Hedging in representatives in english and vietnamese weather forecasts

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY PHẠM ĐOÀN THANH DUNG HEDGING IN REPRESENTATIVES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE WEATHER FORECASTS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN PHẠM ĐOÀN THANH DUNG CHE CHẮN TRONG HÀNH VI MÔ TẢ TRONG CÁC BẢN TIN DỰ BÁO THỜI TIẾT BẰNG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.22.02.01 Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn: PGS TS Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that this thesis has not been submitted for any degree and is not currently being submitted for any other degree or award I also declare that any help received in preparing this thesis, and all sources used have been acknowledged in this thesis Binh Dinh, 2020 Phạm Đoàn Thanh Dung ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am filled with deep gratitude and I aspire to acknowledge many individuals who have heartened me in various ways so as to complete this thesis today First of all, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Ngoan for giving me the opportunity to research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this thesis His dynamism, vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me Without his timely enlightenment, my academic pathway could have been unfortunately interrupted Besides, I wish to show my gratitude to all the lecturers of my master’s course, who have enabled me to upgrade my skills and enrich my knowledge of Linguistics for the past two years I am also indebted to the authors and experts whose works have been cited in the Literature Review part of my study Next, my sincere thanks go to my school management board and colleagues at Luong The Vinh High School whose assistance made it feasible for me to participate in this master course and fully concentrate on completing my thesis Last but not least, I need to extend my deepest thanks to my beloved family and a special friend of mine, Ngoc Thanh, who have given me a lot of material and mental supports as well as strong motivation to conquer all the challenges and obstacles during the process of doing my research ABSTRACT In this study, an attempt is made to explore hedging forms and functions to identify the similarities and differences between the English weather forecasts and Vietnamese ones in terms of hedging forms and pragmatic functions The data for analysis was taken from 60 weather forecasts in English and in Vietnamese with about 619 samples of hedges in total In order to achieve the aims and objectives, a contrastive analysis of the data was conducted, following both qualitative and quantitative approaches Taking the classification of hedges of Varttala’s (2001) as the theoretical framework, the study targets at spotting the hedging forms The research results indicated that the employment of the hedging forms in the English and Vietnamese data shared many similarities The study registered the occurrence of two types of hedges, namely lexical hedges and phrasal hedges, with lexical hedges taking the lead in the English data and phrasal hedges being the most prominent category of hedges in the Vietnamese data Besides, the outcomes dealt with functions of hedges by using Grice’s (1975) maxims as the framework Quality hedges emerged as the most prominent categories in both sources of the data The remaining categories, namely, quantity hedges, manner hedges, relevance hedges and mixed hedges were distributed unevenly in the English data and Vietnamese one TABLE OF CONTENT STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF GRAPHS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.2.1 Aims of the Study 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Structure of the Study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of speech acts 2.1.1 Speech Acts 2.1.2 Types of speech acts 2.1.3 Subtypes of representatives 2.2 Overview of hedges 2.2.1 Origin of the term hedge 2.2.2 Definitions of hedges 2.2.3 Hedges adhering to Varttala’s classification 2.2.4 Hedges adhering to