophy, 255 INDEX Percival’s Medical Ethics, 253e254 pride vs humility, 266e268 self-regulation, 254e255 sloth vs diligence, 261e262 engineers, 253 ethical conduct, 243 experts, 253 functional components, 243 judges, 247e249 law enforcement, 245e246 medicodental practitioners, 250e252 morality, definition, 242 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 244 political polarization, 242 quantitative result, 244 “scene investigator”, 244 science, definition, 243e244 scientists, 249e250 self-serving behavior, 242e243 transgressors face sanctions, 242e243 Ethical violation, classification, 253e254 Evidence-based medicine (EBM), 251 Evidence collection and investigation techniques, 12 Evidence Informed Medicine (EIM), 251 Exclusion technique, 37 Expert witness, 211 legal precedents vs cutting edge technology See Legal precedents vs cutting edge technology liability absolute immunity, 231e232 blood pressure deception test, 232 burglary crime scene, 232 common-law witness immunity, 231e232 comparative negligence, 237 contributory negligence, 237 Daubert standard, 235 D.C Circuit Court of Appeals, 232 District courts, 235e236 factors, 235 Federal Rules of Evidence, 232e233 Frye decision, 235 Government agency, 233 Judicial Immunity, 235 negligence concept, 236 oral hygiene, 238 www.ajlobby.com plaintiff, 233e234 private party, 233 professional insurance agent, 236 risk factors, 238e239 testimony, 232e233 Expert witnesses, 10 Expert witness testimony, 19 F Family assistance center (FAC), 83 Federal Coordination Officer, 84 Federal court system, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 84 Federal Rules of Evidence, 212 Federal Stafford Act, 84 Fifth US Circuit Court of Appeals, 208e209 Fingerprint evidence, 12 Fingerprint identification, 28 Flash lighting, 66 Forensic Anthropology, Forensic dental community, 113 Forensic dental expert witness, 20 Forensic Dental Identification Team, 86 Forensic Document Examination of Handwriting and Fingerprint Examination, Forensic identification anthropological and odontological examination and analysis, battlefield forensic odontology, bite marks, courtroom proceedings, criminal investigation, disciplines, Forensic document examination/ handwriting comparison and analysis, limitations, minors vs “legal-aged” adults, nonhuman components, positive identification, scientific disciplines/analytical methodologies, tactical elements, victims/subjects, Forensic Medicine Service Providers, 250 Forensic Pathology, 317 INDEX Forensic science service provider (FSP), 249 Frye test, 3e4, 212 G Gluttony vs temperance (moderation), 262e263 Greed vs charity, 259e261 H Historic positive identifications, 20 Home Depot vise grips, Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-5), 83 Homicide case, 5, 22e23 “Hot boot” filter, 74e75 Human abuse, 19 Human dentition, 22 Human identification techniques anthropology/radiology Center for Human Identification at the University of North Texas, 29 characteristics, 28 computed tomography (CT) scanners, 28 dental records, 29 direct secondary DNA sources, 28 indirect DNA reference samples, 28 mass fatality incidents, 29 National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 29 oral cavity and maxillofacial complex, 29 postmortem dental examination, 29 President’s DNA Initiative Program, 29 short tandem repeat (STR) typing, 28e29 tooth survive and morphology, 29 ridgeology (fingerprints), 28 visual, 27e28 I Impartial forensic science, 15e16 Indirect DNA reference samples, 28 Inductive approach, 188e189, 189f Infant/child techniques American Dental Association, 151 Atlas techniques, 150 dental developmental atlas, 151 dental morphologic staging system, 153e154 development stages, 151 emergence, 151e152 eruption, 150 gingival and alveolar emergence, 150 London Atlas of Human Tooth Development, 151e152 Quicksheets, 153e154 radiographic techniques, 152 self-weighted score, 153e154 sex-specific graph, 152e153 tooth mineralization, 150e151 tooth selection, 152e153 Infrared (IR) photography case presentation 1, 72, 73f case presentation 2, 72, 73f case presentation 3, 72, 74f contusions and patterned injuries, 69 disadvantage, 70 education and experience, 72 false negatives, 71 false positives, 71 87 IR gel filter/Baader IR glass filter, 71 lens filter, 70 nonvisible light photography See Nonvisible light photography real-time IR imaging, 70 results, 71 thermography images heat gradients, 69 Innocence Project, 194, 194fe205f Insufficient evidence, 37 Insurance risk management perspective, expert witness comparative negligence, 237 contributory negligence, 237 Daubert standard, 