Grice’s conversational maxims 11 2.3 Overview of weather forecasting 14 2.3.1 Brief history of weather forecasting 14 2.3.2 Definition of a weather forecast 14 2.3.3 Forecast quality of weather forecasts 15 2.4 Previous relevant studies 15 2.5 Summary 19 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES 20 3.1 Research methods 20 3.2 Data collection and data analysis 20 3.2.1 Criteria for data collection 20 3.2.2 Data collecting sources 21 3.2.3 Description of samples 21 3.2.4 Process and theoretical framework for data analysis 21 3.3 Data-processing procedures 24 3.4 Validity and reliability 26 3.5 Summary 26 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON TYPES OF HEDGES IN WEATHER FORECASTS 28 4.1 Types of hedges in the English weather forecasts 28 4.1.1 Words as hedges 28 4.1.2 Phrases as hedges 37 4.2 Types of hedges in the Vietnamese weather forecasts 41 4.2.1 Words as hedges 41 4.2.2 Phrases as hedges 47 4.3 Similarities and differences of hedges in EWFs and VWFs 53 4.3.1 Summary of the quantitative data of hedge usages 53 4.3.2 Similarities 54 4.3.3 Differences 54 CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS OF HEDGES IN WEATHER FORECASTS 56 5.1 Pragmatic functions of hedges in the English weather forecasts 56 5.1.1 Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of quality 57 5.1.2 Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of quantity 60 5.1.3 Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of relevance 61 5.1.4 Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of manner 62 5.1.5 Analysis of other hedges 63 5.2 Pragmatic functions of hedges in the Vietnamese weather forecasts 64 5.2.1 Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of quality 64 5.2.2 Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of quantity 68 5.2.3 Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of relevance 70 5.2.4 Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of manner 70 5.2.5 Analysis of others…………………………………………………71 5.3 Similarities and differences of hedges in EWFs and VWFs 72 5.3.1 Summary of the quantitative data of hedge usages 72 5.3.2 Similarities 73 5.3.3 Differences 73 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS 75 6.1 Summary of major findings 75 6.2 Implications 78 6.3 Limitations and suggestions for further researches 78 REFERENCES 79 APPENDIX ABBREVIATIONS ABB Full words/ phrases EWFs The English weather forecasts VWFs The Vietnamese weather forecasts QlH Quality hedges QnH Quantity hedges MaH Manner hedges ReH Relevance hedges LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Taxonomy of hedging devices 10 Table 3.1 The framework of the analysis of representatives 22 Table 4.1: Overall distribution of hedging categories in EWFs 28 Table 4.2: The frequency of lexical hedges in EWFs 28 Table 4.3: The frequency of modal auxiliaries as hedges in EWFs 29 Table 4.4: The frequency of lexical verbs as hedges in EWFs 32 Table 4.5: The frequency of adverbs as hedges in EWFs 33 Table 4.6: The frequency of adjectives as hedges in EWFs 35 Table 4.7: The frequency of nouns as hedges in EWFs 37 Table 4.8: Subtypes of phrasal hedges in EWFs 37 Table 4.9: The frequency of verb phrases as hedges in EWFs 38 Table 4.10: The frequency of prepositional phrases as hedges in EWFs 39 Table 4.11: The frequency of other phrases as hedges in EWFs 40 Table 4.12: Overall distribution of hedging categories in VWFs 41 Table 4.13: The frequency of lexical hedges in VWFs 41 Table 4.14: The frequency of lexical verbs as hedges in VWFs 41 Table 4.15: The frequency of auxiliary verbs as hedges in VWFs 43 Table 4.16: The frequency of adverbs as hedges in VWFs 45 Table 4.17: The frequency of nouns as hedges in VWFs 46 Table 4.18: Subtypes of phrasal hedges in VWFs 47 Table 4.19: The frequency of verb phrases in VWFs 47 Table 4.20: The frequency of noun phrases as hedges in VWFs 49 Table 4.21: The frequency of adjective phrases as hedges in VWFs 50 Table 4.22: The 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Diệp Quang Ban (2009) Giao tiếp diễn ngôn cấu tạo văn Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Giáo dục [48] Hoàng Phê (2002) Từ điển tiếng Việt Đà Nẵng: Nhà xuất Đà Nẵng, Trung tâm Từ điển học [49] Ngơ Hữu Hồng (2003) Vai trị vủa quán ngữ việc kiến tạo phát ngôn Luận án tiến sĩ ngữ văn Hà Nội: ĐHKHXHNV – ĐHQGHN [50] Nguyễn Đức Dân (1998) Ngữ dụng học, Tập Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Giáo dục [51] Nguyễn Quang (2002) Giao tiếp giao tiếp giao văn hóa Hà Nội: Nhà xuất ĐHQG Hà Nội [52] Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2000) Dụng học Việt ngữ Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia [53] Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1976) Từ nhận diện từ tiếng Việt Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Giáo Dục PL-1 APPENDIX A I ENGLISH SOURCES https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/update-on-potential-long-rangeweather-pattern/608571 https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/storm-during-early-december-to-set-upfirehose-effect-with-rain-mountain-snow-in-california/636947 https://www.weatherbug.com/news/Double-Dose-of-Wintry-Weather-ThreatensThanksgiving https://www.weatherbug.com/news/Thanksgiving-Weekend-Outlook https://www.wunderground.com/article/storms/winter/news/2019-11-24-snowstorm-rockiesdenver-plains-midwest-thanksgiving-week?cm_ven=hp-slot-3 https://www.weatherbug.com/news/Double-Dose-of-Wintry-Weather-ThreatensThanksgiving https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/snow-ice-to-threaten-slippery-start-tothanksgiving-travel-for-parts-of-northeast/631788 https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/robust-storm-to-spread-heavy-snow-iceand-rain-over-central-us-into-sunday/636336 https://www.express.co.uk/news/weather/1207267/uk-weather-forecast-today-latest-metoffice-update-november-2019-rain-cold-frost 10 https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/heavy-sea-effect-snow-squalls-hitatlantic-canada-dangerous-winter-travel 11 https://www.accuweather.com/en/severe-weather/southern-us-on-alert-for-severethunderstorm-risk-through-saturday/636818 12 https://www.tripsavvy.com/december-in-paris-weather-and-event-guide-4581356 13 https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/clark/rain-returns-to-the-northwestpotential-santa-ana-event-this-weekend/627243 14 https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/cold-to-dominate-from-easternprairies-to-quebec-through-early-december/634843 15 https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/update-on-the-weather-patterninto-december/628450 16 https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/cold-to-dominate-from-prairiesto-quebec-into-mid-november/614572 17 https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/update-on-potential-long-rangeweather-pattern/608571 PL-2 18 https://www.express.co.uk/news/weather/1211461/cold-weather-forecast-met-officeweather-alert-warnings-uk-snow-radar-latest 19 https://www.express.co.uk/news/weather/1210832/bbc-weather-forecast-arctic-front-metoffice-warning-uk-weather-snow II VIETNAMESE SOURCES https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-hom-nay-11112019-ap-thap-nhiet-doi-gay- mua-lon-quang-binh-binh-dinh-1146992.html https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-10112019-bao-so-6-se-vao-quang-ngai-khanhhoa-1145400.html https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-20112019-bao-kalmaegi-manh-cap-11-canhbao-vung-nguy-hiem-1150237.html https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-23112019-vung-ap-thap-co-gio-giat-cap-7-otruongsa-1151385.html https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-hom-nay-24112019-khong-khi-lanh-anhhuong-1151014.html https://uafv.org/du-bao-thoi-tiet-hom-nay-10-11-trung-bo-va-tay-nguyen-mua-to-gio-lon- nguy-co-lu-quet-ngap-lut.html https://tintuc.vn/bac-bo-ret-tang-cuong-sa-pa-xuong-0-do-c-post1270564 8.https://tintuc.vn/du-bao-thoi-tiet-hom-nay-112-tu-chieu-toi-va-dem-nay-vinh-bac-bo-giochuyen-huong-dong-bac-manh-post1268881 https://tintuc.vn/mien-bac-dau-tuan-don-gio-mua-dong bacpost1266434?utm_source=tintucpc&utm_medium = content ads_header# 10 