235 District courts, 235e236 factors, 235 Federal Rules, 236 Frye decision, 235 Judicial Immunity, 235 negligence concept, 236 oral hygiene, 238 professional insurance agent, 236 risk factors, 238e239 International Commission on Missing Persons, 113 International Medical Surgical Response Team (IMSURT), 85 International Organization for Forensic Odonto-Stomatology (IOFOS), 166 INTERPOL’s Disaster victim identification (DVI) Forensic Odontology Subcommittee, 26e27 Intimate partner violence (IPV) www.ajlobby.com abuse during pregnancy, 130e131, 130f assaults, 126 careful compliance, 126 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 126 dental injuries, 127, 127f digital/film color photography, 126 facial injuries, 127, 127f soft and hard tissue injuries, 126 spouse abuse morbidity and mortality, 129 motor vehicle accidents, 129e130 financial costs, 129 J Jurisprudence administrative matters, 210 appeals/appellate courts, 208e209 Bill of Rights, 214e215 bona fides, 211e212 Brady rule, 214 civil case, 210 Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals, 212 compensatory damages, 210 criminal case, 207, 210, 214 criminal components, 210 Daubert test, 213 direct examination, 215 “district” court, 208 double jeopardy, 211 “entry-level” courts, 208 expert witness, 211 federal courts, 208 Federal Rules of Evidence, 212 Fifth US Circuit Court of Appeals, 208e209 foundational principles, 211 Frye test, 212 laws and legal systems, 207 “lesser” courts, 208 opposing counsel, 215e216 physical abuse, 207 plaintiff’s case, 213e214 redirect examination, 215e216 Rule 702 and Rule 703, 213 stare decisis, 209 state courts, 209 subpoenas, 215 Supreme Court, 209e210 K KastleeMeyer (KM) test, 278e279 Kenyon International Emergency Services, 86e87 Kodak Wrattan 18A UV filter, 75, 75f 318 L Lamendin technique, 163 Law enforcement agencies, 106 Law enforcement perspective analytical products, forensic identification See Forensic identification physical evidence, Legal precedents vs cutting edge technology guidelines curriculum vitae (CV), 219, 229e230 reports, 219 See also Reports testimony, 219 See also Testimony legal buzzword, 218 skills, 218 Lenses aperture, 49e50 biconvex glass, 49e50 diffracted light rays, 49e50, 50f macro lenses, 51 spherical aberration, 49e50 telephoto lens, 50f, 51, 52f wide angle lens, 50e51, 50f, 52f zoom lenses, 51 Likelihood ratio (LR), 282 London Atlas of Human Tooth Development, 151e152 Lust vs chastity, 256e257 M Macro lenses, 51 Macro (close-up) photography definition, 56 depth of field, 56e57 field curvature, 56 image softening, 56e57 optical physics, 56 reproduction ratio (RR), 56, 57f three-dimensional objects, 56 working distance and perspective distortion, 56 Major Disaster Declaration, 84 Manufacturer’ s indicators, 42, 42fe43f Mass fatality incidents (MFIs), 19, 21e22, 29 Massively parallel sequencing (MPS), 283 Maximum permissible doses (MPDs), 96 INDEX Medical Examiner/Coroner (ME/C), 26, 82e83, 106e107 Medical radiographs, 34 Medico-legal death investigation anthropologist, 293 archaeological field training, 292 autopsy, 292 biological affinity, 287e289 duties, 286e287 graduate training, 285e286 human cranial fragment, 287, 287f nonhuman remains, 287 positive identification, 291e292 taphonomy, 291 testimony, 292e293 trauma, 289e290, 290f Missing and unidentified persons (MUPs), 40 age estimation techniques, 113 antemortem fingerprints, 112e113 armed conflict and terrorist acts, 107e108 case study #1, 114e116, 115fe117f case study #2, 114e116, 117fe118f checklist, 112 child abduction, 104e105 criminal justice system, 104e105 cumulative effect, 109 dental records and data, 105e106 dental trait characteristics, 113e114 DNA analysis, 108e109 DNA test, 112e113 family and friends, 109e111, 109f forensic dental community, 113 forensic pathology, 105 humanitarian principle, 108e109 law enforcement agencies, 106 law enforcement resources, 104 legal procedures, 105 man-made/human disasters, 107e108 mass disaster, 107 Medical Examiners and Coroners, 106e107 national and international databases, 114 natural disasters, 107e108 positive identification, 105 public and private agencies, 111e112 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 108e109 visual identification, 112e113 www.ajlobby.com Mississippi River flooding event, 86 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 282 Modern tool-mark analysis, 12 Mortuary operations components anthropology, 91 body storage, 92 clerical/Information Resource Center, 92 decontamination, 89e90 dental, 91e92 DNA, 92 embalming/casketing, 92 examination workstations, 89 fingerprint, 90 pathology/autopsy, 90e91 radiography, 90 reception/registration, 90 Multiple fatality incident (MFI), 82e83 N Narrow band illumination/ monochromatic light imaging, 68 National Academy of Science (NAS), 4e5 National Association of Medical Examiners’ Unidentified Decedent Registry, 107 National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA), 131e132 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), 135 National Code of Professional Responsibility for Forensic Science, 250 National Commission on Forensic Sciences (NCFS), 250 National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse, 132 National Crime Information Center (NCIC), 40, 104 National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), 84e85 National Incidence Survey (NIS), 135 National Incident Management System (NIMS), 83 National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 29, 122 National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs) database, 40, 104 INDEX National Response Framework (NRF), 83 National Response Plan (NRP), 83 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), 87 National Veterinary Response Team (NVRT), 85 NCFS Code of Professional Responsibility, 252 Nikon Nikkor UV 105 lens, 74e75 Nonscientific techniques, 19 Nonvisible light photography, 74t Baader lens filters, 75 Baader UV filter, 75, 75f case presentation 4, 76fe77f, 77 case presentation 5, 77, 78fe79f case presentation 6, 77, 79fe80f full spectrum flash unit, 75 “hot boot” filter, 74e75 Kodak Wrattan 18A UV filter, 75, 75f Nikon Nikkor UV 105 lens, 74e75 physical properties, 72 surface enhancement, 75 under- and overexposure discrepancies, 75 fluorite coating, 72e74 usage, 76e77 UV band-pass filter, 75 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 39 O OdontoSearch 3.0, 39e40 Office of Chief Medical Examiner (OCME), 39 Office of Justice Programs’ (OJP), 106 Oral health care providers, 133 Organization for Scientific Area Committees (OSACs), 166 P Panoramic radiographs, 33 Patterned injuries guidelines flash lighting, 66 macro view, 59, 64f objectives, 62 orientation views, 55, 64f perspective distortion, 64e66, 65fe66f written records and labeled sketches, 66 Patterned injury analysis analysis of, 179e181, 179fe181f beneffectance, 191 vs bite-mark evidence, 182 blinding, 191e192 checklists, 189e190 cognitive process, 191 configuration and features, 178 conservatism, 191 conservative opinion statements, 193 deductive approach, 188, 188f differential diagnosis approach, 189e190 egocentricity, 191 error rates, 188 health care providers, 190 impression medium, 178e179 independent verification, 192 inductive approach, 188e189, 189f medical diagnosis, 190 methodological protocols, 193 nonbench science, 188e189 Totalitarian Ego, 191 violent encounter, 178e179 Periapical radiographs, anterior and posterior teeth, 31 Photography alternate light imaging, 69t AL case presentation, 69, 69fe70f narrow band illumination/ monochromatic light imaging, 68 Stokes Shift, 68 visible light spectrum, 68 depth of field, 52e53 digital camera, 48 electromagnetic spectrum, 58f absorption, 59 digital images, 59 fluorescence, 59 photographic documentation, 58 reflection, 59 skin penetration, 59, 60f transmission, 59 ultrashort wavelength gamma radiation, 58 ultraviolet spectrum, 58e59 visible light, 58 exposure control aperture, 55 light sensitivity, 55 sensor sensitivity, 55 shutter speed, 55 variables, 54e55 guidelines identification cases, 61e62, 61f patterned injuries, 62e66, 64fe65f suspects, 66e67, 67f head and neck, abuse case documentation, 68e77 image formation, 49, 49f infrared (IR) photography www.ajlobby.com 319 case presentation 1, 72, 73f case presentation 2, 72, 73f case presentation 3, 72, 74f contusions and patterned injuries, 69 disadvantage, 70 education and experience, 72 false negatives, 71 false positives, 71 87 IR gel filter/Baader IR glass filter, 71 lens filter, 70 nonvisible light photography See Nonvisible light photography real-time IR imaging, 70 results, 71 thermography images heat gradients, 69 large lens aperture, 58f lenses aperture, 49e50 biconvex glass, 49e50 diffracted light rays, 49e50, 50f macro lenses, 51 spherical aberration, 49e50 telephoto lens, 50f, 51, 52f wide angle lens, 50e51, 50f, 52f zoom lenses, 51 macro (close-up) photography definition, 56 depth of field, 56e57 field curvature, 56 image softening, 56e57 optical physics, 56 reproduction ratio (RR), 56, 57f three-dimensional objects, 56 working distance and perspective distortion, 56 normal perspective image, 51e52, 51f optical physics, 48e49, 48f optimal forensic