https://m.thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-hom-nay-31102019-bao-so-5-suy-yeu-thanh-apthap-1143071.html 11 https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-8-11-bao-so-6-giat-cap-15-quan-thaotren-bien-dong-586081.html 12 https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-4-12-bac-bo-ret-cong-bao-so-7-vao-biendong-594521.html 13 https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-12-11-ha-noi-sang-lanh-trua-nang587237.html 14 https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-28-11-khong-khi-lanh-tang-cuong-bacbo-ret-ve-dem-592488.html 15.https://vtv.vn/trong-nuoc/dem-nay-25-11-bac-bo-va-bac-trung-bo-troi-tro-ret2019112505342431.htm 16.https://www.24h.com.vn/tin-tuc-trong-ngay/chieu-nay-bao-so-7-do-bo-quang-ninhc46a827215.html PL-3 17.https://vtv.vn/chao-buoi-sang/khong-khi-lanh-tran-ve-gay-mua-cho-mien-bac20191118055852289.htm 18 https://voh.com.vn/thoi-tiet/du-bao-thoi-tiet-ngay-mai-6-12-bac-bo-tiep-tuc-giam-nhiet- xuat-hien-bang-gia-346321.html 19.https://laodong.vn/moi-truong/tin-bao-moi-nhat-dem-nay-bao-so-6-nakri-do-bo-binh-dinhkhanh-hoa-765111.ldo 20.https://laodong.vn/moi-truong/tin-bao-moi-nhat-dem-nay-bao-so-6-nakri-do-bo-binh-dinhkhanh-hoa-765111.ldo 21 https://vtv.vn/trong-nuoc/dem-nay-25-11-bac-bo-va-bac-trung-bo-troi-tro-ret2019112505342431.htm 22 https://vtv.vn/trong-nuoc/bao-kammuri-giat-cap-17-dang-tien-gan-bien-dong20191202155305591.htm 23.https://soha.vn/song-bao-chau-a-phong-than-hai-au-manh-len-khong-ngung-duong-di-batthuong-bao-dang-o-dau-20191115095529671.htm 24 https://vtv.vn/chao-buoi-sang/ngay-2-12-troi-ret-kho-o-mien-bac-20191202055802716.htm 25 https://m.baomoi.com/du-bao-thoi-tiet-1-12-ha-noi-mua-lanh/c/33155532.epi 26 https://m.baomoi.com/mua-keo-dai-nhieu-ho-chua-trung-bo-va-tay-nguyen-dang-phai-xatran-phong-chong-lu/c/33162758.epi 27 https://m.baomoi.com/thoi-tiet-29-11-ha-tinh-den-binh-dinh-tiep-tuc-co-mua-co-noi-muarat-to/c/33132739.epi 28 https://m.baomoi.com/bao-kammuri-co-kha-nang-vao-bien-dong-trong-tuantoi/c/33143373.epi 29 https://tuoitre.vn/khong-khi-mien-bac-rat-xau-khuyen-cao-o-trong-nha20191211090121834.htm PL-4 APPENDIX B SAMPLES OF RAW DATA ENGLISH RAW DATA 1) Được đăng vào ngày 29/11/2019: Storm during early December to set up 'firehose effect' with rain, mountain snow in California - Nguồn: https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/storm-during-early- december-to-set-up-firehose-effect-with-rain-mountain-snow-in-california/636947 A storm currently in the Pacific Ocean that is loaded with moisture will slam into California during the first few days of December and drop inches of rain, as well as yards of snow in the Sierra Nevada mountains The storm will be double-barreled in nature with the first part set to slam Northern California from Saturday night to Monday The second phase is likely to focus on Southern California during Tuesday night and Wednesday While recent prior storms have essentially brought an end to the wildfire threat in the short-term, this new setup has the potential to cause flash flooding and mudslides on a more regional basis The risk of debris flows will be greatest in recent burn scar locations, such as the Kincade Fire in Sonoma County from earlier this fall Those heading home from their Thanksgiving visit, grabbing some shopping bargains or resuming their work and school activities should be prepared for adverse weather conditions Both storms with their atmospheric rivers that pull tropical moisture northward are likely to produce 2) Link: https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/cold-to-dominate-from- prairies-to-quebec-into-mid-november/614572 Negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation will help keep waves of cold air directed from the Prairies into eastern Canada through mid-November West of the Continental Divide, temperatures are expected to remain above normal This pattern will likely set up a mean storm track up into Atlantic Canada with opportunities for more snow north and west of the storm tracks There will also be rounds of lake-effect snow over the next 10 days downwind of