photographs, 48 perspective distortion image, 51e52, 51f sensors advantages, 54 digital sensors, 53e54 forensic community, 54 pixel counts, 53e54 sizes, 54 small lens apertures, 52e53, 53f, 58f two-dimensional flat sensor, 52e53 visible light (conventional) photography, 59e61 Physical abuse, 136, 136fe137f Physicians for Human Rights, 113 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, 276e277 320 Portable dental X-ray generator, 96e97 Positive identification, 26e27, 34, 37 Possible identification, 37 Post-conviction advocacy group, 4, 6e7 Postmortem dental evidence anatomic chart, 32 antemortem dental evidence, collection and preservation, 32e33 charting, 29 facial tissues, 29 oral cavity legal and ethical obligation, 29e30 nonviewable remains, 30 surgical exposure, 29e30 viewable remains, 30 photography, 30e31 radiographs, 31e32 record, 32 Standardized dental nomenclature, 32 three-dimensional models, 32 tooth numbering system, 32 visual and radiographic examination, 29 President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), 15 President’s DNA Initiative Program, 29 Pretrial conference, 38 Pride vs humility, 266e268 Prosecution perspective American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO), bite-mark analyses and comparisons, 3e4 “defrosted” refrigerated human cadavers, Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, empirical and statistical data, federal court system, Frye test, 3e4 gunshot wounds, Home Depot vise grips, human remains identification, “moratorium,” bite-mark analysis, National Academy of Science (NAS), 4e5 post-conviction advocacy group, 4, 6e7 suspect’s models, INDEX Q T Quicksheets, 153e154 Telephoto lens, 50f, 51, 52f Testimony court testimony tactics, 220e221, 220f tenets, 219 deposition testimony, 223e224, 225f direct testimony, 223 language choices, 222e223 strategic responses, 221e222 Texas Forensic Science Commission, Tooth numbering system, 32 Training and education, 23 R Radiography practices digital systems, 42e44, 44f spatial orientation/projection geometry, 41e42, 41f Random match probability (RMP), 282 Reports ambiguous terminology explanation, 229 content, 227e228 distinct vs unique, 229 elements, 226 factors, 226e227 guidelines, 227, 227t inconclusive reports, 228 materials, 226 opinion(s), 229 statistical opinions, 229 strategies, 228 writing, 37e38 Reproduction ratio (RR), 56, 57f Ridgeology (fingerprints), 28 S Schick sensor, 97 Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH), 288 Scientific methods, 27 Self-regulation, 254e255 Sexual abuse, 138e139, 139t Sexual assault case, Short tandem repeats (STRs), 28e29, 276e277, 277f Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 282 Sloth vs diligence, 261e262 Software packages Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) System International, 39 OdontoSearch 3.0, 39e40 “search and match” software packages, 38 Unified Victim Identification System (UVIS), 39 US Government agencies, 38 UVIS Dental Identification Module (UDIM), 39 WinID3, 38e39 Standard error of estimate (SEE), 148 Standardized dental nomenclature, 32 “Standard of care” calibration, 20, 22e23 Supreme Court, 209e210 www.ajlobby.com U Ultraviolet technique See Nonvisible light photography Unidentified remains/amnesiac documentation, 26e27 Unified Victim Identification System (UVIS), 39, 99e100 United Nations High Commission for Human Rights, 113 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 108e109 US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 84 US Government agencies, 38 UV band-pass filter, 75 UVIS Dental Identification Module (UDIM), 39, 99e100 V Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), 276 Victim Identification Profile Program (VIP), 92 Victim Information Center (VIC) team, 86 Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP), 114 Visual identification, 19, 27e28 W Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) incident, 86 Wide angle lens, 50e51, 50f, 52f WinID3, 38e39, 98e99 Workgroup network, 38e39 Y Y chromosomal STR (YSTR) markers, 282 Z Zoom lenses, 51 www.ajlobby.com .. .FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Edited by Thomas J David Forensic Odontology Consultant,... facilitate forensic identification include (but are not limited to): DNA analysis, forensic odontology, forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, forensic document examination of handwriting, and fingerprint... Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology are working to better articulate standards and conclusions to ensure that forensic dentists follow best practices to ensure accurate and