the Great Lakes There are signals of a pattern change for the second half of the month in which the supply of Arctic air is cut off from southern Canada and the northern United States Alaska may even trend back toward normal or below in terms of temperature, which has been a rarity this year Late Thursday-Friday storm this week PL-5 Latest trends support a slightly weaker, faster and slightly southward shift of the storm coming into the Maritimes late tomorrow (Thursday) into Friday This will likely reduce the risk of 30 cm snowfall for New Brunswick However, I can still see a general 10-20 cm across central and eastern New Brunswick and up into portions of PEI Still mostly a rain event for the bulk of Nova Scotia, except the northern quarter The storm is expected to further strengthen as it heads toward Newfoundland later Friday and we may see some local 30cm snowfall amounts across portions of western Newfoundland 3) UK snow forecast: Charts show snow encircling Britain as freezing winds strike across UK Thời gian 17:08, Sun, Dec 1, 2019 | UPDATED: 17:12, Sun, Dec 1, 2019 Link: https://www.express.co.uk/news/weather/1211703/UK-snow-forecast-charts-Met-OfficeBBC-Weather-december-2019 Temperatures plunged to as low as -9C in some parts of rural Scotland with Arctic conditions taking hold in the country As the UK officially enters meteorological winter, conditions in the country are likely to remain dry and cold According to the latest weather forecast charts, bitterly cold air will likely move southwards across the northern half of the country on Wednesday and Thursday, and again into the start of the weekend The WxCharts also claim these dates are when the country is most likely to be hit by snow The chart, which analyses the probability of snowfall, suggests a chance of snow falling in Scotland on Wednesday evening, and then a high chance of snow impacting northern Scotland and possibly northern England during the early hours of Saturday morning BBC Weather forecaster, Alina Jenkins, warned the freezing conditions were likely to stick around towards the start of this week She claimed temperatures were likely to not nosedive to as low as conditions on Saturday night, but could still fall to -1C in some parts of England during the early hours of Monday morning She said: “To sum up the week ahead, it starts mainly dry, away from Scotland Certainly cold at first, as we head towards the end of the week, we will see the return of something wetter and windier “So the dominating feature through the first half of the week is this area of high pressure Notice that fronts are just fringing Scotland, in a much wetter and windier day here on Monday “The rain, initially on the western side of Scotland tracking its war northeastwards throughout the day and quite heavy and persistent across the Northern Highlands and the Northern Isles “Further south across Scotland, mainly dry but quite cloudy - for England and Wales, some PL-6 spell of sunshine once the fog lifts Temperatures typically in a range of 10C to 6C.” Moving into the middle part of the week, the BBC Weather forecaster warned of unsettled conditions barreling across much of the country The north of the country is likely to see “heavy downpours of rain” The BBC Weather forecaster added: “It is really the end of the week we will start to see the return to something wetter and windier Those isobars much closer together, outbreaks of rain will extend their way eastwards - pretty much across all of the UK.” Despite temperatures likely to pick up into the double figures, the BBC Weather forecaster claimed it may not feel that way with heavy rain and strong gusts Moving into next weekend, the UK is likely to be battered by a huge Atlantic system packing heavy rain and strong winds According to the BBC Weather long-range forecast for Saturday 30 November to Sunday December warns: “Through the middle to latter part of next week, the high pressure area should retreat southwards, allowing milder westerly flows to develop.” 4) South-central US on alert for severe thunderstorm risk through Saturday By Brandon Buckingham, AccuWeather Meteorologist Updated Nov 30, 2019 5:51 PM Link: https://www.accuweather.com/en/severe-weather/southern-us-on-alert-for-severe- thunderstorm-risk-through-saturday/636818 A powerful storm system that brought heavy rain and snow to the West and blizzard conditions to the Plains will tap into enough warm and humid air to raise the threat of damaging thunderstorms over the south-central United States to start the weekend Some of these storms will have the potential to produce damaging wind gusts, hail and even an isolated tornado or two Clouds and a few showers lingering across Texas and Oklahoma limited thunderstorm activity during the day on Friday, but more favorable atmospheric conditions for thunderstorms developed after sunset "This storm tracking across the middle of the nation will tap into Gulf of Mexico moisture which will fuel heavy, gusty thunderstorms Friday night and Saturday across parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas and western Mississippi." AccuWeather Senior Meteorologist Michael LeSeney stated Travelers along this interstate as well as interstates 10, 20, 30, 40, 45 and 55 will need to keep an eye out for rapidly changing conditions through Saturday 5) Storm to produce widespread snow, blizzard conditions in central US By Alex Sosnowski, AccuWeather senior meteorologist Updated Nov 29, 2019 6:24 PM PL-7 https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/robust-storm-to-spread-heavy-snow-ice-andrain-over-central-us-into-sunday/636336 A troublesome combination of heavy rain, ice, snow and strong winds will hamper travelers making their way home from their Thanksgiving destinations this weekend as a large storm slowly navigates its way across the central United States A swath of heavy snow is forecast to extend from the Rockies in New Mexico and Colorado to the Plains of the Dakotas to areas surrounding Lake Superior in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan Snowfall in much of this swath will range from to 12 inches However, about to feet of snow is forecast to fall from northeastern Wyoming to southeastern Montana, southern North Dakota and northwestern and central South Dakota, as well as northeastern Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin The snow will fall simultaneously over a nearly 2,000-mile-long swath from the Rockies to the Upper Midwest during Friday night and Saturday Wintry conditions are in store along a 1,000-mile-long stretch of heavy snow along Interstates 90 and 94 alone Blizzard conditions can occur in part of this swath The visibility could be so low at times it may be difficult to determine where the road surface actually is Travel should be avoided in these areas until the storm leaves and crews have had a chance to clear roads of deep snow by Sunday or Monday However, drifting snow in part of this swath can be a problem through Sunday, due to high winds Farther south, a pocket of ice will create dangerous conditions for a time Icy roads and sidewalks will be a concern from the central and southern Plains on Thanksgiving Day During Friday night, ice or a wintry mix of snow, ice and rain is in store from the High Plains of northwestern Nebraska to southeastern South Dakota, northern and central Iowa, southern Minnesota and southwestern Wisconsin During Saturday, the zone of ice or a slippery wintry mix is forecast to extend from the quad state area of Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota and Minnesota to central and northern Wisconsin and much of Michigan Winds can be strong enough to cause property damage and power outages even in areas of the Plains where all or mostly rain falls VIETNAMESE RAW DATA 1) Bản tin 1: Bắc Bộ rét tăng cường, Sa Pa xuống độ C Link: https://tintuc.vn/bac-bo-ret-tang-cuong-sa-pa-xuong-0-do-c-post1270564 Đợt khơng khí lạnh tăng cường khiến nhiệt Bắc Bộ giảm sâu xuống ngưỡng 13 độ C, miền núi 10 độ C Tại Sa Pa Mẫu Sơn, nhiệt độ đêm giảm xuống độ C PL-8 Đợt khơng khí lạnh tăng cường khiến nhiệt Bắc Bộ giảm sâu xuống ngưỡng 13 độ C, miền núi 10 độ C Tại Sa Pa Mẫu Sơn, nhiệt độ đêm giảm xuống độ C Theo Trung tâm dự báo Khí tƣợng Thủy văn Quốc gia, từ ngày 5/12, đợt khơng khí lạnh tăng cường xuất khiến nhiệt Bắc Bộ giảm sâu Đợt lạnh liên tục bổ sung khiến miền Bắc trì kiểu thời tiết mây, ngày nắng khơ, đêm rét sâu đến hết tuần Cụ thể, từ đêm nay, nhiệt độ tỉnh đồng Bắc Bộ giảm xuống ngưỡng 13 độ C, miền núi phía bắc 10 độ C, ban ngày nhiệt nhích lên 16-17 độ C, trời rét Một số khu vực có địa hình cao, nhiệt độ ngưỡng độ C Trao đổi với Zing.vn, ông Lƣu Minh Hải, Giám đốc Đài Khí tƣợng Thủy văn Lào Cai cho biết đợt khơng khí lạnh tăng cường lần khiến nhiệt Sa Pa Mẫu Sơn hạ xuống mức 0-2 độ C, đêm 5/12 Đây mức nhiệt thấp ghi nhận kể từ đầu mùa đơng năm Tại đỉnh Fansipan, quan khí tượng tính tốn nhiệt độ độ C "Các đợt khơng khí lạnh mùa đơng năm không kèm mưa nên nhiệt độ hạ xuống thấp, khu vực xuất sương muối khó xảy tượng băng giá", Giám đốc đài Khí tượng Lào Cai nhận định Ơng Hải cho biết đợt rét kéo dài đến hết ngày 10/12 Sau đó, trời ấm dần lên trì kiểu thời tiết hanh khơ, trời rét đêm sáng Trong tháng 12, tỉnh miền Bắc đón thêm đợt rét đậm, rét hại tương tự vào khoảng nửa cuối tháng 2) Bản tin 2: Link: https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-12-11-ha-noi-sang-lanh-trua-nang- 587237.html Hôm nay, khu vực Bắc Bộ sáng sớm có sương mù vài nơi, ngày nắng Đêm sáng sớm trời rét Nhiệt độ thấp từ 18-21 độ; có nơi 17 độ; cao từ 26-29 độ, có nơi 30 độ Hà Nội có sương mù nhẹ lúc sáng sớm, sau trời hửng nắng Ban đêm sáng sớm trời lạnh 18-21 độ; ngày nhiệt độ cao dao động 26-29 độ Khoảng chiều ngày mai, phận khơng khí lạnh ảnh hưởng đến số nơi thuộc vùng núi phía Bắc, sau ảnh hưởng đến nơi khác Bắc Bộ, Bắc Trung Bộ số nơi Trung Bộ Hai ngày tới, tỉnh Bắc Bộ có mưa, mưa rào giông vài nơi; từ gần sáng ngày 14/11 tỉnh từ Thanh Hóa đến Thừa Thiên Huế có mưa, có nơi mƣa vừa, mƣa to giông Ở Bắc Bộ Bắc Trung Bộ đêm sáng trời rét Thanh Hóa - Thừa Thiên Huế có mưa rào giơng rải rác; phía nam sáng có mƣa vừa, mƣa to, có nơi mưa to giông Nền nhiệt cao từ 25-28 độ; thấp 19-22 độ Đà Nẵng đến Bình Thuận phía bắc sáng có mƣa vừa, mƣa to, có nơi mưa to PL-9 giơng; phía nam có mưa rào giơng vài nơi Nhiệt độ cao phổ biến 27-30 độ Tây Ngun có mưa rào giơng rải rác, cục có mƣa vừa, mƣa to vào buổi sáng Ban ngày nhiệt độ từ 24-27 độ; đêm giảm xuống 18-21 độ Khu vực Nam Bộ mưa rào giơng vài nơi; miền Đơng Nam Bộ sáng có mưa rào giơng rải rác, cục có mƣa vừa, mƣa to Nhiệt độ phổ biến 29-32 độ; TP.HCM Cần Thơ 32 độ 3) Bản tin 3: Link:https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-28-11-khong-khi-lanh-tang-cuong-bacbo-ret-ve-dem-592488.html Các tỉnh Bắc Bộ trời rét đêm sáng sớm, vài nơi có mưa, đến trưa chiều hửng nắng Nhiệt độ thấp phía Tây Bắc Bộ từ 17-20 độ, có nơi 16 độ; cao 21-24 độ, Lai Châu - Điện Biên 25-28 độ Phía Đơng Bắc Bộ nhiệt ban ngày phổ biến 21-24 độ; đêm giảm 16-19 độ, vùng núi có nơi 15 độ Hà Nội có mưa vài nơi, trưa chiều hửng nắng, nhiệt độ cao 21-24 độ Trời rét đêm sáng với mức nhiệt dao động 16-19 độ Các tỉnh từ Nghệ An đến Phú Yên tiếp tục có mưa, có nơi mƣa vừa, mƣa to Tại Thừa Thiên Huế đến Bình Định có mưa vừa, mưa to (lượng mưa phổ biến 30-60mm/24h, có nơi 80mm/24h) Đợt mưa tỉnh Trung Bộ có khả kéo dài đến hết ngày mai Từ Đà Nẵng đến Bình Thuận nhiệt phía Bắc từ 25-28 độ, phía Nam 28-31 độ Tây Nguyên ngày nắng 26-29 độ; chiều tối đêm có mưa rào giơng vài nơi, nhiệt độ giảm cịn 18-21 độ Khu vực Nam Bộ nhiệt cao phổ biến 31-34 độ, có nơi 34 độ, ban ngày trời nắng; chiều tối đêm có mưa rào giông vài nơi Tại TP.HCM nhiệt 33 độ Cần Thơ 32 độ 4) Bản tin 4: Bão Kammuri có khả vào Biển Đơng tuần tới Link:https://m.baomoi.com/bao-kammuri-co-kha-nang-vao-bien-dong-trong-tuantoi/c/33143373.epi Từ khoảng ngày 4/12, bão Kammuri hoạt động phía Đơng Philippines có khả vào Biển Đông Từ đêm 1/12, ảnh hưởng khơng khí lạnh tăng cường xuống phía Nam bổ sung liên tục ngày nên khu vực Bắc Biển Đông (bao gồm vùng biển quần đảo Hồng Sa), vùng biển từ Bình Thuận đến Cà Mau có gió Đơng Bắc mạnh cấp 6-7, giật cấp Sóng biển cao 2-4m Biển động mạnh Khu vực vịnh Bắc Bộ vùng biển khơi tỉnh Trung Bộ có gió Đơng Bắc mạnh cấp PL-10 6, giật cấp Sóng biển cao 2-3m Biển động Từ ngày mai đến 2/12, Bắc Bộ mưa Chiều tối đêm 1/12 tỉnh phía Đông Bắc Bộ khu vực tỉnh Lào Cai, n Bái, Hịa Bình có khả xuất mưa, mưa nhỏ rải rác Bốn ngày phổ biến không mưa, ngày trời nắng Đêm sáng sớm trời lạnh, từ ngày 2/12, đêm sáng trời rét Thời tiết Hà Nội ngày tới có mưa vài nơi, đêm 1/12 có khả xuất mưa mưa nhỏ rải rác Từ ngày 3-6/12 phổ biến không mưa, ngày trời nắng Đêm sáng sớm trời lạnh; từ ngày 2/12 đêm sáng trời rét Khu vực Trung Bộ ngày tới có mưa vài nơi, tỉnh từ Nghệ An đến Phú Yên có mưa, mưa rào rải rác có nơi có giơng ngày mai Từ đêm 1-2/12, khu vực từ Thanh Hóa đến Khánh Hịa có mưa, có nơi mƣa vừa, mƣa to Phía Bắc đêm sáng trời rét Tới 3-6/12, có mưa vài nơi Các tỉnh từ Hà Tĩnh đến Quảng Ngãi có mưa, mưa rào rải rác giơng vài nơi ngày 3/12 Phía Bắc đêm sáng trời rét Cả tuần tới, khu vực Tây Nguyên Nam Bộ mưa, ngày trời nắng Mực nước sông Tây Nguyên, Nam Bộ biến đổi chậm 5) Bản tin 5: Khơng khí miền Bắc 'rất xấu', khuyến cáo nhà Date: 11/12/2019 09:07 GMT+7 Link:https://tuoitre.vn/khong-khi-mien-bac-rat-xau-khuyen-cao-o-trong-nha20191211090121834.htm TTO - Sáng 11-12, kết quan trắc khơng khí nhiều tỉnh miền Bắc ghi nhận tình trạng nhiễm khơng khí mức có hại cho sức khỏe, khuyến cáo người hạn chế đường sử dụng trang phải đường Hệ thống quan trắc môi trường thành phố Hà Nội sáng 11-12 ghi nhận nhiều điểm có chất lượng khơng khí màu tím, mức có hại cho sức khỏe người Sáng 11-12, tình hình nhiễm khơng khí tiếp tục diễn biến theo hướng xấu với hàng loạt điểm đo hệ thống quan trắc cho kết chất lượng khơng khí xấu, ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng tới sức khoẻ cho người Theo ghi nhận từ điểm quan trắc PAMAir thành phố Thái Bình, chất lượng khơng khí ngưỡng xấu, AIQ lên tới 230 Tại nhiều huyện tỉnh Nam Định huyện Nam Trực chất lượng khơng khí xấu, AIQ lên tới 289; chất lượng khơng khí đo huyện Hải Hậu tệ hơn, AIQ lên tới 292 Còn huyện Xn Trường, Nam Định, chất lượng khơng khí nhiễm ngưỡng xấu, AIQ đo tới 224 Tại thành phố Thái Bình, Hưng Yên, Vĩnh Phúc, tình trạng ô nhiễm không khí diễn biến ngưỡng xấu, ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng tới sức khỏe người PL-11 Tại Hà Nội, sáng 11-12, hệ thống quan trắc thành phố cho kết hàng loạt điểm đo có chất lượng khơng khí mức xấu chất lượng khơng khí khu vực Tây Tưu mức 249, khu vực cơng viên Hịa Bình mức 234, khu vực chùa Trấn Quốc mức 249, tất mức ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng tới sức khỏe người Còn theo hệ thống quan trắc Tổng cục Môi trường 556 Nguyễn Văn Cừ, chất lượng số AQI lúc 7h 199, xấp xỉ ngưỡng tím Với chất lượng khơng khí trên, nhóm người nhạy cảm người già, trẻ em, người mắc bệnh hô hấp đƣợc khuyến cáo nên nhà, người lại hạn chế đường Mọi người nên dừng hoạt động tập thể dục buổi sáng ngồi trời, đóng cửa lưu thơng gió, đường đeo trang chống bụi mịn Theo TS Hồng Dƣơng Tùng - chủ tịch Mạng lƣới khơng khí Việt Nam, tình trạng nhiễm khơng khí tỉnh miền Bắc, đặc biệt Hà Nội ngày gần nghiêm trọng với nhiều điểm nhiễm khơng khí tới mức nguy hại tới sức khỏe Ơ nhiễm khơng khí đặc biệt nghiêm trọng vào thời điểm đêm rạng sáng, ông Tùng khuyến cáo người cẩn trọng tập thể dục hay ra đường vào thời điểm sáng sớm, cần chủ động biện pháp phòng tránh mang trang Ông Tùng cho mức độ nhiễm khơng khí ngày qua liên tục gia tăng quan cảnh báo, khuyến cáo nhóm người nhạy cảm người già, trẻ em hạn chế đường đường sử dụng trang, cịn gần khơng có biện pháp mang tính khẩn cấp trước tình hình nhiễm khơng khí ngày nghiêm trọng ... ? ?Hedging in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts? ?? The results can fill in the gap of the existing literature and make a contribution to the understanding of hedging in weather. .. are: to examine hedging devices applied in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts to analyze the functions of such hedging devices to compare and contrast hedging in representatives. .. English and Vietnamese weather forecasts Moreover, it aims to find out the similarities and differences in hedging in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts 1.2.2 Objectives